Timeline of electrical and electronic
engineering
The following timeline tables list the discoveries and in-
ventions in the history of electrical and electronic engi-
neering.[1][2]
1 History of discoveries timeline
2 History of associated inventions
timeline
3 Consumer Electronics
3.1 1843-1923: From electromechanics to
electronics
Thomas Edison's phonograph
• 1843: Watchmaker Alexander Bain (inventor) de-
velops the basic concept of displaying images as
points with different brightness values.
• 1848: Frederick Collier Bakewell invents the first
wirephoto machine, an early fax machine
• 1861: Grade school teacher Philipp Reis
presents his telephone in Frankfurt, inventing
the loudspeaker as a by-product.
• 1867: French poet and philosopher Charles Cros
(1842 - 1888) presents the construction principle of
a phonograph in his 'paréophone', which turned out
not to be a commercial success at the time.
• 1867: James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879) devel-
ops a theory predicting the existence of electromag-
netic waves and establishes Maxwell’s equations to
describe their properties. Together with the Lorentz
force law, these equations form the foundation for
classical electrodynamics and classical optics as well
as electric circuits.
1
• 1874: Ferdinand Braun discovers the rectifier effect
in metal sulfides and metal oxides.
• 1877: Thomas Edison (1847 - 1931) invents the
first phonograph, using a tin foil cylinder. For the
first time sounds could be recorded and played. A
phonograph horn with membrane and needle was ar-
ranged in such a way that the needle had contact to
the tinfoil.
• 1880: the American physicist Charles Sumner Tain-
ter discovers that many disadvantages of Edison’s
cylinders can be eliminated if the soundtrack is ar-
ranged in spiral form and engraved in a flat, round
disk. Technical problems soon ended these experi-
ments. Still, Tainter is regarded as the inventor of
the gramophone record.
• 1884: Paul Nipkow obtains a patent for his Nipkow
disk, an image scanning device that reads im-
ages serially, which constitutes the foundation for
mechanical television. Two years later his patent
runs out.
• 1886: Heinrich Hertz succeeds in proving the ex-
istence of electromagnetic waves for the first time
- now the groundwork for wireless telegraphy and
radio broadcasting in physical science is laid.
• 1887: Unaware of Charles Sumner Tainter's ex-
periments, German-American Emil Berliner has his
phonograph patented. He used a disk instead of
a cylinder, primarily to avoid infringing on Edi-
son’s patent. Quickly it becomes obvious that flat
Gramophone records are easier to duplicate and
store.
• 1888:
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847 - 1922) signif-
icantly reduces interfering noises by using a
wax cylinder instead of tin foil. This paves the
way to commercial success for the improved
phonograph.
• American Oberlin Smith describes a process
to record audio using a cotton thread with in-
tegrated fine wire clippings. This makes reel-
to-reel audio tape recording possible.
• 1890:
2 3 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
• The phonograph becomes faster and more
convenient due to an electric motor. The elec-
tric motor brings on the first juke box with
cylinders - even before flat disk records were
widely available.
• Thomas Edison discovers thermionic emis-
sion. To this day, this effect forms the basis
for the vacuum tube and the cathode ray tube.
• approximately 1893: The invention of the selenium
phototube allows the conversion of brightness val-
ues into electrical signals. The principle is applied
in wirephoto and television technology for a short
time. Selenium is used in light meters for the next
50 years.
Cinématographe camera by the Lumière brothers in 1895 (ref
86.5822) at the French Museum of Photography in Bièvres, Es-
sonne, France
• 1895: Auguste Lumiere's cinematograph displays
moving images for the first time. In the same year,
brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky present their
“Bioscop” in Berlin.
• 1897
• Ferdinand Braun invents the “inertialess cath-
ode ray oscillograph tube”, a principle which
remained unchanged in television picture
tubes.
• The Italian Guglielmo Marconi transmits
wireless telegraph messages by electromag-
netic waves over a distance of five kilometers.
• 1898
• The Danish physicist Valdemar Poulsen cre-
ates the world’s first magnetic recording and
reproduction, using a 1 mm thick steel wire as
a magnetizable carrier.
• Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first wireless
