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Lecture 1
Course Teacher:
Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Aman
Course Code:
EE-524
Course Title:
Electrical Power Distribution System Engineering -1
Venue:
Department of Electrical Engineering , NED University Karachi.
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Course’s Outline
Course’s Outline
Distribution System
Approximate Methods of Distribution System Analysis
Design considerations for primary systems, secondary
system and distribution substation
Load Characteristics
Distribution Transformers
Distribution System Voltage Regulation and Voltage
regulating equipment
Distribution System Load Flow Analysis
Distribution system reliability 3
Distribution System
9An electric distribution system is that part of an electric power
system between the bulk power source or sources and the
consumers’ service switches.
9The bulk power sources are located in or near the load area to be
served by the distribution system and may be either generating
stations or power substations supplied over transmission lines.
K-Electric System
Gen:
21kV
Bulk Transmission:
220kV
Sub-transmission:
132kV, 66kV
Primary Distribution
11kV
Secondary Distribution
400V
Distribution System
Distribution systems can, in
general, be divided into six
parts, namely,
1. Sub-transmission circuits,
2. Distribution substations,
3. Distribution or primary
feeders,
4. Distribution transformers,
5. Secondary circuits or
secondaries
6. Consumers’ services.
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2. Loop System
• The loop type of distribution system is used most frequently to supply bulk loads,
such as small industrial plants and medium or large commercial buildings, where
continuity of service is of considerable importance.
• The subtransmission circuits of the loop ,system should be parallel or loop circuits
or a subtransmission grid as shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
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2. Loop System
• These subtransmission circuits should supply a distribution substation or
substations shown in Figs. 13 or 16.
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2. Loop System
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2. Loop System
• These substations must supply
power to the loop-primary feeders
shown in Fig. 22 and 23.
• One of the most common forms of
loop-primary feeder for supplying bulk
industrial and commercial loads is
shown in Fig. 22.
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2. Loop System
A common
arrangement of a
loop-primary
feeder for
supplying
distributed loads is
shown in Fig. 23.
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Concluding remarks
• The radial type of distribution system is most extensively used to serve the
light- and medium-density load areas where the primary and secondary circuits are
usually carried overhead on poles.
• The loop type of distribution system is used most frequently to supply bulk
loads, such as small industrial plants and medium or large commercial buildings,
where continuity of service is of considerable importance.
• The distribution substation or substations can be supplied from the bulk power
source over radial or loop sub-transmission circuits or over a sub-transmission grid
or network.
• Usually the subtransmission circuits and distribution substations are often
common to both radial- and loop-type distribution systems. This is because a fault on
a subtransmission circuit or in a distribution substation transformer results in an
interruption of service to the loads supplied over the more reliable loop-primary
feeders. 19
Differences between
European and North American
Distribution Systems
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• Each type of system has its advantages. Some of the major differences
between systems are the following:
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For urban systems, the European system can take advantage of the flexible
secondary; for example, transformers can be sited more conveniently.
For rural systems and areas where load is spread out, the North American
primary system is more flexible. The North American primary is slightly better
suited for picking up new load and for circuit upgrades and extensions.
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The European system has the advantage that high-impedance faults are easier to
detect.
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Although European systems have less primary, almost all of it is on the main
feeder backbone; loss of the main feeder results in an interruption for all
customers on the circuit.
European systems need more switches and other gear to maintain the same
level of reliability.
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5. Power quality — Generally, European systems have fewer voltage sags and
momentary interruptions. On a European system, less primary exposure should
translate into fewer momentary interruptions compared to a North American
system that uses fuse saving.
The three-wire European system helps protect against sags from line-to-ground
faults. A squirrel across a bushing (from line to ground) causes a relatively
high impedance fault path that does not sag the voltage much compared to a
bolted fault on a well-grounded system. Even if a phase conductor faults to a
low-impedance return path (such as a well-grounded secondary neutral), the
delta – wye customer transformers provide better immunity to voltage sags,
especially if the substation transformer is grounded through a resistor or
reactor. 30
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Sub-transmission System
• The sub transmission voltage is usually between 11 and 33 kV, inclusive.
• Higher voltage subtransmission lines can carry more power with less losses
over greater distances.
• Distribution circuits are occasionally supplied by high-voltage transmission
lines such as 230 kV; such high voltages make for expensive high-side
equipment in a substation.
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Distribution Substations
• The distribution substation extend from the subtransmission system to
the primary feeders.
• Commonly they are also known as grids (Pakistan)
• The main component of distribution substation is power transformer.
Other components include bus bars, circuit breakers and
communication devices (like wave traps).
• A small rural substation may have a nominal rating of 5 MVA while an
urban station may be over 200 MVA.
• The feeder interrupting devices are normally relayed circuit breakers,
either free-standing units or metal-enclosed switchgear. Many utilities
also use reclosers instead of breakers, especially at smaller substations.
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Distribution Substations
• Most utilities normally use a split bus: a bus tie between the two buses is
normally left open in distribution substations. The advantages of a split bus are:
9 Lower fault current — This is the main reason that bus ties are open. For a two-
bank station with equal transformers, opening the bus tie cuts fault current in
half.
9 Circulating current — With a split bus, current cannot circulate through both
transformers.
9 Bus regulation — Bus voltage regulation is also simpler with a split bus. With
the tie closed, control of paralleled tap changers is more difficult.
However a closed bus tie helps balance the loading on the transformers. If the set of
feeders on one bus has significantly different loading patterns (either seasonal or
daily), then a closed bus tie helps even out the loading (and aging) of the two
transformers. 46
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