MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

LABORATORY REPORT # 01

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF MEASUREMENT
 Measurement was invented by human in order to facilitate their life in the
society; for example, measuring of their body sizes for costume tailoring,
weighing of food and commercializes as well as locating places or telling
distance for commuting, etc.
 In every field of science measurement has great importance and treated as on of
the basic subject.
 It allows the monitoring and control of process of process and operations.
 Temperature, flows, pressure and vibrational amplitude monitored by
measurement to ensure proper system performance.
 It allows experimental engineering analysis.
 Measurement is one important and basic subject for engineers and scientist.
 All research, design and development is based on measurement.
 The experimental element of product/process development is based on
measurement.
2. CALIBRATION
Process of determining the relationship between the output or response of a measuring
instrument and the value of the input. Calibration typically involves the use of a
measuring standard.
Calibration is the process of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of
measurement equipment.
Examples:
If, you are going to work with a chemical that will explode when it gets in contact with
air temperature above 50°C. So you adjust the room temperature before you start working
and then check the temperature with an uncelebrated thermometer. If the thermometer
gives a lower temperature than the true temperature, then you will be working in an
unsafe environment. This example may be unrealistic, but there are many chemical and
 substance out there that require accurate and precise measurements in order to provide
others a safe working environment.
3. PRECISION
Precision is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions
show the same result
4. ACCURACY
Accuracy is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to its actual true value.
Examples:

5. RANGE
The extent to which or the limits between which variation is possible.
The area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale.
Examples:
The Jaeger family drove through 6 midwestern states on their summer vacation. Gasoline
prices varied from state to state. What is the range of gasoline prices?
$1.79, $1.61, $1.96, $2.09, $1.84, $1.75
Solution: highest - lowest = $2.09 - $1.61 = $0.48
The range of gasoline prices is $0.48.
6. REPEATABILITY
The ability to obtain consistent results when measuring the same part with the same
measuring instrument.
Examples:
Let’s say this load cell was not being loaded properly (off-axis). We could repeatedly
load this 1K load cell with a known weight of 500 pounds and consistently produce a
reading of between 496.0 and 496.4 pounds. Then we could say that these measurements
meet the published standards for repeatability, but not for accuracy, because in order to
be accurate for this range, our readings would have to be between 499.5 and 500.5
pounds. So in this example, the measurements are repeatable, but not accurate.
7. UNCERTAINTY
The estimate of the difference between a measured value and the true value is known as
uncertainity. Measurement uncertainty values are often included in the final value of a
part.
Examples:
The graduated cylinder in the picture contains a certain amount of water to be measured.
The amount of water is somewhere between 40ml and 50ml according to the marked
lines. By checking to see where the botton of the meniscus lies, referencing the ten
smaller lines, the amount of water lies between 44ml and 45ml. The next step is to
estimate the uncertainty between 44ml and 45ml. Making an approximate guess, the level
is less than 44.5 ml but greater than 44.0 ml. We then report that the measured amount is
approximately 44.1ml. The graduated cylinder itself may be distorted such that the
graduation marks contain inaccuracies providing readings slightly different from the
actual volume of liquid present.
8. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical
conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems typically convert analog waveforms
into digital values for processing.

The components of data acquisition systems include:

 Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
 Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted
to digital values.
 Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.
 DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS AVAILABLE IN ENERGY
LAB

SOLAR RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM

PYRANOMETER

A pyranometer is a type of acidometer

used to measure broadband solar irradiance
on a planar surface and is a sensor that is
designed to measure the solar radiation
flux density (in watts per meter square)
from a field of view of 180 degrees.

Pyranometers are frequently used in

meteorology, climatology, solar energy
studies and building physics.

PYREHELIOMETER

A pyrheliometer is an instrument for

measurement of direct beam solar irradiance.
Sunlight enters the instrument through a
window and is directed onto a thermopile
which converts heat to an electrical signal that
can be recorded.

Typical pyrheliometer measurement

applications include scientific meteorological
and climate observations, material testing
research, and assessment of the efficiency of solar collectors and photovoltaic devices.
NET RADIOMETER

A net radiometer is a type of actinometer used to measure

net radiation (NB) at the Earth's surface in meteorological
applications. The name net radiometer reflects the fact that
it is supposed to measure incoming minus upwelling
radiation. It is most commonly used in the field of eco-
physiology.

Net radiometers are frequently used in meteorology,

climatology, solar energy studies and building physics.
They can be seen in many meteorological stations—
typically installed horizontally.

SUNSHINE DURATION SENSOR:

We can define it as sunshine duration as the time interval when direct solar radiation exceeds
120W/m2. There are many ways to measure or calculate sunshine duration from direct or global
radiation data.

Weathering of materials is most often an irreversible process affecting the cosmetic properties or
strength of materials. This aging process is mainly driven by UV radiation, Heat, …

REFRACTOMETER:

A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the

measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry). The
index of refraction is calculated from Snell's law and can be
calculated from the composition of the material.
PUMPS:

VACUUM PUMP:

A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave
behind a partial vacuum.

USES :

Driving some of the flight instruments in older and simpler aircraft without electrical systems.
Medical processes that require suction

DIAPHRAGM PUMP:

A diaphragm pump (also known as a Membrane pump) is a positive

displacement pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action
of a rubber and suitable valves either side of the diaphragm (check
valve, butterfly valves, flap valves etc) to pump a fluid.

