PIPELINE DESIGN CHECKS

INTRODUCTION
Prepared By: godwinirabor4u@gmail.com
Outline

 The Basis of Pipeline Design Checks

 Objective of Pipeline Design Checks

 Action and Reaction Philosophy

 Examples of Pipeline Design Checks

2
The Basis of Pipeline Design Checks

 Pipeline design checks are carried to determine the integrity of the pipeline
under different load cases such as installation (empty), Flooded, Hydrotest,
Accidental, Operating cases, etc).

 Different design activities have different pipeline design checks. Pipeline

design checks include stresses (Hoop, Longitudinal, Von-Mises, Shear),
Strain, Displacement, Declination, Bending moment, Torque, Forces,
pressure etc. Some of the checks are done using codes and standards.
The Basis of Pipeline Design Checks
 A Line Pipe is a cylindrical hollow object, made of metallurgical materials
(such as carbon steel, stainless steel, etc.) used for transporting crude oil,
petroleum products, natural gas and water.

 The conduit of line-pipe connected end-to-end is pipeline which carries

single phase or multiphase fluids. These pipes are made as per
metallurgical specifications developed by API (American Petroleum
Institute).

 Pipeline subjected to various loads as a result of the transporting fluid and

its environment will respond to the loads in form of reactions. The impacts
of these loads needs to be checked against the allowable strength of the
pipeline.
Objective of Pipeline Design Checks
The main aim of Pipeline design checks is to ensure that the Pipeline design
engineer knows the necessary parameters and criteria to checks; and also to
apply caution during Pipeline design analysis.
Action and Reaction Philosophy

Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, says that all forces

occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object,
then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on
the first.

The third law is also more generally stated as: "To every action there
is always opposed an equal reaction
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks
 Circumferential stress or hoop stress, a normal stress in the
tangential (azimuth) direction;

 Axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical

symmetry. Also Axial stress is the type of stress that tends to change
the length of a body. This check is done during Pipe stress analysis,
etc.

 Radial stress, a stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular

to the symmetry axis.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

When a thin-walled tube or cylinder is subjected to internal pressure a hoop

stress is produced in the wall.

Hoop Stress
The hoop stress can be expressed as:

σh = p d / 2 t (1)

where
σh = hoop stress (MPa, psi)
p = internal pressure in the tube or cylinder (MPa, psi)
d = internal diameter of tube or cylinder (mm, in)
t = tube or cylinder wall thickness (mm, in)
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

When a thin-walled tube or cylinder is subjected to internal pressure a

longitudinal stress is also produced in the wall.

Longitudinal Stress
The longitudinal stress can be expressed as:

σl = p d / 4 t (2)
where
σl = longitudinal stress (MPa, psi)
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Tensile stress is axial stress that tends to cause a body to become

longer along the direction of applied force.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….
Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion;
that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction
but the volume of the material stays constant.

When equal and opposite forces are applied on a body, then the stress
due to this force is called tensile stress.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Compressive stress is axial stress that tends to cause a body to become

shorter along the direction of applied force.

Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller

volume. By compressive stress the material is under compression.

Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening. One can

increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….
Von Mises Stress:

The von Mises yield criterion suggests that the yielding of materials begins
when the second deviatoric stress invariant reaches a critical value.

It is part of a plasticity theory that applies best to ductile materials, such

as metals. Prior to yield, material response is assumed to be elastic. Von
Mises stress are checked during Jumper design, Piping stress analysis, Riser
& Spool In-place analysis, etc.
In materials science and engineering the Von Mises yield criterion can be
also formulated in terms of the Von Mises stress or equivalent tensile
stress. It is a scalar stress value that can be computed from the Cauchy
stress tensor.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….
Von Mises Stress:

The concept of Von Mises stress arises from the distortion energy
failure theory. Distortion energy failure theory is comparison between
2 kinds of energies,
1) Distortion energy in the actual case
2) Distortion energy in a simple tension case at the time of failure.
According to this theory, failure occurs when the distortion energy in
actual case is more than the distortion energy in a simple tension case
at the time of failure.

Distortion energy is the energy required for shape

deformation of a material. During pure distortion, the
shape of the material changes, but volume does not
change.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Shear stress, denoted τ (Greek: tau), is defined as the component

of stress coplanar with a material cross section.

Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the
cross section.

Shear stresses are checked during Piping stress

analysis, etc. It can also play a part in the
calculation of Von Mises stress.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….
Torsion is the twisting of an object
due to an applied torque.

Torsion is expressed in newton per

squared meter (Pa) or pound per
squared inch (psi) while torque is
expressed in newton meter (N·m) or
foot-pound force (ft·lbf).

In sections perpendicular to the

torque axis, the resultant shear
stress in this section is perpendicular
to the radius.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a

slender structural element subjected to an external load applied
perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.

A bending moment is the reaction induced

in a structural element when an external
force or moment is applied to the element
causing the element to bend.

The most common or simplest structural

element subjected to bending moments is
the beam. The example shows a beam which
is simply supported at both ends.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….
A Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's
interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between
two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the
interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force.

A force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion
of an object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to
change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest),
i.e., to acceleration. Force can also be described by intuitive concepts
such as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Effective Axial Force governs static

analysis, including determination of
stresses and natural frequency. It
depends on operating parameters such
as pressure, temperature, pipeline
deflection, and soil restriction

The concept of effective axial force simplifies the

calculation of how the internal and external pressures
influence the behaviour of a pipeline.

The EAF (Effective Axial Force) are calculated during Pipeline expansion
analysis. It is also useful in Freespan analysis, Lateral and upheaval
buckling analysis, walking analysis, etc.
Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Tension describes the pulling force exerted by each end of a string, cable,
chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod,
truss member, or similar three-dimensional object. Tension is the opposite of
compression.

Tension values are checked during pipeline installation analysis (top

and bottom tension), pipeline-structure installation analysis, Jumper
design, etc.
Other Examples of Pipeline Design Checks….

Reaction is a responsive force that occurs as a result of an action

exact by an external object. Reactions are checked during Pipeline
installation analysis (roller reactions, friction clamp reactions), piping
design, Risers & Spool In-place analysis, Jumper design etc.)

Displacement is material response due to the application of

external load on the material. Displacement values are checked
during Pipeline installation analysis, Piping design, Jumper design,
Risers & Spool In-place analysis, Expansion analysis, On-Bottom
stability analysis, etc.)
To Be Continued