ArcelorMittal Automotive Product Offer en

Automotive Worldwide
Extract from the product catalogue
Note: Information contained in this catalogue is subject to change.

Please contact our sales team whenever you place an order to ensure that your requirements are fully met.
Please contact us if you have a specific requirement that is not included in the range of products and services covered by this catalogue.
We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.
Index
ArcelorMittal 2
Development trends 3
Product safety and toxicology 5
Life Cycle Analysis and recycling 7
Product definition 9
Product selection guide 17
Equivalent standards tables 20
Worldwide product availability 27
Steels for hot stamping -Usibor® and Ductibor® 28
Steels for cold stamping -Fortiform® 36
MartINsite® steels 41
Dual Phase steels 46
TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels 54
Complex Phase steels 60
Hot rolled ferrite-bainite steels 68
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming 74
Bake hardening steels 79
High strength IF steels 84
Solid solution steels 88
High formability steels for drawing 92
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Extragal double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels 99
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Ultragal 101
Galvannealed zinc-iron alloy coated steels 103
Zagnelis® -Double-sided ZnMgAl galvanized steels 105
Steels coated with galfan zinc-aluminium alloy 108
Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides 111
Surface treatments 113
Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs) 115
Jetgal® -Cold stamping steels coated with zinc from an innovative and environmentally friendly process 118
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Steels coated with Alusi , an aluminum-silicon alloy: general points 120
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Steels coated with Alusi aluminum-silicon alloy: specific applications 122
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iCARe : ArcelorMittal’s range of electrical steels for automotive 127
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iCARe Save 130
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iCARe Torque 133
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iCARe Speed 135
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Coatings for iCARe 137
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Advanced technical support for iCARe 139
A range of technical services to support product selection 141
Finishing: Auto Processing 142
Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks 145
Laser welded blanks for cold stamping 152
Laser welded blanks for hot stamping 156
Unwelded blanks -Die cut blanks 159
Unwelded blanks -Laser cut blanks 160
Door ring 162
Rear ring 163
Front door module 164
Front side member -cold stamping 165
Front side member -hot stamping 166
Twist beam 167
Rear side member 168
B-pillar 169
PN 1 PN

ArcelorMittal
An unparalleled partner for automotive manufacturers
ArcelorMittal is the world's number one steel company. ArcelorMittal is the leader in all major global markets, including automotive,
construction, household appliances and packaging. Supporting our position is a commitment to industry leading R&D and technology. The
Group holds sizeable captive supplies of raw materials and operates an extensive distribution network, ensuring sustainability and quality
throughout the supply chain. Its industrial presence in 20 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa andAmericagives the Group exposure to all
the key steel markets, from mature to emerging, such as the high growth markets inChinaandIndia.
As a supplier of automotive steels, ArcelorMittal is unequaled. The dedicated organization it has put in place to serve automotive
manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers gives them the benefit of global expertise, state-of-the-art research and
development and a comprehensive and internationally available product, solution and service offering.

Within this dedicated organization, separate customer teams are structured to support each customer's worldwide growth while providing
local service. Teams are made up of account managers in charge of supporting the customer's strategy and technical experts able to
anticipate and facilitate product utilization. The flexibility of this organization enables ArcelorMittal to serve as a co-engineering partner
throughout the life of the vehicle, from design through production.
The purpose of ArcelorMittal Research and Development, which has dedicated automotive laboratories in the United States and Europe, is to
propose increasingly innovative solutions to automotive manufacturers. Its primary goal is to stay ahead of the curve, anticipating the
environmental, safety and cost control issues facing the automotive sector and devising effective and sustainable solutions to address them.
It develops breakthrough product and processing technologies while maintaining a constant focus on cost control.
ArcelorMittal automotive steels have outstanding properties in use and cover the full range of metallurgical families, coatings and surface
treatments. ArcelorMittal has a recognized global technological edge in galvanized steels for exposed parts and coated steels for hot
stamping. Striking an optimum balance between mass savings and formability, its wide range of products is available throughout the world
and is supplemented by services and solutions provided by the Group's international network of wholly-owned and associated processing
centers, welded blank production units and drawing partners.
ArcelorMittal offers its customers unrivaled value creation by addressing the ever-changing challenges they face, supporting their expansion
and growth and providing them with outstanding products and services.
© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017
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Development trends
The Automotive Worldwide catalogue reflects the major trends in new product development being pursued by the ArcelorMittal group in response to
the needs of its automotive sector customers:
Proposals for reducing vehicle weight
Cost reductions
Environmental protection
As world leader, ArcelorMittal is called upon to take the lead in innovation, focusing on breakthrough technologies that will, in some cases, prove
indispensable in the future.
Reduction of vehicle weight
We are constantly extending our range of very high strength steels suitable for structural parts. We have, for example, added several grades
in the 800 to1200 MPa tensile strength range. These products-hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated Dual Phase, Complex Phase and
martensitic steels-provide many different combinations of weight reduction capacity and formability.
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To meet the need for weight reduction in closures, our catalogue now includes a Dual Phase FF 280 DP Extragal adapted to the
requirements for visible parts.
Other metallurgical concepts are being studied by our R&D team in our ongoing endeavour to further expand our product range.
Cost reduction
ArcelorMittal offers high-performance solutions with proven capacity for reducing certain process costs. For example, the new surface
treatments for zinc coatings-NIT and L-Treatment-improve the robustness of the drawing process. Because of their surface properties, the
frequency of equipment cleaning operations (which are crucial, especially for skin parts) can often be reduced.
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Ultragal offers new guarantees with respect to waviness and hence to paint appearance in the galvanized range for visible parts. It offers
opportunities for synergies with new shorter-and thus more cost-effective-painting processes.
Environmental protection
ArcelorMittal strives to help protect the environment. For example, Chrome VI has been removed from the group's automotive catalogue.
Chromating on a metallic coating has been replaced by E-passivation and surface treatments in the weldable thin organic coatings range are
now entirely chromium-free.
Breakthrough technology
The increasingly competitive and global automotive market calls for the development of top-performance products. The quest for
combinations of different properties and the need for savings will increasingly require simultaneous product and process development.
ArcelorMittal devotes significant resources to the search for breakthrough technologies. A typical example is the emergence of vacuum PVD
(Physical Vapour Deposition). New prospects for breakthrough product development have opened up as a result of this technology, which
exists in other industries but has never before been applied in a continuous steelmaking process.
The first of these products will probably be the ZEMg coating, obtained by vacuum deposition. The ZEMg PVD coating's capacity for
corrosion protection and its surface quality recommend it for many automotive industry applications, for both visible and non-visible parts.

These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts.
They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow
areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides,
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These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts.
They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow
areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides,
underbodies, shock absorbers and all hollow beams in vehicles. These products are aimed at meeting the needs of car body manufacturers
with respect to reducting the cost of anti-corrosion guarantees.
Surface appearance of ZEMg PVD coating (Scanning

electron micrograph)
Cross-sectional view of ZEMg PVD coating
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Product safety and toxicology
Compliance of steels with EoL Directive 2000/53/EC and with automotive industry requirements
Directive 2000/53/EC requires that vehicles placed on the market after 1 July 2003 contain no lead, cadmium, mercury or hexavalent
chromium, other than in the cases listed in its Annex 2.
1
It also requires the identification of other dangerous substances (as defined in Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008*
and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008**) that may be used in the manufacture of vehicles. The amendment of Annex 2 of the Directive,
published on 20 September 2005 (Council Decision 2005/673/EC), set 1 July 2007 as the date for a comprehensive ban on the use of
hexavalent chromium.
In addition, tolerance thresholds were set for these substances:

0.1% (1,000 ppm) for lead, mercury and hexavalent chromium
0.01% (100 ppm) for cadmium.
Consequently, there is a twofold requirement:

Guarantee of compliance of the steel with the Directive, with provision of information on any use of prohibited substances or metals in
our products and timetable for implementation of the heavy metal prohibition in the products involved;
Provision of information on the composition of our steels, in particular by reporting such information in databases such as IMDS.
* Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the
classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The classification of dangerous substances can be accessed via
http://ecb.jrc.it/classification-labelling/
** Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labeling and
packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No
1907/2006
Characteristics of steels supplied to the automotive sector and their compliance with regulations
Composition of steels
The steels supplied to the automotive sector are often complex, multi-layer products, made up of a substrate with a zinc and/or aluminum
based alloy coating, with one or more subsequent surface treatments.
Substrate
The chemical composition of steel varies from one grade to another. Generally the total concentration of alloying elements does not exceed
3%. The maximum concentration per element may be up to 3% (certain VHS steels contain more than 2% manganese, for example). The
most frequently used alloying elements are carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, niobium, aluminum, boron, chromium,
vanadium, molybdenum and titanium.
Trace lead in steel substrates is not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact that current processes do not fully
eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials.
Metal coatings
These coatings are obtained either by continuous hot-dip galvanization or by electrodeposition.
Trace lead and cadmium in coatings (dissolved in the metal lattice) are not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact
that current processes do not fully eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials.
The sum of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) content in spangle-free coating is less than 100 ppm and mercury (Hg) is not detectable.
Surface treatments:
Passivation
®
ArcelorMittal has introduced Cr(VI)-free passivation (E-Passivation ), in line with legislation.
Phosphating
This treatment (42% phosphate, 35% Zn, 5% Mn, 1% Ni) complies with regulations.
Thin organic coatings (TOCs)