remote control of a model ship.
• 1899: The dog “Nipper” is used in "His Master’s
Voice", the trademark for gramophones and records.
• 1902
• Otto von Bronk patented his “Method and ap-
paratus for remote visualization of images and
objects with temporary resolution of the im-
ages in parallel rows of dots”. This patent,
originally developed for phototelegraphy, im-
pacted the development of color television,
particularly the NTSC implementation.
• For the first time audio records are printed
with paper labels in the middle.
• 1903: Guglielmo Marconi provides evidence that
wireless telegraphic communication is possible over
long distances, such as across the Atlantic. He used
a transmitter developed by Ferdinand Braun.
• 1904
• For the first time, double-sided records, and
those with a diameter of 30 cm are produced,
increasing playing time up to 11 minutes (5.5
minutes per side). These are created by Odeon
in Berlin and debuted at the Leipzig Spring
Fair.
• The German physicist Arthur Korn developed
the first practical method for telegraphy.
• 1905: The Englishman Sir John Ambrose Fleming
invents the first electron tube.
• 1906
• Robert von Lieben patented his “inertia work-
ing cathode-ray-relays”. By 1910 he devel-
oped this into the first real tube amplifier, by
creating a triode. His invention of the triode
is almost simultaneously created by the Amer-
ican Lee de Forest.
• Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage use the
Braun tube for playback of 20-line black-and-
white images.
• The first jukebox with records comes on the
market.
3.2 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV
• American Brigadier General Henry Harrison
Chase Dunwoody files for a patent for a car-
borundum steel detector for use in a crystal ra-
dio, an improved version of the Cat’s-whisker
detector. It is sometimes credited as the first
semiconductor in history. The envelope detec-
tor is an important part of every radio receiver.
• 1907: Rosenthal puts in his image telegraph for the
first time a photocell.
• 1911: First film studios are created in Hollywood
and Potsdam- Babelsberg .
• 1912: The first radio receiver is created, in accor-
dance with the Audion principle.
• 1913: The legal battle over the invention of the elec-
tron tube between Robert von Lieben and Lee de
Forest is decided. The electron tube is replaced by
a high vacuum in the glass flask with significantly
improved properties.
• Alexander Meissner patented his process
“feedback for generating oscillations”, by his
development of a radio station using an elec-
tron tube .
• The Englishman Arthur Berry submits a patent 3.2 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to
on the manufacture of printed circuits by
etched metal.
• 1924: the first radio receivers are exhibited at the
• 1915: Carl Benedicks leads basic studies in Swe- Berlin Radio Show
den on the electrical properties of silicon and
• 1925
germanium. Due to the emerging tube technology,
however, interest in semiconductors remains low
until after the Second World War.
• 1917
• Based on previous findings of the Englishman
Oliver Lodge, the Frenchman Lucien Levy de-
velops a radio receiver with frequency tuning
using a resonant circuit.
• 1919: Charlie Chaplin founded the Hollywood film
production and distribution company United Artists
• 1920: The first regularly operating radio sta-
tion KDKA goes on air on 2 November 1920 in
Philadelphia, USA. It is the first time electronics are
used to transmit information and entertainment to
the public at large. The same year in Germany an in-
strumental concert was broadcast on the radio from
a long-wave transmitter in Wusterhausen.
• 1922: J. McWilliams Stone invents the first portable
radio receiver. George Frost builds the first “car ra-
dio” in his Ford Model T.
• 1923
3
• The 15-year-old Manfred von Ardenne is
granted his first patent for an electron tube hav-
ing a plurality of electrodes. Siegmund Loewe
(1885-1962) builds with the tube his first radio
receiver “Loewe Opta-".
• The Hungarian engineer Dénes Mihály
patented an image scanning with line de-
flection, in which each point of an image is
scanned ten times per second by a selenium
cell.
• August Karolus (1893-1972) invents the Kerr
cell, an almost inertia-free conversion of elec-
trical pulses into light signals. He was granted
a patent for his method of transmitting slides.
• Vladimir Kosma developed the first television
camera tube, the Ikonoskop, using the Braun
tube.
• The German State Secretary Karl August Bre-
dow founded the first German broadcasting or-
