INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT AT

BSNL THRISSUR

Prepared by

ANANTHU J V
Roll No. MTV-593

M.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering

(VLSI and Embedded Systems)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SCMS SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Vidya Nagar, Karukutty, Kerala - 683 582
(Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Trivandrum)

June 2018
Industrial Internship Report-2018 BSNL, Thrissur

1. INTRODUCTION
Remarkable progress in telecommunication technology has had, and will
continue to have, an enormous impact on telecommunications manufacturing and
service industries. In particular digital technology that integrates transmission
,switching ,processing and retrieval of information provides opportunities to merge
various service modes into an integrated whole .this digitalization ,merging the
communications and computation functions ,has been made possible by dramatic
advances in device and material technology ,including integrated circuits and optical
fibers. As the role of digital processing increases, systems and services become more
intelligent and labour-saving on the hand and more software-intensive on the other.
Satellite and optical fibers ,among the technologies contribute significantly to
the globalization of telecommunication services .standardization and interoperability
of systems have become global issues ,as have compatibility of regulatory measures
that ensure free trade in telecommunication products and services.
Because telecommunications are now indispensable to socioeconomic
activities, reliability and security of telecommunication services have emerged as
central issues. In our information age information retrieval is gaining in importance,
while concerns are surfacing about the integrity and authenticity of the information to
be provided, as well as the protection of privacy. These diverse issues are important to
the future of telecommunication.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian state-owned telecommunications
company headquartered in New Delhi. It was incorporated on 15 September 2000 and
assumed the business of providing telecom services and network management from
the erstwhile Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and
Telecom Operations (DTO) as of 1 October 2000 on a going-concern basis. It is the
largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband services with more than 60%
market share, and is the fifth largest mobile telephony provider in India. However, in
recent years, the company's revenues and market share have plummeted resulting in
heavy losses as a result of intense competition in the privatizing Indian
telecommunications sector. BSNL is India's oldest communication service provider
and had a customer base of 93.29 million as of June 2015.[2] It has footprints

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throughout India, except for Mumbai and New Delhi, where telecommunications are
managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL).
History of BSNL
The foundation of telecom network in India was laid by British sometime in
19th century. The history of BSNL linked with the beginning of telecom in India. In
19th century and for almost entire 29th century, the telecom of India was operated as
a government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile post and Telegraph
department (P&T). In 1975 the Department of Telecom(DoT) was separated from
P&T. DoT was responsible for running of telecom service in entire country until 1985
when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run
out the telecom services in Delhi and Mumbai . It is a well known fact that BSNL was
carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private
telecoms. Subsequently in 1990 the telecom sector was opened up by the government
for the private investment; therefore it became necessary to separate the government's
policy wings from operations wings. The government of India corporatized the
operation wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited (BSNL) and then onward BSNL operates as a public sector.
Services
BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM cellular mobile services under the
brand name Cellone. BSNL provides a complete telecom services solution to
enterprise customers including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides
fixedline services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical
fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connections as
prepaid, NetOne as Postpaid and DataOne as BSNL Broadband.
BSNL offers value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India
Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private
Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM) and Universal Access
Number (UAN). BSNL also offers the IPTV which enables customers to watch
television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP).
In 2007, BSNL announced plans to provide 5 million broadband connections and
secured 80% of the INR 25 billion rural telephony project of the Government of India.

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On 20 March 2009, BSNL launched blackberry services across India. BSNL paid Rs.
101.87 billion for 3G spectrum in 2010. As of 2011, BSNL offered coverage in over
800 cities across India. BSNL launched in 2012 a 3G wireless pocket-sized router
called Winknet Mf50. BSNL 3G provides HSPA+ service with a top speed of 21.1
Mbit/s downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s uplink.
After providing it for 160 years, BSNL discontinued its telegraph service on
15 July 2013. It began delivering telegrams to the public in February 1855; this
service was upgraded to a web-based messaging system in 2010 and had been offered
through 182 telegraph offices across India.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, a Public Sector Enterprise, also provides fiber
plans for the home, which are generally known as BSNL FTTH broadband service.
This is the fastest broadband service provided by BSNL, offering speeds up to
100Mbit/s to home-based Internet users.
According to a Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Report dated 19
February 2016, at the end of 2015, BSNL's 14.54% share of the broadband market
placed it 4th in market share. As a wireless provider, it ranked 6th with an 8.16%
share of that market.
BSNL launched linguistic email service using the DATAMAIL app in eight
Indian languages. On 8 June 2017 BSNL signed a memorandum of understanding
(MoU) with the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) to have 25,000 Wi-Fi
hotspots in rural exchanges within the next six months.
Administrative units
BSNL is divided into a number of administrative units, variously known as:
telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units. It has 24 telecom
circles, two metro districts, six project circles, four maintenance regions, five telecom
factories, three training institutions and four specialized telecom units.

