Mathieu Guertin

Director – Europe, Russia and Africa

Morgan Schaffer Inc.
Canada

A cost effective strategy for smart grid

technology adoption
 Why protecting assets?

Cost of fault:
$52 MILLIONS!!!

…Easy ROI calculations for

transformer dissolved gas
monitoring…

http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2010/07/07/alcan-explosion.html
http://ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/14102010/2/biz-finance-quebec-aluminum-
smelter-explosion-cost-rio-tinto-alcan.html

Accuracy
 Combustible Gas Generation rates

3 key
learnings…

Accuracy
 DGA
Understanding process and operations

jar

syringe

Gas separation
Sampling Sampling Packaging Transportation Sample Gas
and
point techniques & handling preparation extraction
measurement
& location

Multiple and varied steps

Hard to control variables
Multiples operators along the complet analysis process

Accuracy
 Your DGA results: Accurate or not?

Every Laboratory should be able to demonstrate

their precision and accuracy, if this is not possible or
by any reason unknown, the below chart is
recommended to use as a guide

Accuracy of IEC/CIGRE laboratories, from round-

robin tests using DGA standards.
Medium gas Low gas
concentrations concentrations
Best lab ±3% ±22%
Average ±15% ±30%
Worst Lab ±65% ±64%
IEEE August 2005, M. Duval, J. Dukarm, Improving the reliability of transformer in gas-in-oil diagnosis

Accuracy
 Your DGA results: Accurate or not?

Diagnostic reliability is affected by the

accuracy of the DGA measurement results

CIGRE result for Round Robin Test

(RRT) at low concentration levels.

. Results of individual laboratories

x prepared DGA standard value ()

IEEE August 2005, M. Duval, J. Dukarm, Improving the reliability

+/- 15% variation limit of
of transformer in gas-in-oil diagnosis absolute values

Accuracy
 DGA as a tool

From Information…
…to Action

Accuracy
 Diagnosing transformer
condition

A good rule is: Never make a decision based only on a ratio if either of the
two gases used in a ratio is less than 10 times the amount the gas
chromatograph can detect
FIST 03-30, USA Bureau of reclamation

Accuracy
 Diagnosing transformer
condition

TDG (Total Dissolved Gases) expressed in % to 1.000.000ppm, i.e. in the picture TRN1 we see 7%, meaning there is a total of 70.000
ppm of gases (all the gases)

TDCG (Total Dissolved Combustible Gases) all the gases except N2, O2 and CO2, also in % to 1.000.000ppm, that’s why we see 0%
(less than 1ppm, as almost all the gases are N2, O2 and CO2)

THCG (Total Headspace Combustible Gases) are the gases on the headspace at the transformers (especially in sealed transformers
with N2 blanket) as the gases dissolved in the oil are in equilibrium with the headspace, we calculate, based on the Ostwald
coefficient, each gas at the headspace level.

Accuracy
 Diagnosing transformer
condition
The Duval Triangle method, like any other DGA diagnostic method, should be
applied only when there is some suspicion of a fault, based on an increase in
1 combustible gas or some other suspicious symptom. The diagnostic method
itself is not a means of fault detection.

Because of the relative inaccuracy of gas-in-oil concentration measurements

at low concentrations, DGA diagnostic methods, including the Duval Triangle,
should not be applied unless the gas concentrations are well above the
detection limit.

If reasonably stable concentrations of the gases were present before the onset
of the suspected fault, it is advisable to subtract out the background
concentrations, provided that the differences are large enough for
interpretation. The diagnosis should be based on recently-formed gas if
possible, and including pre-fault gas in the diagnostic calculations can lead to
misleading results2.

1 PPMreport, Morgan Schaffer Myrkos’s operating system

2 http://www.deltaxresearch.com/triangle.htm

Accuracy
 Diagnosing transformer
condition

Rogers used these relationships and determined that if a certain ratio existed, then a specific temperature
had been reached. By comparing a large number of transformers with similar gas ratios and data found
when the transformers were examined, Rogers could then say that certain faults were present. Like the
Key Gas Analysis above, this method is not a “sure thing” and is only an additional tool to use in analyzing
transformer problems.
FIST 03-30, USA Bureau of reclamation

Accuracy
 Summary of gases used by
the diagnostics tools

IEEE test: Duval test: Rogers test: Doerneburg CO2/CO

H2 H2 H2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4
C2H2 C2H2 C2H2 C2H2
C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4
C2H6 C2H6 C2H6
CO CO
CO2 CO2

Standards tests support the decision making process

1) What is the current situation of the transformer?
2) What is the nature and severity of the fault?

Accuracy
 Operationalizing
and integrating

And being SMART about it

Accuracy
 Transformers monitoring: 3 key values

Value Ability to Detect a change in condition

no.1 In ALL cases = Protection Value.

Value Ability to Monitor the Evolution of the

no.2 Condition = Monitoring Value.

Value Ability to Diagnose the nature of the

no.3 “bad” condition = Diagnostic Value.

Accuracy
 Defining the needs…

1) Review current
resources & operations
Diagnostic value

2) Defining Asset
Criticality
Diagnostic

3) Review needs

4) Plan & budget

Monitor 5) Implement, deploy, and

Detect
integrate

# of Gases analyzed

Accuracy
 Transformer
Condition evolution – economical costs

$$$$ Worst Case

Best Case
$ Time

Accuracy
 Transformer: Electrical network
The Global Picture
$
Significant savings occur when a large
number of transformers are being monitored

Time
Failures will happen… it’s a matter of probability!!