ganization. By lifting the ban on broadcast re-
ception and the opening of the first private ra-
dio station, the development of radio as a mass
medium begins.
stereo audio and TV
• Brunswick Records in Dubuque, Iowa pro-
duced their first record player, the Brunswick
Panatrope with a pickup, amplifier and loud-
speaker
• In the American Bell Laboratories, a method
for recording of records obtained by micro-
phone and tube amps for series production.
Also in Germany working on it is ongoing
since 1922. 1925 appear the first electrically
recorded disks in both countries.
• At the Leipzig Spring Fair, the first miniature
camera "Leica" is presented to the public.
• John Logie Baird performs the first screening
of a living head with a resolution of 30 vertical
lines using a Nipkow disk.
• August Karolus demonstrated in Germany
television with 48 lines and ten image changes
per second.
• 1926
• Edison developed the first "LP". By dense
grooves (16 grooves on 1 mm) and the reduc-
tion of speed to 80 min −1 (later 78 min −1
4 3 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
) increases the playing time up to 2 times 20
minutes. He carries himself with the decline
of his phonograph business.
• The German State Railroad offers a cordless
telephone service in moving trains between
Berlin and Hamburg - the idea of mobile tele-
phony is born.
• John Logie Baird developed the first commer-
cial television set in the world. It was not until
1930, he is called a " telescreen sold “at a price
of 20 pounds.
• 1927
• The first fully electronic music boxes
("Jukeboxes") used in the USA on the market.
• German Grammophon on sale due to a li-
cense agreement with the Brunswick-Balke-
Collender Company. Its first fully electronic
turntables.
• The first industrially manufactured car radio ,
the “Philco Transitone” from the “Storage Bat-
tery Co.” in Philadelphia, USA, comes on the
market.
• The first shortwave radio - Rundfunkübertra-
gung overseas broadcast by the station PCJJ
the Philips factories in Eindhoven in the Dutch
colonies.
• Opening of the first regular telegraphy -
Dienstes between Berlin and Vienna.
• First commercial sound films ("The Jazz
Singer", USA) using the “Needle sound” back
in sync with the film screening for LPs over
loudspeakers.
• First public television broadcasts in the UK by
John Logie Baird between London and Glas-
gow and in the USA by Frederic Eugene Ives
(1882-1953) between Washington and New
York.
• The American inventor Philo Taylor
Farnsworth (1906-1971) developed in Los
Angeles, the first fully electronic television
system in the world.
• John Logie Baird developed his Phonovision,
the first videodisc player. 30-line television
images are stored on shellac records. At 78
RPM mechanically scanned, the images can
be played back on his “telescreen”. It could
not play sound nor keep up with the rapidly
increasing resolution of television. More than
40 years later, commercial optical disc players
came onto the market.
• 1928: Fritz Pfleumer got the first tape recorder
patent. It replaces steel wire with paper coated
in iron powder. According to Valdemar Poulsen
(1898) to the second crucial pioneer of magnetic
sound, image and data storage
• Dénes Mihály presented in Berlin a small cir-
cle, the first authentic television broadcast in
Germany, having worked at least since 1923
in this field.
• August Karolus and the company Telefunken
put on the “fifth Great German Radio Exhi-
bition Berlin 1928” the prototype of a televi-
sion receiver, with an image size of 8 cm × 10
cm and a resolution of about 10,000 pixels, a
much better picture quality than previous de-
vices.
• In New York (USA) the first regular television
broadcasts of the experiment station WGY,
operated by the General Electric Company
(GE). Sporadic television news and dramas ra-
diate from these stations by 1928.
• The first commercially produced televi-
sion receiver of the Daven Corporation in
Newark is offered for $75.
• John Logie Baird transmits the first television
pictures internationally, and the same across
the Atlantic from London to New York. He
also demonstrated the world’s first color tele-
vision transmission in London.
• 1929
• Edison withdraws from the phono business -
the disk has ousted the cylinder.
• The company Columbia Records developed
the first portable record player that can be con-
nected to any tube radio. It also created the
first radio / phonograph combinations, the pre-
cursor to the 1960s music chests.
• • The German physicist Curt Stille (1873-1957)
records magnetic sound for film, on a perfo-
rated steel band. First, this “Magnettonver-