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2. TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Telecommunication networks are transmission systems enabling information
to be transmitted in analogue or digital form between various different sites by means
of electromagnetic or optical signals. The information may consist of audio or video
data or some other type of data. The networks are based either on wired or wireless
infrastructures. Typical examples of telecommunication networks are the telephone
landline network, the mobile network, cable TV networks or the internet.
Telecommunication networks for two-way speech transmission:-
Various types of phone network can be used for two-way speech transmission.
In the early days of the telephony era, the phone network was wire-based and
transmitted the speech signals by means of electromagnetic, analogue signals.
Nowadays, the phone networks are digital and can be wire-based (landline network)
or wireless (mobile network). The system for connecting subscribers has progressed
from being purely circuit-switched to packet-switched.

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Telecommunication networks for data transmission:-

Telecommunication networks for transmitting data formerly used numerous
different protocols. Owing to the triumph of the internet, the internet protocol (IP) has
gained widespread acceptance as standard protocol for data transmission. Nowadays,
virtually all data networks are IP-based. The data in these networks are divided up
into individual data packets and tagged with the destination and source addresses. At
the network nodes, the destination addresses are evaluated by so-called routers, and
the data packets are sent to the next node along the route to the destination address. In
principle, the individual packets can find differing routes through the network and
reach their destination at different times. The destination system puts them back in the
correct order if necessary.
Merging of speech and data transmission via voice-over IP technology
The increasing efficiency of IP networks, short latency periods and jitter
values coupled with high bandwidths make data networks suitable for time-critical
real-time applications such as telephony. Thanks to voice-over IP technology, phone
networks have now almost fully merged with data networks. This has the advantage
for the provider that only one single infrastructure needs to be operated for data and
speech transmission. The user benefits from a multitude of new applications providing
flexible communication options. This means phone systems can be entirely cloud-
based. Users do not need their own system software and can use all the telephone
services available from any location with internet access.

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3. PULSE-CODE MODULATION
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled
analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs,
digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream, the amplitude
of the analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is
quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. Linear pulse-code
modulation (LPCM) is a specific type of PCM where the quantization levels are
linearly uniform.[5] This is in contrast to PCM encodings where quantization levels
vary as a function of amplitude (as with the A-law algorithm or the μ-law algorithm).
Though PCM is a more general term, it is often used to describe data encoded as
LPCM.

A PCM stream has two basic properties that determine the stream's fidelity to
the original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second
that samples are taken; and the bit depth, which determines the number of possible
digital values that can be used to represent each sample.

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The transmitter section of a Pulse Code Modulator circuit consists of

Sampling, Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in the analog-to-digital
converter section. The low pass filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the
message signal. The basic operations in the receiver section are regeneration of
impaired signals, decoding, and reconstruction of the quantized pulse train.
Following is the block diagram of PCM which represents the basic elements of both
the transmitter and the receiver sections.
Low Pass Filter: - This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in
the input analog signal which is greater than the highest frequency of the message
signal, to avoid aliasing of the message signal.
Sampler: - This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at
instantaneous values of message signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal. The
sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component W of the
message signal, in accordance with the sampling theorem.
Quantizer: - Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the
data. The sampled output when given to Quantizer, reduces the redundant bits and
compresses the value.
Encoder: - The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. It designates
each quantized level by a binary code. The sampling done here is the sample-and-hold
process. These three sections (LPF, Sampler, and Quantizer) will act as an analog to
digital converter. Encoding minimizes the bandwidth used.
Regenerative Repeater: - This section increases the signal strength. The output of
the channel also has one regenerative repeater circuit, to compensate the signal loss
and reconstruct the signal, and also to increase its strength.
Decoder:-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the
original signal. This circuit acts as the demodulator.

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Reconstruction Filter: - After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the

regenerative circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the
reconstruction filter to get back the original signal.
Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes the given analog signal,
codes it and samples it, and then transmits it in an analog form. This whole process is
repeated in a reverse pattern to obtain the original signal.

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4. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Data or information can be stored in two ways, analog and digital. For a
computer to use the data, it must be in discrete digital form.Similar to data, signals
can also be in analog and digital form. To transmit data digitally, it needs to be first
converted to digital form.
Digital-to-Digital Conversion
This section explains how to convert digital data into digital signals. It can be
done in two ways, line coding and block coding. For all communications, line coding
is necessary whereas block coding is optional.
Line Coding
The process for converting digital data into digital signal is said to be Line
Coding. Digital data is found in binary format.It is represented (stored) internally as
series of 1s and 0s.