ArcelorMittal now offers a range of thin organic coatings over hexavalent chromium-free pre-treatment.
Development of environmentally-friendly products
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Development of environmentally-friendly products
ArcelorMittal has implemented a Cr(VI)-free substitution programme, offering Cr(VI)-free solutions for its entire range of products, including
sandwich sheet, in accordance with the timetable set by the Directive and/or vehicle manufacturers' decisions.
Communication of information relating to the composition of steel products
Since 2002, the composition of steels supplied to the automotive sector has been available in the IMDS data base.
ArcelorMittal's steels are reported under their commercial name, with a layer by layer description and ID number.
ArcelorMittal's identification number in IMDS is 5502.
We also work with manufacturers who have not joined the IMDS system.
Certification and reporting of dangerous substances
The ArcelorMittal Technology -Health and Safety -Product Safety Department is responsible for the certification procedure.
The risks that might arise during secondary processing of steels are set out in the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), which may be downloaded
from www.arcelormittal.com/fce website under Products & Services > MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)'.
Compliance with the REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006
ArcelorMittal is implementing the various aspects of the REACH Regulation according to the regulatory timeframe. In particular, we are
making every effort to ensure that the use of our products by our clients is correctly assessed and that all substances present in the products
delivered to our clients have been properly registered. Steel coils, slit bands, sheets, blanks and their derivatives are to be considered as
articles in the sense of the REACH reglementation. The selection process of substances to be included in the Candidate List of Substances
of Very High Concern or in REACH Annex XIV is carefully monitored. We are committed to informing our clients about the presence of any
such substances in our products, as provided for in this Regulation. Our Safety Data Sheets have been adapted to the new requirements laid
down by REACH and the new CLP (Classification Labelling and Packaging) directive. Further updates may be made as additional
information becomes available.
If you have any questions on product safety and toxicology, please ask your usual contact or send an e-mail to: fcs-msds@arcelormittal.com.
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Life Cycle Analysis and recycling
The environment a priority focus from the R&D stage onward
Protecting the environment is a key challenge of our time and as the world's leading steel company, ArcelorMittal is committed to helping
develop sustainable solutions. The Group's research centers have set up dedicated Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and recycling units to assess
the impact of new products on the environment at the design stage (by means of LCA) and at end-of-life recovery and disposal (by validating
their recyclability).
Life Cycle Analysis
This standardized (ISO 14040) method is used to determine the potential impact of a product on the environment throughout its entire life
cycle, i.e. from the extraction of the raw materials needed to produce it (ore, oil, etc.) to its production, utilization and end-of-life disposal
(recycling, incineration, etc.).

The entire life cycle of steel must be considered in the automotive sector since:
the utilization phase accounts for some 80% of a vehicle's overall environmental impact;
steel often has an impact that is far smaller than that of its competitors in the production phase;
steel's recyclability is a major advantage in end-of-life vehicle regulations.
An LCA study is carried out in four phases:

1. Definition of objectives and of the system studied: observation of the life cycle in order to model it and definition of the functional unit (quantity
2
of product studied = 1 m of roofing, 100 beverage cans, vehicle traveling 200,000 km, etc.);
2. Inventory of flows: list of all the inputs and outputs of the system (quantity of each material needed, emissions, etc.);
3. Assessment of impacts: use of inventory data to calculate environmental impact in terms of: global warming, natural resources, acidification,
etc.;
4. Interpretation: proposal of alternative production processes to reduce impact. Comparison of different products to support the choice of the
product that best protects the environment.
ArcelorMittal and a variety of consortia have carried out studies that have demonstrated the competitive advantages of steel in this area.
End-of-life vehicle recycling
Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles was drawn up to limit or
prohibit the presence in vehicles of dangerous substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium IV and mercury, in order to reduce the
environmental impact of vehicles throughout their lives. It also defines target recycling and waste-to-energy rates with the goal of reducing as
far as possible the ultimate waste from of end-of-life vehicles that is landfilled. In 2006, the target was recycling of at least 80% of materials in
addition to a maximum 5% waste-to-energy rate to ensure that a maximum of 15% of the average mass of end-of-life vehicles is landfilled. In
2015, these objectives will increase to 85% materials recycling, 10% waste-to-energy and only 5% landfilled.

A large number of vehicle shredding and shredded scrap characterization tests have shown that the ferrous fraction of vehicles is both 100%
recyclable and 100% recycled. To ensure that this recycling is sustainable, the ArcelorMittal Group undertakes to verify that all new steels
developed for automotive production are easy to recover and recycle. In this spirit, a research team at the ArcelorMittal Research Center in
Maizières-les-Metz has developed a methodology making it possible for compliance with the specifications of the European Directive
described above to be validated at the time new steels are developed (see diagram below).

In partnership with professional scrap processors, the ArcelorMittal Recycling R&D team offers solutions for easily recovering the ferrous
fraction generated by their processes, including, importantly, non-magnetic steels. The new steels offered by ArcelorMittal are also subjected
to the conventional treatment applied to end-of-life capital goods in which they are used. For example, shredding and sorting tests are carried
out in industrial facilities and the scrap recovered is then melted in pilot furnaces so as to determine its meltability and verify that scrap
melting does not impact the environment.

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The ArcelorMittal Group is thus able to provide its customers with a guarantee of sustainable recycling of all the steels offered.
Flowchart -Compliance of new steels with Directive

2000/53/EC
Steel is an environmentally-friendly material in use and is

virtually infinitely recyclable.
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Product definition
About our products
Major metallurgical families and characterization
ArcelorMittal's range of steels for the automotive sector comprises all the main metallurgical families:
Steels for drawing: aluminum killed and IF (Interstitial Free);
High-strength steels: high yield strength steels, rephosphorized steels, high strength IF steels, isotropic and bake hardening steels;
Very high strength multiphase steels: Dual Phase, TRIP, ferrite-bainite, Complex Phase steels.
The mechanical properties of these steels are the result of a combination of parameters that are defined throughout the steel manufacturing
process. The two main parameters are:
Chemical composition;
Thermo-mechanical process.
Mechanical properties
To obtain the required mechanical properties, the steelmaker devises a range of strength/formability combinations suitable for the uses to
which products are to be put in the automobile.
A number of hardening processes are available. They can be employed alone or in combination:
Steel hardening mechanism
To activate and control these processes, the steelmaker varies:
a) Chemical composition
The composition of the alloy lends the steel its mechanical strength. Iron from the blast furnace, the first stage in the steel production
process, is uniform for all products.
In the following process stage, alloying elements are added to or removed from the iron. This stage determines the main families of steel,
from the strongest to the most formable. The proportion of carbon plays a crucial role in this determination, since it is the main hardening
element added to iron. Other elements such as manganese, silicon and phosphorous are also used to adjust the strength of the steel. More
selectively, further alloying elements such as titanium, niobium and vanadium can be added to lend specific hardness properties to the steel.
These are called micro-alloyed steels, since these elements have an effect even when added in very small quantities compared to the other
alloying elements.
In multiphase steels (Dual Phase, TRIP, Complex Phase...) it may be necessary to add chromium and molybdenum to obtain hard phases.
Nitrogen and carbon are chemical elements of small atomic size compared to iron. They are called interstitial elements because they are
easily positioned within the iron crystal lattice (positions 2 and 3 in the figure below: positions 4 and 5 are occupied by substitution elements
such as Mn, Si, etc., and position 1 is a vacancy). Placed in the interstices of the crystal lattice, they harden the crystal as a whole by
preventing the atomic planes from sliding against each other. The quantity of interstitial elements in steel determines its mechanical
properties. Carbon content is adjusted primarily by blowing oxygen through the molten metal and can be further lowered by vacuum
treatment.
There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms
contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists
in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said
to be "titanium killed"). The second method is the more efficient in reducing total interstitial nitrogen and carbon. This method is used to
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There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms
contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists
in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said
to be "titanium killed"). The second method is the more efficient in reducing total interstitial nitrogen and carbon. This method is used to
produce "Interstitial Free" (IF) type mild steels.
Various positions that alloying elements can occupy in the

