CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH
40 Hours Mandatory Training Course

Compiled and Distributed by:

HSE International Health Safety and Environment Consultancy
2/F Suite 212, GF Paragon Bldg. Kauswagan,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000, Philippines









TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. OSH Legislation
2. Imp. of OHS in the Construction Industry
3. Excavation Safety
4. Construction Site Premises
5. Fall Protection
6. Temporary Structures
7. Construction Machinery
8. Crane Safety
9. Hand and Portable Power Tools
10. Environmental Safety
11. Occupational Safety
12. Demolition Safety
13. Role of Safety Officer
14. Personal Protective Equipment
15. Job Hazard Evaluation and Control
16. Accident Investigation
17. Routine Construction Site Inspection
18. Tool Box Talk and Safety Briefing
19. Safety and Health Programming (D.O.13)


OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION

INTRODUCTION TO OSH STANDARDS:

The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on Occupational Safety and Health
promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, P.D. 442.
OBJECTIVE OF THE OSH STANDARDS

• To protect every working man against the dangers of injury, sickness or

death through safe and healthful working conditions.

SCOPE OF THE STANDARDS

• OSH Standards apply to all places of employment except land, sea and air
transportation. Their garages, dry docks, port hangars, and repair shops
however are covered by the Standards. Safety in mines is also not covered
by the Standards. Safety in transportation and mines are under other
agencies of the government.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS UNDER THE STANDARDS

• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions

that are causing or are likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to his
workers.

• Give complete Job Safety Instructions to all his workers, especially to

those entering the job for the first time including those relating to the
familiarization with their work environment hazards to which the workers
are exposed and steps to take in case of emergency.

• Comply with the requirements of the Standards.

• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.

DUTIES OF WORKERS

• Cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the

Standards.


• Report to his Supervisor any work hazard that maybe discovered in his
workplace.

WHO ENFORCES THE OSH STANDARDS?

• The Standards are enforced by the DOLE Regional Labor Offices and their
District Offices in different parts of the country.

HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES

Hazardous workplaces are the following:

o Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous

environmental elements, contaminants or work conditions including
ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire, flammable substances, noxious
components and the like;

o Where the workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire

fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work. deep
sea fishing and mechanized farming;

o Where the workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of

the explosives and other pyrotechnic products; and

o Where the workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as

bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa’s, nematodes and other parasites.

OVERVIEW OSHS (As Amended)

RULE 1000 GENERAL PROVISIONS

RULE 1010 OTHER SAFETY RULES
RULE 1020 REGISTRATION
RULE 1030 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH
RULE 1040 HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE
RULE 1050 NITIFICATION AND KEEPING OF RECORDS OF ACCIDENTS
AND/OR OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES
RULE 1060 PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS
RULE 1070 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
RULE 1080 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES
RULE 1090 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
RULE 1100 GAS AND ELECTRIC WELDING AND CUTTING OPERATIONS
RULE 1120 HAZARDOUS WORK PROCESSES


RULE 1140 EXPLOSIVES

RULE 1150 MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORAGE
RULE 1160 BOILER
RULE 1170 UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSELS
RULE 1200 MACHINE GUARDING
RULE 1210 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
RULE 1220 ELEVATORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT
RULE 1230 IDENTIFICATION OF PIPING SYSTEM
RULE 1410 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
RULE 1420 LOGGING
RULE 1940 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL
RULE 1950 PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS
RULE 1960 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
RULE 1970 FEES
RULE 1980 AUTHORITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
RULE 1990 FINAL PROVISION

D.O. 13: Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety & Health in the Construction
Industry

JURISDICTION

• DOLE has the exclusive jurisdiction in the preparation & its implementation
of Occupational Safety & Health Standards for the Construction Industry,
as per:

o Article 162, Chapter 2, Title 1 of Book Four of the Labor Code of the
Philippines
o Article 165. Chapter 2, Title Four of The Labor Code of the
Philippines

DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND ACCREDITATION

• Chartered cities and municipalities...conduct technical safety inspections &

general safety audit of construction project sites within their respective
jurisdiction.
• Private safety organization...conducts technical safety inspections &
genera safety audit of construction project sites for and in behalf of the
company or establishment.
• Accreditation of safety organizations & practitioners...by DOLE and OSHC


COVERAGE

Based on the classification code of the Philippine Construction Accreditation

Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines (CIAP):

• General Building Construction

• General Engineering Construction
• Specialty Trade Construction

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

Responsible for compliance... the Construction Project Manager, or in his

absence, the Manager.

Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP) shall state the following:
• Construction Safety and Health Committee
• Specific Safety Policies
• Conducting Tool Box Meetings
• Meetings, responsible and frequency
• Penalties and sanction violations
• Orienting, instructing & training all workers
• Waste Disposal Procedure

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Employer shall, at his own expense, provide adequate and approved PPE.
• Workers must be provided with safety harnesses and Lifelines while
working at unguarded surface 6 meters or more above water or ground.
• Specialty construction workers (i.e., welders & painters) must be provided
with specialized PPE.
All other person either authorized or allowed at construction site shall wear
appropriate PPE.
SAFETY PERSONNEL

To ensure that a CSHP is duly followed and informed at the construction Project
site. It is required to have a minimum accredited safety and health personnel:

Provide Full Time Construction Safety and Health Officer (CSHO)... to oversee
on full time the overall management of the CSHP... to monitor and inspect the
safety aspects onsite, assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and
health inspection.

• Provide additional CSHO as necessary.

o 200 and below: 1 P/T CSHO
o Over 200 to 1000 1 F/T CSHO
o For every additional 1000 1F/T CSHO

o Provide 1 CSHO for every 10 units of heavy equipment.

o Provide CSHO as additional for each subcontractor as necessary.

EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL & FACILITIES

Provide competent emergency health personnel with adequate medical supplies,

equipment and facilities

1-50 F/T CFA

51-99 F/T CFA& Pff RN
100-199 P/T RP, P/T RD, F/T RN. F/T CFA
200-600 F/T CFA, F/T RN. P/T RP+EH, P/T RD+EC
601-2000 F/T CFA, F/T RN, F/T RP+EH & F/T RD+EC
2000 Plus F/T CFA, F/T RN, F/T RP+EH & F/T RD+EC, +P/T RP

Whenever the employer provides only a treatment room:

o Access to nearest medical / dental clinic shall be at least within 5Km radius
from site and can be reached in 25 min.
o Provide necessary transportation facilities.
o Written contract from the accredited hospital.


CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGE’S

Must be provided/ installed at strategic location to warn the workers and the
public:
• Mandatory usage of PPE.
• An area with potential risk of falling objects.
• Areas with potential risks of falling.
• Area with stored explosives and flammable substances.
• Area with tripping or slipping hazards.
• Areas with toxic or irritant airborne contaminants substances.
• Areas with electrical danger.
• Areas with dangerous moving parts of machinery or equipment.
• Areas of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
• Instruction on the usage of specific Construction Equipment.
• Periodic updating of man—hours lost.
• Should be regularly inspected and maintained in good condition.

SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Pre—construction:
• All heavy equipment operators assigned on site must be
tested & certified by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization(s).
• All heavy equipment must be tested and certified.

During construction:
• Load restriction of trailers.
• Load restriction, height width clearances imposed by DPWH for all roads
and bridges.
• Certified operators for loading and unloading.
• Secure the equipment to be transported.

Erection set-up of heavy equipment:

• Existing hazards must be avoided.
• Standard checklist of steps and procedure must be observed.
• List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be available and
properly utilized.


Routine inspection.
• Certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily
routine inspection for accident prevention...in accordance with
standards set by TESDA/ACEL.
• DOLE accredited professionals shall perform routine inspection in
accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
• Remove equipment that does not comply with standards
for equipment certification until completion of repair.
• Logbook for data on maintenance, repairs, tests & inspection should be
maintained.

Certified operators
• Only certified operators should operate their designated equipment.
• Operators and Riggers must wear appropriate PPE.

Post- operation and post- construction.

• Similar to mobilization or transport of heavy equipment and erection/ set-
up of heavy equipment.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY & HEALTH COMMITTEE (CSHC)

Composition
• As required, CSHC should be formed headed by the Project Manager.

Chairman Project Manager

Secretary General CSHO
Members CSHO
Sub-con CSHO
Doctors
Nurses
Workers’ Representative

o CSHC should be available on site

Authority and duties of CSHC

• Plan, develop and oversee the implementation of
accident prevention programs for the construction project.
• Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in
accordance with these rules and the CSHP.
• Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meeting or toolbox
meeting everyday.


• Review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations.

• Prepare and submit to DOLE reports on CSHC MEETINGS.
• Provide necessary assistance to government, inspecting authorities in the
proper conduct of their enforcement and other activities.
• Initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees.
• Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan & organize such
emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster
situations.
• Perform all duties provided in the CSHP or those that is necessary and
incidental to the fulfillment of their duties.

SAFETY & HEALTH INFORMATION

Workers should be adequately and suitably:

• Informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they maybe
exposed at their workplace.
• Instructed and trained on themeasures available for the
prevention, control and protection against those hazards.

No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone

a safety and health awareness seminar conducted by the:
• OSHC
• BWC
• Accredited organizations and professionals.

Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety
and health measures common to construction sites which shall include:
• Basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site.
• Means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency
situations.
• Measures for good housekeeping.
• Location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities.
• Proper care and use of the items or personal protective
equipment and protective clothing provided.
• General measures for personal hygiene and health protection.
• Fire precautions to be undertaken.
• Action to be taken in case of emergency.
• Requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.


The instruction, training and information materials shall be given in a language or

dialect understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative
approaches shall be used.

Foreman, lead man, gang boss, etc. should conduct daily toolbox or similar
meetings prior to starting work.

Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

• Drivers and operators.
• Workers engaged in erection or dismantling of scaffolds.
• Workers engaged in excavation at least 1 meter deep.
• Workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations.
• Workers engaged in pile driving.
• Workers working in compressed air, cofferdams and caissons.
• Workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel structural
frames and tall chimney, concrete work, form works and other such work.
• Workers as signalers.
• Other workers as maybe categorized by TESDA.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

CSHP involved in construction should complete the 40 hrs. Basic

Construction Safety and Health Course.

Every constructor shall provide continuing education.

Construction safety and health training to all technical personnel.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY & HEALTH REPORTS

General constructors shall submit monthly CSHC report to BWC or DOLE

regional office concerned;
• Minutes of CSHC meeting (s).
• Summary of all accident investigation reports.
• Periodic assessment with corresponding remedial measuresl actions.

In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in

death or permanent total disability, the concerned employer shall initially notify
the DOLE Regional Office within 24 hrs from occurrence. After final investigation
has been conducted, the employer shall report all permanent total disabilities to
Regional Office on or before 20th of the month following the date of
occurrence of accident using DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 FORM.


CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SKILLS CERTIFICATE

To professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction

workers, the TESDA shall:

• Establish national skill standards for critical construction occupations.

• Prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction
occupations.
• Accredit construction sector organizations in the area of Skills Training and
Trade Testing.
• Extend relevant assistance to construction sector organization.

In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo

mandatory skills testing for certification by TESDA;

• When the performance of a job affect and endangers people's lives and
limbs.
• When the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies.
• When the job requires a relatively long period of education and training.
• When the performance of the job may compromise the
Safety, Health and Environmental concerns within the
immediate vicinity of the construction site.

WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES

Adequate supply of safe drinking water.

• If the water is used in common drinking areas’, it
should be stored in closed containers from which water is
dispensed through tap cocks. Such containers should be cleaned and
disinfected regularly not exceeding 15 days.
• Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water
supply that is not fit for drinking purposes.

Adequate sanitary and washing facilities.

• Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of working
clothes.
• Adequate living accommodations for taking meals and shelter.

Suitable living accommodations for workers, and as may be applicable, for their
families.


Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.

COST OF CSHP

The total cost of implementing a CSHP shall be mandatory integral part of the
project's construction cost and a separate pay item, duly qualified and
reflected in the project’s tender documents and likewise reflected in the
project's construction contract document.

MISCELLANEOUS

All provisions of the other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not
inconsistent with the above guideline shall form part of this Department Order.

All provisions of other existing Occupational Safety & Health Standards,

Rules & Regulations not specially provided herein shall remain
in full force and effect.

In the event that any provision of this guideline is declared invalid by competent
authority, the rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force
and effect.

VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

DOLE shall refer to PCAB its findings, after due process, on

Any act or omission committed by construction contractors in violation of
Labor Standards, Safety Rules & Regulations and other
Pertinent polices. Any such violation committed by construction
constructors, whether general constructors or sub—constructors, shall
constitute as prima facie case of a construction mal
performance under R.A. 4566 (Constructors’ Licensing Law), as amended, and
its implementing rules & regulations.

In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director

shall issue a stoppage order. The stoppage order shall remain in effect until the
danger is removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be
penalized under existing provisions of labor laws.


IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Course Objectives:
• List the leading causes of accidents in construction sites.
• Recognized the present safety and health situations in the construction
industry.
• Articulate the importance of safety and health in the construction
industry.

Global OSH Situationer:

International Labour Organization Report

• 270M accidents reported
• 350,000 of which are fatal
• 16M work related illness/disease reported
• 2M workers die every year
• More than 100,000 work fatalities occur every month
• More than 5,000 everyday
• 4 every minute
•
Construction Industry
• At least 60,000 fatalities occur at construction sites, around the world,
every year.
• 1 fatal accident occurs every 10 minutes
• Around 17% of all fatalities at work (1 in every 6) are construction
fatalities.

With a highly mobile population of workers and different contractors working

on dangerous construction sites at the same time, construction continues to be
a major cause of death and disabilities.

Factors That Contribute to the Occurrence of Accidents in the Construction

Industry, (OSHC Study, 1998)

Leading Causes of Accidents

1. Fall from different Level (23) 2. Falling Objects (9)
3. Scaffold shoring collapse (9) 4. Lift appliance (9)
5. Cave-in (8) 6. Machinery (5)
7. Electricity (4) 8. Hand tools (2)
9. Explosion (1)


Severity of Injury
• Disabling: 37%
• Fatal: 63%

Type of Trade
1. Laborer (25)
2. Steelworker (12)
3. Carpenter (8)
4. Checker/S.G (4)
5. Plumber (3)
6. Foreman (2)
7. Welder (2)
8. Electrician (2)

Month with the highest number of incident/accident is during the month of

AUGUST and highest cases of incident/accidents occurs during the afternoon
around 3:00 PM
DIRECT COST
Why do we need OSH?
• Family
• Health
• Accident cost
• Corporate image
• Quality
• Production
• Regulatory Agencies

ICEBERG THEORY
• Direct Cost
• Indirect Cost
INDIRECT COST
Direct Cost of Accident
• Medical Expenses
• Equipment Damage CAUSES OF ACCIDENT:
• Wasted Raw Materials UNSAFE ACT/CONDITION
• Insurance Premiums
• Litigation Expenses ACCIDENT IS :
98% - PREVENTABLE
2% - NON-PREVENTABLE


Indirect Cost of Accident

1. Injured Workers
Ø Lesser productivity due to interruption on day of injury
Ø Loss in efficiency
Ø Loss of income
2. Other Employees
Ø loss productivity due to:
§ work stoppage out of curiosity
§ when assisting injured worker
§ due to inspection
Ø Loss in efficiency out of sympathy to the injured
Ø Additional cost due to completion of added work
3. Supervisors
Ø lost productivity :
§ when assisting the injured
§ due to accident investigation
§ in preparing reports
§ during inspection
4. Replacement worker
Ø hiring or training
5. Equipment
Ø downtime

Humane Aspects

Ø Sorrow due to loss

Ø Hardships and inconveniences
Ø Physical pain/discomfort
Ø Psychological problems


EXCAVATION SAFETY

Course Objectives:
• Identify the hazards in excavation works.
• Identify different causes of soil collapse.
• Enumerate the different methods in the prevention of soil collapse.
• Discuss the safety measures in excavation works.

Excavation
• is any man made cut, cavity or
depression in an earth surface
that is formed by earth removal.

Trench
• is a narrow excavation where
the depth is greater than its
width, and the width measures
at the bottom is not greater than
15 ft.

Hazards/Inconvenience of Excavation Works

• Soil Collapse
• Falls
• Vehicular Traffic
• Underground Utilities
• Confined Space Conditions

Principles Causes of Soil Collapse

• Steep cutting angle
• Super impose load
• Shock & Vibration
• Water Pressure
• Drying

Overview: Soil Mechanics

A. Tension Cracks, Tension cracks
usually form at a horizontal
distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the
depth of the trench, measured
from the top of the vertical face of
the trench. See the accompanying Figure 1: Tension Crack
drawing for additional details.


B. Sliding or sluffing may occur as a

result of tension cracks, as
illustrated below.

Figure 2: Sliding
C. Topping. In addition to sliding,
tension cracks can cause toppling.
Toppling occurs when the trench's
vertical face shears along the
tension crack line and topples into
the excavation.
Figure 3: Topping

D. Subsidence and Bulging. An

unsupported excavation can create
an
unbalanced stress in the soil, which,
in turn, causes subsidence at the
surface and bulging of the vertical
face of the trench. If uncorrected, Figure 4: Subsidence &
this condition can cause face failure Bulging
and entrapment of workers in the trench.

E. Heaving or Squeezing, Bottom

heaving or squeezing is caused by
the downward pressure created by
the weight of adjoining soil. This
pressure causes a bulge in the
bottom of the cut, as illustrated in the
drawing above. Heaving and
squeezing can occur even when Figure 5: Sheaving or
shoring or shielding has been Squeezing
properly installed.

F. Boiling, is evidenced by an upward

water flow into the bottom of the cut. A
high water table is one of the causes of
boiling. Boiling produces a "quick"
condition in the bottom of the cut, and
can occur even when shoring or trench
boxes are used. Figure 6: Boiling


G. Unit Weight of Soils, refers to the weight of one unit of a particular soil.
The weight of soil varies with type and moisture content. One cubic foot
of soil can weigh from 110 pounds to 140 pounds or more, and one
cubic meter (35.3 cubic feet) of soil can weigh more than 3,000 pounds.

CAVE-INS are perhaps the most feared trenching hazards. But other
potentially fatal hazards exist, including ASPHYXIATION due to lack of
oxygen in a confined space, inhalation of toxic fumes, drowning, etc.
ELECTRECUTION or EXPLOSION can occur when workers contact
underground utilities.

Prevention of Soil Collapse

• The basic method for protection from cave-ins are sloping, benching,
shoring and shielding. The method you should use depends on factors
such as soil type and water content, excavation depth and width, the
nature of the work, and nearby activities that could increase the risk of
cave-in.
• A registered Structural Engineer must design protective system for all
excavations that are more than 20 feet deep.

What is Soil?
• A soil is a mixture of rock, water, air and a variety of other substances.
• Soil is made up of rock in the form of small particles and spaces called
voids. Normally some part of these voids is filled with water.

Determination of Soil Types

A. Stable Rock is natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with
vertical sides and remain intact while exposed. It is usually identified by
a rock name such as granite or sandstone. Determining whether a
deposit is of this type may be difficult unless it is known whether cracks
exist and whether or not the cracks run into or away from the
excavation.
B. Type A Soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive
strength of 1.5 tons per square foot (tsf) (144 kPa) or greater. Examples
of Type A cohesive soils are often: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam
and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. (No soil is
Type A if it is fissured, is subject to vibration of any type, has previously
been disturbed, is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip
into the excavation on a slope of 4 horizontal to 1 vertical (4H:1V) or
greater, or has seeping water.


C. Type B Soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive

strength greater than 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) but less than 1.5 tsf (144 kPa).
Examples of other Type B soils are: angular gravel; silt; silt loam;
previously disturbed soils unless otherwise classified as Type C; soils
that meet the unconfined compressive strength or cementation
requirements of Type A soils but are fissured or subject to vibration; dry
unstable rock; and layered systems sloping into the trench at a slope
less than 4H:1V (only if the material would be classified as a Type B
soil).

D. Type C Soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive

strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or less. Other Type C soils include granular
soils such as gravel, sand and loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from
which water is freely seeping, and submerged rock that is not stable.
Also included in this classification is material in a sloped, layered
system where the layers dip into the excavation or have a slope of four
horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater.

E. Layered Geological Strata. Where soils are configured in layers, i.e.,

where a layered geologic structure exists, the soil must be classified on
the basis of the soil classification of the weakest soil layer. Each layer
may be classified individually if a more stable layer lies below a less
stable layer, i.e., where a Type C soil rests on top of stable rock.

How Soil is Tested?

A competent person must conduct visual and manual soil test before anyone
enters an excavation. Visual and manual tests are a critical part of determining
the type of protective system that will be used.

Test Equipment and Methods for Evaluating Soil Types

Many kinds of equipment and methods are used to determine the type of soil
prevailing in an area, as described below.

A. Pocket Penetrometer

Penetrometers are direct-reading, spring-operated instruments used to

determine the unconfined compressive strength of saturated cohesive soils.
Once pushed into the soil, an indicator sleeve displays the reading. The
instrument is calibrated in either tons per square foot (tsf) or kilograms per


square centimeter (kPa). However, Penetrometers have error rates in the

range of ± 20-40%.

1. Shearvane (Torvane). To determine the unconfined compressive

strength of the soil with a shearvane, the blades of the vane are pressed
into a level section of undisturbed soil, and the torsional knob is slowly
turned until soil failure occurs. The direct instrument reading must be
multiplied by 2 to provide results in tons per square foot (tsf) or
kilograms per square centimeter (kPa).
2. Thumb Penetration Test. The thumb penetration procedure involves an
attempt to press the thumb firmly into the soil in question. If the thumb
makes an indentation in the soil only with great difficulty, the soil is
probably Type A. If the thumb penetrates no further than the length of
the thumb nail, it is probably Type B soil, and if the thumb penetrates the
full length of the thumb, it is Type C soil. The thumb test is subjective
and is therefore the least accurate of the three methods.
3. Dry Strength Test. Dry soil that crumbles freely or with moderate
pressure into individual grains is granular. Dry soil that falls into clumps
that subsequently break into smaller clumps (and the smaller clumps
can be broken only with difficulty) is probably clay in combination with
gravel, sand, or silt. If the soil breaks into clumps that do not break into
smaller clumps (and the soil can be broken only with difficulty), the soil is
considered unfissured unless there is visual indication of fissuring.

B. Plasticity or Wet Thread Test

This test is conducted by molding a moist sample of the soil into a ball and
attempting to roll it into a thin thread approximately 1/8 inch (3 mm) in
diameter (thick) by 2 inches (50 mm) in length. The soil sample is held by one
end. If the sample does not break or tear, the soil is considered cohesive.

C. Visual Test

A visual test is a qualitative evaluation of conditions around the site. In a visual

test, the entire excavation site is observed, including the soil adjacent to the
site and the soil being excavated. If the soil remains in clumps, it is cohesive; if
it appears to be coarse-grained sand or gravel, it is considered granular. The
evaluator also checks for any signs of vibration.

During a visual test, the evaluator should check for crack-line openings along
the failure zone that would indicate tension cracks, look for existing utilities
that indicate that the soil has previously been disturbed, and observe the open
side of the excavation for indications of layered geologic structuring.


The evaluator should also look for signs of bulging, boiling, or sluffing, as well
as for signs of surface water seeping from the sides of the excavation or from
the water table. If there is standing water in the cut, the evaluator should check
for "quick" conditions. In addition, the area adjacent to the excavation should
be checked for signs of foundations or other intrusions into the failure zone,
and the evaluator should check for surcharging and the spoil distance from the
edge of the excavation.

Protection of Workers

• Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using adequately

designed protective systems.

• Protective systems must be able to resist systems all expected loads to

the system.

PREVENTION OF SOIL COLLAPSE

Shoring Types

Shoring is the provision of a

support system for trench faces
used to prevent movement of
soil, underground utilities,
roadways, and foundations.
Shoring or shielding is used
when the location or depth of the
cut makes sloping back to the
maximum allowable slope
impractical. Shoring systems
consist of posts, wales, struts,
and sheeting. There are two
basic types of shoring, timber
and aluminum hydraulic.
Timbering Shoring

A. Hydraulic Shoring

The trend today is toward the use of hydraulic shoring, a prefabricated strut
and/or wale system manufactured of aluminum or steel. Hydraulic shoring
provides a critical safety advantage over timber shoring because workers do


not have to enter the trench to install or remove hydraulic shoring. Other
advantages of most hydraulic systems are that they:

• Are light enough to be installed by one worker;

• Are gauge-regulated to ensure even distribution of pressure along the
trench line;
• Can have their trench faces "preloaded" to use the soil's natural
cohesion to prevent movement; and
• Can be adapted easily to various trench depths and widths.

All shoring should be installed from the top down and removed from the
bottom up. Hydraulic shoring should be checked at least once per shift for
leaking hoses and/or cylinders, broken connections, cracked nipples, bent
bases, and any other damaged or defective parts.