Digital signal is denoted by discreet signal, which represents digital data.There

are three types of line coding schemes available:

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Uni-polar Encoding
Unipolar encoding schemes use single voltage level to represent data. In this
case, to represent binary 1, high voltage is transmitted and to represent 0, no voltage is
transmitted. It is also called Unipolar-Non-return-to-zero, because there is no rest
condition i.e. it either represents 1 or 0.

Polar Encoding
Polar encoding scheme uses multiple voltage levels to represent binary values.
Polar encodings is available in four types:
Polar Non-Return to Zero (Polar NRZ)
It uses two different voltage levels to represent binary values. Generally,
positive voltage represents 1 and negative value represents 0. It is also NRZ because
there is no rest condition.
NRZ scheme has two variants: NRZ-L and NRZ-I.

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NRZ-L changes voltage level at when a different bit is encountered whereas NRZ-I
changes voltage when a 1 is encountered.
Return to Zero (RZ)
Problem with NRZ is that the receiver cannot conclude when a bit ended and
when the next bit is started, in case when sender and receiver’s clock are not
synchronized.

RZ uses three voltage levels, positive voltage to represent 1, negative voltage to

represent 0 and zero voltage for none. Signals change during bits not between bits.
Manchester
This encoding scheme is a combination of RZ and NRZ-L. Bit time is divided
into two halves. It transits in the middle of the bit and changes phase when a different
bit is encountered.
Differential Manchester
This encoding scheme is a combination of RZ and NRZ-I. It also transit at the
middle of the bit but changes phase only when 1 is encountered.
Bipolar Encoding
Bipolar encoding uses three voltage levels, positive, negative and zero. Zero
voltage represents binary 0 and bit 1 is represented by altering positive and negative
voltages.

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Block Coding
To ensure accuracy of the received data frame redundant bits are used. For
example, in even-parity, one parity bit is added to make the count of 1s in the frame
even. This way the original number of bits is increased. It is called Block Coding.
Block coding is represented by slash notation, mB/nB.Means, m-bit block is
substituted with n-bit block where n > m. Block coding involves three steps:
 Division,
 Substitution
 Combination.
After block coding is done, it is line coded for transmission.
Transmission Modes
The transmission mode decides how data is transmitted between two
computers.The binary data in the form of 1s and 0s can be sent in two different
modes: Parallel and Serial.
Parallel Transmission

The binary bits are organized in-to groups of fixed length. Both sender and
receiver are connected in parallel with the equal number of data lines. Both computers
distinguish between high order and low order data lines. The sender sends all the bits
at once on all lines.Because the data lines are equal to the number of bits in a group or
data frame, a complete group of bits (data frame) is sent in one go. Advantage of

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Parallel transmission is high speed and disadvantage is the cost of wires, as it is equal
to the number of bits sent in parallel.
Serial Transmission
In serial transmission, bits are sent one after another in a queue manner. Serial
transmission requires only one communication channel.

Serial transmission can be either asynchronous or synchronous.

Asynchronous Serial Transmission
It is named so because there’is no importance of timing. Data-bits have
specific pattern and they help receiver recognize the start and end data bits.For
example, a 0 is prefixed on every data byte and one or more 1s are added at the end.
Two continuous data-frames (bytes) may have a gap between them.
Synchronous Serial Transmission
Timing in synchronous transmission has importance as there is no mechanism
followed to recognize start and end data bits.There is no pattern or prefix/suffix
method. Data bits are sent in burst mode without maintaining gap between bytes (8-
bits). Single burst of data bits may contain a number of bytes. Therefore, timing
becomes very important.
It is up to the receiver to recognize and separate bits into bytes.The advantage
of synchronous transmission is high speed, and it has no overhead of extra header and
footer bits as in asynchronous transmission.