iron crystal lattice
b) Thermo-mechanical process
The grain structure of steel influences its mechanical behavior at two levels:
Microscopically, through alignment irregularities (dislocations) and interstitial or substitutional alloying elements within each grain, which
is itself a single crystal of iron;
More macroscopically, through the shape (elongated or equi-axed) and size of the grains.
For a given chemical composition, these characteristics of a steel are related to the thermo-mechanical cycles it undergoes throughout the
manufacturing process:
Solidification in slab form;
Hot rolling;
Cold rolling;
Annealing;
Skin-pass.
Rolling temperatures, cooling speeds, coiling temperatures, thickness reduction rates in the cold rolling mill, annealing cycles and skin-pass
parameters are all varied in order to adjust the structure of the steel and hence the product's final properties.
Steel grain structure
Tensile test
Steel is characterized by the mechanical properties of products sold both in the cold rolled (thicknesses below 3.0 mm) and the hot rolled
(currently, thicknesses higher than 1.8 mm) state. These properties reflect the product's propensity for secondary processing and for forming
by means of drawing, bending, hydro-forming, etc. The method most commonly used to determine the mechanical properties of materials is
the tensile test.
It has two advantages:
It is easy, rapid and standardized.
The resulting stress-strain curve provides a large amount of precise information.
The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling
or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously.
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The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling
or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously.
These values are used to plot stress (load divided by the initial cross-section of the specimen) against strain (expressed as percent
elongation of the initial gage L0).
This is the stress-strain curve, shown in the figure opposite. This uniaxial test is spelled out precisely in the EN 10002-1 standard and
elsewhere. The importance of specimen preparation (machining), especially for high strength steels, should be borne in mind.
Shape of the stress-strain specimen
Configuration of the tensile test machine
Shape of the stress-strain curve
Remarks
Test specimen dimensions:

1. The dimension of tensile test specimens varies according to the thickness of the product tested:
a. thickness ≤ 3 mm: width 20 mm and length 80 mm;
b. thickness > 3 mm: width 30 mm and length 5.65 √S0. where S0 = width x thickness. Standard dimensions in Europe (EN standards).
2. Specimen dimensions also vary from one country to another:
a. Japan (JIS standard): width 25 mm and length 50 mm;
b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm.
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b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm.
Because of these variations in specimen size, the mechanical properties measured are not directly comparable. However, well-established
conversions exist between the different standards.
JIS -EN -ISO elongation value correlations
These conversions are indicative. Our technical department can provide further information as required.
Tensile test direction

All parameters derived from the tensile test reflect the properties of the steel in a specific direction: that of the tensile test. These values
depend on the direction in which the sample was taken with respect to the direction in which the thin sheet was rolled.
When indicating the mechanical properties of steel, the sampling direction with respect to the rolling direction must always be specified:
Rolling direction RD (indicated by 0°);
Transverse direction TD (indicated by 90°);
Oblique direction (indicated by 45°).
Main mechanical properties
The tensile test measures the following parameters, which characterize the material:
a) Yield stress: YS
Point A on the stress-strain curve. It represents the load at which the elastic domain, in which deformation is reversible, ends and the plastic
domain, in which deformation is irreversible, begins.
Typically, there are two types of transition:
The transition between the elastic and plastic domains shows a maximum followed by a sudden drop in yield stress and a plateau. A
distinction is made between upper yield stress UYS, corresponding to the peak, and lower yield stress LYS, corresponding to the
plateau. The length of the plateau is the yield point elongation es.
The transition is gradual. Yield stress is then defined conventionally. It is measured for 0.2% elongation and termed 0.2% proof stress
(0.2% PS). The term YS will be used to cover both types in this document.
Definition of yield stress and plateau
b) Ultimate tensile stress (or tensile strength or mechanical strength): UTS
Point B on the stress-strain curve. This is the maximum load reached during the tensile test.
Beyond this point, deformation begins to concentrate locally in a phenomenon called "necking", which explains the drop in the load required
for further deformation beyond Point B.
c) Fracture elongation: ef%
This is the residual elongation after failure of the specimen at point C on the stress-strain curve.
d) Strain hardening coefficient: n
In the tensile test, loads are measured with respect to the initial cross-section of the specimen. True stress σ and true strain ε are determined
by calculating the load with respect to the instantaneous cross section, using the law of conservation of mass/matter.
n
The resulting plot of σ = f(ε) is called the true stress-strain curve. This curve can be described by the Holloman law: σ = k.ε , in which n is
called the strain hardening coefficient. It describes the propensity of steel to harden during deformation in the plastic domain (the higher the
value of n, the more rapidly the steel hardens), to deform in the expansion mode and to redistribute strains.
e) Anisotropy coefficient: r
The anisotropy coefficient measures the tendency of the steel to resist thinning during the tensile test. It expresses the ratio between
specimen width deformation and specimen thickness deformation and thus reflects the steel's ability to undergo severe deep drawing strains.
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The values of r are usually on the order of 1 for hot-rolled sheet but can go up to nearly 3 for steels with the highest drawability.
f) Bake hardening
Bake hardening describes the steel's ability to harden during paint baking; this is used to increase the yield strength of the finished part.
These steels thus combine good drawability with good dent resistance after paint curing (YS value higher than in the initial blank) and good
plastic deformation resistance in the finished part.
Bake hardening is determined by measuring the increase in YS following heat treatment at 170°C for 20 minutes, simulating paint curing
conditions, after 2% uniaxial pre-strain (most representative value). This parameter is called BH2.
g) Work hardening
Work hardening describes the increase in yield stress compared to a reference level following plastic deformation. It is directly correlated with
the steel's strain hardening coefficient n.
Low-carbon flat steel families
Low-carbon flat steels can be grouped into families according to their mechanical properties, their strength/ductility combination and the
metallurgy (chemistry and thermo-mechanical processes) employed in their manufacturing. Within the metallurgical families, classification by
YS and UTS range defines grades.
Metallurgical families
Range of ArcelorMittal steels for the automotive sector
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Usibor steels for hot forming are not shown. Their mechanical strength is on the order of 1500 MPa after hardening.
Coatings
In the automotive industry, autobody anti-corrosion protection, expressed as the anti-corrosion guarantee, has become a major selling point.
Several protection solutions have been developed and the most widely used can be divided into three groups:
Hot-dip metal coatings applied by immersion in a liquid metal bath (at temperatures up to 700°C);
Metal coatings applied by electrodeposition (at temperatures slightly above ambient);
Thin (0.5 to 6 µm) organic coatings applied on a substrate previously protected by electrodeposited or hot dip metal coating and
pre-treated to increase corrosion resistance and adhesion of the organic coating.
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Various families of coatings exist, depending on deposition process, chemical composition, thickness (or weight per unit area), application on
one or both sides and surface appearance requirements.

Coating thickness is measured continuously on coating lines by means of x-ray gauges that scan the full width of the moving strip.
Other types of measurement can be carried out to obtain a point value:

Permascope, to determine the difference in product thickness with and without the coating;
Chemical measurement, to determine the difference in the weight of a sample with and without the coating (this is the most accurate
measurement);
Optical microscopy, to determine highly local coating thickness values.
Surface condition
The surface condition of steels has a major impact on their service properties, particularly during the forming and painting processes.
Surface quality is characterized primarily by:

Surface topography;
Lubrication;
Chemical treatment.
Surface topography
Surface topography describes the surface micro-geometry of the steel sheet. This is essentially a two-dimensional parameter but it is usually
characterized by a series of profiles (cross-sections). A profile is measured by means of a roughness tester, generally mechanical, and the
profile is recorded by the vertical movements of a stylus placed on the surface. The signal can be broken down into several sinusoidal
components with different wavelengths and amplitudes. The shortest wavelengths correspond to roughness and the longest to waviness.
Breakdown of a surface profile: the profile is a superimposed

image of roughness, waviness and flatness defect, if any
Roughness:
Two parameters are primarily measured:
Roughness, Ra, i.e. the average depth of the surface profile. It generally ranges between 0.5 and 3 µm;
Peak count, RPc, i.e. the number of peaks that consecutively project beyond a band of given width (generally ±0.5 µm) centered around
-1
the mean profile depth, expressed in number per unit length (n.cm ).
Increasing surface roughness while holding lubrication constant can help prevent seizing during drawing, especially in the case of uncoated
products.
However, any increase in roughness must be assessed in terms of the entire process, with particular attention to surface appearance after
painting.
Remark:
The calculation of roughness parameters is performed on the basis of a specific length for precise evaluation (at least five times the cut-off
length). Depending on the measurement instrument, total length is generally 12.5 mm.
The cut-off length is the long wavelength filtering threshold necessary for obtaining measurements representative of local micro-geometry.
Waviness:
Profile scanning also includes a measurement of waviness, which is the average value of the amplitudes within the wavelength limits set.
Waviness is major factor in appearance after painting (alongside, of course, painting process parameters). It is measured by, for example,
the Wa 0.8 parameter.
For additional information, please contact our technical support department.
Surface texture control