B. Pneumatic Shoring

Works in a manner similar to hydraulic shoring. The primary difference is that

pneumatic shoring uses air pressure in place of hydraulic pressure. A
disadvantage to the use of pneumatic shoring is that an air compressor must
be on site.

1. Screw Jacks. Screw jack systems differ from hydraulic and pneumatic
systems in that the struts of a screw jack system must be adjusted
manually. This creates a hazard because the worker is required to be in
the trench in order to adjust the strut. In addition, uniform "preloading"
cannot be achieved with screw jacks, and their weight creates handling
difficulties.
2. Single-Cylinder Hydraulic Shores. Shores of this type are generally
used in a water system, as an assist to timber shoring systems, and in
shallow trenches where face stability is required.
3. Underpinning. This process involves stabilizing adjacent structures,
foundations, and other intrusions that may have an impact on the
excavation. As the term indicates, underpinning is a procedure in which
the foundation is physically reinforced. Underpinning should be
conducted only under the direction and with the approval of a registered
professional engineer.

Shoring Variations


Shielding Types

A.Trench Boxes

are different from shoring because, instead

of shoring up or otherwise supporting the
trench face, they are intended primarily to
protect workers from cave-ins and similar
incidents. The excavated area between the
outside of the trench box and the face of the
trench should be as small as possible. The
space between the trench boxes and the
excavation side are backfilled to prevent Trench Shield
lateral movement of the box. Shields may
not be subjected to loads exceeding those,
which the system was designed to
withstand.

B. Combined Use. Trench boxes are

generally used in open areas, but they also
may be used in combination with sloping
and benching. The box should extend at
least 18 in (0.45 m) above the surrounding
area if there is sloping toward excavation.
This can be accomplished by providing a
benched area adjacent to the box.
Trench Shield, Stacked
Earth excavation to a depth of 2 ft (0.61 m)
below the shield is permitted, but only if the
shield is designed to resist the forces
calculated for the full depth of the trench and
there are no indications while the trench is
open of possible loss of soil from behind or
below the bottom of the support system.
Conditions of this type require observation on
the effects of bulging, heaving, and boiling as
well as surcharging, vibration, adjacent
structures, etc., on excavating below the
bottom of a shield. Careful visual inspection
of the conditions mentioned above is the
primary and most prudent approach to
hazard identification and control.
Slope and Shield
Configuration


Sloping and Benching

A. Sloping

Maximum allowable slopes for excavations less than 20 ft (6.09 m) based on

soil type and angle to the horizontal are as follows:

ALLOWABLE SLOPES
Soil Type Height/Depth Ratio Slope Angle
Stable Rock Vertical 90°
Type A ¾:1 53°
Type B 1:1 45°
Type C 1 ½: 1 34°
Type A (short-term) ½:1 63°
For a maximum excavation depth of 12ft
Slope Configuration: Excavation in Layered Soils


B. Benching

There are two basic types of benching,

simple and multiple. The type of soil
determines the horizontal to vertical ratio of
the benched side.

As a general rule, the bottom vertical height

of the trench must not exceed 4 ft (1.2 m)
for the first bench. Subsequent benches
may be up to a maximum of 5 ft (1.5 m)
vertical in Type A soil and 4 ft (1.2 m) in
Type B soil to a total trench depth of 20 ft
(6.0 m). All subsequent benches must be
below the maximum allowable slope for that
soil type. For Type B soil the trench
excavation is permitted in cohesive soil
only.

Excavation Made in Type A Soil

Excavation Made in Type B Soil

Spoil

A. Temporary Spoil

Temporary spoil must be

placed no closer than 2 ft
(0.61 m) from the surface
edge of the excavation,
measured from the nearest
base of the spoil to the cut.
This distance should not be
measured from the crown of
the spoil deposit. This
distance requirement ensures that loose rock or soil from the temporary spoil
will not fall on employees in the trench.

Spoil should be placed so that it channels rainwater and other run-off water
away from the excavation. Spoil should be placed so that it cannot accidentally
run, slide, or fall back into the excavation.

B. Permanent Spoil

Permanent spoil should be placed at some distance from the excavation.

Permanent spoil is often created where underpasses are built or utilities are
buried. The improper placement of permanent spoil, i.e. insufficient distance
from the working excavation, can cause an excavation to be out of compliance
with the horizontal-to-vertical ratio requirement for a particular excavation. This
can usually be determined through visual observation. Permanent spoil can
change undisturbed soil to disturbed soil and dramatically alter slope
requirements.

Prevention of Soil Collapse

• Per Rule 1413 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards:

o The walls of every excavation > 1 meter deep shall be supported
by adequate shoring.

Special Health and Safety Considerations

A. Competent Person

The designated competent person should have and be able to demonstrate

the following:


• Training, experience, and knowledge of:

o soil analysis;
o use of protective systems
• Ability to detect:
o conditions that could result in cave-ins;
o failures in protective systems;
o hazardous atmospheres; and
o other hazards including those associated with confined spaces.
• Authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate existing and
predictable hazards and to stop work when required.

B. Surface Crossing of Trenches

Surface crossing of trenches should be discouraged; however, if trenches

must be crossed, such crossings are permitted only under the following
conditions:

• Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the

supervision of a registered professional engineer.
• Walkways or bridges must be provided for foot traffic. These structures
shall:
o have a safety factor of 4;
o have a minimum clear width of 20 in (0.51 m);
o be fitted with standard rails; and
o extend a minimum of 24 in (.61 m) past the surface edge of the
trench.

C. Ingress and Egress

Access to and exit from the trench require the following conditions:

• Trenches 4 ft or more in depth should be provided with a fixed means of

egress.
• Spacing between ladders or other means of egress must be such that a
worker will not have to travel more than 25 ft laterally to the nearest
means of egress.
• Ladders must be secured and extend a minimum of 36 in (0.9 m) above
the landing.
• Metal ladders should be used with caution, particularly when electric
utilities are present.


D. Exposure to Vehicles

Procedures to protect employees from being injured or killed by vehicle traffic

include:

• Providing employees with and requiring them to wear warning vests or

other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high-
visibility materials.
• Requiring a designated, trained flag person along with signs, signals,
and barricades when necessary.

E. Exposure to Falling Loads

Employees must be protected from loads or objects falling from lifting or

digging equipment. Procedures designed to ensure their protection include:

• Employees are not permitted to work under raised loads.

• Employees are required to stand away from equipment that is being
loaded or unloaded.
• Equipment operators or truck drivers may stay in their equipment during
loading and unloading if the equipment is properly equipped with a cab
shield or adequate canopy.

F. Warning Systems for Mobile Equipment

The following steps should be taken to prevent vehicles from accidentally

falling into the trench:

• Barricades must be installed where necessary.

• Hand or mechanical signals must be used as required.
• Stop logs must be installed if there is a danger of vehicles falling into the
trench.
• Soil should be graded away from the excavation; this will assist in
vehicle control and channeling of run-off water.

G. Hazardous Atmospheres and Confined Spaces

Employees shall not be permitted to work in hazardous and/or toxic

atmospheres. Such atmospheres include those with:

• Less than 19.5% or more than 23.5% oxygen;

• A combustible gas concentration greater than 20% of the lower
flammable limit; and


• Concentrations of hazardous substances that exceed those specified in

the Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants established by the
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists).

When testing for atmospheric contaminants, the following should be

considered:

• Testing should be conducted before employees enter the trench and

should be done regularly to ensure that the trench remains safe.
• The frequency of testing should be increased if equipment is operating in
the trench.
• Testing frequency should also be increased if welding, cutting, or
burning is done in the trench.

Employees required to wear respiratory protection must be trained, fit-tested,

and enrolled in a respiratory protection program. Some trenches qualify as
confined spaces. When this occurs, compliance with the Confined Space
Standard is also required.

H. Emergency Rescue Equipment

Emergency rescue equipment is required when a hazardous atmosphere

exists or can reasonably be expected to exist. Requirements are as follows:

• Respirators must be of the type suitable for the exposure. Employees

must be trained in their use and a respirator program must be instituted.
• Attended (at all times) lifelines must be provided when employees enter
bell-bottom pier holes, deep confined spaces, or other similar hazards.
• Employees who enter confined spaces must be trained.

I. Standing Water and Water Accumulation

Methods for controlling standing water and water accumulation must be

provided and should consist of the following if employees are permitted to
work in the excavation:

• Use of special support or shield systems approved by a registered

professional engineer.
• Water removal equipment, i.e. well pointing, used and monitored by a
competent person.
• Use Safety harnesses and lifelines
• Surface water diverted away from the trench.
• Employees removed from the trench during rainstorms.


• Trenches carefully inspected by a competent person after each rain and

before employees are permitted to re-enter the trench.

J. Inspections

Inspections shall be made by a competent person and should be documented.

The following guide specifies the frequency and conditions requiring
inspections:

• Daily and before the start of each shift;

• As dictated by the work being done in the trench;
• After every rainstorm;
• After other events that could increase hazards, e.g. snowstorm,
windstorm, thaw, earthquake, etc.;
• When fissures, tension cracks, sloughing, undercutting, water seepage,
bulging at the bottom, or other similar conditions occur;
• When there is a change in the size, location, or placement of the spoil
pile; and
• When there is any indication of change or movement in adjacent
structures.


CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES

Course Objectives:
• Be able to define what is Construction Site Premises Safety.
• Able to identify what are the minimum requirement of Construction
Safety and Health.
• Be able to recognize the potential hazards and measures in the
construction site.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY

Site Entrance to a large Construction Site

General Provisions

Protection to every workingman against the danger of injury, sickness or death

through safe healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of
valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives
and property.

Accident Prevention
• Real factor in the economic success of any construction job.
• Methods of prevention
• Ample evidence
• Profitable
• Lower cost and greater efficiency


GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE REQUIREMENTS

• Accident prevention is a legal requirement.
• Complete understanding between the owner and contractor
• Practical experience in running construction jobs.
• Accident prevention as part of advance planning
• Protection of workers and the public
• Applicable government standards regulation

Warning/Safety Sign
• A visual alerting device in the form of a label, placard or other marking
which advises the observer of the nature and degree of potential
hazards which can cause injury or death.

A. Safety Signs and Label (ANZI Z535.4)

Safety Label Format

Message Panel: the message panel of any new ANSI Z535.4 2007 compliant
sign or label must contain,
• Identification of the hazard,
• Identification of a means to avoid the hazard,
• And the consequences of not avoiding the hazard.

The order that the information appears in the message panel is flexible and
should be determined by logical factors related to avoiding an injury, such as:
• The target audiences knowledge of the hazard,
• And the reaction time to avoid the hazard.

In addition, we recommend when formatting the message panel to consider

the following practices:
- Use headline style text
- Use active voice statements
- Avoid prepositional phrases
- Use left justification of the text except on one line messages
- Use upper and lower case letters

(see example: Safety Label Format)



SAFETY LABEL FORMAT

Safety Label: Letter Size Legibility

Determining the safe viewing distance of a label depends upon many factors,
including
• Lighting, background, letter type and visual acuity.

Other factors to consider in determining label size, include:

• The complexity of the message, the reaction time necessary, and the angle
the label will be seen from. In many situations it is better to use multiple labels
that are strategically positioned instead of one large one.

Many times letter size may need to be larger than the values shown on the
graphic for a variety of reasons:
1. To make the label more noticeable from other information displayed in the
area.
2. To enable legibility under low light, or other poor viewing conditions.
3. To alert persons sooner than the minimum safe viewing distance.
4. To convey special importance for portions of the message.
5. To improve legibility for persons who have vision problems with small text.

Example of text message letter heights and *minimum safe viewing distances.

* Minimum safe viewing distance refers to the closest distance a person can
be to the label and still have time to follow the safety label's message to avoid
the hazard


MINIMUM MINIMUM LETTER HEIGHT FOR RECOMMENDED LETTER

SAFE VIEWING FAVORABLE READING HEIGHT FOR UNFAVORABLE
DISTANCE CONDITION READING CONDITIONS
1 ft or less 0.08” 8 points 0.084” 8.4 points
2 ft 0.10” 10 points 0.168” 16.8 points
3 ft 0.12” 12 points 0.252” 25.2 points
4 ft 0.14” 14 points 0.336” 33.6 points
5 ft 0.16” 16 points 0.420” 42.0 points
6 ft 0.18” 18 points 0.504” 50.4 points
7 ft 0.20” 20 points 0.588” 58.8 points
8 ft 0.22” 22 points 0.672” 67.2 points

Warning Sign Dimension (formula)

S ³ L2/2000

Where:
S & L= expressed in the same unit of measurement
S = Area of Safety Sign
L = Distance of Observation

B. Safety Symbols (ANZI Z535.3)

ANSI Z535.4 2002 encourages the use of safety symbols that communicate a
comparable message to the worded message on the sign or label. The safety
symbol when selected properly, should identify:

• The hazard,
• Identify a means of avoiding the hazard,
• Or identify the consequences of not avoiding the hazard. The safety symbol
should clarify or reinforce the worded message on the label.

There are four types of safety symbols used on ANSI Z535.4 2002 compliant
product safety labels. When using safety symbols to comply with ANSI, the
symbol can be black on a white background, other colors may be used, like
safety red for fire related symbols, and so on.

To comply with both ANSI Z535.4 and ISO 3864, then the following applies,
ISO 3864 2002 standards required that all of the safety symbols used on
international product safety labels be within a surround shape, yellow


equilateral triangle with black inner border for hazard alerting symbols, blue
circle for mandatory actions, and red circle with 45° degree slash for
prohibition symbols. ANSI Z535.4 2002 does not required the use of a yellow
equilateral triangle or the mandatory surround shape but, it does recognize it
and permits their use.

Symbol Classification: Hazard Alert Symbols

Hazard Alerting: This type of safety symbol conveys information primarily

related to the nature of hazards. Like, hazard description, how to avoid the
hazard and sometimes the consequences of not avoiding the hazard.

If a surround shape is desired, the hazard alerting symbol should be drawn

within a yellow equilateral triangle. The yellow equilateral triangle is required
on safety alert symbols used on ISO compliant product safety labels.

Symbol Classification: Prohibition Symbols

Prohibition Symbols: This type of safety symbol conveys actions that should
not be taken. This symbol consists of a red circular band with a 45° diagonal
red band from upper left to lower right. The symbol contains a black image
within the red band on a white background. Prohibition symbols are
mandatory for use on ISO compliant product safety labels.


Symbol Classification: Mandatory Symbols

Mandatory Action Symbols: This type of safety symbol conveys actions that
should be taken to avoid hazards. If a surround shape is desired, the symbol
consist of a white image within a solid blue or black circular surround shape.
The blue surround shape is required on ISO compliant product safety
labels that contain mandatory action symbols.

Symbol Classification: Information Symbols

Information Symbols: This type of safety symbol is generally used on ANSI

Z535.2 Environmental Safety or Fire Safety Signs, to convey equipment
location, permitted actions and fire equipment location.

Fire Related Safety Symbols:

Emergency Equipment Safety Symbols:



C. Safety Color Coding

Safety Color Code

• Will supplement the proper guarding or warning of hazardous conditions
• Not a substitute for engineering or administrative controls, including
training, to eliminate identifiable hazards.

Safety RED: Fire Protection

To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus and facilities
• Fire stations and equipment (fire extinguishers, pumps, buckets, hose,
hydrant)
• Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler piping)
• Fire protection materials (doors, blankets)
• To identify Dangers, Stop signals (red lights placed on barricades at
temporary obstructions or on temporary construction; stop button for
electrical switches used for emergency stopping of machinery

Safety GREEN: Safety designation

• Location of first aid equipment, location of safety devices; safety bulliten
boards.

Safety WHITE: Traffic. White, black, or a combination of these are the basic
colors for the designation of traffic and housekeeping marking. Solid white,
solid black, single color stripping or alternate stripes of black and white.
• Housekeeping – location of refuse cans; white corners for rooms and
passageways, drinking fountains and food dispensing equipment
location
• Traffic – location and width of aisle ways; deadends of aisles and
passageways; stairways and directional signs

Safety YELLOW: Caution. To designate caution and for marking physical

hazards, such as striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in
between. Solid yellow, yellow and black stripes, yellow and black checkers or
yellow with suitable contrasting background
• Construction equipment, such as bulldozers, tractors; handrails,
guardrail or top and bottom of treds of stairways where caution is
needed; lower pulley blocks and cranes;piping systems containing
dangerous materials


Safety ORANGE: Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines and

energized equipment which may cut, crush, shock or otherwise injure, and to
emphasize such hazards when enclosure doors are open or when gear, belt,
or other guards around moving equipment are open or removed, exposing
unguarded hazards
• To designate the sign “Do not open or remove” (the inside of movable
guards; safety starting buttons and boxes; exposed parts of gears,
pulleys, rollers, cutting device; inside of the box door or cover of open
fuse, power and electrical switches boxes)

Safety BLUE: Precaution. To designate caution, limited to warning against

starting use of, or the movement of equipment which is under repair or being
worked upon
• “Men at Work”
• “Under Repair”

Safety PURPLE: Radiation. To designate radiation hazards. Yellow

is used in combination with purple for markers, such as tags, labels,
signs and floor markers

Where Signages are needed

• Usage of PPE prior to
entry to the project site
• Potential risk of falling
objects
• Explosive anf flammable
substances are used or
stored
• Tripping or slipping
hazards
• Danger from toxic or
irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist.
• Contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment.
• Contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries and equipment.
• Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
• Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment
• Periodic updating of man-hours lost.


Workers Welfare Facilities

• Source of drinking water
• Sanitary and washing facilities
• Living accommodation
• Separate, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women

Self-contained water-flushing toilet block with guild in tank ; Hand washing facility

CONTRUCTION SITE PREMISES: HOUSEKEEPING

Clear Points:
1. Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and everything is in
place. It is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace.
2. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related
injuries and illnesses; it therefore improves productivity, and minimizes
direct and indirect costs of accidents/illnesses.
3. The 5S is a very practical, simple and proven approach to improving
housekeeping in the workplace.

What are the signs of DISORDER?

• Cluttered and poorly arranged
areas
• Untidy piling of materials]
• Piled-on material damaging
other material
• Items no longer needed
• Blocked aisleways
Designated Waste Collection Area


What are the signs of DISORDER?

• Material stuffed in corners and

out-of-the-way places
• Materials gathering rust and dirt
from disuse
• Excessive quantities of items
• Overcrowded bins and
containers
• Overflow storage areas and
shelves
• Broken containers and damage
Designated Timber storage area
materials

Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety

and health program.

RULE 1060 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards

• Premises of establishment
o Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all time thru cleanliness
of building, yards, machine and equipment, regular waste disposal
and orderly process, operations, storage and filling of materials.

The 5S of Good Housekeeping

1. SEIRI: (Sort/Eliminate) Sort out the necessary from the unnecessary,
discard the unnecessary.

a. RED-tag-items – meaning mark all items to be considered as

unnecessary.

Where to look
o At materials or parts stacked
around the site/shop.
o Excess parts or inventory
o Under work areas, desk, cabinets,
in corners, on storage shelves,
around the trailers
o In boxes that are not labeled
o Near bottom of tall stacks of
items.
o Tools or parts locked away in
lockers or cabinets


o Rusted, broken or age

deteriorated items
o Tools, parts or materials
that has dust or oil
accumulation
o Outdated posters,
slogans signs, notices,
and memos

b. Review all items and sort

them into groups:
o Using or will be used
o Not using, will not be used or not likely to be used
c. Get rid of all items that are not likely to be used, inventory those
that are or will be used
d. Sort those that you are using or are likely to be used into three
groups.
o Rarely used (1-2 times per year)
o Occasionally used (1-2 per month)
o Frequently used items (daily or weekly use)

2. SEITON: (Simplifying), is creating a

designated and marked place for
everything according to frequency of
use.

STEPS:
a. Review all frequency used items
put those used most often closest
to the work area, those used less
often, further away.
b. Develop a way to label or show
where everything goes. Consider:
o Shadow board
o Marking the item and the
location
o Color Code
o Labels on drawers with list content
c. Develop ways to daily replace usable items
o Establish lead times for replacement of daily usage supplies
o Determine minimum & maximum supply levels and mark it.


3. SEISO: (Sweep/Clean) Sweeping is done when regular sweeping

process occurs and areas are clean, safe and neat.

Actions:
o Determine regular schedule for cleaning the yard, work and break
areas.
o Orient everyone including new employees with daily 5S activity
responsibilities and expectations.
o Post area cleaning guidelines and schedule
o Keep tools, machinery and office equipment clean and in good
repair.
o Establish a dependable, document method in place to reduce
hazardous waste and minimize chemical products usage.
o Perform safety inspection on a regular schedule.
o Prevent dirt in the first place or at last contain it, Have the right
tools and supplies ready.
o Make sure supplies are easy to find and put away.

BEFORE AFTER

4. SEIKETSU:(Sanitize/Standardize) is creating standard ways to keep the

work areas organized, clean and orderly and document agreement
made during the 5’S

How to standardize?
o Help everyone know the exactly what they are responsible for
doing, when it is to be done, where and how it is to be done to
maintain the first 3’S agreement.
o Have clear instructions for people who deliver goods or
materials to the site. Clearly mark and post where the material,
tools and equipment are to be placed. Educate the supplier on
what is expected of him/her.
o Develop checklist for routine tasks


o Use standard 5’S format for communication board/binders so

they are similar in appearance.
o Develop standard labeling and outlining methods for the area or
department so that anyone can see when something is out of
place.
o Develop standard:
o Gang boxes
o Visual control – sign boards
o Tool & Equipment’s
o Forms
o Yard Lay down areas
o Document all 5’S agreement and implement any changes.

Standardized Using Labels and Color Coding

5. SHITSUKE: (Self-discipline/training) Follow through with the 5’S

agreement.

Self-discipline is done when:

o The 5’S rules for sorting, simplifying, sweeping and standardizing
and being followed.
o All 5S changes have been documented.
o A daily 5’S activity checklist is posted and used.
o The work area is being kept neat and clean and the work flows


Points for building self-discipline:

o Be polite in addressing others
o Wear your safety equipment with pride
o Follow the 3 specifics by clearly indicating what (specific item)
goes where (specific place) and in what amount (specific
amounts)
o Get to the source or root cause of any disorder or dirt.
o Money is limited but wisdom is limitless use the employee’s
brainpower to solve problem not the company money.
o Improvement requires effort and effort requires enthusiasm.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

What is Electricity?
o A fundamental entity of nature consisting of negative and positive kinds
composed of electrons and protons. Usually measured in electrostatic
units.
o Is our most versatile form of energy. Failure to ensure that safe design,
considerations, work procedures, servicing and maintenance operation
are established often result in bodily harm (including fatalities), properly
damage or both.

OHM LAW

Current = Voltage / Resistance

By corresponding units of measure:

Ampere = Volts / Ohms

How do we distinguish High and Low Voltage?

o High Voltage: 660 and Up volts
o Low Voltage: 1 to 659 Volts

Accidents happen in Low Voltage areas, reasons:

o It is where public moves
o Workmen are less experience
o It is treated less dangerous


Dangers from Electricity

o Shock
o Burns
o Fire

What is electrical Hazard?

o An electrical source of danger
o A potential risk for an electrical accident

What are the types of Electrical Hazards?

Physical Hazard: is a problem in which the equipment or area surrounding it

poses a threat due to physical conditions.

Examples:
o Wet floors
o Bare or frayed wires
o Overload circuits
o An electrical cord under a rug or trap.
o Energized equipment with exposed circuits.

Behavioral Hazards: is when a person, by the way they act or behave, poses
a threat for electrical accident.

Examples:
o Indifference
o Lack of knowledge
o Working while stressed
o Taking shortcuts or risk

Resistance of Materials
Most Metals > 0 to 50 ohms
Human body (wet, ear to ear) 100 ohms
Human body (damp, hand to foot) 400 to 600 ohms
Human body (wet skin) 1000 ohms
Human body (dry skin) 100,000 to 800,000 ohms
Dry wood 100,000 ohms
Wet wood 1,000 ohms
Rubber 100,000,000,000,000 ohms


Electric shock Occurrence Mechanism

o Breakdown in insulation
o Human body comes in contact with bare conductor
o Current flows through the human body.

Effects to the Human Body

o Disturbance to normal body function
o Burns on body tissue
o Secondary accident
o Involuntary accident
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Death

Factors Affecting Electrical Shock

o Amount of current flow
o Duration of current flow
o Current pathway
o Body condition

Personal Sensitivity to Electric

Shock
o Age
o Skin condition
o Sex
o Heart condition


Protective Means:
o Use of grounding system
o Decrease the line to earth voltage
o Use equipment with double
insulating structure
o Installation of earth leakage circuit
breaker
o Equipment utilizing extra low
voltage
o Remote control system
o Proper installation of electrical
circuits
o Insulation
o Grounding
o Fuse/Circuit Breakers
o Lock-Out-Tag-OUT (LOTO)
o Regular Inspection and Maintenance
o Use Personal Protective Equipment’s

Reminders:
o Strictly follow established standards
o Install temporary or permanent electrical installation properly.
o Place warning signs
o Use protective devices
o Replace protective device with the same kind and rating.
o Observe proper maintenance schedules
o Conduct regular inspections
o Only qualified personnel are allowed
o Use appropriate electrical test instruments
o Always assume that the circuit is energized.
o Observed LOTO
o Use insulated tools
o Do not work alone on any part of the circuit
o Use proper PPE.


FIRE SAFETY

What is Fire?

Fire is a chemical reaction between a

flammable or combustible substance and
oxygen. It is frequently referred to as “rapid
oxidation with the evolution of light and
heat.” To produce fire, three things must be
present at the time: FUEL, HEAT, and
OXYGEN.

Classes of Fuel

Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.

Class A

Class A Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or

anything else that leaves an ash. Water works best to extinguish a Class A
fire.

Class B

Class B Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include

oil, gasoline, and other similar materials. Smothering effects which deplete the
oxygen supply work best to extinguish Class B fires.

Class C

Class C Fires. Energized Electrical Fires are known as Class C fires. Always
de-energize the circuit then use a non-conductive extinguishing agent. Such
as Carbon dioxide.

Class D

Class D Fires are combustible metal fires. Magnesium and Titanium are the
most common types of metal fires. Once a metal ignites do not use water in an
attempt to extinguish it. Only use a Dry Powder extinguishing agent. Dry
powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption.


Class K

Class K Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat and can
be extinguished using Purple K, the typical agent found in kitchen or galley
extinguishers.

All About Fuel

FLASH POINT is the lowest temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor
to form an ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame
when there is an ignition source.

FLAMMABLE MATERIAL: a material having a flashpoint below 37.8 C

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL: a material having a flashpoint at or above 37.8C

Principles of Fire Prevention and Control

o Prevent the outbreak

o Provide for early detection
o Prevent the spread of fire
o Provide for prompt extinguishment
o Provide for prompt and orderly evacuation

Extinguishment of Fire
o Removal of Fuel
o Limiting oxygen
o Cooling the Heat

Extinguishing Medium
o Class A: Water is the best extinguisher
o Class B: Metal cover, wet sack, towel, cloth or blanket, sand and soil
o Class C: Main switch is the first consideration. Then What is useful for
A&B can used here.


Types of Fire Extinguishers

Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by

taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam
agents also separate the oxygen element from the other
elements.

Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they

should not be used on Class B or C fires. The discharge
stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire
or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking

away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also be
removing the heat with a very cold discharge.

Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They

are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire

primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire
triangle.

Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the

multipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B,
and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is

important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-


ignite after apparently being extinguished succesfully.

Wet Chemical

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by

removing the heat of the fire triangle and prevents re-
ignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel
elements.

Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for

modern, high efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial
cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A
fires in commercial kitchens.

Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the

halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone
depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C

fires. Some larger clean agent extinguishers can be used
on Class A, B, and C fires.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical

except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel
from the oxygen element or by removing the heat
element of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or

combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all
other classes of fires.


Water Mist

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that

extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the
fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent
extinguishers where contamination is a concern.

Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires,

although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers

extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.

Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the

multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and
C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is

important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of
fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-
ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

Fire Extinguisher Use

It is important to know the locations and the types of extinguishers in
your workplace prior to actually using one.

Fire extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to practice picking up and
holding an extinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.

Take time to read the operating instructions and warnings found on the fire
extinguisher label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.


Practice releasing the discharge hose or horn and aiming it at the base of an
imagined fire. Do not pull the pin or squeeze the lever. This will break the
extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.

When it is time to use the extinguisher on a fire, just remember PASS!

Pull the pin.

Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe
distance.

Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent.

Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to
side until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area as the fire
diminishes. Watch the area in case of re-ignition.

SCAFFOLDING AND LADDERS

o Scaffold means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal

or bamboo) and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage)
used for supporting employees or materials or both in the course of any
construction works, including maintenance and demolition works

Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

o Falls from elevation
o Struck by falling tools/debris
o Scaffold collapse
o Electrocution

Recommended Measures

Ø Falls from elevation

o Use guardrails
o Use fall arrest system
Ø Struck by falling tools or debris
o Barricade the area below the
scaffold and forbid entry
o Use panels or screens
o Build a canopy or net


MEANS OF EGREES
A stairway, ladder, or ramp must be
present in excavations that are 4 or more
feet deep.

Ladder should extend 3 feet above the

excavation
HAND POWER TOOLS

Ø Hand and power tools are a common part of our everyday lives and are
present in nearly every industry. These tools help us to easily perform
tasks that otherwise would be difficult or impossible.
Ø However, these simple tools can be hazardous and have the potential
for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly.

Hazards in the use of Power Tools

Ø Workers using hand power tools may be exposed to these hazards:
o Objects that fall, fly, are abrasive, or splash
o Harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases
o Frayed or damage electrical cords, hazardous connections and
improper grounding.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT

Ø Any construction equipment used in ground clearing, cutting, leveling,

excavation, tampering, hoisting, hauling, concreting. Rigging, etc. are
also known as mobile equipment.

Hazards of Mobile Equipment

Ø Machinery, equipment, and tools shall not be used beyond the design
capacity intended by the manufacturer where such use may create a
hazard to persons


FIRST AID AND HEALTH CARE MEDICINE, EQUIPMENT & FACILITIES

It shall describe among others the following:

Ø Identification of the proposed first aid and health care facilities that the
employers shall provide satisfying the minimum requirement of OSHS.
Ø Identification of the medical and health supplies, such as medicines and
equipment to be provided.
Ø In all cases, the provision of first aid medicines and emergency
treatment shall be mandatory.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL

The following shall apply:

Ø Proposed method of clearing and disposal of waste.
Ø Provision for permits and clearance where required in disposal of
hazardous wastes

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

The following shall apply:

Ø Appropriate types and duly tested PPE’s to workers after the required
training on their use.
Ø Provisions for maintenance, inspection and replacement of PPE’s
Ø In all cases the basic PPE commonly required for all types of
construction projects are hard hat, safety shoes and working gloves.
Other PPE’s shall be required depending on the type of work and
hazards.

HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

The following provisions shall apply:

Ø Provision of identification, safe handling, storage, transport and disposal
of hazardous substances and emergency procedures in accordance with
the Material Safety Data Sheer (MSDS) in case of accidents.

EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

The following elements must be included in the plan:

Ø Emergency escape procedures and emergency escape route
assignments. The use of floor plans or workplace maps which clearly
show the emergency escape routes should be included in the plan.
Color-coding will aid employees in determining their routes assignments.


Ø Detailed procedures to be followed by essential employees who remain

to operate critical plant/site operations may include the monitoring of
plant power supplies, water supplies and other essential services, which
cannot be shut down for every emergency.

Ø Procedures to account for all employees after an evacuation i.e location

where employees should assemble after evacuating to determine if all
employees have left the facility.

Ø An alternate location should be designated in case the primary location,

places employees in a dangerous situation. Detailed rescue and medical
duties for those employees who are to perform them in house medical
teams, basic first aid, fire department response.

Ø Names regular job titles of person or departments, who can be

contacted for further information or explanation of duties i.e
Superintendent, Foreman, Safety, etc.


FALL PROTECTION

Course Objective:
• What are the different levels of fall hazards?
• To know the appropriate methods of fall protection?
• What are the different types of attachments used to guide a fall arrest
device?

Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various

work phases involved have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of
the work is located in high places, falls are so significant and need a lot of
attention. Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding,
ladder, temporary structure, roofing and opening. Likewise alarming, are falling
materials that cause damage to properties and even serious injuries and death
to pedestrians. Amidst these rising falling accidents, there is indeed an ever-
growing need for fall protection principles and concepts in the construction
industry.
Evaluating the Risk

The Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS) requires that a worker
must be protected from falling a vertical distance of 6 meters (20 ft) or more.
Thus, it is important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of
the construction work in order to identify potential sources of fall accidents.
This evaluation can be done in the form of a job hazard analysis, where the
work task is broken down into a number of distinguishable steps. The steps
are then analyzed to determine the hazards and identify preventative
measures to protect against the hazards. It is important to regularly review
and update the job hazard analysis, especially if there are changes in the work
environment or new technology, equipment and machines are introduced.
Categories of Fall Hazards

1. Falls from elevation

§ Scaffolds
§ Ladders
§ Roof
§ Elevated workplaces
§ Floor openings
§ Leading edges


2. Fall on the same level

§ Slipping and tripping hazards

3. Being struck by falling objects

§ Objects that are
- improperly stored
- disposed of
- mishandled at elevation

Control Measures

Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of
falling entirely. For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to
prevent a worker from falling, than personal protective equipment (safety
harness and lifeline). In this way, the worker is never in a position where an
actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must rely on the personal
protective equipment system to safely arrest the fall.

Fall Protection Systems Categories

1. Surface Protection Against Slipping & Tripping Hazards

Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace. It

is important to keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are
not required for the task at hand. Oil spills, mud, scraps & other debris
must be cleared up immediately.

Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be
provided with a non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure
walking surface. Footwear with special soles may be also required.

2. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers

A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past

the edge of a work level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent
or temporary, depending on the circumstances at the workplace. Types
include: guardrails, handrails, warning barriers, & ladder cages.

a. Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a

top rail, mid-rail and toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop
a worker from inadvertently stepping off a working level and falling to a
level below. Variations of guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope, steel


frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and others.
Any of these variations is acceptable, as long as the system meets the
basic design specifications

Guardrail specifications include:

- At least 1 meter from the floor level to the upper surface of the top rail
- Vertical post should be at least 2 meters apart
- The complete structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at
least 100 kgs. applied from any point of the top rail.
- Toeboard shall be at least 15 cm. (6 in.) in height. It shall be not
more than 6 mm. (0.3 in.) clearance above the floor level.
- For wood railings - top rails & post of at least 5 cm. X 10 cm. &
immediate rails of at least 5 cm. X 5 cm. or by 2 cm. x 10 cm.

- For pipe railings - top rails & post of metal pipes of at least 30 mm.
Diameter.
- For structural metal railings - top rails & post of angle iron of at least
38 mm. x 38 mm. x 5 mm. & intermediate railings of angle iron of at
least 32 mm. x 32 mm. x 3mm.

All working platforms, runways, and ramps from which workers are liable
to fall a distance of more than 2 meters (6 ft), a strong guardrail shall be
provided. Prior to and during the installation, it is essential that a safety
harness and an independent lifeline, properly secured to an adequate
fixed anchor is used by each and every worker who may be exposed to
the risk of falling.

Note: Where a guardrail is temporarily removed, warning signs or

warning tape should be used to mark off the hazard area.

b. Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are

approaching a hazardous work area, where a potential to falling exists.
The warning barrier is used where it is not reasonably practicable to
provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been temporarily
removed from an area.

This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at
least 2 meters from the work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness
of this type of system is increased when high visibility flagging or other
means is used to mark the warning barrier.


Note: A warning system is not a substitute for guardrailing as it is

usually of lesser strength and offers no protection to the worker who
must go near the edge of a work area. Workers who are required to go
beyond the warning barrier must use a travel restraint or fall arrest
system. Lifelines must not be tied to the warning system or barricade.

c. Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of
access, proper handrail must be provided. These serve as both a
physical barrier and a means of support to a worker moving up and
down the accessway. Handrails should be designed the same as a
guardrail.

d. Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that

provides a barrier between the worker and the surrounding space. It
serves as a support to a worker, if he needs to rest against the barrier.
The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side rail of the ladder
at any time during the climbing of the ladder. However, it does not
provide complete fall protection on its own. It should be used in
conjunction with a full body harness and lanyard.

3. Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/Floor Coverings

Surface openings in floors and other walking surfaces where workers have
access, must be protected by guard railing or secured wood or metal
covers. The covering must be capable of supporting all loads to which it
may be subjected. The covering must also be identified to indicate that
there is an opening below.
When plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be
19mm (3/4") with proper support for the plywood.

If work must be undertaken near unprotected openings from which a worker

could fall 2 meters or more, access must be restricted to workers who are
wearing full body safety harnesses and lifelines secured to proper
anchorage. As soon as the necessary work is completed, the opening
should be protected by guardrailing or adequate covering.

Remember: If a fixed barrier or surface cover is removed for any reason,

proper travel restraint or fall arrest systems must be provided for any
worker who becomes at risk of falling.


4. Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/Lanyards/Anchorage

A travel restraint system is

intended to limit a worker's
movement so the worker is
unable to reach a location where
there is a risk of falling.

The restraint system is made up

of a safety belt (or safety
harness), lifeline and/or lanyard
and anchor. The safety belt is
secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is attached to a secure
anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only proceed
to within approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no
circumstances should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a worker is
in a position to fall.

5. Fall Arrest Systems

A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint system. Unlike travel
restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall, it reduces the chance
of injury when a fall takes place.

A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point, lifeline, fall

arrestor, lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.

Note: A fall arrest system must be rigged to limit the fall of a worker to a
maximum of 1 meter (3 feet).

Specifications for a Fall Arrest System:

a. Anchorage point - anchorage points shall be located as high as

equipment permits it, as it is dangerous to work above the point of
anchorage. Belt anchors shall be made of metal of metal machined from
bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a pull of 2730
kgs. (6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction. If the anchor is exposed to the
elements, it must be corrosion resistant.

b. Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor
point and the user of the system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength
to support a weight of 1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs.) without breaking. Lifelines


must be properly secured to the anchorage point and be protected from

abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically or
horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on the
application. Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope.
Permanent systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails, wire
ropes, or similar materials.

c. Fall arrestor (rope grab) - This is a device

that automatically locks onto the lifeline
when a fall occurs. It is fitted between the
lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely
on the lifeline until there is a sudden
downward motion. When this sudden motion
occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs" the lifeline
and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms
are also built into retractable lifeline devices,
which play out and retract as necessary, but
hold fast in the event of a fall (similar to a
seat belt in an automobile).

d. Lanyard - A lanyard is an approved device

located between the fall arrestor and the
worker's safety harness. Lanyard must
incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted
with double action devices.

e. Shock absorber - This is a device that limits the force applied to the user
when a fall occurs. It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall
as the worker is stopped. The shock absorber prevents both injuries to
the worker and the amount of force transferred to the lifeline and anchor.
A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the lanyard
design.

f. Full body safety harness - This is a device designed to contain the torso
and pelvic area of a worker and to support the worker during and after a
fall. Body type harnesses of the parachute type should be used. The
harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline at the dorsal
(back) position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply
sloping surfaces, the user needs to have the device located in front. This
will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism


6. Fall Containment Systems

a. Safety Net - where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall arrest

system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety nets
are used most often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for
guardrailing or to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall
arrest. The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work
and structural steel erection.

Safety nets requirements include:

- It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a
falling person or debris.
- There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person
against contacting any surface or structure below the net.
- It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of
the work area & not further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working
surface.
- No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
- Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
- Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.

b. Safety Mesh - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall

protection for roof installers and offers long term protection against
falling for maintenance and repair works. Safety mesh should be used in
conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails or fall arrest
systems and devices. However, it should not be used for access to or
egress from a work area or as a working platform.

Note: When installing safety net or safety mesh, elevating work

platforms, scaffolding or fall arrest systems should be used.

Clearance, maximum arresting force and swing

A. Clearance distance

To ensure the safety of a fallen worker, two conditions must be met. The first
condition is that the worker’s personal fall arrest system is arranged so that the
worker cannot hit the ground, an object which poses an unusual possibility of
injury, or a level below the work area. The second condition is there must be
sufficient clearance distance including a safety factor. Figure 1 shows that
using a 1.8 metres long (6 feet) lanyard, a worker needs approximately 5.7


meters (18.5 feet) to 6.8 meters (22.1 feet) of clear space below the level of
the anchor point.

Clearance distance using a vertical life safety rope

The most important consideration when using vertical life safety ropes to
arrest falls knows how much clearance is required. In general, vertical life
safety ropes require more clearance than self-retracting devices and should
therefore only be used when large clearances are available.

The lock-off distance of the fall arrester, lanyard length, stretch of the vertical
life safety rope, swing drop, deployment of the shock absorber and the type of
harness that the worker is wearing all contribute to the required clearance
distance.

Assumptions:
The worker is 1.8 m (6 ft.) tall using a 1.8 m (6
ft.) long lanyard. The combined weight of the
worker, clothing, and tool belt is at least 100 kg
(220 lbs).

A Length of lanyard – 1.8 m (6 ft.)

B Shock absorber pulling apart – 1.1 m (3.6 ft)

CSA E4 or ANSI-compliant shock absorber; 1.75
m (5.7 ft) CSA E6 or European EN-compliant
shock absorber.

C Harness stretch plus D-ring sliding – 0.3 m (1

ft.) for normal harness and 0.75 m (2.5 ft) for
stretch webbing harness

D Height of worker – 1.8 m (6 ft)

E Safety factor – clearance below feet of 0.9 m

(3 ft)

F A+B+C+D+E Minimum clearance distance

varies between 5.7 m (18.5 ft) and 6.8 m (22.1
ft) depending on the components used in the
Figure 1: Clearance Distance system

Clearance distance example:



A worker uses a Class E4 energy absorbing lanyard that is 1.8 metres long
and can deploy up to 1.07 metres at a force of 4 kN. The lanyard connects the
dorsal D-ring on the worker’s harness to an automatic fall arrester that is
known to lock onto the vertical lifeline within 0.3 metres. The automatic fall
arrester will initially hang the lanyard length (1.8 m) below the D-ring on the
harness. The rigid anchorage of the vertical lifeline is 29.7 metres above the
location of the fall arrester at the onset of the fall. The lifeline is known to
stretch 22 percent at 8 kN and 15 percent at 4 kN. The worker is 8.4 metres
laterally from the anchor and therefore subject to a swing drop distance of 1.2
metres. The worker is wearing a “comfort” harness that will stretch 0.75 metres
at peak fall arrest forces, and may fall from a kneeling position.

The length of lifeline above the fall arrester after it has locked onto the lifeline
= 29.7 metres + 0.3 metre lock-off distance for the fall arrester = 30 m

Clearance calculation:

Free fall = 2 x lanyard length + lock off of the fall arrester = 2 x 1.8 3.90 m
m + 0.3 m
Stretch of the vertical life safety rope = 15% of the rope length = 4.50 m
15% of 30 m
Maximum deployment of the shock absorber 1.07 m
Swing Drop 1.20 m
Stretch of the harness 0.75 m
Stretch-out of the worker (falling from a kneeling position) 0.75 m
Mandatory Safety Buffer 0.60 m
Total Required Clearance below the working platform 12.77 m

Swing Fall Hazard

• The farther you move sideways from your
anchor point, the greater the chance of swinging
if you fall. This is known as the pendulum effect.
• And the more you swing, the greater the force
with which you’ll strike columns, walls, or other
objects in your path.


TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

Course Objectives:
• Identify the hazards associated in the use of scaffolds and other
temporary structures.
• State the different types of temporary structures.
• Enumerate the safety requirements for the safe use of scaffolds.

SCAFFOLD

Any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo) and its
supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting
employees or material or both in the course of any construction works,
including maintenance and demolition works.

Functions:
• As a working platform
o So that the worker can stand to perform their work easily and
safely.
o So that the workers can place their materials and logistics to carry
out their job.
• As a platform and walking passage
o Scaffolding support the platform used by the workers as their
walking path to transform the materials and logistics.

Scaffold Accidents
• An estimated 2.3 Million construction workers or 65% of the construction
industry work on scaffolds frequently
• OSHA statistics report that about 28% of the scaffold accidents that
occur are the result of construction deficiencies
• These deficiencies include:
§ Substandard components
§ Omitting essential components
§ Failing to complete the assembly
ü Of the fatalities that occurred, 23% occurred as a result of construction
deficiencies
ü 18% happened as a result of electrocutions
ü 14% occurred while climbing
ü 10% due to structural failure of scaffolds
ü 10% were from falling objects
ü 10% happened because of falls while working on the platform


ü 8% occurred while assembling/disassembling the scaffolding

Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

• Falls from elevation
• Struck by falling tools/debris
• Scaffold collapse
• Electrocution

Recommended Measures
Ø Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Use fall arrest systems
Ø Struck by falling tools or debris
• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
• Use panels or screens
• Build a canopy or net
Ø Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Use personal fall arrest systems
• Have a competent person check scaffold
Ø Electrocution
• Honor clearance distances required between power lines and
scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering

Clearance from Power Lines

Line Voltage Minimum Distance
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3m)
More than 50 KV 10 feet (3m) plus 0.4 inches for each
1 KV over 50 KV

Example:
• Line voltage = 60 KV
50 KV = 10 feet
10 KV = 10 x 0.4 = 4 inches
4 in X 1 ft / 12 in = 0.33 ft
ANSWER: 10 feet and 4 inches = 10.33 feet
Selection of a Scaffolding System


• Basic considerations
• Weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment
(according to ANSI A10.8: 200 lbs / worker and 50 lbs for weight of
tools)
• Site conditions
• Height of scaffold
• Type of work that will be done
• Duration of work
• Weather conditions
• Requirements for pedestrian traffic
• Means of access to the scaffold
• Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
• Special erection or dismantling circumstances

Classification of Scaffolds

A. Supported Scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by

outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid
support.

Types of supported scaffolds

Frame Scaffold or Fabricated Frame: Platform(s) supported on fabricated end
frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members.

Manually Propelled/Mobile: Unpowered, portable, caster- or wheel-mounted

supported scaffold.

Pump Jack: Platform supported by vertical poles and movable support

brackets.

Ladder Jack: Platform resting on brackets attached to ladders.

Tube and Coupler: Platform(s) supported by tubing, erected with coupling

devices connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners.

Pole: Posts with fixed connection points that accept runners, bearers, and
diagonals that can be interconnected at predetermined levels.

Specialty: Scaffold types designed for a narrow and very specific range of
applications. Includes plasterers', decorators', and other large-area scaffolds;
bricklayers' square scaffolds; horse scaffolds; outrigger scaffolds; step,
platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds; form and carpenter's bracket scaffolds;


window jack scaffolds; crawling boards and chicken ladders; and roof bracket
scaffolds.

Frame or Fabricated
• Fabricated frame scaffolds are the
most common type of scaffold
because they are versatile,
economical, and easy to use.
• Frequently used in one or two tiers
by residential contractors, painters,
etc., but their modular frames can
also be stacked several stories high
for use on large-scale construction
jobs.

Mobile
• Mobile scaffolds are a type of supported
scaffold set on wheels or casters. They
are designed to be easily moved and are
commonly used for things like painting
and plastering, where workers must
frequently change position.

Pump jack
• Pump jacks are a uniquely designed
scaffold consisting of a platform
supported by moveable brackets on
vertical poles. The brackets are
designed to be raised and lowered
in a manner similar to an automobile
jack.
• Pump jacks are appealing for certain
applications because they are easily
adjusted to variable heights, and are
relatively inexpensive.


Ladder Jack
• A ladder jack scaffold is a simple device
consisting of a platform resting on brackets
attached to a ladder. Ladder jacks are
primarily used in light applications because of
their portability and cost effectiveness.

Tube and Coupler

• Tube and coupler scaffolds are so-named because they are built from
tubing connected by coupling devices.
• Due to their strength, they are frequently used where heavy loads need
to be carried, or where multiple platforms must reach several stories
high.


Pole or Wood Pole

• Pole scaffolds are a type of supported
scaffold in which every structural
component, from uprights to braces to
platforms, is made of wood.
• Two kinds: single-pole, which are
supported on their interior side by a
structure or wall, and double-pole,
which are supported by double uprights
independent of any structure.
• Because they have to be built from
scratch and cannot easily be reused,
pole scaffolds are considered old-
fashioned and are rarely used today.

Specialty and Other Scaffolds

• Many scaffold types regulated by
OSHA standards are rarely used, and
designed for a very narrow and
specific range of applications.

Examples:
• Outrigger scaffolds
• Step, Platforms, and Trestle
ladder scaffolds
• Bricklayer’s Square Scaffolds

Elements of Supported Scaffold Safety

§ Base section
§ Support structure
§ Access
§ Fall protection
§ Platform
§ Keeping Upright (Guys, Ties, Etc.)
§ Electrical Hazards
§ Personnel training and supervision


Scaffold Platform Construction

Platforms must:
• be fully planked or decked with
no more than 1 inch gaps
• be able to support its weight & 4
times maximum load
• be at least 18 inches wide
• No large gaps in front edge of
platforms
• Each abutted end of plank must
rest on a separate support
surface
• Overlap platforms at least 12
inches over supports, unless
restrained to prevent movement
• Deflection < 1/60 of span, L
• No paint on wood platforms
• Fully planked between front
upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must match and be of the same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
• Lock wheels and braces

How wide does the work area need to be on scaffolding?

Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches wide.

When the work area is less than 18 inches wide, guardrails and/or personal
fall arrest systems must be used
.
Employees on a walkway located within a
scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system
installed within 9 1/2 inches of and along at least
one side of the walkway.

Planking should be graded and marked as

scaffold planking.

Platform Ends
Each ends of a platform, unless cleated or
No Cleats
otherwise restrained by hooks, must extend over
its support by at least 6 inches


Each platform end 10 feet or less shall not extend over its support more than
12 inches unless the platform is designed and installed so that the
cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support employees and/or
materials without tipping, or has guardrails which block employee access to
the cantilevered end.
Each platform more than 10 feet in length shall not extend over its support
more than 18 inches, unless it is designed and installed so that the
cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support employees without
tipping, or has guardrails which block employee access to the cantilevered
end.

Scaffold Height

The height of the scaffold should not be more

than four times its minimum base dimension
unless guys, ties, or braces are used.

v Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be restrained

from tipping by ties and braces.
– 4:1 height from bottom and top most
– Vertically:
• every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 feet wide
• every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3
feet wide
– Horizontally every 30 feet from one end

Tube and Coupler Scaffold

§ Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet / 38.5 meters must be:
ü Designed by a Structural Engineer
ü Constructed and loaded in accordance with the design
§ Couplers must be made of structural metal such as;
ü Malleable iron
ü Structural Grade Aluminum
ü Gray cast iron is prohibited
§ Transverse bracing forming an “X” must be installed at scaffold ends
§ Every 3rd set of post
§ Every 4th runner
§ Longitudinal bracing must be installed diagonally at
§ 45 degree angle
§ Every 5th post repeatedly
§ Building ties must be installed


Safety Consideration

v Fittings and Accessories

• To install all the parts, fittings and
accessories
v Base Plates and Screw Jacks
• Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1
ratio, the outside (visible) length of
exposed screw to inside screw
length.
v Erection and Dismantling
• By trained personnel only

Classification of Scaffolds

B. Suspended Scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-frid

means, from an overhead structure.

Types of suspended scaffolds:

Two point (Swing stage)

• Two-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds, also known as swing-
stage scaffolds.
• Most common type of suspended
scaffold.
• Hung by ropes or cables connected
to stirrups at each end of the
platform,
• Used by window washers on
skyscrapers.

Single Point Adjustable

A single-point adjustable scaffold
consists of a platform suspended by
one rope from an overhead support and
equipped with means to permit the
movement of the platform to desired
work levels. Used by window washers
to clean the outside of a skyscraper
(also known as a boatswain's chair)


Catenary
A catenary scaffold is a
scaffold consisting of a
platform supported by two
essentially horizontal and
parallel ropes attached to
structural members of a
building or other structure.

Multi-point Adjustable
A multi-point adjustable scaffold
consists of a platform (or
platforms) suspended by more
than two ropes from overhead
supports and equipped with
means to raise and lower the
platform(s) to desired work
levels.
• An example of this type of
scaffold is a chimney hoist,
used in chimney-cleaning
operations.

Interior Hung
• An interior hung suspension
scaffold consists of a platform
suspended from the ceiling or
roof structure by fixed-length
supports.


Needle beam
• This simple type of scaffold
consists of a platform suspended
from needle beams, usually
attached on one end to a
permanent structural member.

Multi-level
• A multi-level scaffold is a two-point
or multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffold with a series of
platforms at various levels resting
on common stirrups.

Float (ship)
• A float, or ship, scaffold is a
suspension scaffold consisting of a
braced platform resting on two
parallel bearers and hung from
overhead supports by ropes of
fixed length.


Elements of Suspended Scaffold Safety

§ Anchorage
§ Support
§ Access
§ Fall protection
§ Platform
§ Stability
§ Electrical Hazards
§ Personnel training and supervision

Anchorage

Tiebacks
• Tiebacks must be secured to a
structurally sound anchorage on the
building or structure, which may
include structural members, but not
vents, electrical conduit, or
standpipes and other piping
systems.
• Tiebacks must be installed
perpendicular to the face of the
building or structure, or opposing
angle tiebacks must be installed.
Single tiebacks installed at an angle
are prohibited.
• Tiebacks must be equivalent in A parapet hook tieback
strength to the suspension ropes
and hoisting rope.

Counterweights

Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must be stabilized by: Counterweights,

or Bolts or other direct connections to the floor or deck.

Counterweights used to balance adjustable suspension scaffolds must be

capable of resisting:
§ At least 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold when it is
operating at the rated load of the hoist, or
§ A minimum of 1½ times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold
when it is operating at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.


§ Only items specifically designed as

counterweights may be used to
counterweight scaffold systems.
§ Masonry units, rolls of roofing felt,
and other similar construction
materials shall not be used as
counterweights.
§ Counterweights must not be made of
flowable materials such as sand,
gravel, and similar materials that can
be easily dislocated.
§ Counterweights must be secured by mechanical means to the outrigger
beams to prevent accidental displacement.
§ Counterweights must not be removed from an outrigger beam until the
scaffold is disassembled.

Suspension Ropes

– Support at least 6 times maximum load

– Drum hoists must contain at least 4 wraps of rope at the lowest point
– Wire rope must be replaced under the following conditions:
• 6 randomly broken wires in one rope lay or three broken wires in
one strand in one lay
• One third of the original diameter of the outside wires is lost
• Heat damage
• Physical damage such as kinks, flattening

Proper Scaffold Access

Provide access when scaffold platforms are more
than 2 feet above or below a point of access

Access requirements for employees erecting

and dismantling supported scaffolds -- Must
have a safe means of access provided when a
competent person has determined the feasibility
and analyzed the site conditions.

Direct access to or from another surface shall only

be used when the scaffold is not more than 14
inches horizontally and 24 inches vertically from
the other surface.


Portable, Hook-on, and Attachable Ladders - position to not tip the scaffold.
Hook-on and Attachable Ladders - must be specifically designed for the
type of scaffold with which they are used.
Ramps and Walkways - must have guardrails which comply with
[1926.502(b)] 1926 Subpart M if more than 6 feet above lower levels.
Stairway-type Ladders and Stair Towers - bottom step no more than 24
inches above the level on which the scaffold is supported.
Built-in Scaffold Ladders - must be specifically designed and constructed for
use as ladder rungs.

Access

• No access by crossbraces
• When using ladder, bottom rung no
more than 24 inches high.
• Can use some end frames.

Sacaftag Procedure
§ Scafftag is an internationally used scaffold
safety system and through its simplicity,
encourage and controls the safety of
scaffolding and of those who erect or
dismantle and use it.
§ A visual warning system to display the
status (i.e. safe vs. unsafe ) of scaffolding.


CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

Course Objectives:
• This session is devoted to educate those who work around or operate
heavy equipments, since these machines possess the capability to
cause serous injury or death
• Know the control measures and programs that should be in place to
prevent heavy equipment-related accidents.

INTRODUCTION

Heavy equipment or earths moving equipment’s are the most useful

machineries in construction. They serve an important role in excavation, soil
dozing and leveling, ditching and soil compacting, etc.

As this heavy equipment operates, the operator and the people working
around it are the most likely to have an accident due to disoperation of the
equipment and unsafe work practices.

We all know that there are too many accidents that might happen with the use
of this equipment but most of this accident can be prevented.

The supervisor serves a very important role in preventing such accident by

strict implementing the safety rules and guidelines involve in the operation of
earth moving equipment.

Concerned Personnel
• Equipment Operator
• Workers on foot
• Spotters
• Management people and supervisors
• Other construction site personnel


DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT MACHINERIES

DUMP TRUCK Hauls materials and debris away; delivers sand or
their materials to a site
FORKLIFT Moves materials around a site; unloads trucks.
GRADER Makes a rounded smooth by dragging a blade over
it.
COMPACTOR or Smoothes and compacts the road with a heavy
ROLLER roller
BULLDOZER Moves dirt, stones, or other materials
CONCRETE MIXER Mixes water, sand, gravel, bd cement to make
concrete.
CRANE Lifts heavy things
TOWER CRANE Lifts beams, pipes, batches of concrete or other
materials to high places.
MOBILE CRANE Crane that moves on wheels
EXCAVATOR or Digs deep holes
DIGGER
CRAWLER TRUCKS Prevent the machine from sinking into the ground
FRONT END LOADER Lifts and transport heavy materials
BACKHOE LOADER Uses a bucket on the back for digging and has a
loader on front for lifting.
CHERRY PICKER Lifts a worker in a bucket.
OUTRIGGERS or Keep equipment stable so it does not tip over
STABILIZER

Concerns

• Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a

construction site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines
operate within close proximity to persons on foot. With this, many people
are exposed to hazards associated with these equipment’s.
• In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot,
and mobile machines working in the same area at the same time!

Persons at Risk Aside from the Operator:

• NEED TO BE ON SITE ON A PERIODIC BASIS
– Delivery Trucks, Service Providers
– Mechanics
– Concrete Mixers
– Garbage haulers
– LGU/Labor Officials/Other people independently reviewing
compliance with Laws/Restrictions


– Architects and Engineers, Inspectors, Client’s Staff/Owner’s

Reps./Guests/VIPs
– Engineering Service Providers: Concrete Testing, Compaction
Testing, Air Monitoring, etc
– Other Utility Service Providers: Phone, Gas, Electric, Water,
Sewer, Cable, etc.
–
• NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON SITE
– Pedestrians, spectators, on-lookers, and the Just Plain Curious!
– Children (of all ages)
– Job seekers
– Joggers, bicycle riders
– Scavengers, wood collectors, junk and scrap collectors
– Thieves, burglars and law breakers
– The media (depending on circumstances).

Hazards Present in Heavy Equipment Operations

• Moving parts of the equipment
• Uneven terrain
• Energized electrical lines
• Fall
• Dust
• Overloaded equipment
• Noise
• Vibration
• Unsecured loads
• Improvised attachments
• Blind spot.

Blind Spots
• Small heavy mobile equipment have small
blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large blind spots, both
can cause serious injury or death
• The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area
• Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware were the blind
spots are.


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

DOZER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

LOADER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

BACKHOE LOADER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

GRADER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

SCRAPER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

COLD PLANER


BLIND AREA DIAGRAM FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

LARGE ROLLER

Responsibilities of Workers on Foot

• Wearing of high visibility vests or equivalent and other appropriate
PPE’s.
• Keep a safe distance from heavy equipments
• Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment
operator sees you
• Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
• Watch out for swinging parts.


Spotter Responsibilities
• Wearing of high visibility vests or equivalent and other appropriate
PPE’s.
• Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control
devices , (i.e. signs, etc.)
• Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain
visible to the operator and be sure eye contact is made before any
signals are given.

Signal for Heavy Equipment Driver

5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS

1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using

2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking
prescription medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition
before beginning a job. In addition, ensure that regular inspections and
maintenance are conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your equipment.


Equipment Operator Responsibilities

• Learn and follow Safe Work Practices!
• Review manufacturer’s operating manual
• Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment.
• Know how to operate and use safety features on equipment properly
• Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!
• Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors, shields and safety
guards in place and in good condition.
• Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in
the area.
• Know where your blind spots are and always check the mirror on the
blind side.
• Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.
• Must understand signals and always obey the spotter.
• Stop! when signaled; when waived at violently; or if you are in doubt
• Maintain a safe operating speed.
• Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.
• Report any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine
“Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate
• Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
• Never get on or off moving equipment. Park in a safe place, apply
parking brakes, turn off engine and remove the key before dismounting.
• Turn the engine off before refueling

Equipment Mounting and Dismounting

• Park in an area that provides maximum protection for operator and
passengers and which provides a solid landing during mounting and
dismounting.
• When mounting or dismounting, use all steps and all handholds
provided.
• Do not jump from equipment!
• Use the three-point-contact method.

SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES

1. Authorized Operator
Authorized operator means assigned or designated qualified operator and
have the following requirements:
a. Qualified by licensing authority
Anyone who operates heavy equipment should be licensed by the LTO;

restriction code should be No. 8.



b. Well trained and educated

Educated in the sense that he understands and knows the safe
operation of the equipment because satisfactory performance demands
largely on the intelligent operation. Should be trained or undergone on-
the-job training in order to master and become familiar with the
equipment.
c. Good Health Condition
Anyone who operates heavy equipment should be in good physical and
mental health condition to prevent the cause of secondary accident.

2. Clothing and Protection

Operators should always wear proper working attire so that they don’t get
caught by protruding parts of the machine. Always wear safety protectors
such as helmet that provides protection from flying and falling objects and
safety shoes to provide protection to the foot.

3. Health Care
Operator should not overwork or abuse himself and should not work under
the influence of drugs and alcohol.

4. Observe the rules

Before starting to work, check the rules of the job site including prohibitions
and operation procedures.

Job Site Operation Procedure

1. Check the jobsite condition

a. Size - Is the job site large enough for the machine to operate?
b. Environment - Are there houses nearby? Are there any regulations
on noise or air pollution?
2. Soil condition
a. Is the ground hard where the machine will be operating?
b. Check for evidence of rock and its hardness.
3. Working near electric cables
When it is necessary to work near electric cables, relocate the power
transmission and distribution equipment if possible. If relocation is not
possible, provide fences or insulation to prevent contact that may result
in electric shock and as protection on the cable. Make sure to follow the
instructions when working near electric cable.


Instruction To Follow When Working Near Electric Cable

- Wear rubber on leather sole shoes

- Assign a watchman to prevent unintended contact with the electric
cable.
- Maintain the specified minimum distance. If the transmission voltage is
high, prevent close distance to prevent sparks and create hazard even if
contact is not made. Always maintain the specified minimum distance
especially when operating the backhoe, considering the movement of
the boom.

Minimum Distance of High Voltage

Transmission
Voltage
Minimum
Distance
6.6 kV 3m
33.0 kV 4m
66.0 kV 5m
154.0 kV 8m
275.0 kV 10 m

Action To Be Taken In Case Of Contact With The High Voltage

If a shock occurs because of contact with the cable, operator and co-
workers should take the following action:

B. Disconnect the power switch

The supervisor or person in-charge should immediately turn off the
power switch. In case of contact with a commercial power lines,
immediately inform the office responsible and follow their instruction.

C. Stay Calm
Don't panic. The operator can stay on the machine provided he will
not touch the surrounding equipment and frame, this is safer than trying
to jumps off the machine. The operator may get off the machine if it is
possible to do so without touching the metal part of the machine ( frame,
ladder, handrail, etc.)


D. Prevent Contact with Equipment

No one should touch the machine or operator until the power source
is cut off, to prevent secondary accident.

E. Before re-starting the work after the accident, make a thorough

inspection of the parts which made contact with the machine, and be
sure that all control in the machine are properly working.

Overhead protection on vehicle traffic route

5. Be attentive
Be alert before operating the machine, check the surrounding areas, pay
attention to the people around the machine, make sure that there is
nobody or anything in the direction of travel. Never start the machine until
you have ensured the safety of the surrounding area.

6. Avoid distraction
- Keep your eyes on the job, working with wondering eyes or day
dreaming is very dangerous.
- Always keep your mind on the job and pay attention to the
surrounding.
- No passenger, never let anyone other than operator got on the
machine.


7. Know the Machine

- Operation
- Capacity
- Capability

To be familiar with the operation see to it that the operator read the
operation, study the usage of the equipment, safety device and
instruments, the meaning of displays, the machine operation capacity.

Read the manual carefully and understood the caution plate poster on the
machine, always observe the rules and instruction.

Never force the machine beyond its performance capability or limits,

forcing the machine to work beyond its specified performance will not
only cause damage to the machine but will also invite accidents.

8. Use the Machine for the Application Specified

Do not use the machine for unspecified applications such as for crane or
lifting purposes.

9. Machine Management
Satisfactory performance of the machine depends on the proper
maintenance of the machine. Maintenance is the process of fixing, trouble
shooting and replacing damage parts in order to keep the machine on
good condition and extend the lift of the machine, maintenance through
daily inspection and periodic inspection.

MACHINE MANAGEMENT

- Check before starting

- Inspect the machine before operation to eliminate any defect
- Never operate a defective machine, inspect the machine in a safe
location everyday before starting operation to make sure the machine is in
good condition.
- Check the instrument and make sure it is in the proper range
- Make sure that the horn sounds properly
- Inspect the smoke play off the lever and pedals
- Operate the work equipment to make sure it is functioning properly.
- Warm up and make a trial, run in a safe place to make sure the gear shift
lever machine travel speeds, and forward and reverse change over and
normal.


- Keep the machine clean, if there is mud or oil on the floor, pedals or
levers, wipe it up to prevent slipping.
- Check for abnormalities; see if there are any abnormalities by checking
the vibration, color of exhaust gas, and reaction or control levers.
- The special cares when checking for leak in the fuel system because
there is danger of a fire.

Key Elements in Heavy Equipment Safety Program

• Management Commitment
• Employee Involvement
• Pre-construction Work-Site Analysis
• Hazard Prevention and Controls
• Equipment Maintenance
• Employee Awareness Training
• Periodically Review Policies and Procedures

Management Commitment
• Promote culture of Safety and Health
• Provide fundamental site rules and training to all persons at risk
• Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel. Establish controlled
entry points to site
• Coordinate operations of various trades working in the same areas
• Efficient and effective procurement system.

Employee Involvement
• Attend relevant trainings.
• Employees must learn, follow, and obey safety and other established
rules
• Discuss safety concerns and issues (e.g. through Toolbox Safety
Meetings or by reporting to the supervisor or safety officer).

Pre-Construction Work Site Analysis

• Identify potential known hazards (e.g. using JHA.)
• Consider office, tool, laydown areas, storage areas
• Whenever possible plan your site to allow for drive through operations,
to eliminate backing-up
• Reduce the amount of foot traffic allowed on the jobsite
• Establish a traffic control system using traffic lights or spotters.

Hazard Prevention and Control

• Application of Engineering & Administrative Controls and use of PPE’s.
– Install perimeter fencing and enclosures
– Install/post signs


– Install temporary barricades around hazards

– Spotters (with appropriate PPE) provided for in-the-blind, backing
machines and/or equipment
– Choosing and using the appropriate type of equipment.

Proper Equipment Maintenance

• Pre-operational inspection
conducted by operator.
• Maintain equipment in safe and
proper condition
• Maintain safety features such
as back-up alarm, horn, lights,
limit switches, overload
protection and mirrors intact
and good condition
• Cab glass or guard not cracked
or broken
• Clean machine windows and
mirrors
• Periodic preventive maintenance as per manufacturer recommendation
• Prompt repair of any noted deficiencies
• No modifications
• Refresh labels, signs, instructions, charts, etc

Operator Authorization

• Operating a heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is

reserved only for safe and responsible operators
• A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators
must be in place. The operator must be competent, trained and in good
health.

D.O. 13: ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT

• Section 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and
Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the
project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction
Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of
heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”


• Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be
tested and certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by
TESDA in coordination with its accredited organization/s”
• Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated
heavy equipment”


CRANE SAFETY

Course Objectives:
• Identify the crane components, parameters, proper set-up and safe
operations.
• Identify the share responsibility between the crane operator and rigger.
• Identify the common rigging equipment to be used in crane operation at
the construction site.

Introduction

The lifting of objects generally occurs on construction sites, in factories and

other industrial situations. Correct lifting can move large objects efficiently and
reduce manual handling operations. Incorrect lifting however, can lead to
disastrous accidents. Every year, incorrect lifting procedures cause injuries,
loss of work time and property. People, machinery, loads, methods and the
work environment, are all important factors for correct lifting. Provided that
enough safety measures are fully implemented, lifting accidents can be
reduced.

Common Accidents in Lifting Operations

• Overturning of the crane
• Breaking the boom sling
• Touching overhead power lines
• Falling objects
• Collision with obstacles

PEOPLE

Personnel related to lifting operations includes, competent examiner,

competent person, crane operator, slinger, and other working nearby.

The competent examiner is responsible for the regular examination of the

lifting appliances or lifting gears. He shall be:
• Appointed by the employer or the owner of the lifting appliances/lifting
gears
• A registered professional engineer within a relevant discipline.
• Properly trained with relevant practical experience.


The competent person is responsible for regular inspection of lifting

appliances or lifting gears. He shall be:
• Appointed by the employer or the owner of the lifting appliances/lifting
gear;
• Properly trained with relevant practical experience.

The crane operator is responsible for operating the crane correctly and safetl.
He shall:
• Must be trained with the proper cortication’s.
• Be physically fit
• Be familiar with hand signals for communications

The slinger is responsible for attaching nd detaching the load to and from the
crane. He shall:
• Have received appropriate training on general safe lifting operations.
• Be capable of selecting lifting gears suitable for the loads;
• Liase with the operator and direct the movement of the crane safety.

The signaler is
responsible for relaying
the signal from the
slinger to the crane
operator. He shall:
• Have received
appropriate
training on
general safe
lifting operations;
• Be able to direct
the movement of
the crane and
loads.

Note: During lifting

operations,
either the
slinger or
signaler
shall
communica
te with the operator. Other communication methods (wireless
walkie talkies, telephone, etc) may also be used


MACHINERY – refers to lifting appliances and all lifting gears

The lifting applainces includes a crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, gin wheel,
crane, shearleg, excavator, pile driver, pile extractor, dragline, aerial rope way,
aerial cableway transporter or overhead runway, etc.

The lifting gears include a chain sling, rope sling, ring or similar gear, link
hook, plate clamp, shackle, swivel or eyebolt.

CRANES

Selection of cranes
For the correct selection of cranes, the following factors shall be considered:
• Weight and dimension of loads
• Height of lift and distance/areas of movement of loads
• Number and frequency of lifts
• Period of time for the lifting operations
• Ground conditions
• Other factors

Testing, examination and inspection

All testing examination of cranes must be carried out by competent examiners
and regular inspection completed by the competent personnel’s. All testing,
examination and inspection reports and certificates shall be properly kept.

Safe Working Loads

The Safe Working Load (SWL) for operating the crane shall be specified
according to the results of the test and examination certificates, and loads
must not be exceeded during the lifting operation.

Repair and Maintenance

All cranes shall have regular maintenance, to ensure they always kept in good
operating condition.

MOBILE CRANE

Operation point:
• The mobile crane shall only be operated on the firm, level ground that
adequately supports the weight of the crane and loads.


• Before lifting, fully extend outriggers

and ensure their stability on the
ground.
• The weight of the load shall not
exceed the Safe Working Load
• Never abruptly swing or stop the
crane.
• Loads shall not be dragged on the
ground.
• Move the load at
a safe speed
o Use low
speeds
within
several
meters of
the loads
destination.
• Adjust the boom
length to ensure
the crane is
operating within
the extent of the
safe operation
radius.
• When moving
uphill or downhill,
the boom angle
shall be adjusted
to the safe
working
condition.


TOWER CRANES

Operating Points:
• Ensure that the automatic safe
load indicator is installed.
• Provide safe means of access
and egress.
• Ensure that the lifting routes do
not collide with any object
• Lifting routes shall not come
across any building or pass over
any person.
• Travel speed shall be as low as
possible, to ensure the loads stability.
• Be aware of the height of lifting, the length of the crane trolley and refer
to the load chart.
• When the tower crane is not operation, the cranes trolley must be
positioned near the tower at minimum radius, with the hook raised to the
highest position.
• During typhoons leeward side with the brake released allowing the jib to
swing freely.

LIFTING GEARS

Lifting gears play an important part in the lifting operations. Their functions is
to tie the objects tightly and hang them on the crane. There is a great variety
of lifting gears. If there is insuffiecient knowledge or a wrong chice is made,
lifting may fail nd accidents may result. All lifting gears shall be tested by
qualified examiners and suitably marked with a Safe Working Load (SWL)

WIRE ROPE SLING

• Wire rope consist of individual wires laid into a number of strands, which
are then wrapped around a central core.
• Different number of wires in the strands and various methods of
arrangement may affect the characteristics of the wire rope sling. The
wire rope shall be equipped with a thimble and with pressed metal
sleeve and marked with a Safe Working Load (SWL)


Inspection Points
• The wire rope sling shall not be used and shall be disposed if they are:

Points for attention:

• Use only suitable wire rope slings.
• Never use damage wire rope slings.
• During lifting, the Safe Working Load must not be exceeded.
• Regular inspections shall be conducted.
• Sudden elevation is not allowed.
• If more than one wire rope sling is used in lifting, pay attention to the
angle between the slings.

WIRE ROPE SLINGS – CABLE CLIP

The cable clip shall be properly installed according to the following points:
• The wire rope sling is equipped with thimble
• There is a minimum of 3 cable clips.
• The direction of installation shall be correct.
• The distance between the cable clips shall be the same.

Method of connecting the wire rope slings:



CHAIN SLINGS

Chain slings are made up of chain rings. The advantage of chain slings is that
they deteriorate and corrode less. Chain slings are made of alloys. They can
maintain their Safe Working Loads under temperatures of 50F. However, the
entire chain becomes unsafe if problems arise in any section. A damage chain
sling will suddenly break and the damage is not as easily detectable as
compared to rope slings. Therefore, a rope sling must be selected wherever
possible for lifting.

Inspection points:
• The chain sling shall be not used under the following conditions:

Points for attention:

• No ordinary chains shall be used for lifting.
• The Safe Working Load (SWL) shall not be
exceeded.
• No knots or bolts that shorten the chains
length shall be used.
• Chain slings have no flexibility, so striking
objects must be avoided while lifting.
• When purchasing chain slings, those marked
“A” should be selected as they are of
premium for normal use.
• Regular inspection shall be conducted.

SHACKLES

Hook rings are divided into two main categories: Chain (“D” type) shackle and
anchor (bow) type shackle. Both are available with screw pins or round pins.


Points for attention:

• Never repace the shackle pin with a bolt.
• Ensure the pin is totally locked.
• Do not use screw pin shackles if the pin can roll and unsrew.
• During lifting, shackles shall not lean to one side.
• Shackle pins must always be attached to the hook.
• Washers may be used to centre the shackle.


EYE BOLTS

Eye bolts are mainly classified into plain (shoulderless) eye bolts and shoulder
type eye bolts.

• The bolts length

shall be 1-1.5
times the
diameter of the
bolt and totally
drilled on the
load.
• The bolt hole
shall fit into the
bolt.

Safety points:
• The hook shall not be directly fixed on the eye bolt
• Plain eye bolts only apply to vertical lifting.
• The angle of lifting of shoulder eye bolts shall not be less than 45
degrees.
• Washers may be used to ensure that the shoulder is firmly in contact
with the surface.
• Never use a sling through a pair of eye bolts.

HOOKS

Hooks are a vital part of lifting gear. A

variety of them cater for different lifting
purposes.


• All hooks shall be installed with safety latches (other than the specially
designed hooks)
• Hooks can be installed with swivels to allow the load to revolve.

Points for attention:

• Select hooks of the right size.
• Do not tie or remove the safety latches.
• Maintain the hook in vertical position. If the hook is eccentrically loaded,
the Safe Working Load will reduced.

RINGS, LINKS, SWIVELS

• Most of the rings, links and swivels

are marked with Safe Working Loads
(SWL). If no SWL is marked, the SWL
tables shall be checked according to
their diameter.

SPREADER BEAMS
• Spreader beams are commonly used
for lifting long loads.
• The weight of spreader beams shall be
included as part of the lifting load.
• Each of the contact points shall not
exceed the SWL.


CHAIN MESH SLINGS AND FIBRE SLINGS

• These are used for

lifting special materials.

LOAD
• Know the weight and shape of the load.
• Loose loads shall be packed or placed in suitable containers before
lifting.
• The containers must be structurally sound and 4 slings must be used to
avoid inclining.
• The container shall be sxamined and marked with the Safe Working
Loads (SWL)
• Pay attention to the loads centre of gravity ensure that it is kept directly
under the main hook.
• Corner pads shall be used for loads with sharp edges.
• When lifting large or heavy loads, wind and operator visibility must be
considered.

METHOD

• Plan a suitable lifting route, to avoid collision with any persons, objects
or overhead power lines.
• Do not drag loads.
• Move the load as near to the ground level as possible.
• Stop people from standing in the lifting area.
• Do not ride on a load that is being lifted.
• When crane is operation, it must maintain a distance af at least 600mm
from any barrier or building.
• When visibility is blocked, the signal man shall render assistance.
• Lifting the load at a low speed so that the sling tightens slowly and
maintains a balanced position.


ENVIRONMENT

Safe lifting can be affected by rain, thunderstorm, strong winds, ground

conditions and overhead power lines.

RAINS
• Rains creates wet and slippery ground, loose soil and landslides, etc.
Depending on the situation, the operator shall decide whether to
continue working or not. When the soil is loose and could cause danger
to the cranes stability, lifting work must be stopped.

THUNDERSTORM
• During thunderstorm, stop lifting operations immediately.

STRONG WINDS
• In strong winds, decrease the weight of the Safe Working Load to
improve safety. If the winds intensifies, work must be stopped.

GROUND SITUATION
• Loose soil – use firmer, larger wooden planks to distribute the load and
reduce the weight on the soil.
• When on slope, adjust the outrigger to keep the crane horizontal.
• If there are excavations near the lifting appliances
o Strengthen excavations supports

OVERHEAD POWER LINES

• Stay well dlear of overhead power lines. The safety margin must be the
jibs distance +6 meters, or the distance suggested by electricity
suppliers.


HAND AND PORTABLE POWERED TOOLS

Course Objectives:
• To know if the tools are right for the job.
• To Know if the tolls are in safe working condition.
• To know if the tools are being used properly.
• To know if the tools are kept in safe place.

HAZARD RECOGNITION

Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that
they may pose hazards. All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but,
tragically, a serious accident often occurs before steps are taken to search out
and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.

In the process of removing or avoiding the hazards, workers must learn to

recognize the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the
safety precautions necessary to prevent those hazards.

HAND TOOLS

Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything

from axes to wrenches. The greatest hazards posed
by hand tools result from misuse and improper
maintenance.

Some examples:

Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of

the screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or
other employees.

If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered,

or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another
worker.

A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip.

Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have
mushroomed heads. The heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp
fragments flying.


The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment
used by employees but the employees have the responsibility for properly
using and maintaining tools.

Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools
be directed away from aisle areas and other employees working in close
proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp. Dull tools can be more
hazardous than sharp ones.

Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc.,

should be worn due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable
power tools and hand tools.

Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent
accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools.

Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools
can be a dangerous ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant
tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for safety.

POWER TOOL PRECAUTIONS

Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used. There are several types
of power tools, based on the power source they use: electric, pneumatic, liquid
fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated.

Employees should be trained in the use of all tools - not just power tools. They
should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to
prevent those hazards from occurring.

The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users:

- Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.

- Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.
- Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
- Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing
- accessories such as blades, bits and cutters.
- All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area.
- Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.


- Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch
button
- while carrying a plugged-in tool.
- Tools should be maintained with care. They should be kept sharp and clean
for the best performance. Follow instructions in the user's manual for
lubricating and changing accessories.
- Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance.
- The proper apparel should be worn. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can
become caught in moving parts.
- All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and
tagged "Do Not Use."

GUARDS

Hazardous moving parts of a power tool

need to be safeguarded. For example,
belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,
spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or
other reciprocating, rotating, or moving
parts of equipment must be guarded if
such parts are exposed to contact by
employees.

Guards, as necessary, should be provided

to protect the operator and others from the
following:

- point of operation,
- in-running nip points,
- rotating parts, and
- flying chips and sparks.

Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used. For
example, portable circular saws must be equipped with guards. An upper
guard must cover the entire blade of the saw. A retractable lower guard must
cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes contact with the work
material. The lower guard must
automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from
the work.


SAFETY SWITCHES

The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary

contact "on-off" control switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal,
vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger than 2 inches in diameter, disc
and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar tools.
These tools also may be equipped with a lock-on control provided that turnoff
can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn
it on. The following hand-held powered tools may be equipped with only a
positive "on-off" control switch: platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2
inches or less in diameter; grinders with wheels 2 inches or less in diameter;
routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws and jigsaws
with blade shanks ¼-inch wide or less.

Other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter
greater than 2 inches, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive
accessory holding means must be equipped with a constant pressure switch
that will shut off the power when the pressure is released.

ELECTRIC TOOLS

Employees using electric tools must be aware of

several dangers; the most serious is the possibility of
electrocution.

Among the chief hazards of electric-powered tools

are burns and slight shocks which can lead to
injuries or even heart failure. Under certain
conditions, even a small amount of current can
result in fibrillation of the heart and eventual death. A
shock also can cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work
surface.

To protect the user from shock, tools must either have a three-wire cord with
ground and be grounded, be double insulated, or be powered by a low-voltage
isolation transformer. Three-wire cords contain two current-carrying
conductors and a grounding conductor. One end of the grounding conductor
connects to the tool's metal housing. The other end is grounded through a
prong on the plug. Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole
receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground. The third
prong should never be removed from the plug.


Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in
two ways: by normal insulation on the wires inside, and by a housing that
cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction.

These general practices should be followed when using electric tools:

- Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations.

- Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools.
- When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place.
- Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations.
- Work areas should be well lighted.

POWERED ABRASIVE WHEEL TOOLS

Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create
special safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments.

Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and

sound- or ring-tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects. To test,
wheels should be tapped gently with a light non-metallic instrument. If they
sound cracked or dead, they could fly apart in operation and so must not be
used. A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or "ring."

To prevent the wheel from cracking, the user should be sure it fits freely on the
spindle. The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place,
without distorting the flange. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the
abrasive wheel specifications.

Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating (exploding) during start-up, the

employee should never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to
full operating speed.

Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect

workers not only from the moving wheel surface, but also from flying
fragments in case of breakage.

In addition, when using a powered grinder:

- Always use eye protection.

- Turn off the power when not in use.


- Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.

PNEUMATIC TOOLS

Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills,
hammers, and sanders.

There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools. The
main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by
some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.

Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended for employees

working with pneumatic tools.

Noise is another hazard. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers

requires proper, effective use of hearing protection.

When using pneumatic tools, employees must check to see that they are
fastened securely to the hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A
short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve
as an added safeguard.

A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments, such as

chisels on a chipping hammer, from being unintentionally shot from the barrel.

Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying
fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.

Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Users should
never "dead-end" it against themselves or anyone else.

POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS

Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated with
the same respect and precautions. In fact, they are so dangerous that they
must be operated only by specially trained employees.

Safety precautions to remember include the following:

- These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.



- Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is
clean, that all moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from
obstructions.
- The tool should never be pointed at anybody.
- The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded
tool should not be left unattended, especially where it would be available to
unauthorized persons.

Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end. To prevent the tool from firing
accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing: one to bring the tool
into position, and another to pull the trigger. The tools must not be able to
operate until they are pressed against the work surface with a force of at least
5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool.

If a powder-actuated tool misfires, the employee should wait at least 30

seconds, then try firing it again. If it still will not fire, the user should wait
another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge is less likely to explode, than
carefully remove the load. The bad cartridge should be put in water.

Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder-actuated
tool.

The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered
perpendicularly on the barrel to confine any flying fragments or particles that
might otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired. The tool must be
designed so that it will not fire unless it has this kind of safety device.

All powder-actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so

that the user can select a powder level necessary to do the work without
excessive force.
If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of
service immediately until it is properly repaired.

FASTENERS

When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, there are some

precautions to consider. Fasteners must not be fired into material that would
let them pass through to the other side. The fastener must not be driven into
materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3 inches to an edge or corner.
In steel, the fastener must not come any closer than one-half inch from a
corner or edge. Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials
which might chip or splatter, or make the fastener ricochet.


An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing

hole. A fastener must not be driven into a spalled area caused by an
unsatisfactory fastening.

HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS

The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid
and must retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme
temperatures to which it will be exposed.
The manufacturer's recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves,
pipes, filters, and other fittings must not be exceeded.

JACKS

All jacks - lever and rachet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks - must have
a device that stops them from jacking up too high. Also, the manufacturer's
load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and
should not be exceeded.

A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been
lifted, it must immediately be blocked up.

Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and
secure. If the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or
equivalent between it and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of
slippage.

To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

- the base rests on a firm level surface,

- the jack is correctly centered,
- the jack head bears against a level surface, and
- the lift force is applied evenly.

Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be

inspected before each use and lubricated regularly. If a jack is subjected to an
abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has
not been damaged.


Hydraulic jacks exposed to freezing temperatures must be filled with an

adequate antifreeze liquid.

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the
hazards of falling, flying, abrasive and splashing objects, or exposed to
harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases must be provided with the
particular personal equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard.

All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following
five basic safety rules:

- Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.

- Use the right tool for the job.
- Examine each tool for damage before use.
- Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Provide and use the proper protective equipment.

Employees and employers have a responsibility to work together to establish

safe working procedures. If a hazardous situation is encountered, it should be
brought to the attention of the proper individual immediately.


ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

Course Objective:
• To be able to identify environmental hazards in the construction industry.
• To know different control measures to eliminate hazards in the
construction industry.

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Industrial Hygiene (IH) – is the science and art devoted to recognition,

evaluation and control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from
the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of the community.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES/ HAZARDS

The various environmental factors of stresses or hazards that can cause

sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort in workers can be classified
as:

1. Chemical hazards. Occupational health hazards arise from inhaling

chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, and
mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of
handling a given substance depends on the magnitude and duration
of exposure.

Mist - Fine particles of a liquid float in air (particle size of 5 to 100

um approximately. Examples nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
Gases - Substances in gaseous state but are always airborne at
room temperature.
Examples are chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
Vapour - Results when substances that are liquid at room
temperature evaporate. Examples are the components of
organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and
xylene
Dust - Solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by
mechanical actions and fine float in air (particle size of
about 1 to 150 um). Examples are metal dusts and
asbestos.
Fume - A gas (such as metal vapor) is condensed in air, chemically
changed and becomes fine solid particles which float in air
(particles size of about 0.1 to 1 um). Examples are oxides


generated from molten metal such as cadmium oxide, beryllium

oxide, etc.

2. Physical hazards - Problems relating to such things as noise,

temperature extremes, radiation pressure and inadequate illumination
are physical stresses. It is important that the employer, supervisor,
and those responsible for safety and health are on guard to these
hazards due to the possible immediate or cumulative effects on the
health of the employees.

§ Excessive Noise
.
Noise - (Unwanted sound) is a form of vibration conducted
through solids, liquids, or gases. The level of noise in an industrial
operation can constitute a physical hazard to the exposed workers.
The extent of hazards depend not only on the over all noise level
but also on the time period and frequency of the noise to which the
worker is exposed and the type of noise.

Types of noise:
- Continuous - is a steady state noise with negligible level
fluctuations during the period of observation.
- Intermittent noise - are those whose level shifts significantly
during observation.
- Impact noise - consist of one or more burst of sound energy,
each lasting less than one second.

§ Inadequate Illumination

Illumination - is the measure of the stream of light falling on a

surface. The key aspects of illumination include lux, luminance,
reflectance, glare and sources of lighting.

Lux. is the unit of measurement.

Luminance. is the measure of light coming from a source

Reflectance. is the ability of a surface to return light.

Glare. Is caused by bright light sources which can be seen when

looking in the range from straight-ahead to 45 0 above the
horizontal. There are two types of glare: direct and reflected.


Direct Glare. Is produced when light is positioned at the surface. It

can be prevented by correct installation of lighting fittings, by
installing louvers below the light source, by enclosing the lamps in
bowl reflectors, opaque or prismatic shades.

Reflected. Is produced when light is reflected off shiny surface. It

may be attenuated by indirect lighting and by correcting the
incidence of light.

Sources of Light:
- Daylight - Also called natural light, it depends on the availability
at the location and weather condition.
- Electric Light - This can come from :
- Incandescent lamps or bulbs
- Fluorescent lamps or tubes
- High intensity discharge or mercury

Types of Lighting:
- General lighting - illuminating the entire premises and
- Local lighting - directing light on a particular object that we are
working with.

Factors in determining the quantity of light is as follows:

- Nature of work- more light will be required if one is working with
small objects.
- Environment-it is the ability of the surrounding surfaces to
reflect light.
- Eyesight of the workers-the ability of the eye to adjust rapidly to
different distances declines as people grow older.
• Extreme Temperature.

Extremes of temperature affect the amount of work that people can

do and the manner in which they do it. In industry, the problem is
more often high temperatures rather than low temperatures.

The body continuously produces heat through its metabolic

processes. Since the body processes are designed to operate
only within a very narrow range of temperature, the body must
dissipate this heat as rapidly as it is produced if it is to function
efficiently. A sensitive and rapidly acting set of temperature-
sensing devices in the body must also control the rates of its
temperature-regulating processes.


Heat Stress. is excessive heat load and is the aggregate of

environmental and physical work factors that constitute the total
heat load imposed on the body. Heat can be internally generated
or externally imposed.

Internally generated metabolic rate is a by-product of the chemical

processes that occur within the cells, tissues and organs.

Externally imposed environmental heat influences the rate at which

body heat can be exchanged with the environment and
consequently the ease with which the body can regulate and
maintain a normal temperature.

The factors influencing heat stress include:

- Air Temperature - known as the ambient room temperature.
- Air Humidity - the amount of water vapor or moisture content of
the air.
- Air Velocity - the rate at which air moves and is important in
heat exchange between the human body and the environment.
because of its role in convective and evaporative heat transfer.
Air movement cools the body by convection, the moving air
removes the air film or the saturated air (which is formed very
rapidly by evaporation of sweat) and replaces it with a fresh air
layer, capable of accepting more moisture from the skin.
- Radiant Temperature - the thermal load of solar and infrared
radiation in the human body.
- Physical Workload - may be light, moderate, or heavy.
- Light work-sitting or standing to control machine, performing
light hand or arm work.
- Moderate work - walking about, moderate lifting and pushing
- Heavy work pick and shovel work.

§ Extreme Pressure

It has been recognized from the beginning of caisson work (work

performed in a watertight structure) that men working under
pressures greater than at a normal atmospheric one, are subject to
various ills connected with the job. Hyperbaric (greater than
normal pressures) environments are also encountered by divers
operating under water, whether by holding the breath while diving,
breathing from a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus


(SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures supplied by compression

from the surface.

Occupational exposures occur in caisson or tunneling operations,

where a compressed gas environment is used to exclude water or
mud and to provide support for structures. Man can withstand
large pressures providing air has free access to lungs, sinuses and
the middle ear. Unequal distribution of pressure can result in
barotrauma (tissue damage resulting from expansion or
contraction of gas spaces found within or adjacent to the body,
which can occur either during compression [descent] or during
decompression [ascent]).

§ Vibration

A body is said to vibrate when it describes an oscillating motion

about a reference point. The number of times a complete motion
cycle takes place during the period of one second is called the
frequency and is measured in hertz (Hz). Vibration usually refers to
the inaudible acoustic phenomena, which are recognized by the
tactile experience of touch and feeling. Finally, a reminder:
vibration is a vector quantity described by both a magnitude and by
a direction.

Portable meters are currently available for vibration

measurements. These will usually provide readouts that must be
compared to the appropriate standards.

It is very common that workers exposed to vibration may suffer

pain and numbness from fingers to the forearm in its initial stage.

§ Radiation

Ionizing Radiation. To understand a little about ionization, recall

that the human body is made up of various chemical compounds,
which are in turn composed of molecules and atoms. Each atom
has a nucleus with its own outer system of electron. When
ionization of body tissues occurs, some of the electrons
surrounding the atoms are forcibly ejected from their orbits. The
greater the intensity of the radiation, the more ions will be created,
and the more physical damage will be done to the cells.


Non-ionizing Radiation. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation

with varying effects on the body, depending largely on the
particular wavelength of the radiation involved. Some hazards
associated with different regions of the non-ionizing radiation are:
low frequency, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible radiation,
ultraviolet radiation and lasers

§ Inadequate Ventilation

Ventilation is the process of supplying or removing air by natural or

mechanical means to and from any space.

3. Biological Hazards - Biological hazards are any virus, bacteria,

fungus, parasite, or any living organism that can cause a disease in
human beings. They can be a part of the total environment or
associated with certain occupations such as in hospitals, canteen,
poultry, food processing etc.

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are common-infectious

and parasitic diseases can also result from exposure to contaminated
water, insects, or infected people.

4. Ergonomic Hazards - “Ergonomics” literally means the customs,

habits, and laws of work. According to the International Labor Office
it is “… The application of human biological science in conjunction
with the engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual
adjustment of man [sic] and his [sic] work, the benefits being
measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being.”

METHODS OF RECOGNITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS/HAZARDS

1. Walk – thru / ocular inspection – this is necessary in identifying the

potential hazards and determining the critical conditions in the workplace. It
is possible to make a checklist to be used during the inspection.

2. Review of process involved – The identity of the chemical intermediates

formed in the course of an industrial process and the toxicological
properties of these intermediates may be difficult to establish. Undesirable
chemical by-products such as carbon monoxide resulting from the
incomplete combustion of organic material may be formed.


3. Knowing raw material, by - product and finished product – to recognize

hazardous environmental factors or stresses, we must first know about the
raw materials used and the nature of the products manufactured. This will
lead to the determination of the specific contaminants where workers are
actually exposed. Possible impurities in raw materials, such as benzene in
some solvents should be considered.

4. Gathering of workers’ complaints – the actual chemicals or substances

handled may be determined by interviewing the workers.

5. Material Safety data Sheet (MSDS)/ Chemical safety data sheet (CSDS)
is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological information
on the chemical or the mixture ingredients.

Contents of MSDS/ CSDS

a. Identification of the chemicals
b. Composition/ Information on ingredients
c. Hazards identification
d. First-aid measures
e. Fire-fighting measures
f. Accidental release measures
g. Handling and storage
h. Exposure control and personal protection
i. Physical and chemical properties
j. Stability and reactivity
k. Toxicological information
l. Ecological information
m. Disposal considerations
n. Transport information
o. Other information

MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

✴ Gypsum wallboards and wood
✴ Flexboards / ceiling boards containing asbestos
✴ Floorboards, textile carpets
✴ Bricks, concrete, cement and stone
✴ Glue, linoleum plastics and rubber
✴ Insulation materials like glass wool
✴ Paints, thinners and primers
✴ Steel, aluminum and copper


PRIMARY HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED IN SKILLED CONSTRUCTION TRADES

OCCUPATION HAZARDS
Hard tile setters Vapours from bonding agents,
awkward postures
Carpenters Wood dust
Drywall installers Plasters dust
Electrical power installers and repairs Heavy metals in solder fumes,
asbestos dust
Painters Solvent vapor, toxic metal in pigment
and paint additives
Plumber Lead and welding fumes
Pipefitters Lead and welding fumes, asbestos
dust
Carpet layers Awkward postures, vapor from glue
Soft tile installers Vapor from bonding agents
Rail and track laying equipment Silica dust, heat
operators
Roofers Heat, Vapors from roofing tar
Welders Welding emissions
Air hammer operators Noise, whole body vibration, silica
dust
Pile driving operators Noise, whole body vibration
Excavation and loading machine Silica dust, whole body vibration, heat,
operators noise
Grader, Dozer and scraper operators Silica dust, whole body vibration, heat,
noise
Highway and street construction Asphalt emission, heat, diesel engine
workers exhaust
Truck and tractor equipment operator Whole body vibration, diesel engine
exhaust
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS/HAZARDS

A. Determination of the magnitude or level of hazards with the use of IH equipment through
work environment measurement (WEM).

WEM – is the determination of environmental hazards and their hazardous effects on

workers health through direct measurement of hazards. WEM is conducted for the following
purposes:


- Determine magnitude of harmful environmental agents.

- Physically check the environment through measurement.
- Predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and working
methods.
- Monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to improve the
workplace.
- Maintain favorable environment conditions.

Types of Environmental Monitoring:

1. Personal Monitoring

Personal monitoring is the measurement of a particular employee’s exposure to airborne

contaminants. The measuring device is placed as close as possible to the
contaminant’s entry port to the body. For example, when monitoring an air contaminant
that is toxic, the measuring device is placed close to the breathing zone of the worker.
The data collected closely approximates the concentration of contaminants by which the
worker is exposed to.

2. Area/Environmental Sampling

Environmental sampling is the measurement of a contaminant concentration in the

workroom. The measuring device is placed adjacent to the worker’s normal workstation

or at fixed locations in the work area. This kind of monitoring does not provide a good

estimate of worker’s exposure but helps to pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure

levels of contaminants.

3. Biological Monitoring

Biological monitoring involves the measurement of changes in the composition of body

fluids, tissue or expired air to determine absorption of a potentially hazardous material.
Examples are measurement of lead and mercury in blood or in urine.

The following are the instruments used to measure the different hazards:


- Lux Meter - illumination

- Psychrometer - humidity
- Anemometer - air movement
- Smoke Tester - air direction
- Globe Thermometer - heat
- Sound Level Meter - noise

B. Analysis Of Results

The samples collected are then analyzed in the laboratory.

Some of the analytical instruments used are as follows: UV-VIS Spectrophotometer for
analyzing acids, AAS for heavy metals, gas chromatograph for organic solvents and x-ray
diffractometer in analyzing asbestos and silica.

C. Comparison of Results of Measurement with Standards

This is done with the help of Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) which are exposure guidelines
that have been established for airborne concentration of many chemical compounds. The
three categories of TLVs are time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), short-term exposure limit
(STEL) and Ceiling (TLV-C).

Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration for a

normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects.

Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration to which workers can
be exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following:
a. irritation
b. chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-
rescue or materially reduce work efficiency.

Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the
working exposure, otherwise, the person so exposed might be open to serious risks.

The permissible noise exposure based on the Occupational Safety and Health Standards of
the Department of Labor and Employment are as follows:

Permissible Noise Exposure



Duration per day, hours Sound Level, dB(A)

8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
½ 110
¼ 115
* ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dB(A) is allowed.