fahren” has no success. Years later it is re-
discovered for amateur films, providing easy
dubbing. A “Daylygraph” or Magnettongerät
had amplifier and equalizer, and a mature
Magnettondiktiergerät called “Textophon”.
• Based on patents, which he had purchased
of silence, brings the Englishman E. Blattner
the " Blattnerphone “the first magnetic sound
recording on the market. It records on a thin
steel band.
• The first sound film using optical sound pre-
miers. Since the early 1920s, various people
have developed this method. The same op-
toelectronic method also allows for the first
time the post-processing of recorded music to
sound recordings of it.
3.2 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV
Daylygraph wire recorder
• The director Carl Froelich (1875-1953) turns
"The Night Belongs to Us", the first German
sound film.
• 20th Century Fox presents in New York on
an 8 m × 4 m big screen the first widescreen
movie.
• The radio station Witzleben begins in Ger-
many with the regular broadcasting of televi-
sion test broadcasts, initially on long wave with
30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes
per second. It appear first blueprints for tele-
vision receiver.
• John Logie Baird starts in the UK on behalf of
the BBC with regular experimental television
broadcasts to the public.
• Frederic Eugene Ives transmits a color televi-
sion from New York to Washington.
• 1930
• Manfred von Ardenne invented and developed
the flying-spot scanner, Europe’s first fully
electronic television camera tube.
• In Britain, the first television advertising and
the first TV interview
• 1931
• The British engineer and inventor Alan
Dower Blumlein (1903-1942) invents “Binau-
ral Sound”, today called “Stereo”. He devel-
oped the stereo record and the first three-way
speaker. He makes experimental films with
stereo sound. Then he becomes leader of the
development team for the EMI −405-line tele-
vision system.
5
• The company RCA Victor presents to the pub-
lic the first real LP record, the 35 cm diameter
and 33.33 RPM give sufficient playing time for
an entire orchestral work. But the new turnta-
bles are initially so expensive that they are only
gain broad acceptance after the Second World
War - then as vinyl record.
• The French physicist René Barthélemy leads
in Paris the first public television with clay be-
fore. The BBC launches first Tonversuche in
the UK.
• Public World Premiere of electronic television
- without electro-mechanical components such
as the Nipkow disk - on the “eighth Great Ger-
man Radio Exhibition Berlin 1931 ". Doberitz
/ Pomerania is the first German location for a
tone-TV stations.
• Manfred von Ardenne can be the principle
of a color picture tube patent: Narrow strips
of phosphors in the three primary colors are
closely juxtaposed arranged so that they com-
plement each other with the electron flow to
white light. A separate control of the three
colors has not yet provided.
• 1932
• The company AEG and BASF start for the
magnetic tape method of Fritz Pfleumer to
care (1928). They develop new devices and
tapes, in which celluloid is used instead of pa-
per as a carrier material.
• In Britain, the BBC sends first radio programs
time-shifted instead of live.
• The company telephone and radio apparatus
factory Ideal AG (today Blaupunkt) provides
a car radio using Bowden cables to control it
from the steering column.
• 1933
• After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany is
broadcasting finally a political tool. Systematic
censorship is to prevent opposition and spread
the “Aryan culture”. Series production of the
" People’s recipient VE 301 “starts.
• Edwin Howard Armstrong demonstrates that
frequency-modulated (FM) radio transmis-
sions are less susceptible to interference than
amplitude-modulated (AM). However, practi-
cal application is long delayed.
• In the USA the first opened drive-in theater.
• 1934: First commercial stereo recordings find little
favor - the necessary playback devices are still too
expensive. The term "High Fidelity" is embossed
around this time.
6 3 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
• 1935
• AEG and BASF place at the Berlin Radio
Show, the tape recorder " Magnetophon K1
“and the appropriate magnetic tapes before. In
case of fire in the exhibition hall all four exhib-
ited devices are destroyed.
• In Germany the world’s first regular television
program operating for about 250 mostly public
reception points starts in Berlin and the sur-
rounding area. The mass production of tele-
vision receivers is - probably due to the high
