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the metal-to- metal contact and created a load bearing 2.2 Preparation of Nano-oil
film. Also the summarized mechanisms of the friction-
One of the most effective factors of the nanofluid
reduction and anti- wear of nanoparticles in lubricants as
properties is the rate of dispersion and stability of
the result of colloidal effect, rolling effect, protective
nanoparticles inside the base fluid. When dispersion of
film, and third body. The results of these investigations
particles inside the base fluid is not good, it is possible
show that nanoparticles deposit on the rubbing surface
that agglomeration and precipitation of nanoparticles
and improve the tribological properties of the base oil,
occur; which may cause damage of the frictional
displaying good friction and wear reduction
surfaces. In the present research, to disperse
characteristics [7].
nanoparticles inside the base oil, we used oleic acid as
In the present study we have synthesized stable CuO surface modifier and by preparing lubricant samples in
nanoparticles with an „oleic acid‟ surface modifier concentrations of 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt% and
which gives very good dispersibility in organic solvents. 1wt% using an ultrasonic probe for 45 min. These
In order to estimate the ranges of applications of CuO concentration values were obtained from the results of
nanoparticles, it was necessary to investigate its bibliographic research, where concentration of
tribological behaviour under increasingly severe contact nanoparticles is in the range 0.2-1 wt%. The results
conditions. confirm that the existence of the surface modification
layer can effectively prevent the agglomeration of Cu
II. EXPERIMENTAL nanoparticles and provide good oil-dispersion ability.
2.1 Materials The materials used in the experiments and their
properties are shown in Table 2.
The SAE 20W40 engine oil (Pure lubricants, Chennai,
India) was used as the base oil. The Pure lubricants
engine oil contains some additives for friction reduction Nanoparticles Properties
and anti-wear, but the Base oil purchased does not. Pure
lubricants are manufacturers of industrial lubricant, Copper oxide Morphology: nearly spherical,
automobile oil and greases. It is a British Standards (CuO) Purity:99.95+%, APS: 25-55 nm,
certified company. The properties of base oil are given Bulk Density: 0.79 g/cm3, True
in table no.1. Density: 6.4 g/m3
system in the form of graph. The wear in microns of coefficients of base oil without nanoparticles are
base oil without nanoparticles is shown in fig. 2, which displayed in fig. 4, which show a similar trend for
gives a similar pattern for different experimental values, different experimental results, and a maximum standard
and a maximum standard deviation of 7, 15 and 25 with deviation of 0.114, 0.028 and 0.059 with respect to 30N,
respect to load conditions 30N, 50N and 65N among all 50N and 65N load conditions among all sets of test data.
sets of test data.
The Coefficients Of Friction of the base oil with and
The anti-wear property is a function of additive without nanoparticles are shown in fig. 5. The x-
concentration in base oil. Fig. 3 shows the graph of wear coordinate shows the time elapse from start to end of
verses time in which 0.5 wt% concentration of base oil single test. The coefficient of friction of base oil
sample drastically improved the wear reduction at 30N containing nanoparticles, CuO are slightly lower than
and 65N loading conditions of 3μ and 18μ. But at 50N those of base oil without nanoparticles.
the wear rate slightly increased by 0.8 μ than that of the
The addition of CuO nanoparticles reduced coefficient
base oil.
of friction with respect to pure base oil. The best results
So as per the above discussion nanoparticle at 0.5% can were found for the suspensions with a nanoparticle
be reduce wear compared with pure base oil. Since base concentration of 0.5%. Fig. 3 shows the suspensions
oil does not contain any anti-wear additive, the with 0.5 wt% of base oil sample exhibited 24% and 53%
tribochemical reaction film cannot be produced on of friction coefficient reduction with respect to the base
rubbing surfaces. Therefore, lower wear might be oil without containing nanoparticles at, 50N and 65N
attributed to rolling effect of the nanoparticles. load condition respectively. But for 30N load there was
observed to be slight increase in friction coefficient by
1% for 0.5%wt. As can be seen fig. 5 the base oil
containing nanoparticles yields better friction reduction
behavior which helps the lubrication regime to change
from boundary lubrication into mixed or hydrodynamic
lubrication, as a result the lower coefficient of friction is
observed.
d)
Figure 7-c and d SEM images of worn surfaces with
base oil with CuO nanoparticles
In this study an interesting result was obtained from the
wear surface analysis that with increase in the
a) concentration of nanoparticles, some of the properties of
engine oil improved, but it was noticed that an increase
in concentration causes a reduction in lubricating
properties of engine oil due to agglomeration and
precipitation of nanoparticles and as a result causes
damage to frictional surface on the wear surfaces. So
determining the appropriate concentration to achieve
better properties is a very important issue. The
tribological performance of base oil could be remarkably
improved by using nanoparticles as additional fillers.
Meanwhile, a three body mild abrasive wear was
suggested due to the presence of hard nanoparticles in
the contact region. However, the three-body contact
problem is very complex and depends on many
b) variables, including particle characteristics such as size,
Figure 6-a and b SEM images of worn surfaces with hardness and shape and properties of the counterparts
base oil without nanoparticles such as surface topography and lubricating and loading
conditions. The presence of so many factors, and the
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ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume -3, Issue-2, 2014
37
International Journal on Theoretical and Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJTARME)
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ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume -3, Issue-2, 2014
38