Surface topography is imprinted on the strip by the roughness of the working rollers.
Roughness is transferred in the last stand of the cold rolling mill and during the skin pass operation after annealing or hot-dip galvanizing.
Most of the roughness is transferred during the skin pass.
ArcelorMittal has developed special expertise in this area and can achieve the best possible combination of drawability and paint
appearance.
Two main texturing processes are used:
EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture;
14
EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture;
EBT (Electron Beam Texturing) produces a fully controlled displacement of the electron beam, with impingement equally spaced along
the axis and circumference of the work rolls.
Examples of roughness profiles (parallel scanning to obtain a

3D image)
Example of surface appearance after skin pass with EDT

texture
Lubrication
Lubrication serves two purposes. It:
protects surfaces, both uncoated (red rust) and coated (white rust), against oxidation during storage and handling;
reduces friction and the tendency to seize during drawing.
2
Lubrication consists in depositing oils in a set quantity (ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 g/m /side).
Lubricant suppliers offer a variety of products, from which ArcelorMittal has selected a range corresponding to the various requirements of its
customers; certain oils called "prelubes", in particular, spectacularly improve the tribological performance of a given steel at constant texture.
ArcelorMittal also offers a range of dry films (drylubes) that can be applied to most coatings and to uncoated steels. These lubricants lend the
steel very high friction performance and in most cases eliminate the need to re-oil, even in the most difficult situations. Because they are dry,
they also have the advantage of helping to keep the shop floor clean. To develop an appropriate lubrication for an application, full-scale tests
should be carried out to investigate forming behavior as well as possible impact on downstream processes (adhesive bonding, de-greasing
and surface treatment in particular).
Chemical treatments
ArcelorMittal provides a wide range of chemical post-treatments designed to improve the drawing performance of coated steels:
Specific chemical treatments such as S250 improve the tribological behavior of electrogalvanized products;
Pre-phosphating electrogalvanized sheet improves tribological properties, limits particle formation during drawing, increases corrosion
protection and facilitates paint adhesion;
NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized
substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and
limiting particle formation during drawing;
15
NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized
substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and
limiting particle formation during drawing;
L-Treatment, which serves comparable purposes on Galvannealed substrate.
The friction behavior of NIT on galvanized sheet is similar to

that of pre-phosphated electrogalvanized sheet
These post-treatments all strengthen the drawing process. They potentially reduce reject/rework rates.
They cannot be considered universal solutions. Their use must be examined on a case-by-case basis and they must be discussed with our
technical support teams.
Surface appearance after painting
With ongoing improvements in steel substrates and painting techniques, it is now possible to obtain very good painting quality. Nevertheless,
a film of paint is never completely flat and it never completely reflects light, as would a perfect mirror. The discrepancy between this ideal and
the painted surface can be expressed in terms of distinctness of image (DOI) and gloss. DOI is the ability of the painted sheet to reflect an
image distinctly.
It is measured, for example, by the DOI (Distinctness of Image) factor. Gloss is the capacity of the sheet to avoid distortions of the reflected
object, often called the orange peel effect.
Painted appearance assessment: typical measurements
The painted appearance quality of a sheet to be used for skin parts is first dependent on painting process parameters-layer thicknesses and
application and curing conditions.
Once the painting process has been optimized, the best results can be obtained by controlling the topographical parameters of the sheet.
The waviness parameter (expressed as Wa 0.8), more than roughness, is crucial in this regard.
ArcelorMittal has developed its process for manufacturing coated steels for skin parts to control waviness in the initial blank and limit the
recurrence of waviness after drawing.
16

Product selection guide

ArcelorMittal offers a wide range of steel grades and coatings to help its automotive sector customers design and produce vehicle bodies and
components meeting the requirements of an increasingly demanding market.
Several elements define a steel product:

metallurgical grade, often broken down into several qualities, determining the mechanical strength and formability required for the part;
coating, to meet corrosion resistance and surface appearance specifications;
surface condition, determining friction behavior during forming as well as adhesion properties and post-paint appearance.
This catalogue is thus organized in dedicated technical sheets:

metallurgical grades: products are defined according to their metallurgy and their mechanical strength, often involving specific applications,
coatings, including hot-dipped and electrodeposited metal and organic coatings,
aluminized steels, specific to exhaust systems, fuel tanks and heat shields. These are covered in a separate chapter,
composite products such as sound-absorption sheet and thick polymer core sheet.
This catalogue has been designed as a working tool and reflects the range of products and services available from ArcelorMittal at a given point in
time. The range is subject to ongoing development and will be expanded in coming years to include new grades offering improved
strength-formability combinations and coatings for a wider range of substrates. All product range extensions and product renewals will be directly
accessible from the customer's usual technical or sales contact and posted on the ArcelorMittal catalogue website.
The following section explains the approach to be used to identify the ArcelorMittal product which will best suit a given application, system or
component. The reader thus has the benefit of the experience ArcelorMittal has built up with its customers in the area of product selection for the
main automotive systems.
Choice of steel grade
The choice of a steel grade is generally a compromise between two more or less conflicting objectives:
1. Part performance in service.
The design office calculates the minimum strength (yield and/or tensile strength) level required. These must be guaranteed for each
component in order to meet the relevant performance requirements, especially in terms of impact strength (deformation resistance or energy
absorption in crash conditions) and durability (fatigue strength).
It should be emphasized that the move to save mass (in order to reduce CO2 emissions) is prompting manufacturers to reduce thickness as
much as possible, which in turn means that strength levels need to be increased.
2. Industrial feasibility under economically acceptable conditions, generally at high production rates.
To meet this objective, good ductility, generally expressed as high ultimate elongation, is required.
ArcelorMittal steel grades are therefore ranked in the following tables by strength level.
Recommended products
Specifications
Choice of coatings
Product/coating availability
The final mechanical properties of a steel are determined by all of the mechanical (hot rolling, cold rolling, skin pass, tension leveling, etc,)
and thermal (hot rolling, continuous or batch annealing, galvanizing, etc.) treatments that the steel strip undergoes throughout the
manufacturing process.
During hot dip coating (zinc or aluminum), the strip passes through a liquid coating bath held at approximately 460°C in the case of
galvanizing and 680°C in the case of aluminizing. For Galvannealed type coatings and organic coatings, a further baking stage is required in
order to:
achieve Fe-Zn alliation at between 500 and 550°C in the case of Galvannealed,
cross-link resins and evaporate solvents at between 150 and 250°C in the case of organic coatings.
17
Clearly, the thermo-mechanical processing plan must include the coating phase to ensure that the required final product mechanical
properties are achieved. This means that the choice of a steel grade and the choice of coating are linked. The detailed product sheets
provided later on in this catalogue give the combinations of grades and coatings that are currently possible.
In the case of thin organic coatings (TOC), the grade/coating/TOC combinations are too complex to be summarized in a simple table and
customers are asked to consult us.
Coating properties in service
Apart from the question of availability in the chosen grade (this applies mainly to external body parts), the choice of coating is a compromise
between:
1. coating compatibility with the process employed:

drawing behavior
influence on welding
phosphating aptitude
2. coating characteristics in service:

appearance after painting
corrosion resistance
The tables below give a comparative evaluation of the most common coatings in terms of these criteria:
®
Extragal Galvannealed Galfan Electrogalvanized Treated electrogalvanized
Drawing behavior ++ [] (1) ++ + ++
Influence on welding [] ++ # + + (2)
Aptitude for phosphating [] (3) + # ++ +
Appearance after painting ++ [] (4) # ++ +
Corrosion resistance ++ + ++ ++ ++
+ + Excellent
+ Very good
[] Good
# Good, but with reservations
(1) Risk of powdering, based on Fe-Zn alliation rate
(2) On electrogalvanized substrate
(3) Compatibility to be verified, particularly in the case of Ni-free cataphoresis
(4) Prone to cratering
® ®
Extragal Galvannealed Galfan Alusi Electrogalvanized TOC
Visible parts • • • •*
Structural parts • • • •
suspension system components • • • •
Exhaust system •
Heat screens •
Under-hood parts • •
Fuel tanks •
* Resin deposited on the non-visible side only.
As indicated, all automotive manufacturing sectors are called upon to make coating choices; no optimum solution can be identified across the
board, since the options selected are determined by each manufacturer's specific constraints, know-how and judgment.
Currently options are under review as a result of three significant trends:
1. The ongoing extension of anti-corrosion guarantees is prompting automakers and equipment manufacturers to seek products offering the
best possible corrosion performance; this has notably resulted in the widespread use of sheet coated on both sides.
2. Environmental protection standards are being stepped up; this has a number of implications, including discontinuation of the use of heavy
metals (especially Chromium VI) in coatings (particularly in zones liable to undergo sanding) and in surface treatments.
3. Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot-dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be
used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings.
18
3. Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot-dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be
used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings.
ArcelorMittal can supply an optimum coating for each system: alloyed and non-alloyed hot-dip and electrolytic metal coatings in thicknesses
ranging from approximately one micron to over 10 microns, with and without thin organic resin films and paint.
As part of the technical support service ArcelorMittal offers its customers, experts are available to help you make the best possible choice.
19

Equivalent standards tables

The indicative tables below summarize the European standards corresponding to the ArcelorMittal product range. ArcelorMittal grades generally offer
tighter mechanical property guarantees than the standards.