price of 2,500 Reichsmarks - not yet started.
• At the same time, the research institute of the
German Post (RPF) begins with development
work for a color television methods , but which
are later reinstated due to the Second World
War.
• 1936
• Olympic Games in Berlin broadcast live.
• “Olympia suitcase”, battery-powered portable
radio receiver, introduced.
• The first mobile television camera (180 lines,
all-electronic) is used for live television broad-
casts of the Olympic Games.
• Also in the UK are first regular television
broadcasts - now for the perfect electronic
EMI system, which soon replaced the mechan-
ical part Baird system - broadcast.
• Video telephony connections between booths
in Berlin and Leipzig. Later connections from
Berlin to Nuremberg and Munich added.
• The Frenchman Raymond Valtat reports on a
patent, which describes the principle of work-
ing with binary numbers abacus.
• Konrad Zuse works on a dual electromechan-
ical computing machine that is ready in 1937.
• 1937
• First sapphire needle for records of the com-
pany Siemens
• The interlaced video method is introduced on
TVr to reduce image flicker. The transmit-
ter Witzleben uses the new standard with 441
lines and 25 image changes, i.e. 50 fields of
220 half-lines. Until the HDTV era the inter-
lace method remains in use.
• First movie encoder make it possible not to
send the TV live, but to rely on recordings.
• 1938
• The improved AEG tape-recorder “Magne-
tophon K4” is first used in radio studios. The
belt speed is 77 cm / s, which at 1000 m length
of tape has a playing time of 22 minutes.
• Werner Flechsig invents the shadow mask
method for separate control of the three pri-
mary colors in a color picture tube.
• 1939
• On the “16th Great German Radio and tele-
vision broadcasting exhibition Berlin 1939 ",
the” German Unity television receiver E1 “and
announces the release of free commercial tele-
vision. Due to the difficult political and eco-
nomic situation, only about 50 devices are sold
instead of the planned 10,000.
• In the USA the first regular television broad-
casts take place.
• 1940
• The development of television technology for
military purposes increases the resolution to
1029 lines at 25 frames per second. Commer-
cial HDTV television reached that resolution
almost half a century later.
• The problem of band noise with tape devices
is reduced dramatically by the invention of ra-
dio frequency bias of Walter Weber and Hans-
Joachim von Braunmühl.
• 1942 : The first all-electronic computer is used by
John Vincent Atanasoff, but quickly fades into obliv-
ion. Four years later the ENIAC completed - the
beginning of the end of Electromechanics in com-
puters and calculators.
• 1945-1947 : American soldiers capture in Germany
some tape recorders. This and the nullified German
patents leads to the development of the first tape
recorders in the United States. The first home device
" Sound Mirror “by the Brush Development Co. is
there on the market.
• 1948
• The American physicist and industrialist
Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991) launches
the first instant camera, Polaroid camera
Model 95 on the market.
• Three American engineers at Bell Labora-
tories (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and
William Shockley) invent the transistor. Its
lesser size and power compared with electron
tubes brings (from 1955) portable radio re-
ceivers starting its march through all areas of
electronics.
• The Hungarian-American physicist Peter Carl
Goldmark (1906-1977) invents the vinyl
record (first published 1952), much less noisy
than their predecessors shellac. Thanks to
micro-groove (100 grooves per cm) can play
23 minutes per side. The LP record is born.
3.2 1924-1959: From cathode ray tube to stereo audio and TV
This one is the redemption of the claim “high
fidelity one step closer” to the end of the shel-
lac era.
• The Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
leads the music format with 45 RPM records,
later to conquer the market for cheap players.
The first publication in Germany in this format
appears 1953rd
• The British physicist Dennis Gabor (1900-
1979) invents holography. This method of
recording and reproducing image with coher-
ent light allows three-dimensional images. It
was not until 1971 when the procedure gained
practical importance, he received the Nobel
Prize for Physics.
• 1949
• In Germany, FM broadcasting starts regular
program operation.
• Experimentally since 1943, series production
since 1949 there are for professional use stereo
