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a Centered Load
Relationships:
R1 = R2 = F / 2
VAB = R1
VBC = -R2
Fx
MAB
2
F (l x )
MBC
2
Nomenclature:
F = Loading force
R = Reaction force
V = Shear force
M = Moment
l = beam length
x = location
F b x
MAB
l
F a (l x )
MBC
l
1
Simply Supported Beam with
a Moment Load
Relationships:
R1 = -R2 = MB / l
V = MB / l
MB x
MAB
l
MB ( x l)
MBC
l
2
Simply Supported Beam with
an Uniform Load
Relationships:
R1 = R2 = w . l / 2
w l
V wx
2
wx
M (l x )
2
3
Cantilever Beam with End
Load
Relationships:
R1 = V = F
M1 = -F . l
M = F (x - l)
4
Cantilever Beam with Uniform
Load
Relationships: wl
R1 = w. l
M1 = -(w. l 2 ) / 2
V = w (l - x)
w
M (l x )2
2
5
>>Bending Stress
Bending Stress
Strain s x x r
lim
Straight member (regangan) x 0 x s (r y )
(r y ) r y
lim
x 0 r r
y /r
r max c /r
y
max
c
y
max
c
x
c y s
6
Bending Stress
Force equilibrium
y max
0 dP dA c max dA ydA
A A A c A
max
0, so ydA 0
c A
Moment
max 2
M y dP y dA
c y dA if I y 2dA
A A A
A
Mc
max
I My
Stress at any intermediate distance y is:
I
Bending Stress
Example:
Aluminum beam with rectangular
cross section (4 x 4 cm)
experience force F = 100 N as
shown in figure. If length of beam
l = 2 m, find the maximum
bending stress.
Solution: t 50 Nm
c
Gambar penampang
batang A-C
Mc 50 0,02 t
max 4.69 106 N / m2 4.69 MPa
I 1 4 8
4 10
12
PR : t = 0,5 cm
7
Bending Stress
Example:
Aluminum beam with rectangular
cross section (4 x 4 cm)
experience force F = 100 N as
shown in figure. If length of beam
l = 2 m, find the maximum
bending stress. t
Solution: t 50 Nm
Gambar penampang
batang A-C
Mc 50 0,02
max 4.69 106 N / m2 4.69 MPa
I 1 4 8
4 10
12
PR : t = 0,5 cm
Bending Stress
Example:
Stress distribution
8
PR III : tgl. 26-11-08 (Simply Supported Beam with Twin Loads)
b
h
F = dua angka terakhir NPM anda.
l = 15 m
a=5m
b=2 cm ; h = 3 cm
Ditanya :
1. Bending moment diagram
2. Shear force diagram
3. Tegangan maksimum
4. Panjang baja maksimum yang
tersedia adalah 12 m, tentukan
letak terbaik
penyambungannya, dilihat dari
engineering consideration.
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Material Density Modulus of Yield Ultimate Ductility, Poisson's
Elasticity Strength strength %EL in ratio
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa) 2 in
Iron 7870 207 130 260 45 0.29
9
>> Torsion
Torsion
Concept:
max
c
o
dA
c max dA T
A
max
2 dA T
c A
10
Torsion
Cont.
max
2 dA T
c A
2
if dA Ip = area polar moment of inertia
A
So,
Tc
max
Ip
Torsion
Power Transfer
Power is the rate of doing work or
hp = Force x Velocity
hp = F . u
hp = T .
or
hp
T
Where :
F = force, N
u = velocity, m/s
T = torque, Nm
= 2f = rotational speed, rad/s
f = frequency, hertz
11
Torsion
Example:
A shaft with diameter 10 mm carries a torque of 30 Nm.
Find the maximum shear stress due to torsion!
Solution:
c c
4 c 4 (0.005) 4
2 3
I p dA 2 d 2 9.82 10 10
A 0
4 0
2 2
Tc 30 0.005
max 152.8 MPa
I p 9.82 10 10
Torsion
Angle of twist
max dx c d B
A d c
max
dx
Hooke’s law:
Tc
max max max
G IpG
then: Tc
dx c d
I pG
12
Torsion
Angle of twist
B
A
d c
max
Tdx dx
d
IpG
B B
T dx
d Ix
A A px G
Torsion
Example:
A 50 mm-long, circular, hollow shaft made of carbon steel must carry
a torque of 5000 Nm at maximum shear stress of 70 MPa. The inside
diameter is 0.5 of the outside diameter 72.94 mm. If the shear
modulus rigidity (G) for carbon steel is 80 GPa, find the angle of twist !
4 4
ro ri 36.47 4.10 12 18.2354.10 12
I p 2 dA 1.737 10 6 m 4
A
2 2 2 2
B
Tx dx T L TL
I G I G dx I G
A px p 0 p
5000 0.05
1.799 10 3 rad
1.737 10 6 80 10 9
13
Torsion
Problem:
1. A shaft is used for electric motor with power 8 kilowatts at
frequency 40 Hz. Find the maximum shear stress if the
diameter of shaft is 16 mm!
Torsion
Solution (1):
hp 8000
T 31.83 Nm
2 40
c 4 (0.008 )4
Ip 2 dA 6.434 10 9 m 4
A 2 2
Tc 31.83 0.008
max 39.58 MPa
Ip 6.434 10 9
14
Torsion
Solution (2):
4
r r
ro 4 4 4
ro r
Ip 2 dA 2 3 d i o 1 i
A ri 2 2 2 ro
di r r do
i i 0. 5 c ro
d0 ro c 2
Ip T 5000
71.43 10 6 m3
c max 70 10 6
Torsion
Solution (2) cont.:
4
ro ri
3
1 71.43 10 6 m3
2 ro
3
ro 48.51 10 6 m3
ro 0.03657 m
15
PR:
Sebuah motor listrik dengan daya 100 kW, putaran 1500
rpm, menggerakan
Sebuah pompa centrifugal dihubungan dengan sebuahruk
poros pejal (solid shaft). Bahan poros adalah stell st 40
dengan modulus elastisitas geser (G) =70 GPA, dan
tegangan geser adalah 70 MPA. Panjang poros 40 cm.
Tentukan
1. Diameter Poros
2. Sudut puntir poros.
PR
Pilihlah profil baja yang sesuai (cukup aman dari sudut engineering
consideration) dari struktur seperti pada soal UTS, dengan ketentuan
sbb.:
1. Profil baja (termasuk dimensinya) diambil dari tabel yang ada.
2. Data mechanical properties bahan dipersilahkan mencari sendiri
asalkan masih dalam batas kewajaran dan disebutkan ref. nya.
16