Diaphragm pump have good dry running characteristics.

Diaphragm pump have good self priming capabilities.

MULTI TURBINE TEST SET:

The Multi Turbine Test Set (Model: FM 46) is designed to be a self-contained unit to
demonstrate the operation and performance characteristics of three types of turbines, namely
Francis (radial flow) turbine.

WEATHER STATION:

A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with

instruments and equipment for observing atmospheric conditions to
provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather
and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind
speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken as free of other
obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct
solar radiation, or insolation.

WIND SPEED SENSOR:

An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and

is a common weather station instrument. The term is derived
from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind, and is used to
describe any airspeed measurement instrument used in
meteorology or aerodynamics.

WIND DIRECTION SENSOR:

They are used to find/sense the direction of wind. The wind direction transmitter serves for the
detection of the horizontal wind directionin the field of meteorology and the technology of
environmental protection.

• High level of measuring accuracy and resolution

• High damping ratio at a small delay distance

• Low starting threshold

• Magnetic coupling, which is free of hysteresis and wear,

situated between the axis of vane and potentiometer.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

Temperature sensors are devices used to measure the temperature of a medium. There are 2 kinds
on temperature sensors

 contact sensors
  noncontact sensors.

However, the 3 main types are thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and
thermocouples. All three of these sensors measure a physical property (i.e. volume of a liquid,
current through a wire), which changes as a function of
temperature.

HUMIDITY SENSOR:

A humidity sensor , also called a hygrometer, measures and

regularly reports the relative humidity in the air.

A device consisting of a special plastic material whose

electrical characteristics change according to the amount of humidity in the air.

DEW POINT SENSOR:

The dew point is the temperature below which the water vapor in air at constant barometric
pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates.

RAINFALL GAUGE:

A rain gauge (also known as an udometer) is a type of instrument used by meteorologists and
hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time.

EVAPORATION SENSOR:

Evaporation gages determine the evaporation rate by measuring the changing water level in an
evaporation pan e.g OMC-459.

DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION SENSOR:

It is used to used to detect the solar energy.

VORTEX/CORIOLIS FLOW METER:

Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement.

Flow can be measured in a variety of ways. Positive-displacement
flow meters accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the
number of times the volume is filled to measure flow.

Meters used to measure that flow are various . e,g woltmann

meter,venture meter.

THERMOCOUPLE PROBES:

A thermocouple is a sensor for measuring temperature. It

consists of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end.
When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled a
voltage is produced that can be correlated back to the
temperature. The thermocouple alloys are commonly
available as wire.

ANEMOMETER:

An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station
instrument. The term is derived from the Greek wordanemos, meaning wind, and is used to
describe any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics..
Anemometers are used to measure wind reading
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER:

A pressure transducer, sometimes called a pressure transmitter, is a transducer that converts

pressure into an analog electrical signal. Although there are various types of pressure
transducers, one of the most common is the strain-gage base
transducer.

DIGITAL BALANCE

A digital balance is a weighing scale that is used for measuring

substances. It can be found in place where large quantities of
food are prepared like hotel kitchens and institutional kitchens.
People also use them at home. They are easier to use and they
provide more accurate readings.

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER:

An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the

velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using
ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity
along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the
difference in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound
propagating into and against the direction of the flow or by measuring
the frequency shift from the Doppler effect.

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW METER:

Open channel flowmeters measure the flow of liquids that are

open to the atmosphere at some point in the measurement
system. The liquid may be entirely open to the atmosphere, or
may be contained within a closed pipe that is not full of liquid
and only open to the atmosphere at the flowmeter itself.
TACHOMETRE:

An instrument used to measure the rotations per minute of a rotating shaft.

THERMO HYGROMETRE:

Thermo hygrometers are useful for measurements of humidity. Thermo hygrometers have
sensors which measure humidity of the air and temperature of the air.

CONDIVITY METRE:

A conductivity metre is an electrical device used to measure the amount of electrical power that
is conveyed through a liquid. It is used to determine the amount and types of salts available in
water. An electric current is passed through the water, and the output used to gauge its
conductivity.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN METRE:

A dissolved oxygen meter is an absolutely essential tool. Any industry that takes an active
interest in the quality of its surrounding water will use one of these
tools on a regular basis. Oxygen is an essential component to all
living things, and a lack of oxygen within a water source could mean
certain death to various animals and important bacteria. With the use
of this device, anyone can take the necessary steps to ensure that
their waterways maintain a healthy balance for animals.

DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM:

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real

world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into
digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data
acquisition systems typically convert analog waveforms into digital
values for processing.
SUN ENERGY METRE:

The Solar Energy Meter demonstrates the use of such boot

loader function. The meter measures amount of AC energy
produced by photovoltaic power system. It uses photo
coupler attach to electromechanical energy meter to detect
the number of revolution.

LIGHT METRE:

A light meter is a device used to measure the amount of light. In

photography, a light meter is often used to determine the proper
exposure for a photo.

THERMAL IMAGER FILIMS:

Process Sensors offers a comprehensive range of imaging and

line camera systems continuously monitor and control industrial
processes.

INFRARED THERMOMETRE:

An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers

temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation.