STARTING WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH,

THE MOST BENEFICIENT AND THE

MOST MERCIFUL
Presented by
SHARIQ SHAIKH
LECTURER
EED, NEDUET
(D.M Tagare)
(Wolfgang Hofmann)
(R. Sastry Vedam)
(Narain G. Hingorani)
(S.Rao)
(Abhijit Chakrabarti)
Best one test will be counted for finalization of your sessional marks
Things to do:

Methodology to share the lectures with students will be Google Groups

RPC 2018

https://groups.google.com/d/forum/rpc-2018

You have to understand the working of Endnote for referencing in your

reports.

Also, learn how to work efficiently with the MS word software.

INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY
REPORT (2014)
 TPES: Total Primary Energy Supplies

Reduction in use of oil and increase in other primary energy sources can be seen
OECD: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (34 Countries)

Growth in China and Asia is significant

OECD gas explorations were remarkably reduced from 71.3 to 35.5 %
while Asia and Middle East were started to dominate.
China increases coal production while OECD reduces it
Nuclear Energy become an important source of energy in countries
other that OECD
China increases hydro generation significantly like THREE GEORGES DAM
Industrial revolution and high energy consumption can be seen all over the
world.
2007-2008
The purpose of this plan is to provide a road map for Pakistan to
achieve greater energy self sufficiency by pursuing policies that are
sustainable, provide for energy security and conservation, and are
environmental friendly.

• According to the report by 2022, Pakistan has to increase its

electricity energy supply almost twice and generation capability
by three times from the levels of 2007-08.(Contingency)

• Our energy requirements would increase from USD 12 billion to

USD 41 billion by the year 2022 based on crude oil price USD 70
per barrel. [ 1 barrel = 42 gallons ]

• Therefore in order to have sustainable growth with less price we

need to have a energy mix solution.
• The generation will be required to increase from 14000 MW to
50000 MW.

• We have coal assets worth USD 30 trillion which are enough to

provide 20000 MW for 40 years.

• Alternative and renewable energy sources must form at least 12

percent of the total energy production by 2022.

• One of the important step is the deregulation of the energy

sector so that it provide benefit to both the country and
consumer while delivering the energy at high standard and on
competitive price. [specially DISCO’s and Gas utility]

• There must be an independent regulatory authority to ensure

transparency, enforce standards and to prevent customer from
monopolies and predatory pricing.
• It was recommended to create National Energy Auditory
comprising of National experts from all the sectors to keep on
the action plan presented in this report via Parliament.

• The pricing of the energy is an important issue to tackle and to

bring the investors to the country.

• Import of oil should be more efficiently regulate by focusing

more on the existing local resources through which Allah has
blessed Pakistan a lot.

• There is a need of periodic overview over the energy policy once

in a three year and then the directions should be set for the
horizon of next fifteen years.
The energy demand and supply forecast developed by the Energy Expert
Group reveals that over the period 2008-22 the primary energy demand
will grow at a higher rate as compared to the rate achieved in the past
despite higher energy prices. The growing energy demand will be met by
resources such as natural gas, oil, coal, hydel and by nuclear and
renewable.

Pakistan’s total primary energy demand is expected to increase

from 62.9 MMTOEs in 2008 to 122.46 million TOEs in 2022.
According to a recent study Pakistan’s prognosticated reserves for gas
and oil are noted below. We have at present only discovered about a third of
the natural gas and considerably less of oil.

• Gas (CF) 150 Trillion

• Oil (bbls) 27.5 billion
• Coal (Mtons) 185 billion
• Hydel (MW) 55,000
• Wind (MW) 55,000
• Solar (MW) 2.9 million
At present Pakistan’s component of imported energy is approximately 30%. It is
hoped that this level can be maintained or reduced going into the future.

The radical changes in the energy mix will require a greater emphasis on
improving policy structures and driving an investment programme that will
ultimately lead to a different energy mix becoming possible. Fortunately
Pakistan is coming into the market at a time when it can benefit from the
maturing Alternative and Renewable Technologies specially wind and solar.
In order to bridge the energy deficit, Pakistan will need to import increasing quantities
of gas and liquid hydrocarbons and diversify its energy supplies to include Coal,
Alternative & Renewable and a greater proportion of Nuclear energy. As such Pakistan
will need to import around 34 MMTOE of primary energy, or 28% of its primary energy
requirement, to meet its demand by the year 2022.
 WHY DO
WHY DO WE
WE NEED
NEED TO
TO STUDY
SUTDY IT?
IT?

