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P5 Things that do not have a height width or depth do not occupy space
C4 If you can’t measure somethings height, width, depth etc. then it must be a thought-like
substance. (C3+P7+P8)
Question B
Question C
Concluding that ghosts must be hallucinations is a reasoning error because that is not the only
possible conclusion to draw. For example, ghosts might be an optical illusion rather than a
hallucination. This is another plausible and logical conclusion to draw.
Saying “So ghosts must be material or immaterial” is a fallacy of unacceptable premises, of ‘begging
the question’ because it assumes the very thing that the argument aims to disprove, that ghosts are
real. Saying “So ghosts must be material or immaterial” assumes that ghosts are in fact real, which
conflicts with the conclusion that ghosts are not real and are instead hallucinations.
Question D
I find the main argument to be weak because the conclusion is not the only one that can be reached
from the premises, as mentioned in question C above. The use of ‘must’ in the conclusion is
replaceable by ‘therefore’ rather than ‘therefore probably’, yet other conclusions can be reached.
C2 is weak and unconvincing because its premises are disagreeable, such mental processes are the
product of the complex physical system that is the brain and can be observed and quantified to
some degree, ie, the detection of brain waves, regional brain activity when specific emotions are
expressed.
Each sub conclusion is a premise of the next sub conclusion except for C7 whose premises do not
contain sub arguments. So C4, C5, C6, C8 all have fake premises and are therefore poor arguments.
C7 is also weak because its premise P16 “Material objects cannot pass through solid objects” is false
in that material objects like water and gases can move through membranes.
Question E
P Light is not a physical material, it is a wave that occupies no volume and yet it is observable
and detectable.
P The mind, emotions and beliefs are emergent properties of complex physical interactions
between atoms, ion and molecules in the brain that are observable and measurable.
S3: People tend to draw conclusions based on what is the easiest to understand
D2: People often fabricate ghosts as a coping mechanism for lost loved ones
AA: Despite advanced technology UFOs have not been proven to exist
Therefore probably,