The VDA (German Association of the Automotive Industry) 239 standard for recommended material requirements has been developed within a VDA
Working Group to reduce the complexity of numerous national, regional and company owned steel sheet specifications. For more information, please
visit the VDA website.
Dual Phase steels
Euronorms VDA 239-100

FF 280 DP HCT500X (+Z) CR290Y490T-DP (-GI)
Dual Phase 450 HCT450X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF)
Dual Phase 500 HCT490X (+ZE, +Z) CR290Y490T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Dual Phase 600 HCT590X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF, +ZM) CR330Y590T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA,-ZM)
Dual Phase 780 Y450 HCT780X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR440Y780T-DP (-GI,-GA)
Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 HCT780X (+ZE) CR440Y780T-DP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 780 Y500
Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 HCT980X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR590Y980T-DP(-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA)
Dual Phase 980 Y700 HCT980XG (+ZE) CR700Y980T-DP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 HCT980XG (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR700Y980T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Dual Phase 1180 HCT1180G2 (+ZE) CR900Y1180T-CP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 600 HDT580X HR330Y580T-DP (-UNC)
Dual Phase 780

Euronorms
Uncoated (EN 10338 :2015): Steel grade name
Electrogalvanized (EN 10338 :2015 + EN 10152 :2017): Steel grade name +ZE
Galvannealed (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +ZF
Extragal® (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +Z
Zagnelis® (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +ZM
VDA 239-100
Uncoated: Steel grade name-UNC
Electrogalvanized: Steel grade name-EG
Galvannealed: Steel grade name-GA
Extragal®: Steel grade name-GI
Zagnelis®: Steel grade name-ZM

Hot rolled Cold rolled
FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.

LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service.
The above indicative table summarizes the European and VDA standards corresponding to the ArcelorMittal product range.
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties
(see table below).
TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels
20

TRIP 690 HCT690T (+ZE, +Z) CR400Y690T-TR (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
TRIP 780 HCT780T (+ZE, +ZF) CR450Y780T-TR (-UNC,-EG,-GA)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
Complex Phase steels

Complex Phase 600 HCT600C (+ZE)
Complex Phase 800 Y500
Complex Phase 800 Y600 HCT780C (+ZE, +Z) CR570Y780T-CP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Complex Phase 1000
Complex Phase 1000 SF HCT980C (+ZE) CR780Y980T-CP (-UNC,-EG)
Complex Phase 1000 Y800 HCT980C (+Z) CR780Y980T-CP (-GI)
Complex Phase 750 HDT750C (+Z)
Complex Phase 800 SF HDT780C (+Z) HR660Y760T-CP (-UNC,-GI)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.

(see table below).
Hot rolled ferrite-bainite steels
21

FB 450 HDT450F (+Z) HR300Y450T-FB (-UNC,-GI)
FB 540
FB 560
FB 590 HDT580F(+Z) HR440Y580T-FB (-UNC,-GI)
FB 590 HHE* HDT580F HR440Y580T-FB (-UNC)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

HHE: High Hole Expansion.

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical
properties (see table below).
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming

HC260LA (+ZE) /HX260LAD (+Z,
HSLA 260 CR240LA (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)

Euronorms
Uncoated ( EN 10268: 2006+A1: 2013): Steel grade name
Electrogalvanized (EN 10268 :2006+A1: 2013 + EN 10152 :2017): Steel grade name +ZE
Galfan (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +ZA
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
22
(see table below).

HSLA 320 S315MC/HX340LAD (+Z) HR300LA (-UNC,-GI)
HSLA 360 S355MC/HX380LAD (+Z) HR340LA (UNC,-GI)
HSLA 550 S550MC HR550LA (-UNC,-GI)

Euronorms
Uncoated (EN 10149-2 :1995): Steel grade name
VDA 239-100

The above indicative tables summarize the European and VDA standards corresponding to the ArcelorMittal product range.
Bake hardening steels

HC180B (+ZE) /HX180BD (+Z, +ZF,
180 BH CR180BH (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA,-ZM)
+ZM)
195 BH
HC220B (+ZE) /HX220BD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
260 BH HC260B (+ZE) /HX260BD (+Z, +ZM) CR240BH (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-ZM)
300 BH HC300B (+ZE) /HX300BD (+Z) CR270BH (-UNC,-EG,-GI)

Euronorms
Extragal®/Ultragal® for visible parts (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +Z
VDA 239-100
Extragal®/Ultragal® for visible parts: Steel grade name-GI

(see table below).
High strength IF steels
23

HC180Y (+ZE) /HX180YD (+Z, +ZF,
IF 180 CR180IF (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA,-ZM)
+ZM)
HC220Y (+ZE) /HX220YD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
HC260Y (+ZE) /HX260YD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
IF 300 /HX300YD (+Z, +ZF, +ZM)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
Solid solution steels

H 220 HC220P (+ZE)
H 260 HC260P (+ZE)
H 300 HC300P (+ZE)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
High formability steels for drawing

ArcelorMittal 01 DC01 (+ZE)
ArcelorMittal 02 CR1 (-UNC,-EG)
ArcelorMittal 03 DC03 (+ZE) CR2 (-UNC,-EG)

Euronorms
Electrogalvanized (EN 10152 :2017): Steel grade name +ZE
VDA 239-100

24
ArcelorMittal 51 DX51D (+Z, +ZF)
ArcelorMittal 52 DX52D (+Z, +ZF) CR1 (-GI,-GA)
ArcelorMittal 53 DX53D (+Z, +ZF, +ZM) CR2 (-GI,-GA,-ZM)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100


ArcelorMittal 11 DD11
ArcelorMittal 13 DD13 HR2 (-UNC,-GI)
ArcelorMittal 15
ArcelorMittal 16

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
®
Steels for cold stamping -Fortiform

®
Fortiform 980
®
Fortiform 1050 CR700Y980T-DH(-UNC,-EG)
®
Fortiform 1180

Euronorms
VDA 239-100
®
MartINsite steels
25
MartINsite steels

®
MartINsite 1200
®
MartINsite 1500 CR1220Y1500T-MS(-UNC,-EG)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

26

Worldwide product availability

When the ArcelorMittal Group was set up, one of its major initiatives in the automotive sector was to draw up a worldwide catalogue covering the
product range in the various regions in which the Group operates. This document shows:
®
1. the very broad ArcelorMittal product offering, ranging from IF steels for deep drawing to very high strength hot stamped Usibor steels;
2. the worldwide availability of a large number of widely used products and in particular a broad offering available in both North America and Europe;
3. ongoing development aimed at further extending the availability of the worldwide product offering.
Products shown as being available in different regions do not necessarily have identical metallurgy. Customers interested in these products should
contact their technical support structure about local mechanical property and chemical guarantees.

ArcelorMittal R&D has pooled its available resources in the various regions. This enables new products to be developed simultaneously and
consistently, reduces development times and ensures optimization of metallurgical choices. ArcelorMittal applies this ambitious product policy in
order to offer its automotive sector customers strong support for their worldwide development.
27

® ®
Steels for hot stamping -Usibor and Ductibor
Ultra high strength steels
Description
® ®
Usibor and Ductibor are hot formed grades which are intended for use in automobile structural and safety components. Due to their high
®
resistance, the Usibor steels are particularly suitable for anti-intrusion parts for which an ultimate load before collapse is required. Thanks to
®
their excellent ductility, the Ductibor steels are particularly effective for the parts which need absorb energy during an impact. The graph
® ®
below illustrates the typical levels of tensile strength and fracture strain of Usibor and Ductibor steels.
® ®
The main advantages of Usibor and Ductibor steels are:
To propose complex geometry in direct process but also in indirect process as the cold formability of the product is good. The very good
hot formability allows to use steel solution which include several functions (suppress of reinforcement part or assemblies);
Homogeneity of mechanical properties obtained on part;
Excellent fatigue strenght and impact resistance allowing substantial weight reduction.
®
ArcelorMittal was the first steelmaker to offer the automotive industry a coated press hardened steel: Usibor -AS with an aluminum-silicon
coating.