WHAT
WHAT IS
IS ITS
ITS IMPORTANCE?
IMPORTANCE?
HOW
HOW ARE
ARE THE
THE STAKE
STAKE HOLDERS
HOLDERS AFFECTED?
AFFECTED?
HOW IT AFFECTS THE DYNAMICS OF THE POWER SYSTEM?

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?

WHAT ARE THE SOLUTIONS?

TRANSMISSION LINE & MACHINES CHARACTERISITCS AND DYNAMICS

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY, RELIABILITY AND QUALITY

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS

CASE STUDIES AROUND THE WORLD

When we talk about the power in Power System, the scenario is not the same as in
case of the mechanical power that is always doing the useful work for us. Rather, in
electrical systems we have a single word power which can be viewed form the
different perspectives.

That is why we have different forms of Electrical power:

 Instantaneous power
 Average or active power
 Reactive power How interlinked with each other?
 Apparent power
 Complex power
How to define
Need for segregation? them?

RMS value?
 VA rating talks about the maximum current and voltage values which the
equipment can handle.
 In inductive equipments like, transformers, motors and reactors it relates to the
core and winding losses.
 It governs the maximum cost of the equipment and operating temperature.
 Therefore, we can say that the apparent power physically exists without a
particular direction and has the only property of magnitude.

 It exists physically and has the direction of from the point of connection to the
apparatus connected to it.

 It is entirely caused by the energy storage elements. Although it does not

contribute to the transfer of energy but it loads the equipment as if it did
consume some active power.

 It plays an important role in the engineering economics of the electrical power

system around the world.
 Q1: How imbalance of the reactive
affects power system?

Q2: How the thermal limit serve as

an important constraint to various
Reactive equipment of the PS?

power Q3: What are the indicators to check

[MVAR] the imbalance of active and reactive
power?
Active System
Q4: What parameters can we
power voltage regulate to increase transmission
[MW] [V] efficiency?

Power
Load
System
Thermal
angle
limit [Θ]
[δ]
System
frequency
[f]
Alternating flux create numerous problems in its applications like core losses etc.
but the major problem that it imposes in the power system is that of the Reactive
power.

In simple terms we can define it as:

“THE POWER REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AC

FLUCTUATING MAGNETIC FLUX”

The problem areas that are linked with the reactive power are reactances,
arcs, surges, resonances, skin effects and so on………………

Reactive power

Active power
 “Positive sign indicates the absorption of the
reactive power while negative shows the vice versa”
Load compensation is the management of reactive power to improve the quality of
supply in ac power systems. The term load compensation is used where the reactive
power management is effected for a single load (or group of loads), the compensating
equipment usually being installed on the consumer's own premises near to the load.
The techniques used, and indeed some of the objectives, differ considerably from
those met in the compensation of bulk supply networks (transmission compensation).
In load compensation there are three main objectives:

1. Power-factor correction.
2. Improvement of voltage regulation.
3. Load balancing.

Power-factor correction usually means the practice of generating reactive power as

close as possible to the load which requires it, rather than supplying it from a
remote power station. The supply utilities also have good reasons for not
transmitting unnecessary reactive power from generators to loads: their generators
and distribution networks cannot be used at full efficiency, and the control of
voltage in the supply system can become more difficult.
Power-factor correction [Phasor form]
Voltage regulation becomes an important and sometimes critical issue in
the presence of loads which vary their demand for reactive power. In all
cases, the variation in demand for reactive power causes variation (or
regulation) in the voltage at the supply point, which can interfere with the
efficient operation of all plants connected to that point, giving rise to the
possibility of interference between loads belonging to different consumers.
Compensating devices have a vital role to play in maintaining supply
voltages within the intended limits.