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5. DIGITAL SWITCHING
In telecommunications, an electronic switching system (ESS) is a telephone
switch that uses digital electronics and computerized control to interconnect telephone
circuits for the purpose of establishing telephone calls.
The generations of telephone switches before the advent of electronic
switching in the 1950s used purely electro-mechanical relay systems and analog voice
paths. These early machines typically utilized the step-by-step technique. The first
generation of electronic switching systems in the 1960s were not entirely digital in
nature, but used reed relay-operated metallic paths or crossbar switches operated
by stored program control (SPC) systems.
First announced in 1955, the first customer trial installation of an all-
electronic central office commenced in Morris, Illinois in November 1960 by Bell
Laboratories.[1] The first prominent large-scale electronic switching system was
the Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) of the Bell System in the
United States, introduced in Succasunna, New Jersey, in May 1965.
Later electronic switching systems implemented the digital representation of
the electrical audio signals on subscriber loops by digitizing the analog signals and
processing the resulting data for transmission between central offices. Time-division
multiplexing (TDM) technology permitted the simultaneous transmission of multiple
telephone calls on a single wire connection between central offices or other electronic
switches, resulting in dramatic capacity improvements of the telephone network.
With the advances of digital electronics starting in the 1960s telephone
switches employed semiconductor device components in increasing measure.
In the late 20th century most telephone exchanges without TDM processing
were eliminated and the term electronic switching system became largely a historical
distinction for the older SPC systems.
Switching types
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching

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5.1 Circuit switching

Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications
network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications
channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit
guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration
of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically
connected as with an electrical circuit.
The defining example of a circuit-switched network is the early
analog telephone network. When a call is made from one telephone to another,
switches within the telephone exchanges create a continuous wire circuit between the
two telephones, for as long as the call lasts.
Circuit switching contrasts with packet switching, which divides the data to be
transmitted into packets transmitted through the network independently. In packet
switching, instead of being dedicated to one communication session at a time,
network links are shared by packets from multiple competing communication
sessions, resulting in the loss of the quality of service guarantees that are provided by
circuit switching.
In circuit switching, the bit delay is constant during a connection, as opposed
to packet switching, where packet queues may cause varying and potentially
indefinitely long packet transfer delays. No circuit can be degraded by competing
users because it is protected from use by other callers until the circuit is released and a
new connection is set up. Even if no actual communication is taking place, the
channel remains reserved and protected from competing users.
Virtual circuit switching is a packet switching technology that emulates circuit
switching, in the sense that the connection is established before any packets are
transferred, and packets are delivered in order.
While circuit switching is commonly used for connecting voice circuits, the
concept of a dedicated path persisting between two communicating parties or nodes
can be extended to signal content other than voice. The advantage of using circuit
switching is that it provides for continuous transfer without the overhead associated
with packets, making maximal use of available bandwidth for that communication.

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One disadvantage is that it can be relatively inefficient, because unused capacity

guaranteed to a connection cannot be used by other connections on the same network.
5.2 Packet switching
Packet switching is a method of grouping data which is transmitted over a
digital network into packets which are made of a header and a payload. Data in the
header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination where the
payload is extracted and used by application software. Packet switching is the primary
basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.
Packet switching features delivery of variable bit rate data streams, realized as
sequences of packets, over a computer network which allocates transmission
resources as needed using statistical multiplexing or dynamic bandwidth
allocation techniques. As they traverse network nodes, such as switches and routers,
packets are received, buffered, queued, and transmitted (stored and forwarded),
resulting in variable latency and throughput depending on the link capacity and the
traffic load on the network.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit

switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for
each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between
nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit
switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is
transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of
information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.
Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without
intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally
forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-

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out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair
queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such
as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such
as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple
access scheme.

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6. DATA COMMUNICATION
Data transmission (also data communication or digital communications) is the
transfer of data (a digital bitstream or a digitized analog signal) over a point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels
are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage
media and computer buses. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal,
such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal.
Analog or analogue transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice,
data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in
amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. The
messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line
code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms
(passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband
modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out
by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of digital signal,
both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital
transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as
digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog
conversion.
ISO/OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual
model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of
a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal
structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication
systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system
into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For
example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides
the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send
and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. Two instances at the same
layer are visualized as connected by a horizontal connection in that layer.

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The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the
identification ISO/IEC 7498-1.
TCP/IP model
The TCP/IP model was created in the 1970s by the Defense Advance Research
Project Agency (DARPA). Like the OSI model, it describes general guidelines for
designing and implementing computer protocols. It consists of four layers: Network
Access, Internet, Transport, and Application.

As you can see, the TCP/IP model has fewer layers than the OSI model. The
Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are merged in only
one layer, Application layer, in the TCP/IP model. Also, Physical and Data Link
layers are called Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model.

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Differences between OSI and TCP/IP model

There are some other differences between these two models, besides the obvious
difference in the number of layers. OSI model prescribes the steps needed to transfer
data over a network and it is very specific in it, defining which protocol is used at
each layer and how. The TCP/IP model is not that specific. It can be said that the OSI
model prescribes and TCP/IP model describes.

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7. BROADBAND
In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which
transports multiple signals and traffic types. The medium can be coaxial cable, optical
fiber, radio or twisted pair. In the context of Internet access, broadband is used to
mean any high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than dial-up
access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.
7.1 Broadband technologies
Telecommunications
In telecommunications, a broadband signaling method is one that handles a
wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its
context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-
carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
In radio, for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader
band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the
high frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often
divided into channels or "frequency bins" using pass band techniques to
allow multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal.
In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits
per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voice band).
In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used
the term to refer to a broad range of bit rates, independent of physical modulation
details The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in
the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at
higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old
telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. However, when that same
line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes
hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second
using very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.
Computer networks
Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal
using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest

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frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names
such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 to indicate this. Networks that use cable
modems on standard cable televisioninfrastructure are called broadband to indicate
the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as
traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a
different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band.
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any
channel. The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985,
but was not commercially successful. The DOCSIS standard became available to
consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential
customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for
Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems
often have Ethernet connectors on them.
TV and video
A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of
receiving a wide range of channels, while a single-frequency or Lo-VHF antenna is
"narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-
1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for wideband. "Broadband"
in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable
television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed
frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single
channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate
baseband audio. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband
video.
Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated.
Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to
neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be
transmitted to over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having
multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable
networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the
system.However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has

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come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband
Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to
describe IPTV Video on demand.[13]
Alternative technologies
Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although
some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-
speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example
is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to
1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home wiring
(including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables).

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8. GSM, 3G, 4G, AND 5G

8.1 GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a standard developed by
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the
protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such
as tablets, first deployed in Finland in December 1991. As of 2014, it has become the
global standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating
in over 193 countries and territories.
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog
cellular networks, and the GSM standard originally described as a digital, circuit-
switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time
to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then
by packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, or EGPRS).
Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards,
followed by fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form part
of the ETSI GSM standard.
"GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the
(initially) most common voice codec used, Full Rate.

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8.2 3G (3RD GENERATION)

3G, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology.
It is the upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster internet speed. This is
based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications
use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information
transfer rate of at least 0.2 Mbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G,
also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile
modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice
telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and
mobile TV technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every
tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s.
Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non–
backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G networks were
introduced in 1998 and fourth generation 4G networks in 2008.
8.3 4G (4TH GENERATION)
4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology,
succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT
Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D
television. The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (a 4G candidate
system) has been commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden
since 2009. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should be
considered 4G
8.4 5G (5TH GENERATION)
5G is a marketing term for some new mobile technologies. Initially, the term was
defined by the ITU IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download

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capacity of 20 gigabits. More recently, the industry standards group 3GPP has
included any system using NR (New Radio) software. The 3GPP standards do not
require any particular performance level. Some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower
than advanced 4G networks, such as the T-Mobile LTE/LAA network downloading at
over 500 megabits per second in Manhattan.
Qualcomm modeling predicts 490 Mbps median speeds for a common
configuration of 3.5 GHz 5G Massive MIMO. It predicts a 1.4 Gbps median speed for
a configuration using 28 GHz millimeter waves. [4]This estimate cannot be confirmed
before substantial field deployments.
5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands is modestly higher than 4G with a similar
amount of spectrum and antennas. Adding LAA (Licensed Assisted Access) to a 4G
configuration can add hundreds of megabits to the speed. The 5G specification allows
LAA as well but it has not yet been demonstrated.

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9. WIMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family
of wireless communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards,
which provide multiple physical layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC)
options.
The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed
in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard, including the
definition of predefined system profiles for commercial vendors. The forum describes
WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".IEEE 802.16m or Wireless
MAN-Advanced was a candidate for the 4G, in competition with the LTE
Advanced standard. WiMAX was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-
second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s[3] for fixed stations.
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following
potential applications:
 Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries
through various devices
 Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for
"last mile" broadband access
 Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play)
 Providing Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan
 Smart grids and metering
WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or
countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically
only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of
WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now
economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote
locations.

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10. CONCLUSION
Telecommunications connectivity plays an integral role in the overall
development of any nation. With India’s economy growing faster as compared to
most other countries in the world, there is plenty of action to be expected in the next
few years. 1G has created the basic voice analog signals. 2G has introduced capacity
and coverage using digital techniques. 3G has quest for data at higher speeds .4G
provides better than TV-quality images and video links.5G has then means to use cell
phones with very high bandwidth. But there is few space for new frequency bands
under 4G and 5G technology.

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