® ®
The additional benefits of Usibor -AS and Ductibor-AS steels are:
Simplification of the process and economic earnings (elimination of the shot-blasting step (no formation of scale), no specific protective
atmospheres in the ovens during heat treatment austénitisation);
Excellent temporary corrosion resistance after stamping, not requiring oiling of parts before assembly;
Absence of decarburization;
Excellent resistance to perforating corrosion, current use in dry and wet areas (side sill for example) of the vehicle.

® ®
Usibor 1500-GI galvanized Zn (for process of indirect stamping only) and Usibor 1500-GA galvannealed ZnFe (for direct and indirect
process) complete now the coating offer.

Two safety data sheets are available for each steel, one for the as-delivered product and one for the product after heat treatment. These
steels require no special precautions.
Applications
®
Usibor steels are particularly well suited for the entire range of structural parts which require a resistance to anti-intrusion during crash.
Main current applications are:

Front and rear bumper beams;
Door reinforcements;
Windscreen upright reinforcements;
B-pillar reinforcements;
Floor and roof reinforcements;
28
Floor and roof reinforcements;
Roof and dash panel cross members.
B-pillar (thickness: 1.85 mm)
Bumper beam (thickness: 2.3 mm)
Door reinforcement (thickness: 1 mm)
Windscreen upright (thickness: 1.2 mm)
29
® ®
Laser Welded Blanks Usibor 2000 /Ductibor 1000 stamping
trials
® ®
Ductibor steel grades are proposed in association with Usibor for Laser Welded Blanks solutions allowing to obtain hot stamped parts
®
presenting characteristics locally more ductile than Usibor steels. This solution meets the needs to control precisely deformations of
particular zones of the vehicle during the crash (example of a B-pillar reinforcement), and to widen the spectre of use of hot stamping steels
parts dedicated for energy absorption (example of front or rear rail).

® ®
Potential applications of Laser Welded Blanks Usibor -Ductibor are:
Front rail (front extremity, elbow and extension underfloor);
Rear rail;
® ®
B-pillar reinforcement (high part in Usibor , low part in Ductibor ).
® ®
Example of potential applications of Usibor -Ductibor
steels
ArcelorMittal has a complete set of data relating to the forming and the service properties of steels for hot stamping. To integrate these steels
at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.
Technical characteristics
(1) (2)
The table below gives the minimum characteristic values after hot stamping and simulation of the paint baking of the part. These values
are indicative and depend on the hot stamping process parameters.
(3) (4)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) A (%) Bending angle
®
Ductibor 450 ≥ 350 ≥ 460 ≥ 16 ≥ 120°
®
Ductibor 500 ≥ 400 ≥ 550 ≥ 16 ≥ 120°
®
Ductibor 1000 ≥ 800 ≥ 1000 ≥6 ≥ 80°
®
Usibor 1500 1100 1500 ≥3 ≥ 50°
®
Usibor 2000 ≥ 1400 ≥ 1800 ≥3 ≥ 45°

(1)
5 to 10 minutes 880°C to 930°C type heat treatment followed by quenching in perfectly cooled stamping tools (cooling speed > 30°C per
second).
(2)
paint baking simulation: 170°C heat treatment during 20 minutes.
(3)
Elongations to rupture are only indicative. More relevant is the minimum bending angle for crash ductility.
(4)
Bending angle following to the VDA238-100, referring to 1.5 mm thickness test specimen.
Chemical Composition (%)
30
C Mn Si B
Max Max Max Max
®
Ductibor 450 0.11 1.1 0.06 0.001
®
Ductibor 500 0.1 1.3 0.5 0.001
®
Ductibor 1000 0.12 2 0.75 0.005
®
Usibor 1500 0.25 1.4 0.4 0.005
®
Usibor 2000 0.37 1.4 0.7 0.005

Available coatings and worldwide availability
®
Uncoated Extragal Galvannealed Aluminised
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI

®
Usibor 1500
22MnB5
22MnB5
®
Ductibor 450

®
Ductibor 500

®
Ductibor 1000

®
Usibor 1500
®
Usibor 2000
Available in non-visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non-visible part
quality (Z)
EUR : Europe Region -NAM : North America Region -SAM : South America Region -RSA : South Africa Region -CHI : China

®
Before heat treatment, the microstructure of Usibor 1500 is composed of ferrite and perlite.
®
Usibor 1500 microstructure before hot stamping (delivery
state)
31
The coating at delivery state is split into one ternary layer of alloy at the steel-coating interface and an overlay of binary aluminum-silicon
alloy.
®
Appearance of the coating of Usibor 1500 prior to hot
stamping
Following heat treatment and quenching, the microstructure is 100% martensitic.
Martensitic microstructure following hot stamping heat

treatment (example: 5-minute austenitization at 900°C,
followed by water quenching or die quenching). Scanning
electron micrograph
The Al-Si coating is transformed in the oven into a protective Al-Fe-Si alloy layer adhering perfectly to the substrate.
Appearance of the coating after hot stamping (optical

microscopy)
Heat treatment
32
® ®
Usibor -AS and Usibor -GA were specially developed for a direct hot stamping process consisting of austenitization of blanks in the heat
treatment oven, hot stamping of these hot blanks in a press and martensitic quenching in the water-cooled stamping tool. All strain during
® ® ®
forming occurs at high temperature. We advise against cold pre-forming prior to austenitization of Usibor -AS and Ductibor -AS. Usibor
® ®
1500-GI is not compatible with the direct hot forming process. Hot-stamped Usibor -AS and Ductibor -AS parts have no micro-cracks inside
the steel substrate.
® ®
Direct process of hot stamping for Usibor -AS and Ductibor
-AS
® ®
Consult us for data and advices related to hot stamping of Usibor and Ductibor steels.
® ®
Usibor 1500-GI, Usibor 1500-GA and 22MnB5 have a good cold formability, they can be used with an indirect process.
®
Indirect process of hot stamping for Usibor -GI
Surface treatment
® ®
Después del estampado y temple, la superficie de las piezas en Usibor -AS y Ductibor -AS permite una aplicación directa de pintura, sin
necesitar una limpieza previa de tipo granallado. La elevada rugosidad superficial permite una adherencia excelente de la cataforesis incluso
sin el agarre de la fosfatación. La composición de los baños de fosfatación no se ve modificada ni se ha identificado ningún tipo de
contaminación.

®
Las piezas en Usibor 1500-GI se deben limpiar (mediante granallado por ejemplo) para garantizar una buena adhesión de la pintura y una
buena soldabilidad.

Las piezas en 22MnB5 se granallan sistemáticamente para eliminar la cascarilla superficial y garantizar un buen comportamiento posterior
en pintura.
Welding
® ®
Usibor and Ductibor have good spot weldability for both matching and non-matching joints at both 50 and 1000 Hz.
The product has a wide welding range and the mechanical (tensile, shear) performance of the joints complies with automotive manufacturer
requirements and with standards. Thanks to the alloy layer obtained after hot stamping, welding electrode life is considered exceptional
(several thousand spots without deterioration) compared to that of conventional metal coatings. MAG, MIG and conventional metal welding
techniques, including brazing, can readily be applied.
Based on long shop-floor experience in the characterization of its products for purposes of resistance spot welding and arc welding,
ArcelorMittal can provide technical support for welding parameter adjustment.
® ®
Homogeneous spot welding Usibor + Usibor
33
3 sheet spot weld combination with multiphase steel
MAG weld
Fatigue strength
Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress).

