PARTS OF THE EAR
an air-filled cavity and consists of the
The human ear functions in such a way
that sound waves travel from the outer
ear to the middle ear, which are then
transmitted to the inner ear in the form of
compressional waves. In the inner ear,
the compressional waves are converted
into electric impulses that are perceived
by the brain. This way, we can hear and
differentiate various sound types.
Outer Ear
The outer ear or external ear is the
visible portion of the ear, which serves as
a protective organ for the eardrum. It
collects and guides sound waves into the
middle ear. The outer ear consists of the
Ear Flap and the Ear Canal.
Ear Flap (Pinna) - The sound waves enter
the ear via the ear flap or pinna.
Ear Canal (Meatus) - The ear canal is
about 2 cm in length. It amplifies the
sound waves and channelizes them to the
middle ear. Sweat glands are present in
this canal, which secrete earwax.
Middle Ear
The middle ear, located between the
outer ear and the inner ear, perceives
sound waves from the outer ear in the
form of pressure waves. The middle ear is
Eardrum, Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup.
Eardrum (Tympanic membrane) - The
eardrum is a thin membrane that acts as
a partition between the outer ear and the
middle ear. It vibrates as soon as it
receives sound waves, and transforms
the sound energy into mechanical energy.
Hammer (Malleus) - It is a tiny bone,
located next to the eardrum. Since it lies
adjacent to the eardrum, the vibrations
from the eardrum cause the hammer to
vibrate.
Anvil (Incus) - Anvil is another tiny bone
next to hammer; it vibrates in response to
the vibration of hammer.
Stirrup (Stapes) - Similar to hammer and
anvil, stirrup is a tiny bone in the middle
ear. Eventually, it also vibrates and
passes the compressional waves to the
inner ear.
Inner Ear
The inner ear or Labyrinth, as the name
suggests, is the innermost portion of the
ear. It is filled with a water-like
substance and comprises both hearing
and balancing organs. The inner ear
comprises the Cochlea, Semicircular
Canals, and the Auditory Nerve.
Cochlea - The cochlea or the spiral tube
is a rolled structure that can stretch to
about 3 cm. The membrane lining of
cochlea consists of numerous nerve
cells. These hairlike nerve cells respond
differently to various frequencies of
vibrations, which ultimately lead to
generation of electrical impulses.
Semicircular Canals - These are fluid-
filled loops, attached to the cochlea and
help in maintaining the balance.
Auditory Nerve - The electrical impulses,
generated by the nerve cells, are then
passed to the brain.
This way, the different parts of the human
ear perform specific functions that
contribute to the overall functioning of
Sclera: The sclera is the white part of the
eye that surrounds the cornea. It is made
up of fibrous tissues, and provides
protection to the inner parts of the eye.
This is the tissue that is commonly called
the white of the eye.
Cornea: The cornea is the transparent
tissue at the front of the eyes through
which light coming from an object enters
the eye. It also helps in focusing the light
on the retina.
Aqueous Humor: It is a clear transparent
fluid that fills the space between the
cornea and the eye lens. It also supplies
nutrients and oxygen to these parts.
Iris: The iris is a ring of muscles in the
central part of the eye, that is helpful in
regulating the amount of light entering
the eye by controlling the size of the
pupil.
Pupil: This is an opening in the center of
the iris through which light passes and
falls on the eye lens. Its size is controlled
the ear. Any damage and/or disorder in
the ear parts may lead to ear problems
and hearing loss (deafness).
PARTS OF THE EYE
by the iris.
Eye Lens: The lens of the eye is situated
directly behind the pupil. It helps in
focusing the light on the retina. The eye
lens is capable of changing its shape so
as to enable us to see objects near and
far.
Ciliary Muscles: This is a ring-shaped
tissue that holds and controls the
movement of the eye lens, and therefore,
helps in controlling the shape of the lens.
Vitreous Humor: It acts as a filler and
covers the space between the eye lens
and retina. It also provides protection to
the lens. It makes up for about two-thirds
of the total volume of the eye, and is
composed mainly of water.
Retina: It is a membrane responsible for
converting the light falling on it into
electrical impulses that can be sent to
the brain. The retina contains light-
sensitive photoreceptor cells called rods
and cones. The rods help in black and
white vision and for seeing in dim light,
while the cones help in daytime and color
vision.
Optic Nerve: It is a bundle of nerve fibers
that serve as a cable that connects the
eye to the brain. This optic nerve helps in
transmitting signals from the retina to
the visual center of the brain.
Yellow Spot or Macula: Situated at the
center of the retina, this yellow spot
helps in absorbing excess light that
enters the eye. The macula is responsible
for our reading vision, and helping us to
see objects right in front of us.
Eyelids: The eyelids help in the protection
and lubrication of our eyes. They also
help in controlling the amount of light
falling onto our eyes.
Muscles of the Eye: The eyeball is held in
its place by the help of several eye
muscles. The eye muscles are
responsible for the up and down, as well
as the left and right movement of the eye.
PARTS OF THE SKIN

The epidermis is the part of the skin that you can see. It is the outer layer of skin. It has
dead cells that wash off when you take a bath. The next layer is the dermis You cannot
see the dermis because it is hidden under the epidermis. The dermis contains nerve
endings, blood vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands. It also contains collagen and
elastin. The nerve endings tell you how things feel when you touch them. They work with
your brain and nervous system.

The subcutaneous layer is the deepest layer of the skin. It is made mostly of fat and
helps your body stay warm and absorbs shock, like if you bang into something or fall
down.

PARTS OF THE TONGUE