- Tonbandgeräte and matching ribbons. Also
portable devices for reporters, initially pro-
pelled by a spring mechanism, has been around
since 1949
• 1950
• In the USA the first prerecorded audio tapes
are marketed.
• Also in the USA the company Zenith mar-
kets the first TV with cable remote control for
channel selection.
• 1951
• The CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System)
broadcasts in New York the first color televi-
sion program in the world, but using the field
sequential standard, not reaching to the resolu-
tion of the black and white television and was
to be incompatible.
• With the " tape recorder F15 “from AEG 's
first home tape recorder appears on the Ger-
man market.
• RCA Electronic Music is the first synthesizer
prior to the creation of artificial electronic
sounds.
• 1952
• Reintroduction of regular television broadcasts
in Germany after the Second World War.
• 20th Century Fox developed with
"Cinemascope" the most successful wide-
screen process to better compete with
television. Only some 50 years later pulls the
TV with the 16: 9 size screen after.
7
• 1953
• The "National Television System Commit-
tee" (Abbreviated as NTSC) normalized in
the USA named after her black-and-white-
compatible NTSC -Farbfernseh process. A
year later, this method is introduced in the
United States.
• The car radio top model “Mexico” from
Becker for the first time to an FM area (in
mono) and an automatic tuning.
• 1954
• RCA developed for the first apparatus for
recording video signals on magnetic tapes. 22
km magnetic tape are needed per hour. By
1956, succeeds the company Ampex through
the use of multiple tracks, the tape speed to
more practicable 38.1 cm / s lower.
• The European Broadcasting Union is founded
“Euro Vision”.
• First regular television broadcasts in Japan.
• 1955
• The second generation "TRADIC"
(Transistorized Digital Computer), first
to use only transistors therefore much smaller
and more powerful than its predecessor tube
computers.
• The Briton Narinder S. Kapany investigated
the propagation of light in fine glass fibers
(optical fibers).
• The first wireless remote control for a televi-
sion US-based Zenith consists of a better flash-
light, with which one lights up in one of the
four devices corners to turn the unit on or off,
change the channel or mute the sound.
• 1956
• The company Metz introduces radio device
type 409 / 3D. First mass production of
printed circuit boards. This follows since the
1930s, several improvements to the manufac-
turing technology.
• The company Ampex introduces the “VR
1000” the first video recorder. That same year,
CBS uses it for the first magnetic video tape
recording (VTR) from. Although other pro-
grams are produced in color since 1954, the
VTR cannot record color.
• 1957 : The Frenchman Henri de France (1911-
1986) developed the first generation of color TV sys-
tem SECAM ( Système électronique couleur avec
mémoire ), which avoids some of the problems of
the NTSC method. The weaknesses of the SECAM
system be fixed in later modifications of the standard
for the most part.
8 5 REFERENCES

• 1958

• By merging the Edison patents and the

Berliner, the Blumlein stereo recording
method becomes commercially viable. The
company Mercury Records launches the first
stereo record on the market.
• The company Ampex expands the video
recorder with the Model “VR 1000 B” to give
it color capability.

4 See also
• Electronics
• History of electronic engineering

• Timeline of historic inventions

5 References
[1] Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of science and
Engineering, London, 1975 ISBN 0-330-24323-3

[2] Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259-260, Kemal İnan pp 245-

263

[3] Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Ency-

clopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36.
Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.

[4] The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co.

Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating cur-
rent in the production of rotary motion was made known
almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla
and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general
attention from the fact that no commutator or connection
of any kind with the armature was required."]

[5] Lott, Melissa C. “The Engineer Who Foreshadowed the

Smart Grid--in 1921”. Plugged In. Scientific American
Blog Network. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
 9

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
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