Threshold Limit Values for Selected Chemicals

Chemicals mg/m3
Hydrochloric Acid TLV - C 7.5
Methanol TLV – TWA 262
Lead TLV – TWA 0.15
Xylene TLV – STEL 434
Toluene TLV - TWA 375

The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would
depend on the following:
- Nature of the material or energy involved\
- Intensity of exposure
- Duration of exposure
- Individual susceptibility

General Environment Control Measures

1. Engineering control

Adequate Planning and Design

The health and safety aspect should be included in the;


- Design stage of a process

- Selection of process equipment and materials
- Installation of equipment
- Construction of the plant

Substitution of Materials Used

Factors to be considered:
- Technological and economical feasibility
- Availability of substitute material
- Toxicological and
- Safety aspect

Modification of the Process

- Reduces contaminant generation
- Eliminate the formation of undesirable by-products
- Eliminate or minimize physical contact between workers and hazardous substances

Isolation or Shielding
- Closed system – used for toxic chemicals
- Enclosures – total or partial usually combined with local exhaust ventilation
- Separating Walls – if there are operations more hazardous than the others
- Distance – hazardous operations performed at distant locations

Ventilation
- To ensure condition of thermal comfort
- To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting eventual air contaminants to
acceptable levels.
- To prevent hazardous air contaminants from generating into the working environment
and reaching the workers breathing zone

Types of Industrial Ventilation

1. General or Dilution Ventilation. It aims at the supply and removal of air in the work
environment so that the possible contaminants are diluted to levels considered to
be not harmful to health.

When to use:
- Contaminants are relatively non-toxic
- Quantity of contaminant is not high
- Workers are far from contaminant source
- Outside source of air is not contaminated


2. Local Exhaust Ventilation. It aims at the removal of the air contaminants from the
point of dispersion or generation before they contaminate the work environment
and reach the breathing zone of the workers in harmful concentration

When to use:
- Contaminants are moderately or highly toxic or hazardous
- Only one or few fix emission sources are present
- There is a risk of direct workers exposure

Principles:
1. Enclose the contaminant
2. Capture contaminant with adequate air velocities
3. Keep contaminant out of the worker’s breathing zone
4. Discharge exhausted air outdoors

Basic elements:
1. Hoods
2. Duct work
3. Fan and motor
4. Air cleaning device
5. Exhaust stack

Classification of Hoods:
1. Enclosure type
2. Exterior type
3. Receiving type


OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Course Objectives:
• discuss and explain common health hazards in the workplace and their
effects.
• recommend appropriate programs to monitor occupational or work-
related health problems.

Introduction

Occupational Health, as defined by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on

Occupational Health at its First Session in 1950, should aim at the promotion
and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-
being of workers in all occupations by adapting work to the physiological and
psychological abilities of humans. It also aims to protect workers from
illnesses arising from work through by promotion of safety and health
programs. The implementation of OH programs is an important strategy in
the prevention of diseases and disorders among its workers caused by their
working conditions.

Classification of Hazards:

Occupational hazards are various factors found in the workplace that

can cause diseases, injuries or deviations from health and may be
classified as physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards.

1. Physical agents include excessive levels of noise, vibration,

extremes of temperature and pressure and ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation.

2. Biologic agents cause diseases through infection or by affecting

the immune mechanism.

3. Chemical hazards are caused by gases, vapors or aerosols

workers come in contact with through the performance of their
tasks.

4. Ergonomic stressors include improperly designed tools or work

areas, improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions and
others that may lead to accidents or discomfort.


Hazards may occur simultaneously in the workplace. In some instances,

these hazards may interact. Knowledge concerning hazard
characteristics will be helpful in their evaluation and control.

Several factors influence the effects of the hazardous agents on the

health of the workers. Personal characteristics may cause or predispose
a person to health disorders. Work factors must also exist for a health
disorder to occur. Human factors that influence disease causation
include age, sex, races, size, muscular activity, health status, physical
and working capacity, acclimatization and individual psychological
adaptations. Exposure to the hazards may be characterized in terms of
duration, magnitude, and frequency of exposure the hazards.

The response of the worker to any of the hazards in the workplace may
vary depending on the time of disease occurrence and intensity of
exposure. An immediate response may be produced due to intense
exposure to the hazard or the response may result from longer exposure
at a lower intensity.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS:

A. HEAT:

Heat is a form of thermal energy which may come from body

metabolism, increase physical activities, radiation from hot objects or
from the sun and byproducts of industrial processes. To keep the
temperature at a stable level, the amount of heat gained by the body
must be equaled by the amount lost. Heat loss is through convection,
radiation, conduction and evaporation. Heat balance is also affected by
the physiological mechanisms regulating cardiovascular function and
sweating. These mechanisms can influence heat exchanges in 2 ways.
Firstly, by changing the rate of heat transfer from the internal organs and
tissues to the periphery of the body. Secondly, alteration of the
temperature and vapour pressure on the surface of the skin.

Heat disorders can arise from natural conditions. These disorders,

however, arise more frequently following exposure to artificial conditions
such as hot processes related to working with furnaces, kilns, boilers
and smelting.

Below is the summary of disorders caused by exposures to high levelof

environmental heat:


TABLE 1 Summary of Disorders due to heat stress

Disorder Cause Main Clinical Treatment Prognosis
Features
Milaria Malfunction Pruritic rash Symptomati Good
Rubra of sweat c
glands
Heat Loss of Cramps in Rest; fluids Complete
Cramps water and limbs with added recovery
electrolytes salt/saline usual
Heat Physical Dizziness, Rest;cooling Complete
exhaustio exertion. faint, blurring in well- recovery
n Loss of of vision, ventilated usual
water and clammy, surrounding
electrolytes sweaty, cold s
. skin.
Heat Failure of Convulsions; Stripping High
stroke temperatur muscle down and mortality,
e control twitching. vigorous sequelae may
center in delirium. hot cooling with include poor
brain dry skin, ice-baths, memory and
cyanosis, body corticosteroi poor
temperature ds. concentration
41.1º C or , headache.
higher.

B. NOISE

Noise is a subjective unwanted or undesirable part of sound. Demolition

machinery, jackhammers, riveting tools and other power driven tools are
some of the sources of noise. The effects of noise depend on intensity
(loudness), duration and frequency of the sound. Generally, higher noise
intensity produce noise the noise, the greater the Workers exposed to
undue noise may complain of disturbances to their concentration,
irritability, sleeplessness and fatigue. These effects in turn may cause
loss of productivity, poor job morale and a high rate of sickness
absence. Loud noise may prevent normal conversation, cause
misinterpretation of instructions or predispose workers to accidents as a
consequence.


Noise exposure should not exceed the limit of 90-dB (A) on an eight-hour

per day basis. Temporary exposure to loud noise may cause transient

hearing loss, manifested by a temporary shift in threshold hearing level to

noise. But after some hours of rest, the hearing returns to normal. The

person becomes progressively deaf due to long term exposure to hazardous

noise level. Permanent noise induced hearing loss tends to set in. This

condition is irreversible, symptoms may include difficulty understanding

spoken words, familiar sounds are muffled and the individual usually

experienced tinnitus or ringing of the ears.

There are also extra-auditory effects to noise such as transient nausea,

malaise and headache. Table 2 summarizes the health effects of noise.

TABLE 2: Summary of Health Effects of Noise

Acute Effects:

1. Rupture of tympanum - conductive hearing

defect
2. Inner ear damage - sensorineural hearing
defect


Chronic Effects:

1. Auditory - Noise induced hearing deafness

(NID)

2. Non-auditory
- Physiologic Effects
-variations in blood pressure, heart rate,
and respiratory, etc.

- Psychological Effects
-annoyance
-decreased ability to concentrate
-fatigue

C. VIBRATION

Vibration is a physical factor, which affects man by transmission of

mechanical energy from oscillating sources. There are two types
of vibration: general or whole body vibration and the local vibration.
Sources of general vibration is from transportation and
construction equipment. The sources of local vibration are from
hand tools such as power-driven tools, pneumatic picks, electric
drill, etc.

The harmful effect of vibration on the human body arises from its
local irritant and damaging action on the tissues. Prolonged
exposure to vibration, especially in combination with other harmful
factors (cold, noise and static loads) may lead to the development
of vibration disease. The most prominent feature of disease cause
by local vibration is "white finger" after general or local body
cooling, resembling Raynaud's phenomenon and also by impaired
sensitivity to vibration, pain and temperature. Diseases caused by
whole-body vibration, is manifested by considerable changes of
central nervous system and associated with general angiodystonia
and a polyneuritic syndrome, more pronounced in the lower
extremities.


CHEMICAL HAZARDS

A great number of the environmental health hazards to employees arise

from exposure to chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts,
fumes and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. For the harmful
agent to exert adverse effects on health, a chemical must reach a
susceptible site within the human body. If there is no contact, there is
definitely no effect. The routes of entry in work exposures are
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and/or any combination of these.
Chemical agents may occur as gas vapors and aerosols. Example of
gases are CO, H2S, and CO2. Vapors are solvents and acids while
aerosols may come in the form of dusts, fumes, smoke, mist and fog.

The main factors which determine the toxicity of a substance depends on

the chemical composition, physical state, amount, concentration, particle
size, routes of absorption, presence of other poisons and duration of
exposure. Substances are absorbed through the skin, lungs and gut. In
the occupational setting, the most frequent (and therefore the most
important) route of absorption is through the lungs. Factors affecting
absorption depends on the water solubility, particle size and defense
mechanisms. In skin contact, absorption is faster in abraded or inflamed
skin. Ingestion is usually from contaminated hands.

A. LEAD

Construction workers may be exposed to lead dust from handling

materials containing lead or its compounds, such as removal of
leaded paint and handling of metallic lead. Exposure to lead fumes
may occur when hot cutting and dismantling or in welding
operations. The major route of entry is the respiratory system as a
result of inhalation of lead dust and fumes. The less common route
is through the ingestion. Excessive exposure may cause acute or
chronic health effects. It must be stressed however that mere
presence of lead in a workroom by no means denotes that there is
a risk of poisoning. The evaluation of risk must be based on
scrutiny of the specific work environment. This must include (1)
measurement of lead concentration in air, sampled from
representative sites and/or (2) determination of blood or urinary
lead concentrations in workers. Below is the summary of risk
factors:


INCREASED RISK DECREASED

RISK
The § High processing § Low
process temperature (esp. 1000ºc) temperature
itself § Extensive fume, dust or (500ºc)
aerosol formation. § Low dust
§ Primitive working methods exposure
§ Automation
General § Poor housekeeping § Efficient local
hygienic § Poor personal hygiene and general
level of the § Ignorance (e.g when ventilation
workplace protective equipment is § Prevention of
required but not used) spread of lead
§ Smoking and eating in the dust (for
workplace. example,
moistening the
floor)

The earliest symptoms of lead poisoning are diffuse and include

weariness at the end of the day. The patient is moody and irritable.
They often begin so insidiously that they remain unnoticed for
some time. With increasing exposure and absorption, new
symptoms develop. Lead affects the various systems of the body.
In the nervous system, peripheral neuropathy may be seen.
Deposition of lead in kidneys may lead to hypertension and kidney
failure. Lead affects the reproductive system and exposure may
lead to abortion or premature birth. Lead also causes anemia
because of the disturbance of the synthesis of both heme and
globin. Since the effect of lead is multi-systemic, clinical effects are
also varied. With slight absorption of lead, there may be no
obvious effects. In more severe cases, fatigue, malaise, body
aches, headache, metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite and
difficulty in mental concentration may be observed. In severe
cases encephalopathy, manifested as convulsion, intestinal colic
and hypertension may occur. In late cases, renal failure may
ensue.
B. ORGANIC SOLVENTS

This is a large group of organic carbon compounds, which has the

property of dissolving substances. They are widely used not only
as solvents but also as lubricants and anaesthetic gases. They are


liquid in the temperature range of 0-250ºC, volatile and relatively

inert chemically. The majority is insoluble or only partially soluble
in water. Workers exposed to organic solvents perform tasks such
as painting, welding, and wood-working. Solvent toxicity can result
mainly from inhalation, but also ingestion or skin absorption.
Solvents of many different kinds are used in paints, varnishes,
lacquers and adhesives. They can cause central nervous system
damage and can harm the skin, liver, kidneys and cardiovascular
system.

Organic solvents are more often depressants to the central

nervous system. Acute exposure may cause narcosis, excitation,
headache, dizziness, coma and death from failure to the vital
centers in the brain. Benzene, the halogenated carbon compounds
and toluene can cause cardiac arrhythmia, especially ventricular
fibrillation. Most solvents are irritating to the mucous membranes
of the eye-throat and respiratory passages. Toluene has also been
implicated in causing acute renal failure in glue-sniffers. Benzene
may cause depression of the bone marrow and leukemia. Other
organic solvents encountered in construction work may cause skin
allergies such as epoxy resins, acrylic resin and formaldehyde.
Isocyanates, used in some paints and varnishes, bonding agents
and resins, can cause asthma and dermatitis.

C. DUST

Dust and fibers can be generated in construction whenever

materials made of asbestos, cement, silica and other made-made
fibers are disturbed. Demolition work can produce particularly high
level of dust. Dusts may be toxic or harmless depending on their
chemical composition, particulate size, concentration, shape,
specific gravity and finally to the body's reaction to dust. Large dust
particles that get inhaled into the trachea or bronchi are coughed
out in the secretions and are expectorated. Fine dust particles of 2-
5u are most likely to be inhaled into the alveoli. The higher the
concentration of the dust, the greater should be the effect. Heavy
particles tend to stay in the lung parenchyma more readily than
light particles.


F. Pneumocionosis is one of the lung diseases that may

develop because of exposure to inorganic dusts or fibers. The ILO
defines pneumoconiosis as the accumulation of dust in the lungs
and the tissue reaction to its presence. Inorganic dusts are the
most common cause of pneumoconiosis. Examples are silica,
asbestos, and coal dust. Other less common causes are graphite,
mica, talc, haemalite and other forms of dust.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Biological hazards are hazards caused by living organisms which include

insects, molds, fungi and bacterial contamination from defects in sanitation
and housekeeping procedures, such as in the provision of potable water,
removal of industrial waste and sewage, food handling and personal
cleanliness. Biological hazards are more common in the work environment of
agricultural activities, particularly in developing countries.

Diseases caused by viruses:

1. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections- are due to a huge number of viruses

and account for a very large proportion of sickness absence among
workers. Studies have shown the possibility of such viruses being
transmitted through air conditioning systems.

2. Hepatitis B Infection- it is widespread in many parts of the world especially

in developing countries. Health personnel have occasionally been infected
by accidentally pricking themselves with infected needles or surgical or
dental instruments. In areas of high endemicity, it is often advisable for all
susceptible health personnel to be immunized against this infection.

3. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)- this disease was first

reported in the USA in mid-1981. The disease is characterized by a defect
in the whole immune system. It is caused by infection with a virus called
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Sexual intercourse contaminated
injection, needles and less commonly through transfused blood or its
components spread AIDS.

4. Rabies- this disease occurs among dogs, bats and many other wild
animals. Trappers and other animal handlers may get infected. Nervous
system involvement is severe and often fatal.


Diseases caused by bacteria

1. Leptospirosis can be transmitted to man from rodents, pigs, cattle, dogs

and wild animals usually through the urine of infected animals but
sometimes by direct contact. The leptospira enter the body through cuts or
abrasions in the skin or through the intact mucous membranes of the
conjunctivae, nose or mouth. Occasionally, the infection may be foodborne.
Wading through contaminated water in sewers, puddles, streams and
paddy fields are common ways of getting infected. The handling of infected
animals in animal husbandry or laboratories has also led to the disease.

3. Tetanus is an acute disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a bacillus that

is very common in soil and the feces of man and many animals. The
tetanus organism forms spores that gain access into the human body
through any break in the skin or mucous membranes. Industrial and
agricultural workers constitute a group especially vulnerable to tetanus
because of the penetrating and contaminated with soil or road dust.

4. Tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the

Philippines. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
most common form is pulmonary infection. However, this organism can
cause disease virtually anywhere in the body. Extrapulmonary infection is
particularly common in HIV- infected individuals. Tuberculosis adenitis,
pleural effusion, urinary tract infection, peritonitis, bone and joint infection
and meningitis are the most commonly encountered extrapulmonary
infection.

ERGONOMICS

The International Labour Organization defines ergonomics as the application

of human biological science in conjunction with the engineering sciences to
achieve optimum mutual adjsutment of human to the work, the benefits being
measured in terms of efficiency and well-being. To summarize, ergonomics
can be defined as "fitting the job to the worker". The different fields of
expertise needed for the application of ergonomics include biomechanics,
physiology, anthropometry, psychological/behavioral sciences and
engineering, among others. Biomechanics describes motion of various body
parts and determines forces acting on these body parts. Physiology is
concerned with the function and actions of the different organ systems.
Anthropometry is concerned with the size and form of the human body.
Psychology/Behavioral Sciences is concerned with motivations, attitudes.


Finally, engineering aims to design the tools, workstations and systems in the
workplace.

Ergonomic stressors commonly seen in the workplace are improperly

designed tools or work areas, improper lifting or reaching, poor visual
conditions or repeated motions in an awkward position that may be
responsible for fatigue, stress and strain and may lead to accidents in the
occupational environment. Outcomes of ergonomic problems on performance
include low productivity, high rate of errors, material wastage and equipment
damage. Musculoskeletal, vascular, visual, hearing, skin and psychological
problems are some of the perceived health problems resulting from ergonomic
problems.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM

An occupational health program is a specific plan of action to prevent work-

related disorders and diseases and is the framework for all occupational health
activities. The primary reason to implement an OH program is to improve the
protection of worker health and dramatically reduce the cost of managing
occupational illnesses. In highly hazardous workplaces, such as the
construction industry, the OH program must be set-up after discussion and
consultation among members of the occupational safety and health
committee, the occupational health personnel, the workers, and the employer.

The program has many components and must include a system of monitoring
the health status of workers engaged in hazardous processes. One type of
monitoring is the medical surveillance. The objective is to detect early signs of
illness so that intervention may be taken to prevent permanent health damage.
This is particularly useful for occupational illness with long latent period, like
silicosis, asbestos-related diseases and occupational deafness. Surveillance
of occupational diseases must make use of available, sensitive, specific,
reliable tests to detect the illnesses that may arise because of work. These
tests are done in the following instances:
– At the time of first hire or first exposure (preplacement or baseline)
– Periodically as required by regulation or as recommended by the
physician
– When exposure or employment ends (termination)
– After accidental or unanticipated exposure


Examples of relatively simple and straightforward tests include:

1. For workers exposed to lead - blood lead level
2. For noise-exposed workers - audiometric screening
3. For workers exposed to asbestos - chest film and spirometric testing

The results of the medical surveillance must be interpreted to generate the

appropriate recommendations that would affect not only the individual worker
examined but also the group of the workers that may be similarly affected by
overexposure to certain health hazards. It must be remembered that the
ultimate goal of an OH program is to establish remedies for specific health
concerns in the workplace.


DEMOLITION SAFETY

Course Objectives:
• Learn the proper plan for demolition process.
• Determine the hazards that will be exposed during demolition.
• Learn measures to prevent the hazards when demolition is on
going.

INTRODUCTION

Prior to permitting employees to start demolition operations, an engineering

survey of the structure shall be made by a competent person to determine the
condition of the framing, floors, and walls, and possibility of unplanned
collapse of any portion of the structure. Any adjacent structures where
employees may be exposed shall also be similarly checked. The employer
shall have evidence that such survey has been performed.

PUBLIC SAFETY

A. FOR PUBLIC SAFETY, THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES SHALL BE

ADOPTED AND ACTIONS TAKEN WHENEVER REQUIRED.

• Survey of the site vicinity for potential danger to the public

• Install the necessary hoarding along or within the site boundary.
• If possible, entrances to the site be located away from heavy traffic
areas.
• Install the necessary covered walkway (footpath with overhead shelter).
• Install safety signs and posters to warn the public of danger.
• Install the necessary lighting along the walkway.
• Provide guard to direct and control traffic (vehicles and pedestrians).
• Guard to prevent unauthorized person from entering the site.

TO PREVENT FALLING HAZARDS FROM HIGH LEVELS OF BU|LD|NG(S)

CLOSE TO PUBLIC AREAS, THE FOLLOWING MEASURES SHALL BE
CONSIDERED.

• Install external scaffolding along the periphery of the building.

• Install peripheral overhead cantilever shelter.
• Install safety netting.


WHILE CARRYING EXTERNAL WORKS (ROAD, DRAINAGE, CULVERT

AND MANHOLE) OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARY, THE FOLLOWING
MEASURES ARE NECESSARY;

• Enclose the work areas with barricades.

• Install warning signs.
• Install hazard lights.
• Station at least a suitable person to direct the traffic.

PLANNING STAGE
• Obtain the as-built drawing from the owner/architect/consultant/relevant
authorities.
• Attend the briefing (if any) conducted by owner/architect
• Study the drawing and survey the building’s to be demolished and the
surrounding areas.
• Consult structural engineer/demolition expert/ local authority for further
information
• Conduct test on the building structure if necessary.
• Plan the procedure and adopt the safest demolition method.
PREPARATION STAGE
• Inform the relevant authorities (Police, DENR/EMB. DPWH, City/Mun.
Bldg. Office).
• Cordon off the area where the demolition work is to be carried out.
• lnstall hoarding around the site.
• Install exterior protection (scaffolding with netting/canvass sheet along
the periphery of the building’s (except when using explosive)
• Install Notice Boards and Warning Signs.

DEMOLITION STAGE

• Contact/advise relevant authorities to disconnect services in the area.

Praticularly, the electrical and gas. Failure to do so may result in electric
shock, gassing, fire, explosion or flooding.
• Check and confirm that the services are dead before dismantling and
removing them.
• Dismantle and remove immediately from site all combustible materials to
prevent hazards.
• It is dangerous to leave isolatwd walls or parts of walls standing.
• Debris should not be allowed to build up against walls or on floors.
Overload may cause the structure to collapse resulting in accident.
• Debris should either be hoited down in buckets or by using proper
rubbish chute and must never be thrown from the top.
• Where practical, avoid working directly from parts of the structure to be
demolished.


• Preferably, all demolition works be carried out on the same level where
the demolition work is in progress.
• When using hot processes such as flame cutting of metal, fire
extinguishers must be readily available.
• When cutting containers of flammable materials, it is essential to check
and confirm that it is safe before commencing with the flame cutting.
• Preferably, all hacking and drilling be done using low noise equipment. If
heavy equipment, such as excavators with hydraulic breakers and
cutters have to be used even at high levels, it is important to ensure that
existing floor structure can take the load of the equipment.
• The demolition work must have the experience or have undergone
training and be competent enough to carry out the works.
• Daily briefing by the person who is overall in-charge must be conducted.
o The briefing shall include information on:
§ Scope and distribution of works for the day.
§ Location of work to take.
§ Equipment to use
• All workers must be furnish with the necessary personal protective
equipment such as:
o Safety helmets, Safety shoes, safety belts/harness. Gloves,
masks, ear plugs/muffs, safety goggles/glass. Etc.
• No unauthorized person is allowed to enter the site.

Hazards Associated with Demolition

• Falls
• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by objects
• Manual Handling
• Hazardous Substance and Dangerous Goods
• Noise and Vibration
• Electric Shock
• Fires and Explosions
• Equipment

HIERARCH OF CONTROL
A. Elimination
• Disconnect services to the demolition site
• Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of
fire or explosion
• Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities


B. Substitution
• Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting,
where there is a risk of fire

C. Isolation
• Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
• Install barriers and fences
• Mark off hazardous areas

D. Engineering Control
• Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work
platforms)
• Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and
fixed platforms
• Use shoring and bracing to support loads
• Modify tools or equipment
• Provide guarding to machinery or equipment
• Provide shatterproof/guarded windscreens on equipment
• Install anchor points for fall arrest systems
• Spray water to suppress dust
• Use chutes for dropping debris
• Use cranes for lowering loads
• Install vehicle buffers where equipment is exposed to an open
edge
• Provide flash arresters on gauges and hoses of welding equipment

E. Administrative Control
• Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard
• Implement and document safe working procedures for all
hazardous tasks
• Train and instruct all personnel
• Identify hazardous substances prior to work
• Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
• Implement procedures for disconnecting services to the site
• Use lookouts at the site
• Implement confined space entry procedures
• Ensure all loads to be lifted are accurately calculated

F. Personal Protective Equipment

• Safety Helmets
• Harnesses and Lanyards


• Boots
• Gloves
• Respirators
• Hearing Protectors


ROLE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

Course Objectives:
• Learn the relevant OSH Standards that Safety Officers is carrying on.
• Know the duties and responsibilities of Safety Officer.
• Learn the accountabilities and limits as Safety Officers

Department Order No. 16; Series 2001

Rule 1032: Definitions

Safety officer: refers to any employee/worker trained and tasked to

implement occupational safety and health programs in the workplace in
accordance with the provisions of the Standards and shall be synonymous to
the term “ Safety Man” as used in these standard.

Rule 1047: OSHS

• The principal functions of the Safety Man is to act as the employers

principal assistant and consultant in the application of programs to
remove the hazards from the workplace and to remove the hazards from
the workplace and to correct unsafe work practices.

• Serves as the Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee.

• Submits to the employer a report of the activities of the committee,

including recommendations made.

• Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and

safety for the guidance of the employer and the workers.

• Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health and Safety

Committee and submits his report and analysis of accidents to the
employer.

• Coordinates all health and safety training programs for the employees
and employer.

• Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee



• Maintains or helps in the maintenance of an efficient record system and

coordinates actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.

• Provides assistance to government agencies in the conduct of safety

and health inspections, accident investigation or any other related
programs.

• For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace, where full time safety

officer is required, he shall report directly to the employer.

DUTIES and RESPONSIBILITIES

• Advocate, implement and administer the company programs and

policies.
• Ensure safety information to employees through IES materials
• Dispense PPE for protection.
• Submit requirements to the government agencies
• Maintain a constant audit of all existing, planned, and proposed
installations, process, and procedures for unsafe conditions or acts.
• Develop and present training programs to all supervisors.

AUTHORITY
• Much authority is given
• Authority necessary to meet responsibilities.
• Without authority, safety professional will not fulfill responsibilities.

ACCOUNTABILITY
• Performance Criteria
o Reduction of the frequency and severity of accidents.
o Reduction of costs stemming from accident.
o The efficiency and smoothness of a department operations within
operations of the plant as a whole.

RELATIONSHIPS
• MANAGER
o Proper interpretation and fulfillment of the duties and
responsibilities and related authority.
• DEPARTMENT HEADS AND SUPERVISOR
o The safety engineer is responsible for providing advice and
guidance about safety and industrial hygiene.
• EMPLOYEES


o Providing advice and guidance about any employees specific job

or work area.
• UNION
o Fulfilling his contractual obligation regarding matters of safety and
health.
• OUTSIDER
o Establishing appropriate relationships with professional and
organizational groups.


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

Course Objectives:
• Understanding employer and employee responsibilities regarding
personal protective equipment.
• Understanding factors influencing selection, use, and care of personal
protective equipment.
• Understanding potential injuries caused by not wearing personal
protective equipment.

RULE 1080 Personal Protective Equipment and Devices

1081.01
Every Employer: shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective
equipment for the eyes, face, hands, and feet, protective shields and barriers
whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or
environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritant or hazards
capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body
through absorption inhalation or physical contact.

1081.02
All protective equipment shall be approved design and constructed appropriate
for the exposure and the work to be performed.

1081.04
No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental
condition without protection.

PROGRAM TO INTRODUCE PPE

Once it is decided that personal equipment is going to be used, then do the

following:

1. Write a policy on usage of the PPE and communicate it to employees and

visitors as needed.
2. Select the proper type of equipment.
3. Implement a thorough training program.
4. Make certain the employee knows the correct use and maintenance of the
equipment.
5. Enforce its use.


Policy

The policy should simply state the need for and use of PPE. It may also
contain exceptions or limitations on use of PPE. Some policies or safety rules
will detail the kind, use, work condition, etc., expected. The management staff
must follow the same rules.

For safe use of any personal protective device, it is essential the user be
properly instructed in its selection, use and maintenance. Both supervisors
and workers shall be so instructed by competent persons.

Selection of Proper Equipment

After the need for personal protective equipment has been established, the
next step is to select the proper type. The degree of protection that a
particular piece of equipment affords under various conditions is the most
important criterion.

Proper Training

The next step is to obtain the workers’ complete compliance with requirements
to wear the personal protective equipment. Several factors influence
compliance; among them are: (1) the extent to which the personnel who must
wear the equipment understand its necessity, (2) the ease and comfort with
which it can be worn with a minimum of interference with normal work
procedures, and (3) the available economic, social, and disciplinary sanctions
which can be used to influence the attitudes of the workers.

In organizations where workers are accustomed to wearing personal

protective equipment as a condition of employment, this problem may be
minor. People are simply issued equipment that meets the requirements of
the job and are taught how and why it must be used. Thereafter, periodic
checks are made until use of the issued equipment has become a matter of
habit.

When a group of workers are issued personal protective equipment for the first
time or when new devices are introduced, the problems may be more difficult.
A clear and reasonable explanation as to why the equipment must be worn
must be given. Traditional work procedures may have to be changed. If such


changes are required, a good deal of resistance, justifiable or not, may be

generated. Also, workers may be reluctant to use the equipment because of
bravado or vanity.

A good deal of the resistance to change can be overcome if the persons who
are going to use the PPE are allowed to choose the particular style of
equipment they will wear from a group of different styles which have been pre-
selected to meet the job requirements. In some situations, it may be advisable
to have a committee form the work force help select suitable devices.
Management’s desire to purchase one standard style of equipment may not be
realized immediately, and several styles may need to be stocked. In the latter
case, the cost, though higher that the cost of stocking only one style will be
small compared to the potential cost of accidents resulting from failure to use
the equipment.

For the convenience of their employees, some companies maintain equipment

stores on the plant premises.

A training program outline might include:

1. Describing what hazard and/or condition is in the work environment.

2. Telling what has/can be/cannot be done about it.
3. Explaining why a certain type of PPE has been selected.
4. Discussing the capabilities and/or limitation of the PPE.
5. Demonstrating how to use, adjust, or fit the PPE.
6. Practicing using the PPE.
7. Explaining company policy and its enforcement.
8. Discussing how to deal with emergencies.
9. Discussing how PPE will be paid for, maintained, repaired, cleaned, etc.

HEAD PROTECTION

Incidence of Inadequate Protection

A survey showed that most employers of injured workers did not require them
to wear head protection. Of those wearing hard hats, all but 5 % indicated that
it was an employer requirement. The vast majority who wore hard hats all or
most of the time at work felt the hats were practical. In almost half of the
accidents involving head injuries, employees knew of no actions taken by
employers to prevent such injuries from recurring, according to the report.


The survey noted that more than one-half of the workers were struck on the
head while they were looking down and almost three-tenths were looking
straight ahead. While third of the unprotected workers were injured when
bumping into stationary objects. Such actions injured only one-eighth of
hardhat wearers.

Inspection

Safety hats should be inspected prior to each use. Any one of the following
defects is cause for immediate removal from service:

- Suspension systems that show evidence of material cracking, tearing,

fraying or other signs of deterioration. Suspensions should provide a
minimum clearance of 1 to 1.25 in. (2.5-3.2 cm.) between the top of the
worker’s head and the inside crown of the hat.
- Any cracks of perforations of brim or shell, deformation of shell, or evidence
of exposure to excessive heat, chemicals or radiation. Shells constructed
of polymer plastics are susceptible to damage from ultraviolet light and
gradual chemical degradation. This degradation first appears as a loss of
surface gloss called chalking. With further deterioration, the surface will
begin to flake away.
- Any accumulation of conductive material on or inside the shell that cannot
be removed prior to use. This applies to hats used in electrically hazardous
environments.

Use

Objects should not be placed inside the safety hat between the shell and the
suspension device. This space is designed so an impact will not transmitted
to the head of the worker.

Safety hats should be kept free of abrasions, scrapes and nicks and should
not be deliberately dropped, thrown or otherwise abused because they will
lose their protective qualities.

Ventilation holes should not be drilled in safety hats.



EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Causes of Eye and Face Injuries

A 1980 study found that about 60 percent of workers who suffered eye injuries
were not wearing eye protective equipment. When asked why they were not
wearing face protection, workers indicated that face protection was not
normally used in their type of work or that it was not required for the type of
work performed at the time of accident. The survey noted that the typical
injury was caused by flying or falling blunt metal object. Lacerations, fractures,
broken teeth and contusions were common types of injuries reported.

Eye Washers

The National Society to Prevent Blindness recommends that emergency

eyewashes be placed in all hazardous locations. First-aid instructions should
be posted close to potential danger spots since any delay to immediate aid or
an early mistake in dealing with an eye injury can result in lasting damage.

Minimum Requirements

Eye protectors must meet the following minimum requirements:

- Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they
are designed
- Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions
- Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the wearer
- Be durable
- Be capable of being disinfected
- Be easily cleanable
- Be kept clean and in good repair
- Design, construction, testing and use of eye and face protection must be in
accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989. The fitting of goggles and safety
spectacles should be performed by someone skilled in the procedure.
Prescription safety spectacles should be fitted only by a qualified optical
person. Safety spectacles require special frames. Combinations of normal
street wear frames with safety lenses are not in compliance


Selection

In selecting the proper protector, consideration should be given to the kind and
degree of hazard. Where a choice of protectors is given and the degree of
protection required is not an important issue, worker’s comfort may be a
deciding factor. The BLS survey showed that few workers ever complained
about poor vision or discomfort with personal eye protection equipment.
Employees who work on or near exposed energized electrical circuits or in
flammable explosive atmosphere must not wear conductive frame eye/face
protection.

Goggles come in a number of different styles: eye cups, flexible or cushioned

goggles, plastic eye shield goggles and foundry men’s goggles. Goggles are
manufactured in several styles for specific uses such as protecting against
dust and splash and in chipper’s, welder’s and cutter’s models.

Corrective Lenses

Persons using corrective spectacles and those who are required by OSHA to
wear eye protection should wear face shields, goggles or spectacles of one of
the following types:

- Spectacles with protective lenses providing optical correction

- Goggles worn over corrective spectacles without disturbing the adjustment
of the spectacles
- Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind the protective
lenses

Face Shields

Face shields should only be used as eye and face protection in areas where
splashing or dusts, rather than impact resistance is the problem. In the case
of grinding operations (plus other operations) a face shield in only secondary
protection to other protective devices, such as safety goggles.

Contact Lenses

Contact lens wearers are required to wear the appropriate eye and face
protection for the job, as determined by the supervisor. The supervisor must
coordinate with the safety office to determine if contact lenses may be worn.


EAR PROTECTION

The prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing
damage. Engineering and administrative controls must be used if the sound
levels are exceeded. If such controls fail to reduce the sound levels within the
level specified, personal hearing protection must be used, Plain cotton is
ineffective as protection against hazardous noise. Performed or molded
earplugs should be individually fitted by a professional. Waxed cotton, foam,
or fiberglass wool earplugs are self-forming. When properly inserted, they
work as well as most molded earplugs.

Some earplugs are disposable, to be used one time and then thrown away.

The non-disposable type should be cleaned after each use for proper

protection.

Earmuffs must make a perfect seal around the ear to be effective. Glasses,
long sideburns, long hair and facial movements, such as chewing can reduce
protection. Special equipment is available for use with glasses or beards.

FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

According to a 1981 survey, most of the workers in selected occupations who

suffered foot injuries were not wearing protective footwear. Furthermore, most
of their employees did not require them to wear safety shoes. The typical foot
injury was caused by objects falling fewer than 4 feet (1.2 meters) and the
median weight of the object was about 65 pounds (29.6 kgs.) Again most
workers were injured while performing their normal job activities at their work
sites.

For protection of feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces, workers should use
appropriate foot guards, safety shoes, boots and leggings.

Safety footwear is classified according to its ability to meet minimum

requirements for both compression and impact tests. Those requirements and
testing procedures may be found in ANSI Z41-1991. Those meeting ANSI Z41
standards are clearly identified by the manufacturer by a label or stamp placed
on the inside surface of the tongue or quarter lining.


Conductive Shoes

Conductive Shoes protect against the buildup of static electricity or equalize

the electrical potential between personnel and the ground. Personnel must
avoid wearing 100 percent silk, wool, or nylon hose or socks with conductive
hose because these materials are static producers. These shoes should be
worn only for the specific task(s) for which they are designed and should be
removed at task completion and not used as general-purpose footwear. This
type of shoe must NOT be used by personnel working near exposed
energized electrical circuits. Foot powders must be avoided because they are
insulators and interfere with electrical conductivity.

Electrical Hazard Safety-Toe Shoes

Electrical hazards safety-toe shoes are non-conductive and protect against

open circuits of 600 volts or less under dry conditions. The insulating qualities
may be compromised if the shoe is wet, the rubber sole is worn through, or
metal particles are embedded in the sole or heel. Electrical-hazard shoes are
NOT intended for use in explosive or hazardous locations where conductive
footwear is required. This footwear should be used in conjunction with
insulated surfaces.

SAFETY BELTS, LIFELINES AND LANYARDS

Lifelines, safety belts, and lanyards are used only for employee safeguarding.
Any lifeline, safety belt, or lanyard actually subjected to in-serving loading, as
distinguished from static load testing, shall be immediately removed from
services and shall not be used again for employee safeguarding.

Lifelines shall be secured above the point of operation to an anchorage or

other structural member. Lifelines used on rock-scaling operations or in areas
where the lifeline may be subjected to cutting or abrasion should be a
minimum of 7/8-inch (2.2 cm) wire core manila rope.

All safety belt and lanyards hardware except rivets must be capable of
withstanding a tensile loading of 4,000 pounds (1,812 kgs) without cracking,
breaking or taking a permanent deformation.

All fabric and leather used for safety straps should withstand an AC
(alternating current) dielectric test and be tested for leakage current.


A Coast Guard- approved life jacket or buoyant work vest should be used if
there is danger of falling into water while working. For emergency rescue
operations, boats and ring buoys with at least 90 feet (27.4 m) of line should
be provided.


JOB HAZARD RECOGNITION, EVALAUTION AND CONTROL

Course Objectives:
• Learn how to do a Job Safety Analysis
• Learn about hazard/risk management theories

What is a job hazard analysis?

A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to

identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the
worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment. Ideally, after you identify
uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an
acceptable risk level.

Why is job hazard analysis important?

Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every. Safety and health
can addvalue to your business, your job, and your life. You can help prevent
workplace injuries and illnesses by looking at your workplace operations,
establishing proper job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are
trained properly. One of the best ways to determine and establish proper work
procedures is to conduct a job hazard analysis. A job hazard analysis is one
component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management
system.

What is the value of a job hazard analysis?

Supervisors can use the findings of a job hazard analysis to eliminate and
prevent hazards in their workplaces. This is likely to result in fewer worker
injuries and illnesses; safer, more effective work methods; reduced workers’
compensation costs; and increased worker productivity. The analysis also can
be a valuable tool for training new employees in the steps required to perform
their jobs safely. For a job hazard analysis to be effective, management must
demonstrate its commitment to safety and health and follow through to correct
any uncontrolled hazards identified. Otherwise, management will lose
credibility and employees may hesitate to go to management when dangerous
conditions threaten them.


What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis?

A job hazard analysis can be conducted on many jobs in your workplace.

Priority should go to the following types of jobs:

• Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates;

• Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness,
even if there is no history of previous accidents;
• Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or
injury;
• Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in
processes and procedures; and
• Jobs complex enough to require written instruction

Where do I begin?

1. Involve your employees. It is very important to involve your employees in

the hazard analysis process. They have a unique understanding of the job,
and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards. Involving employees will
help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis, and get workers to “buy
in” to the solutions because they will share ownership in their safety and health
program.

2. Review your accident history. Review with your employees your

worksite’s history of accidents and occupational illnesses that needed
treatment, losses that required repair or replacement, and any “near misses”
— events in which an accident or loss did not occur, but could have. These
events are indicators that the existing hazard controls (if any) may not be
adequate and deserve more scrutiny.

3. Conduct a preliminary job review. Discuss with your employees the

hazards they know exist in their current work and surroundings. Brainstorm
with them for ideas to eliminate or control those hazards.

4. List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs. List jobs with hazards
that present unacceptable risks, based on those most likely to occur and with
the most severe consequences. These jobs should be your first priority for
analysis.

5.Outline the steps or tasks. Nearly every job can be broken down into job
tasks or steps. When beginning a job hazard analysis, watch the employee
perform the job and list each step as the worker takes it. Be sure to record
enough information to describe each jobaction without getting overly detailed.


the breakdown of steps so detailed that it becomes unnecessarily long or so

broad that it does not include basic steps. You may find it valuable to get input
from other workers who have performed the same job. Later, review the job
steps with the employee to make sure you have not omitted something. Point
out that you are evaluating the job itself, not the employee’s job performance.
Include the employee in all phases of the analysis — from reviewing the job
steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended
solutions.

To perform a job hazard analysis, you would ask:

• What can go wrong? The worker’s hand could come into contact with a
rotating object that “catches” it and pulls it into the machine.

• What are the consequences? The worker could receive a severe injury
and lose fingers and hands.

• How could it happen? The accident could happen as a result of the worker
trying to clear a snag during operations or as part of a maintenance activity
while the pulley is operating. Obviously, this hazard scenario could not occur
if the pulley is not rotating.

• What are other contributing factors? This hazard occurs very quickly. It
does not give the worker much opportunity to recover or prevent it once his
hand comes into contact with the pulley. This is an important factor, because it
helps you determine the severity and likelihood of an accident when selecting
appropriate hazard controls. Unfortunately, experience has shown that training
is not very effective in hazard control when triggering events happen quickly
because humans can react only so quickly.

• How likely is it that the hazard will occur? This determination requires
some judgment. If there have been “near-misses” or actual cases, then the
likelihood of a recurrence would be considered high. If the pulley is exposed
and easily accessible, that also is a consideration. In the example, the
likelihood that the hazard will occur is high because there is no guard
preventing contact, and the operation is performed while the machine is
running. By following the steps in this example, you can organize your hazard
analysis activities. The examples that follow show how a job hazard analysis
can be used to identify the existing or potential hazards for each basic step
involved in grinding iron castings.


Grinding Iron Castings: Job Steps

Step 1. Reach into metal box to right of machine, grasp casting, and carry to
wheel.

Step 2. Push casting against wheel to grind off burr.

Step 3. Place finished casting in box to left of machine

Example Job Hazard Analysis Form

Location: Metal Shop Analyst: Joe Safety Date: xxxxxx
TASK DESRIPTION HAZARD HAZARD CONTROL
DESCRIPTION
Worker reaches into metal Picking up a casting, the 1. Remove castings from the
box to the employee box and place them on a
right of the machine, grasps a could drop it onto his foot. table next to the grinder.
15-pound casting and The casting’s weight and 2. Wear steel-toe shoes with
carries it to grinding wheel. height arch protection.
Worker grinds 20 to 30 could seriously injure the 3. Change protective gloves
castings per hour. worker’s foot or toes. that allow a better grip.
4. Use a device to pick up
castings

Worker reaches into metal Castings have sharp burrs 1. Use a device such as a
box to the and edges that can cause clamp to pick up castings.
right of the machine, grasps a severe lacerations 2. Wear cut-resistant gloves
15-pound casting and that allow a good grip and fit
carries it to grinding wheel. tightly to minimize the
Worker grinds 20 to 30 chance that they will get
castings per hour. caught


in grinding wheel.

Worker reaches into metal
box to the
right of the machine, grasps a
15-pound casting and
carries it to grinding wheel.
Worker grinds 20 to 30
castings per hour.
Reaching, twisting, and
lifting
15-pound castings from the
floor could result in a muscle
strain to the lower back
1. Move castings from the
ground and place them closer
to the work zone to minimize
lifting. Ideally, place them
at waist height or on an
adjustable platform or pallet.
2. Train workers not to twist
while lifting and reconfigure
work stations to minimize
twisting during lifts.

Recommending Safe Procedures and Protection

After you have listed each hazard or potential hazard and have reviewed them
with the employee performing the job, determine whether the job could be
performed in another way to eliminate the hazards, such as combining steps
or changing the sequence whether safety equipment and precautions are
needed to reduce the hazards or whether training is needed to recognize
hazards.

If safer and better jobs can be used, list each new step, such as describing a
new method for disposing of material. List exactly what the worker needs to
know to perform the job using a new method. Do not make general
statements about the procedure, such as “Be careful”. Be as specific as you
can in your recommendations.

If hazards are still present, try to reduce the necessity for performing the job
and ask for their suggestions. Their ideas about the hazards and proposed
recommendations may be valuable. Be sure that they understand what they
are required to do and the reasons for the changes in the job procedure.

Revising the Job Hazard Analysis

A job hazard analysis can do much toward reducing accidents and injuries in
the workplace, but it is only effective if it is reviewed and updated periodically.
Even if no changes have been made in job, hazards that were missed in an
earlier analysis could be detected.


ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Course Objectives:
• Recognized the importance of Accident/Incident Investigation.
• Understanding the Accident/Incident Reporting Process.
• How to conduct Accident/Incident Investigation.

Definition of an Accident

“An accident at work is an unplanned happening or event, with a specific

cause or causes, which arises out of or in connection with work and leads to
injury”

- 'any unplanned event that results in injury or ill-health to people, or damages

equipment, property or materials but where there was a risk of harm'.

The main elements of an accident at work are:

• That it is unplanned.
• That it results in injury, so is not to be confused with any unplanned event.
• That it is in connection with work.

If an organization does not properly control risks, the outcome of an accident

often depends on chance. Because the outcome of an accident cannot be
accurately predicted, the only way to effectively reduce accidents is by
controlling the underlying causes of all the different accident types. By tackling
these underlying accident causes, the losses from all the different types of
preventable accidents will be eliminated.

A number of studies have shown there is a statistical relationship between

different accident types. This is often expressed as an 'accident pyramid'.

• 1 Serious Injury, 10 Minor Injuries, 30 Property Damage 600 Incidents



Most accidents have the potential to cause both property damage and
personal injury. But not in all cases, some injury accidents are unlikely to
cause property damage. Some accidents, which cause property damage, have
no potential to cause injury. Even though the latter do not have the potential to
cause harm, they will still cost your organisation money.

Remember: if you have only had minor accidents so far, the next one could
well be a more serious one.

Accident costs can be divided into two types:

Financial costs: those additional costs incurred to achieve the desired output.
For example:
– overtime payments;
– cost of repairs;
– cost of extra materials; and
– fines and penalties.
Opportunity costs: the costs of labour paid for no production. For example:
– salary costs of people waiting to work at an idle machine;
– people at home unable to work through injury; and
– costs for machinery running idle.

Reporting Accidents

• Report accident within 24 hours of it occurring to the enforcement body.

• Then ensure
– Appropriate medical attention is made available
– The area is made safe
– You complete the accident book (within 24 hours of accident)
– They will investigate the accident (within 48 hours) and act on their
conclusions

The Process

Although in an ideal world accidents would not happen, in practice, all too
often they do occur and people are hurt. Although we cannot undo the
accident, we should use it as a learning opportunity to prevent it happening
again.

You have 2 top priorities when you are first notified of an accident. The first is
to the injured person to ensure that appropriate medical attention is available.


This may simply be first aid, in terms of applying a plaster or it may be

necessary to call an ambulance for more serious injuries. The second priority
is then to ensure that the area is made safe to ensure no other persons are
injured.

The forms involved in the accident reporting process are the Accident Book,
Managers Accident report, followed by the Employees report and the Witness
report.

The forms that you have need to be completed within 24 hours of the accident
occurring and sent to the relevant people.

Accident Investigation

Why Investigate?

There are three main reasons for accident investigation:

Moral

Every employer has a moral obligation to protect the health and safety of
employees while at work. Although the obligation is to ensure the employees
are not injured at work in the first place, it follows that should an accident
occur, the obligation extends to making sure that other employees do not
share a similar fate. This can only be achieved by a complete and thorough
accident investigation enabling action to be taken to correct all the unsafe acts
and/or unsafe conditions.

It is not only the injured person that suffers as a result of an accident at work.
The impact on family, friends, working colleagues and line management can
be traumatic, particularly where the injury is serious and permanently disabling
or results in death.

Economic

There are also compelling economic reasons for carrying out accident
investigations and thereby avoiding further accidents.

Accidents can cause absence from work, or can be disruptive to shift patterns.
Also accidents take time investigating and processing.


Accidents that disrupt the work will also disrupt the service to the customer. In
extreme cases this can mean that the customer goes to a competitor, and it is
a fact that it is very difficult to win back customers.

A thorough and detailed accident investigation is essential when it comes to

Employers Liability Cases. Poor information following an investigation can
leave little scope for the Post Office Solicitors to identify occasions when
claims are capable of being defended. Also, this may lead to unnecessary
delays in making appropriate compensation payments to injured parties.

It should be remembered that claims can be made up to three years after the
accident and, should the case go to court, the hearing could be several years
after that. As the chances of individuals remembering specific details so long
after the event are slim, it is important that detailed information is obtained at
the time of the accident.

Legal

There are also legal reasons for carrying out accident investigations. It is a
requirement of Occupational Safety and Health Standard, (RULE 1050:
Notification and keeping or Records of Accidents and/or Occupational
Illnesses) that certain types of injury or dangerous occurrence situations are
reported to the Enforcing Authorities.

1053 Report Requirements:

All work accidents or occupational illnesses in places of employment, resulting

in disabling condition or dangerous occurrence as defined in 1053.2 shall be
reported by the employer to the Regional Labor Office or duly authorized
representative in duplicate and a copy furnished the employee or his duly
authorized representative using form DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6. The formal report
shall be submitted by the employer on or before the 20th day of the month
following the date of occurrence of the accident or when the illness, is
established and an investigation report in the prescribed form shall be
submitted by the Regional Office or duly authorized representative on or
before the 30th day of the same month. In case of temporary total disability
where the injured or ill employee has not reported back to duty on the closing
date of reporting, an estimate of the probable days of disability shall be made
and entered in the report and corrected after the return of the injured. In all
computations, this estimate shall be used. After the return of the injured, the
corrected days of absence shall be used.