Accuracy
 Monetizing Online monitoring
What you actually pay for

Diagnostic
Diagnostic Value : Value € 000 €
: 0 30
Approx.

Monitoring
Monitoring 0 € : 0$10 000 €
Value :Value
Approx.
Detection Value : Approx. 10 000 €
10 Years

If no problem arises during the life of the

transformer, only the Detection value of
the instrument is of benefit.

Accuracy
 Monetizing Online monitoring
Condition
Condition change change
: better allocation of budget

0€ €
30 000
Diagnostic Value
0€ €
10 000
10 000 €
Monitoring Value
Detection Value

10 Years
When a condition change occurs, Diagnostics
capabilities are important, but otherwise only
Detection and/or Monitoring

Accuracy
 Deploying online monitors
Maximizing coverage of electrical assets

Detect
New
Monitor

Diagnose

Sub-station

So when a transformer’s condition

changes abnormally…

Critical 1

Critical 2
 Deploying online monitors
Alarm

Detect
New
Monitor

Diagnose

Sub-station

Evolving fault triggers a signal to

substation for action

Critical 1

Critical 2

Accuracy
 Deploying online monitors
Alarm triggers on-site inspection and Myrkos DGA

Detect
New
Monitor

Diagnose Field team quickly addresses the

alert On-site AND channels the
Sub-station
DGA results.
Communicate with Asset Manager
for DGA-based action plan

<<<< 1 day
to provide results for
Critical 1 2 diagnostics by Asset manager
or Lab DGA
Critical 2

Accuracy
 Deploying online monitors
Multigas can be used effectively to closely monitor transformer

Detect
New
Monitor After condition assessment and
Diagnose decision taken on “faulty” transformer

Sub-station

ASTM D3612
IEC 60567
On-site
Critical 1 2
Condition
assessment
When needed : on-line multigas
Critical 2 3 monitor for problematic/concerning fault
gases evolution (temp/perm)

Accuracy
 Deploying online monitors
Budget allocation efficiency

Detect Detect

New Monitor New Monitor

Diagnose

Sub-station
A B
1x 3-4X

Critical 1 Critical 1

Critical 2 Critical 2

Diagnose

Accuracy
 Deploying online monitors
@ equal budget
A B

Detect A B Detect

New Monitor New Monitor

Equal budget
Diagnose

Sub-station Sub-station

- Extended coverage
- Diagnostics
- Easier data
management

Critical 1 Critical 1

Critical 2 Critical 2

Diagnose

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept: key pointers
Maximizing coverage of electrical assets

Aiming for minimal downtime

Leveraging the current infrastructure

Maximizing monitoring value while

maintaining Accuracy
Detect

Monitor

Critical 1 Diagnose

Critical 2

Accuracy
 Balancing values:
interchangeability concept in
action

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics

**Change in
condition

Details : Normal operation

This case study is about 18.4/23

MVA power transformer, 19/6.3 kV, Interchangeability
Dyn1, manufactured in 2010. Early in concept From Detection
2013, the Calisto 2 monitor installed
on the transformer detected an
increase on the H2 values.

The Calisto 2 was replaced with a

To Diagnostics
Calisto 9 for further investigation
(interchangeable units)

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics

Details :
The Calisto 9 measured high values
were recorded for H2, C2H4, C2H6
and most importantly for C2H2.

The measurements were double

checked by the customer: Samples
were sent to ABB Sweden for DGA
and all measurements were
confirmed. Electrical measurements
were performed locally and the
winding resistance measurements
(static and dynamic) showed a loose
contact of one winding with the OLTC
selector.

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics

Duval Triangle
1) Adjusted for the actual oil
type used in the
transformer

2) 2nd level analysis with

Triangle no.4 and no.5

3) Only triggered when

proper gas alarm limits
have been reached,
reducing false positive

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics

Additional
diagnostics
1) Rate of change (Day,
Week, Month, Year)

2) Rogers ratios
3) IEC 60599
4) Doernenburg
5) Key gas method
6) IEEE

Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
The loose contacts were one of the connecting points of the
transformer windings with the OLTC tap positions. These contacts
are located inside the transformer tank, not the OLTC tank

Details :
The transformer was opened, the oil was
removed and the loose contacts were indeed
found and fixed.

Measurements from the Calisto 9 shown on the

previous slide demonstrate the situation has
stabilized after the problem had been fixed.

The customers expressed their satisfaction

regarding the early warning they received from
the Calisto 2 that allowed them to fix the
problem at no practical cost.

Accuracy
mguertin@morganschaffer.com
AUW booth C4

Questions?
Thank you!
 Process excellence: empowering the field
On-site Dissolved Gas Analysis

Speed of reaction to particular event: field DGA

Unstable H2 condition

Alert

? On-site visit /
visual inspection

Ton-site/sampling
XXX
Tpacking/shipping/customs Tlab analysis Tresults/condition assessment/decision
1-10 Hours 1-10 Hours 1-5 days 1-5 days

Critical early detection in H2 change

Elimination of time consuming and wasteful steps

 Process excellence: empowering the field
On-site Dissolved Gas Analysis

Up to 98%* reduction in Cycle time = faster results = more up time

Unstable H2 condition

Alert

? On-site visit /
visual inspection

Critical early
detection in H2 Ton-site/sampling Ton-site DGA/ Tlab analysis
immediate result
change
1-10 Hours 0.1 Hours 1-5 days

PLUS… with MYRKOS you

tremendously increase your Diagnose

* When normal cycle takes 2.5 months