® ®
Usibor 1500-AS and Ductibor 500-AS offer excellent fatigue properties (superior to those obtained in uncoated steels for hot stamping with
decarburized surface).
The table below shows 2 million cycle endurance limits, expressed in MPa, in a uniaxial tension-compression test for R = 0.1 and R = -1.
6 6
σD A 2.10 cycles (MPa) σD A 2.10 cycles (MPa)

R=0.1 R=-1
®
Usibor 1500 727 475
22MnB5* 617 305
Ductibor® 1000-AS 621 356

* Decarburized surface after hot stamping with a thickness of approximately 30 µm.
Impact resistance strength
®
Impact strength is the area in which Usibor 1500 and 22MnB5 come into their own. We can supply detailed information about the
exceptional impact strength and the anti-intrusion properties of these two products.
®
Due to their high resistance, the Usibor steels are particularly suitable for anti-intrusion parts for which an ultimate load before collapse is
®
required. Usibor steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The
tests showed very good behavior of these steels. The following graph shows the mass reduction potential of these steels compared to that of
an HSLA 380. We can supply detailed information about the exceptional impact strength and the anti-intrusion properties of these two
34
steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The
tests showed very good behavior of these steels. The following graph shows the mass reduction potential of these steels compared to that of
an HSLA 380. We can supply detailed information about the exceptional impact strength and the anti-intrusion properties of these two
products.
®
Mass reduction potential of Usibor steel compared to that
of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)
®
Thanks to their excellent ductility, the Ductibor steels are particularly effective for the parts which need absorb energy during an impact.
®
Ductibor steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an top hat structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an
impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the good impact behavior of these steels. The following graph shows the mass
reduction potential of these steels compared to that of an HSLA 380.
®
Mass reduction potential of Ductibor steels compared to that
of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)
35

®
Steels for cold stamping -Fortiform
Description
®
The family of Fortiform steels extends ArcelorMittal's range of Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS). These steels allow the realization of
lightweight structural elements by a cold forming method such as stamping. These Ultra High Strength Steels of third generation are used to
provide additional weight reduction thanks to their higher mechanical properties than conventional Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS)
while keeping the same formability.
®
Position of Fortiform steels in the ArcelorMittal steel range
Applications
Thanks to their excellent mechanical properties, these grades are particularly suitable for automotive safety parts for crash resistance.
Typical parts are shown in the figure below:
®
Typical parts for Fortiform steels
Designation and standard

®
Fortiform 980
®
Fortiform 1050 CR700Y980T-DH(-UNC,-EG)
®
Fortiform 1180

Euronorms
VDA 239-100
36
Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO specimen of uncoated sheet
ST -Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL -Rolling direction
ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm Direction
th < 3 mm
®
Fortiform 980 600 -750 980 -1130 ≥ 19 SL
®
Fortiform 1050 700 -820 1050 -1180 ≥ 14 SL
®
Fortiform 1180 850 -1060 1180 -1330 ≥ 13 SL
* The guarantees for this grade are subject to change.
®
Fortiform 1050 microstructure
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
®
Fortiform 980 0.23 2.3 2
®
Fortiform 1050 0.23 2.3 2
®
Fortiform 1180 0.23 2.3 2
Available coatings and Worldwide availability
® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Zagnelis

®
Fortiform 980
®
Fortiform 1050
®
Fortiform 1180
quality (Z)
X available /O under development

Please contact us for products under development.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing
Forming
37
Forming
®
Fortiform steels exhibit very good ductility compared with their level of tensile strength.
®
The figure below shows an example of forming limit curve for Fortiform 1050 steel 0.8 mm thick. This shows the same formability of Dual
Phase 780 steel with lower strength.
Welding
Resistance Spot Welding

®
Fortiform steels are weldable with conventional processes by adapting the parameters.
Given the increase of the carbon equivalent, it is necessary to increase welding force and adapt welding cycles to get good quality of
spotweld.
®
For information, here is an example of welding data on Fortiform 1050 EG steel tested in homogeneous combination according to ISO
18278-2 standard:
Max. intensity Nugget diameter Tensile-shear

Coating Thickness (mm)
(kA) (mm) (kN)
®
Fortiform
Electrogalvanized 0.8 8.2 6 10
1050
Fatigue
® ®
Fortiform steels exhibit good fatigue properties. The table below gives examples of Wöhler curves for Fortiform 1050. The curves plot
maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension
R=0.1.
®
Wöhler curves or S-N curves for Fortiform 1050 steel
38
The graph below shows the low cycle or EN curves for the same steels. These are expressed as strain amplitude versus number of reversals
(one cycle equals two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data are available on request.
®
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of Fortiform steels.
Impact strength
®
As a result of their very high tensile strength, Fortiform 1050 steel is particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy in an impact.
®
Fortiform 1050 steel has been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an omega structure with a spot-welded closure plate
at an impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the very good impact behavior of these steels.
Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380

steel (reference)
39
Complex Phase steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The
tests showed very good behavior of these steels.

steel (reference)
40

®
MartINsite steels
Description
®
The family of MartINsite steels extends ArcelorMittal's range of Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS). These steels allow the realization of
lightweight structural elements by a forming method such as roll forming. To achieve maximum weight reduction while maintaining a very
good anti-intrusion during the crash properties, some parts require the use of UHSS, such as the sills and door reinforcements, have simple
®
shapes, and therefore the steel is slightly deformed. For this reason, ArcelorMittal has complemented its offer with the family of MartINsite
steels with very high yield strength delivery and interesting properties of bending deformation and a very good formability of the cut edges.
Application
Thanks to their excellent mechanical properties, these grades are particularly suitable for automotive safety parts for shock resistance.
Typical parts are shown in the figure below:
Front and rear bumper beams
Door beam
Side Sill Reinforcement
Roof cross member
®
Typical parts for MartINsite steels

®
MartINsite 1200
®
MartINsite 1500 CR1220Y1500T-MS(-UNC,-EG)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO specimen of uncoated sheet
TD -Tranverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) /RD -Rolling direction
41
TD -Tranverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) /RD -Rolling direction
ef (%)
th < 3 mm
®
MartINsite 1200 ≥ 950 1200 -1400 ≥3 SL -ST
®
MartINsite 1500 1200 -1500 1500 -1700 ≥3 SL -ST

®
MartINsite 1200 microstucture
®
MartINsite 1500 microstucture
Chemical composition (%)
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
®
MartINsite 1200 0,13 2,40 0,30
®
MartINsite 1500 0,25 2,00 0,50

®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Jetgal
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI

®
MartINsite 1200

®
MartINsite 1500
quality (Z)
X available /O under development

®
MartINsite steels with Electrogalvanized coating have been optimized to provide excellent crash performance and protection against
corrosion, ensuring a good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.
42
steels with Electrogalvanized coating have been optimized to provide excellent crash performance and protection against
corrosion, ensuring a good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement.
Forming
®
MartINsite steels exhibit a good behavior in roll forming, in bending and in hole expansion.
The graph below illustrates their behavior in hole expansion according to the ISO 16630 standard.
The table below gives typical values of minimum bend radius for Matensitic steel (thickness 1.5 mm)
Rolling direction Transverse direction

®
MartINsite 1200 1,5 2
®
MartINsite 1500 2 3

Bending method: 90° flanging
®
For more information about the forming of MartINsite steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.
Welding
Resistance spot welding

®
The MartINsite range of steels has a good resistance spot weldability. The welding range, determined according to the ISO 18278-2
®
standard, is quite wide. The table below shows examples (indicative) of spot welding characteristics for MartINsite matching joints,
determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standards.
Thickness Nugget diameter Pure tensile Weld diameter Tensile-shear

Coating
(mm) (mm) (kN) (mm) (kN)
®
MartINsite
- 1.5 7.5 10 7.5 30
1200
®
MartINsite
- 1.5 7.5 8 7.5 30
1500

43
Laser welding
Laser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties.
®
ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the MartINsite range.
Fatigue
® ®
MartINsite steels exhibit good fatigue properties. The table below gives examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of MartINsite steels. They
are expressed as stress amplitude versus cycles to failure and are obtained with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and repeated tensile loading.
®
Wöhler curves or S-N curves for a variety of MartINsite steels
®
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of MartINsite steels.
Impact strength
44
®
As a result of their very high YS and UTS values, MartINsite steels are particularly well suited for anti-intrusion parts.

®
MartINsite steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The tests
showed very good behavior of these steels. The following graph shows the mass reduction potential of these steels compared to that of an
HSLA 380.

steel (reference)
45

Dual Phase steels

Very high strength steels
Description
Dual Phase steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and drawability as a result of their microstructure, in which a hard martensitic or baini
ferritic matrix. These steels have high strain hardenability. This gives them good strain redistribution capacity and thus drawability as well as finished
including yield strength, that are far superior to those of the initial blank. The yield strength of Dual Phase steels is further increased by the paint baki
BH) process.
High finished part mechanical strength lends these steels excellent fatigue strength and good energy absorption capacity, making them suitable for u
reinforcements. The strain hardening capacity of these steels combined with a strong bake hardening effect gives them excellent potential for reduci
even " notably in the case of FullFinished 280 DP (FF 280 DP) " skin parts.
Applications
Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, cold rolled Dual Phase Steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural a
beams, cross members and reinforcements.

FF 280 DP can be used to make visible parts with 20% higher dent resistance than conventional high strength steels, resulting in a potential weight
As a result of its mechanical strength, hot rolled Dual Phase 600 can be used to reduce the weight of structural parts by decreasing their thickness. R
include:
wheel webs
longitudinal rails
shock towers
fasteners.
Bumper in Dual Phase 1180 (thickness: 1.35 m
46
B-pillar reinforcement in Dual Phase 980 LCE Y
Wheel web in hot rolled Dual Phase 600 -Paten

Lemmerz International
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming and service characteristics of the entire range of Dual Phase steels. To integrate these steels
experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and testing.