(Where the accident or fitness results in death or permanent total disability, the
employer, in addition to the written report required under sub-paragraph (1)
above, shall initially notify the Regional Labor Office or duly authorized
representative within twenty four (24) hours after occurrence using the fastest
available means of communication.

All deaths and permanent total disabilities shall be investigated by the

Regional Office or duly authorized representative within forty eight (48) hours
after receipt of the initial report of the employer, prepared in duplicate using
the prescribed form DOLE/ BWC/OHSD-IP-6a.

1053.02:

(1) Any dangerous occurrence as specified in sub-paragraph (2) hereunder,

which may or may not cause serious bodily harm to workers employed or
seriously damage the premises of employment shall be investigated and
reported by the employer upon occurrence to the Regional Labor Office or
duly authorized representative having jurisdiction in duplicate using the
prescribed form DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP- 6.

The Causes of Accidents

During an accident investigation you will be looking for the unsafe acts and the
unsafe conditions which contributed to the accident. You will also need to
differentiate between the causes of the accident and the causes of the injury.
If you carry out the investigation effectively then you will find the root cause or
causes of the accident.

Unsafe Conditions

Unsafe conditions are almost always to be found at the scene of the accident
and there is usually at least one obvious unsafe condition which seems to
suggest it is the cause of the accident.

You should beware of seizing on this obvious unsafe condition as there could
well be other unsafe conditions which will only be revealed through an
effective accident investigation.

Unsafe Acts

The main problem with unsafe acts is that by the time the accident has
occurred the act itself is a feature of the past and is therefore no longer
observable.


Unlike unsafe conditions, unsafe acts do not always take place at the scene of
the accident. Also, perhaps out of fear of being blamed, someone may
deliberately cover up an unsafe act.

The key learning points are that almost all unsafe conditions are caused by
unsafe acts, and that unsafe acts do not necessarily immediately lead to an
accident.

The Cause of the Injury

The cause of injury, for obvious reasons, is always at the scene of the
accident. For example strappex on the floor which causes someone to trip and
hurt themselves.

Example: A ladder is not inspected before use and as a result a ladder with a
broken rung is used leading to a fall.
Unsafe condition - broken ladder.
Unsafe act - not inspecting the ladder and/or using a broken ladder.

Cause of the Accident

The cause of accidents can also be an unsafe act or an unsafe condition or a

combination of both.

Example: An open drawer will be caused by someone not closing it

The unsafe condition will have previously been caused by an unsafe act.
We have introduced two new terms, the cause of accidents can be due to
immediate or latent failures.

The cause of the accident may also have occurred many months in the past.
For example, if an inexperienced engineer was allowed to service an electric
pallet truck unsupervised and made a mistake during the oil change procedure
then this could result in an oil leak leading to an oil patch on the floor, which
could ultimately result in someone slipping, falling and hurting themselves.

Immediate Failures

Immediate failures, as the name implies are the acts or conditions that occur
or take place at the time of the accident, and the effects are immediately felt.
Because of the immediacy of these acts or conditions they can usually be
quickly detected and put right.


Examples: Strappex on the floor, Unguarded hole, Damaged power lead,

Broken rung on ladder

Latent Failures

As the name suggests latent failures lay dormant until a set of circumstances
come together which causes their effect to be felt. They are due to acts that
occurred some time in the past and are therefore not so easily detected or put
right as immediate failures.
The previous example of the inexperienced engineer servicing an electric
pallet truck is an example of a latent failure.

Another example could be a decision in a Procurement Office to purchase

cheaper trolleys from an unproved supplier, resulting in one failing, overturning
and crushing someone.

Facts to be collated

When you conduct an accident investigation you should be seeking to obtain

information on unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, immediate failures and latent
failures.

To find out these various elements of the accident you need to ask the
questions who, where, when, and what, which will give you details of the
event.
When you find the answers to the questions how and why, you will be finding
the causes of the accident. You may well have to ask 'why' many times in
order to get to the root cause.

Generally, if you ask ‘why’ five times you should identify the latent failures that
contributed to the accident.

The cause of an injury is normally quite easy to identify. Once you identify,
work can begin to remove the possibility of a repeat of that injury. Identifying
the cause of an accident is not always so easy.

The cause of an injury may be quite easy to identify. Once identify work can
begin to remove the possibility of a repeat of that injury. Identifying the cause
of an accident is not always so easy.
We are now going to think about factors at the scene of the accident


When you are considering factors at the scene you should be looking at two
main areas, the first being the physical environment which includes such
things as floor condition, lighting, noise, if it is an external environment then
the weather, and perhaps if there are any distractions around.

You should also consider the relevant positions of any items involved in the
accident or in the vicinity such as the position of plant, equipment, vehicles,
tools, materials etc.

The Use of Witnesses

When interviewing witnesses, your manner and approach is just, if not more,
as important as what you say and the questions you ask. Therefore do not
create the impression that the witnesses are being interrogated, certainly
never accuse the witness or anyone else of anything and always allow
witnesses the opportunity to answer the questions.

It is important to bear in mind that following an accident the witnesses may be

shocked, uneasy and perhaps even defensive. It is therefore very important
that you put them at ease.

Make sure the witnesses understand that the reason they are being
interviewed is to find out what happened and why so that further accidents can
be avoided. In providing information they are therefore making a contribution
to safety within the Business

I didn’t
expect the
Spanish
Inquisition

If a witness is slow in answering it is better to endure the silence, no matter

how uncomfortable, rather than to interrupt the witness's chain of thought.

Remember you are after facts so you need to beware of speculation, make
sure you do not confuse peoples opinions with the facts and beware of
hearsay evidence.


Speculation, opinions and hearsay evidence may be useful in opening up new

lines of investigation, but they must never be confused with facts.

Always thank the witness for their information, assistance and co-operation.
Make the point that they are making an important contribution to the
prevention of accidents.

You may well find that in involving others you will not only get to the bottom of
the accident, but also obtain some good ideas on preventing it happening
again. Consider involving employees on similar work, specialists like
engineers, cleaners and Safety Representatives.

These people can often identify the unsafe acts and conditions, especially
latent failures because they may be more aware of actual working practices
and what has gone on before

Use of Photographs

Although they are not necessary in every circumstance, photographs can be a

very useful aid in accident investigation (digital photos can be zoomed in and
out and put onto reports and e-mailed to the relevant parties).
Photographs do constitute an accurate record both of the scene in general and
any plant and equipment at the scene.

Apart from general views of the scene, close ups can be taken of particular parts
or perhaps broken pieces of machinery or equipment.
Photographs also allow you time to study them and therefore it is possible that
you may see something on the photograph that is relevant, but you missed
through observation at the scene of the accident.



Because photographs are only two dimensional it can sometimes be difficult to

judge the relative positions of items at the scene. This problem can be overcome
by the use of sketches.

Use of Sketches

Sketches can also show the relative position of objects before and after the
accident. Sketches should always have relevant dimensions on them and if
relevant, show the orientation with respect to North.

If people or plant and equipment were moving then arrows should be used to
show the direction of movement.

Other useful evidence can be found in a multitude of documents. Where
appropriate copies of documents should be taken and associated with the
Manager's Report Form

Remember that sketches and notes etc may be used by solicitors in court. So they
need to be clear and accurate.

You should beware of jumping to conclusions based on initial evidence.
Remember there is usually an immediate failure constituting an unsafe condition
which may lure you into concluding that it was the cause of the accident - keep
asking 'why'


Reaching Conclusions

Consider all the witnesses reports even if these are conflicting. Remember no
two witnesses will have viewed the accident from exactly the same position and
therefore you should not be surprised if each witness gives a slightly different
account of what happened.

You should identify all the failure modes, satisfy all the answers to what, where,
why, who etc., and thus identify all the causes of the accident.

You can test the conclusions you have reached by asking yourself, 'if the causes of
this accident were eliminated, would the accident happen again?’ If the answer
to this question is no then the correct conclusions have been reached.


Taking Action

When leading up to deciding what action to take, remember that you don't have
to undertake accident investigations on your own; you can get others to assist
you, especially in reaching a solution to prevent a recurrence. People such as a
mechanic, a worker undertaking similar work, Workplace/Area Safety
Representatives and the Safety Team could be contacted for advice and input (if
applicable)

In the long term both immediate failures and latent failures should be corrected.
However, there will always be the significant few actions that can be relatively
easily taken that will have the most effect in preventing the accident happening
again. These significant few should be identified and made a priority for action.

Key Tasks to Take:-

• You should take action yourself where it is within your control or
recommend action otherwise.
• You should identify the individuals or departments where action needs to
be taken.
• You should set target dates for completion and set mile stone dates when
the action needs to be completed in stages.
• Finally you should monitor the progress and make sure the desired results
are achieved

It is important to bear in mind that when conducting an accident investigation
you should never settle too soon for the easy answer. As you will have seen, all
the learning points add up to PROBE, and if an accident occurs your
responsibilities are to PROBE:


Persistence - check and double check to get to the root causes - keep asking 'why'.
Respect - every witness: don't shout or accuse.
Open mindness - take nothing for granted until the evidence has proved it.
Background - look for the underlying causes.
Explain - in a full report the conclusions your investigation has reached.

After the accident investigation has been completed you must ensure your
employees know the facts surrounding the accident, the basic causes, the lessons
to be learned and what corrective measures were recommended




ROUTINE CONSTRUCTION SITE INSPECTION

Course Objectives:
• Know the different hazard classifications
• Lear how to make a proper safety inspection.
• Know the different safety inspection method.
• Know how to make a safety inspection checklist.

Introduction

• Inspection is one of the best tools available to find problems and asses
their risk before an accident and other losses might occur.
• Many details are involved in a good safety inspection program, but the
points requiring full consideration and development in an effective
system which will produce meaningful results are quite simple as
enumerated:
o What is to be inspected
o Who will carry out the safety inspection and what procedures are
to be used?
o What reports and records will be needed and how will they be
handled?
o What provisions must be made for taking corrective action?
• Sincere and diligent safety inspection efforts made a result a good
inspection system, which are based upon the foregoing principles that
can only produce a valuable and fulfilling result.

NEEDS FOR INSPECTION

• Identify the…
o Problem
o Equipment deficiencies
o Improper employee actions
o Effects of changes
o Inadequate/remedial actions
o Positive performance and quality results
• Demonstrate management commitment to loss control.

SAFETY INSPECTION PROGRAM

• Do you have written safety inspection program?
• What items need to be inspected?
• What conditions need to be inspected?
• How often must items be inspected?
• Who will conduct the inspection


HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS

• Class A Hazards (Major) : A condition or practice, likely to cause

permanent disability, loss of life or body part and/or extensive loss
structure, equipment or material. Immediately within 24 hrs.

• Class B (Serious): A condition or practice likely to cause injury or

illness, resulting in temporary disability or property damage that is
destructive but not extensive. Within 7 days.

• Class C (Minor): A condition or practice likely to cause minor, non

disability injury or illness or non disruptive property damage . Within 1
month.

HOW OFTEN MUST INSPECTION BE MADE?

Frequency of Safety Inspection is determined by 5 factors

1. What is the loss severity potential of the problem? The greater

the loss severity potential, the more frequency an item or process
should be inspected.
2. What is the potential for injury to employee? The greater the
probability for injury to employees, the more often the item should
be inspected; equipment can become unsafe, the more frequent
you should inspect them.
3. What is the part record of failures? The more frequently a
process or equipment has failed in the past and the greater the
consequences. The more often that item needs to be inspected.
4. Are their required inspection? Some equipment in your company
may have to be inspected at regular intervals. This could be
required by regulation or as a manufacturers recommendation.
When inspection of such is performed, be certain that they are
documented properly.
5. WHO MAKES SAFETY INSPECTIONS?
• Safety Engineers
• Supervisors and Foreman
• Health and Safety Committee
• Government Safety Repressntative
• Insurance Company Safety Engineer
• Licensed/Accredited third party afety Inspector


SAFETY INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

• Knowledge of your organizations accident experience

• Familiarity with accident potential and with the standards that apply to
your area.
• Ability to make intelligent decisions for corrective action.
• Diplomacy in handling personnel and situations
• Clear understanding of your organizations operations – its workflow
systems and procedures.

SAFETY INSPECTION METHOD

• There are two fundamental classes of inspection by internal safety

efforts and by an outside agency or organization.
o These two are having five basic types:
§ CONTINUOUS ACTIVITY INSPECTION – These are
inspections made by the safety engineer, safety directors, or
their staff. It includes health and safety committee inpections
in a weekly or monthly basis. The advantages of this method
includes:
• Regular planned program of inspection design to cover
all areas and subjects.
• Familiarity by the staff and health and safety committee
with the operations and procedures.
• Early detection of changes in operations or equipment.
• Follow up of recommendation
§ PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE – These cover scheduled or
containing surveys by designated plant personnel, such as
electrician, mechanics and maintenance men. They include
both safety inspection and those performed for mechanical
functioning, lubrication, etc. Progressive plant schedule
surveys at regular interval. Keyed to maintenance records of
machines and other equipment. Potential failures of the
machines and equipment are being fixed before they
happen. Thereby preventing damage, breakdown and injury
– producing accidents.
§ LICENSED INSPECTION – by specially trained/certified or
licensed inspectors usually an outsider. Examples are boiler,
elevator and electrical inspector.
§ SPECIAL INSPECTION – For special purpose usually at the
request of management employee groups or union.
Sometimes this inspection is made by municipality/region. In-


order to investigate serious fire, explosion or a serious

accident.
§ ONE CALL INSPECTION – Made according to
predetermined schedule by outside inspections usually
coming from municipality and regional office.

QUALIFICATIONS TO BE A SAFETY INSPECTOR:

• Expertise: Completely familiar with the operations

• Ability: To see, perceives and recognized potential hazards.
• Experience: Retained experience inspectors when rotating health
and safety committee members to carry out safety
inspections.
• Capacity for ideas: Ability to get ideas oon the spot in order to solve
accident prevention problems.
• Self-Analysis: Analyze his own qualifications to inspect for safety.

USE YOUR SENSES IN INSPECTION

• Do not see anything that just doesn’t look right from safety point of view?
• Do you have any unusual vibration or noises?
• Do you smell any new or unusual odors?
• Have you touched anything with usual or different feeling?

WHAT AIDS ARE NEEDED?

• Plans
• Checklist
• Incidental equipment
• Technical equipment
• Incentives

STEPS OF INSPECTION PROCESS

• PREPARE – adequate preparation includes emphasis on a positive
approach, pre inspection planning, and application of checklist, review of
previous inspection reports and gathering of inspection tools and
materials
o Refer to the map and checklist
o Accent the positive
o Look for off floor and out the way items
o Take immediate temporary actions
o Describe and locate cash item immediately
o Classify the hazard


• DEVELOP REMEDIAL ACTIONS

• TAKE FOLLOW UP ACTIONS

SAFETY INSPECTION FORM CONTENT

• Project name /number
• Date
• Previous Safety Statistic Records
• Signature Auditor
• Rating overall / each item / calculations
• Areas or items to be inspected
• Comments
• General summary of outstanding items, attitudes and discussion points
• Action summary
o Item
o Description
o Who
o When
o Results/remarks
• Distribution list

REPORTS QUALITY MEASUREMENT

• Inspection report scoring worksheet

UPPER MANAGEMET ACTION

• Budget resources for equipment and materials to do safety inspection
• Set performance standards
• Set objectives related to safety inspection
• Provide adequate leadership and employee training
• Monitor the status of the inspection program
• Program audits
• Make safety and health tours.


TOOLBOX TALK AND SAFETY BREIFING

Course Objectives:
• To explain the why TT’s and SB’s are important.
• To explain who TT’s and SB’s should be delivered to
• To provide some advice on how to prepare for TT’s and SB’s
• How to structure TT’s and SB’s and what they should contain.
• To provide advice on presentation and delivery.

Definitions

Toolbox Talks
• Short talks that focus on a specific focus on a specific topic e.g.
manual handling, working at heights etc.
• Allow you and your workers to explore the risks of specific
health and safety issues and think about ways to deal with
them.
• Help inform inexperienced workers of correct control measures.

Safety Breifing
• Short talk to details the health and safety hazards and risks
workers will face.
• Inform all workers of necessary control measures.

Why are TT’s and SB’s important?

Toolbox talks
• Allows you and your workers to explore the risks of specific
health and safety issues and think about ways to deal with
them.
• Encourage worker engagement.
• Help support a planned series of site observations.
• Encourage health and safety to become everyone’s
responsibility.


Safety Briefing
• Are simple way of sharing health and safety problems on a
daily basis.
• Are essential for fostering a good health and safety culture on
site.
• Encourage staff to report potential failures without fear of
getting done.

Preparing for your Toolbox Talk or Safety Briefing

TT’s
• Don’t need to be an expert but…
o Some experience of training is useful.
o Good presentation skills are essential.
o Presenter needs to be serious about health and safety
and take the TT seriously.
SB’s
• This should be the site supervisor. They need…
o Good communication skills.
o The ability to question and explain.

Preparation of TT’s and SB’s

• Who
• When
• How long
• Location
• Seating
• Lighting
• Flip Chart/DVD player
• Guidance/Information
• Prepare Time


What should Safety Briefing cover?

l Any Staff/Site changeovers.
l Check risk assessments and method statements are still relevant.
l Weather conditions.
l Ground conditions.
l Excavations.
l Existing buried and/or overhead services.
l Working at heights.
l Public safety.
l Traffic on and off site.
l Plant and machinery.
l Site Health and Safety performance.
l Any feedback/suggestions from staff.
l Capture any information on near misses or dangerous occurrences.
l Deliveries, visitors, arrival of specialist equipment, sub-contractors.

What should a Toolbox Talk cover?

l TT should cover specific issues that you have identified from walking
around the site, issues raised during SB’s or those which cause the most
accidents or near misses on site.
l Examples:
l Manual handling
l Slips and trips
l Asbestos
l Noise induced hearing loss
l Bad backs
l Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome

How to Structure your Toolbox Talk

l Allow enough time e.g. 10-15 minutes.

l Have a beginning, middle and an end.
l Tell workers you will be asking if they have any questions as you go
along.
l Tell them not to be afraid to ask.
l Do not assume you need to know all the information – draw on others’
experience.
l Do not read from a script. You will lose the interest of your audience if
you do!


How to Structure your Safety Briefing Talk?

l Allow enough time e.g. 10-15 minutes.

l Make sure all workers are present before you begin.
l Go though the task and hazards. Highlight safety problems, and control
measures for each hazard.
l Inform workers of changes.
l Tell workers not to be afraid to ask questions. Discuss issues raised.
l Finish by asking if everyone understands.

How to begin a Toolbox Talk:

l Get the attention of workers quickly by showing enthusiasm and

professionalism.
l Give them a reason for being there which will mean something to them.
l Give them some numbers to think about such as the number of days lost
due to injury or the number of fatalities.
l Let them know which hazards are associated with the site.

How to deliver a Toolbox Talk – TIPS!

l Know your material.
l Don’t get side tracked by other topics.
l Make eye-contact.
l Involve staff using open questions.
l Summarise key points.
l Make sure your voice carries to the back of the room.
l Avoid talking like a robot.
l Don’t speak too quickly or too slowly.
l If you get nervous breathe slowly and deeply.
l Keep an eye on your timings.

How to follow-up a Toolbox Talk

l Give out feedback sheets at the end of the sessions.

l Talk about some of the issues raised during the TT during your
walkabouts.
l Focus your site observations on the specific topic presented at the TT.


How to deliver a Safety Briefing – TIPS!

l First impressions count - be clear about what you want to say.

l Know your audience (e.g. do workers have English as a second
language?).
l Keep it simple, straightforward and avoid jargon.
l Consider your tone!
l Be respectful - listen to your workers.
l Keep it positive – focus on what workers can do to create a healthy and
safe working environment.
l Be brief!
l Pace yourself – explain and summarise.


SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMING FOR

CONTRUCTION SITES

Course Objectives:
l Discuss the Elements of the Construction Safety and Health Program
based on D.O.13 Guidelines.

OSH Laws and Issuances:

The Labor Code of The Philippines

Book IV, Title I – Medical, Dental and Occupational Safety

Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 1978

D.O. 13: Guidelines Governing Safety and Health in the Construction Industry

What criteria must the program meet?

1) The Act and regulations set out minimum requirements reflecting accepted
industry practices. However, every workplace is different and the best way to
prevent injuries and occupational illnesses may differ from one workplace to
another. Safety and health programs need to be workplace-specific. A
program developed for one workplace may not meet the needs of another.

2) To be effective, a workplace safety and health program needs the active

support and commitment of senior management to ensure the program is
carried out with no exceptions. Doing the job safely must be as important
as doing it efficiently and effectively.

3) The workplace safety and health program needs worker involvement. It

must be developed in consultation with your workplace safety and health
committee.But, more than that, all employees need to be involved in safety
and health activities.

4) Everyone must be held accountable for carrying out his or her

responsibilities for making the safety and health program succeed. Senior
management must be accountable for developing and implementing the
program. Individual supervisors and employees should be assigned
responsibility for carrying out specific elements of the program. Safety and
health should then be assessed on the same basis as any other important part
of the job.


5) Each of the program’s elements must be in writing. Elements must be

supported with all documents and information covering matters listed in the
regulations. If elements of the safety and health program have been
implemented in separate procedures and policies, those documents must be
referred to in the main safety and health program document.

6) The program must also address the safety and health of contractors,
contracted employer(s) or self-employed person(s), and their workers. If
workers from two or more employers that have workplace safety and health
programs are working at a construction project site that has a prime
contractor, the prime contractor must coordinate the programs of those
employers.

7) The program must be effectively communicated to all employees. It

must be available to your workplace safety and health committee, workers, or
a workplace safety and health officer (on request).

8) Setting up a program is not simply about producing documents. A safety

and health program is a ‘living thing’ that should be constantly adapted,
evaluated, and enhanced to make the workplace healthier and safer.
Effective implementation and monitoring is crucial to its success.

In short, to be effective, your program must:

} Workplace specific;
} Must have commitment from the employer and senior management;
} Must have inputs from the workers;
} Must assign clear responsibilities and accountabilities;
} Each of the program’s elements must be in writing;
} Must address the safety and health of contractors;
} Be available and effectively communicated; and,
} Must have an evaluation mechanism.

Construction Safety and Health Program (CSHP)

• Refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the processes and practices

that shall be utilized in a specific construction project site in conformity
with the OSHS including the personnel responsible and the penalties for
violations thereof.

• Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and

Health Program


Coverage

• Shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction

industry and its subdivisions, namely general building construction,
general engineering construction, and specialty trade construction,
based on the classification code of the PCAB of the
Construction Industry Authority of the Philipppine (CIAP); demolition
works, and as may be determined by DOLE Secretary.

DPWH – Department Order No. 56, S. 2005

• All projects regardless of amount, funding source and mode of

implementation shall comply with the minimum safety and health
requirements

Construction Safety and Health Program Execution

• The CSHP Shall be executed and verified by the Construction Project

Manager or Project Manager and shall be submitted to the Bureau of
Working Conditions (BWC), which may approve, disapprove or modify
the same according to existing laws, rules and regulations and other
issuances by the DOLE.

COST of CSHP
• The cost of implementing the CSHP shall be integrated into the project’s
construction cost, provided, that said cost shall be a separate pay item,
duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender documents and
construction contract documents.

ELEMENTS of CSHP

A. General information
B. Management commitment
C. Safety and health committee
D. Specific safety and health policies/ programs
E. Penalties and sanctions for violations of the CSHP
F. Safety and Health Training
G. Waste disposal
H. Other requirements of D.O. No. 13, series of 1998


General Information

General statement on the importance of CSHP

Project information
Project name
Location
Invitation to bid
Project classification
Name and address of project owner
Name and address of main contractor and subcontractors
Estimated start of execution of project and the estimated project duration
Estimated number of workers to be deployed and regular work schedule/ rest
periods

Safety and Health Committee

• Plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention
programs
• Direct accident prevention efforts in accordance with rules/ program
• Conducts toolbox meetings everyday
• Review inspections and accident investigation reports
• Prepare and submit to DOLE minutes of committee meetings, work
accidents and illnesses, and other reporting requirements
• Assist government inspectors
• Initiate/ supervise safety and health training for employees
• Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan

Duties and Responsibilities

• Project Manager
• Field Supervisor / Engineer
• Equipment/ Transport Supervisor
• General Foreman/ Foreman
• Project Nurse / First – Aider
• Safety Officer/ Engineer
• Workers/ Employees

Safety and Health Polies / Programs (to included)

• Site Planning
• Excavation/ Confined space entry
• Pile driving
• Hoisting and Rigging
• Scaffolding/ Temporary structures
• Signages and barricades


• Accident reporting / Repertorial requirements

• Hand and power tools
• Materials handling/ Heavy equipment/ TESDA requirements
• Electrical and Lock-out Tag-out (LOTO)
• Training/ Orientation/ Tool box meeting
• Safety promotion/ Incentive program
• Safe work procedures/ Work permit system
• Hot works/ Compressed gas/ Welding/ Grinding
• Industrial Hygiene/ Treshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Physical agents/ PNEL/ Illumination/ Ventilation