The third main concern in load compensation is load balancing. Most ac

power systems are three-phase, and are designed for balanced operation.
Unbalanced operation gives rise to components of current in the wrong
phase-sequence (i.e., negative- and zero-sequence components), Such
components can have undesirable effects, including additional losses in
motors and generating units, oscillating torque in ac machines, increased
ripple in rectifiers, malfunction of several types of equipment, saturation of
transformers, and excessive neutral currents. Certain types of equipment
(including several types of compensators) depend on balanced operation
for suppression of triple harmonics. Under unbalanced conditions, these
would appear in the power system.
The most obvious way to improve voltage regulation would be to "strengthen" the
power system by increasing the size and number of generating units and by making
the network more densely interconnected. This approach would in general be
uneconomic and would introduce problems associated with high fault levels and
switchgear ratings. It is much more practical and economic to size the power system
according to the maximum demand for real power, and to manage the reactive
power by means of compensators and other equipment which can be deployed
more flexibly than generating units and which make no contribution to fault levels.

In a transmission line the reactive drop increases along the length of the line
this shows that the reactance is in series and therefore it’s a current
controlled parameter while the flux in the electric motor is governed by the
voltage and is independent of the load current to the extent that it can be
treated as the parallel component.
1. Low energy cost. [ De-regulation has forced a lot]. How?]
2. High reliability of power supply.
3. High quality of energy.

Key Indicator for the power system reactive power steady-state scenario is the
voltage profile.

• The consumers and equipments are needed to operate between ±5 % of the

nominal voltages.
• At low voltages, many types of equipments perform poorly:
 Static loads: Bulbs provide less illumination and heaters provide less heat.
 Dynamic load: induction motors, poor performance in turn reduces the
system capacity. How?
 World has numerous BLACKOUTS in history because of the unavailability of the
margin in the power system to deliver at the time of need. Some historical glimpse
are as follows:

COUNTRY YEAR REMARKS/ COMMENTS

USA/ CANADA 1965 Massive loss 13 hours to
solve
Thailand 1978 Took 09 hours to restore
CANADA 1989 Took 12 hours to restore
Southern Brazil 1999 Biggest in their history
India 2001 12hrs, $107.1 million loss
USA/ CANADA 2003 2 days to restore
Italy 2003 More than 100 trains stall
Germany, France, Italy and 2006 Around 15 million
Spain Europeans Lost power
 On August 14, 2003: The NORTH AMERICAN power grid experienced its
largest black out ever.

 The blackout affected an estimated strength of around 50 million people in the

areas due to throw off of about 70,000 mega watts of power in USA and
CANADA. (Shut Down of 263 power plants/531 units in USA and Canada)

 Some parts of ONTARIO state suffered rolling blackouts for more than the week
before complete restoration of the power.

 The blackout estimated to produce impact of around 10 billion USD.

 In CANADA, the GDP was fall 0.7 % in August with the loss of net 18.9 million
work hour.

 On August 15,2003: U.S president of the time George W. Bush directed a joint
investigation between US/CANADA for the reason of such a massive loss and to
evaluate the ways to reduce the future outages of such scenarios.
On 26th September 2003:

“REACTIVE POWER WAS IN THE NEWS”

U.S / CANADA expert reported that on 14th August, 2003 the

demand of the reactive power in U.S OHIO state was
unusually high and they were needed to import the power
through the long transmission lines streaming through the
areas of CANADA and OHIO state to meet the local demand.
But the supply of reactive power was short because some
plants were out of service and possibly other plants were not
producing enough of it. Therefore, due to unavailability of the
supply the system had collapse badly.
At 17th June 2009:
On 13th June 2009, one of the NTDC line was
collapsed due to heavy rain and thunderstorm. On
17th June the bad weather causes the other line also
to get tripped. This sudden loss of hundreds of
Megawatts causes the KESC all plants, HUBCO,
Jamshoro, all rental plants and IPPs to get out of
synchronism. KESC was required power to take start-
up again but they were relying on NTDC link.
Therefore, they tried to make that link again. Each
time they connected but the line got tripped at
Jamshoro end. Thus, by 04:57 hours 18th June the link
successfully connected. KESC energized there BQPS-I
two units and then further by night 11:45 pm KESC
were able to energize 18 out of 56 tripped grids.
 A case study of BLACKOUT in INDIA is given
to you:

• Read the paper thoroughly.

• Grip the case.
• Understand the problem flow.
• Suggested work to mitigate the problem.