FF 280 DP HCT500X (+Z) CR290Y490T-DP (-GI)
Dual Phase 450 HCT450X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF)
Dual Phase 500 HCT490X (+ZE, +Z) CR290Y490T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Dual Phase 600 HCT590X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF, +ZM) CR330Y590T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA,-ZM)
Dual Phase 780 Y450 HCT780X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR440Y780T-DP (-GI,-GA)
Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 HCT780X (+ZE) CR440Y780T-DP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 780 Y500
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 HCT980X (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR590Y980T-DP(-UNC,-EG,-GI,-GA)
Dual Phase 980 Y700 HCT980XG (+ZE) CR700Y980T-DP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 HCT980XG (+ZE, +Z, +ZF) CR700Y980T-DP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Dual Phase 1180 HCT1180G2 (+ZE) CR900Y1180T-CP (-UNC,-EG)
Dual Phase 600 HDT580X HR330Y580T-DP (-UNC)
Dual Phase 780
47

Euronorms
VDA 239-100


LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service.
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical propertie
Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheet)
Ef (%)
ef (%)
L0 = 5,65 √S
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm n BH2 (MPa) Direction
(mm)
th < 3 mm 0
th ≥ 3 mm
FF 280 DP* 300 -380 ≥ 490 ≥ 25 0,15 30 ST
Dual Phase 450 280 -340 450 -530 ≥ 27 0,16 30 ST
Dual Phase 500 300 -380 500 -600 ≥ 25 0,15 30 SL
Dual Phase 600 330 -410 600 -700 ≥ 21 0,14 30 SL
Dual Phase 780 Y450 450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 15 0,10 30 SL
Dual Phase 780 LCE
450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 15 0,10 30 SL
Y450
Dual Phase 780 Y500 500 -600 780 -900 ≥ 13 0,10 30 SL
Dual Phase 780 LCE
500 -600 780 -900 ≥ 13 0,10 30 SL
Y500
Dual Phase 980 LCE
600 -750 980 -1100 ≥ 10 30 ST
Y600
Dual Phase 980 LCE
660 -830 980 -1100 ≥ 10 30 ST
Y660
Dual Phase 980 Y700 700 -850 980 -1100 ≥8 30 SL
Dual Phase 980 LCE
700 -850 980 -1100 ≥8 30 SL
Y700
Dual Phase 1180 900 -1100 ≥ 1180 ≥5 30 SL
Dual Phase 600 330 -460 580 -670 ≥ 22 ≥ 24 30 SL
Dual Phase 780* ≥ 450 ≥ 750 ≥ 15 ≥ 18 30 SL


LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.
48
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
FF 280 DP 0,14 1,6 0,40
Dual Phase 450 0,08 1,6 0,40
Dual Phase 500 0,14 1,6 0,40
Dual Phase 600 0,14 2,1 0,40
Dual Phase 780 Y450 0,17 2,2 0,60
Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 0,10 2,0 0,40
Dual Phase 780 Y500 0,17 2,2 0,60
Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 0,10 2,0 0,40
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 0,11 2,9 0,70
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 0,11 2,9 0,70
Dual Phase 980 Y700 0,18 2,4 0,60
Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 0,11 2,9 0,70
Dual Phase 1180 0,18 2,4 0,60
Dual Phase 600 0,09 1,0 0,25
Dual Phase 780 0,09 1,0 0,30


Dual Phase 600
Dual Phase 980 Y700
49
The service properties of Dual Phase steels are guaranteed by the controlled manufacturing process. The controlled (temperature, cooling speed) an
achievement of the Dual Phase microstructure and reproducibility of mechanical properties.
® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Galvannealed Zagnelis
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA C
Dual
Phase
450
FF
280
DP /
Dual
Phase
500
Dual
Phase
600
Dual
Phase
600
Y420
Dual
Phase
780
Y450
Dual
Phase
780
LCE
Y450,
Y500
Dual
Phase
780
Y500
Dual
Phase
980
Y600
Dual
Phase
980
LCE
Y600
Dual
Phase
980
LCE
Y660,
Y700
Dual
Phase
980
Y700
Dual
Phase
1180
Dual
Phase
600
50
Dual
Phase
780
Available in non-visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non-visible part quality (Z)
X available / O under development

Please inquire about the availability of products shown as being under development or left blank in the table.
Forming
Dual Phase steels offer an excellent combination of strength and drawability as a result of their good ductility and strain hardening capacity from the
ensure homogeneous strain redistribution and reduce local thinning. For example, in Dual Phase 500, the yield strength increases by about 120 MPa
tension (a phenomenon known as work hardening or WH2). The yield strength can be further increased through bake hardening (BH2) after paint cu

FF 280 DP can also be used to manufacture skin parts, as a result of its excellent biaxial and uniaxial stretch formability.

Dual Phase steels can be drawn on conventional tools, provided the settings are properly adjusted. For example, drawing pressure should be increa
Dual Phase 600, compared to a micro-alloyed (HSLA) type steel of the same thickness. It should be noted that these steels, especially the highest gr
springback phenomenon. Component geometry must be carefully studied during design (small die radius, reinforcement perpendicular to bends to s
sequence definition (overbending, calibration tool, punch stroke, increased blank-holder force, etc.).
ArcelorMittal has developed expertise in controlling springback by means of part and drawing tool design (OUTIFO method).
Forming limit curves for the cold-rolled Dual Ph
For more information about the forming of Dual Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.
Welding
Although Dual Phase steels are more highly alloyed than HSLA steels, they can be readily welded using conventional resistance spot welding proces
in industrial conditions are adjusted. The table below gives indicative examples of spot weld properties for homogeneous Dual Phase steel joints com
standard.
51
Although Dual Phase steels are more highly alloyed than HSLA steels, they can be readily welded using conventional resistance spot welding proces
in industrial conditions are adjusted. The table below gives indicative examples of spot weld properties for homogeneous Dual Phase steel joints com
standard.

Coating
Dual Phase 500 - 1.5 8 14.2 8.8 18.4
Dual Phase 600 Extragal® 1.5 7.7 13.1 9.5 22.3
Dual Phase 780 Extragal® 1.5 8.9 10.5 9.4 25.6
Dual Phase 780
- 1.5 7.6 14.3 6.6 22.7
LCE
Dual Phase 980
Extragal® 1.5 8.4 13.2 10.1 30.4
LCE
Dual Phase 600 - 3 11.6 32.6 11.2 46.7

For coated (galvanized and alloy galvanized) products, electrode life tests show values characteristic of the type of coating considered, with no signif
Phase substrate.

In butt or lap MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding, maximum hardness in the fusion zone does not exceed 300 HV for a Dual Phase 600, whatever th
meet ISO 25817 Class B requirements. Recommended welding consumables are:
Filler: G3Si1 NF EN 440;
Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2.
Dual phase steels have excellent mechanical strength in laser lap welding. Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, Arcelo
assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for steels in the Dual Phase range.
Fatigue strength
As a result of their high mechanical strength, Dual Phase steels have good fatigue properties. Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Dual Phase
below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and
Wöhler curves or S-N curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels
52
The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failur
reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.
ArcelorMittal can make a Dual Phase steel fatigue database available to its customers.
Impact strength
As a result of their very high tensile strength, Dual Phase steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy during an impact.

Dual Phase steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an top hat structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an imp
have demonstrated the good impact behavior of these steels.
Mass reduction potential compared to that of an
53


Description
TRIP steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and ductility as a result of their microstructure. They are thus suitable for structural and
reinforcement parts of complex shape. The microstructure of these steels is composed of islands of hard residual austenite and carbide-free bainite
dispersed in a soft ferritic matrix. Austenite is transformed into martensite during plastic deformation (TRIP: TRansformation Induced Plasticity effect
making it possible to achieve greater elongations and lending these steels their excellent combination of strength and ductility.
These steels have high strain hardening capacity. They exhibit good strain redistribution and thus good drawability. As a result of strain hardening, th
mechanical properties, and especially the yield strength, of the finished part are far superior to those of the initial blank.
High strain hardening capacity and high mechanical strength lend these steels excellent energy absorption capacity. TRIP steels also exhibit a stron
bake hardening (BH) effect following deformation, which further improves their crash performance.
The TRIP range of steels comprises 2 cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade
(TRIP 780), identified by their minimum tensile strength expressed in MPa.
Applications
As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety
parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements.
ArcelorMittal has extensive data on the forming and service characteristics of the TRIP family of steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage,
team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and experimental tests.
B-pillar reinforcement in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness:

1.2 mm)
Bumper cross member in electrogalvanized TRIP 780

(thickness: 1.6 mm)
54

TRIP 690 HCT690T (+ZE, +Z) CR400Y690T-TR (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
TRIP 780 HCT780T (+ZE, +ZF) CR450Y780T-TR (-UNC,-EG,-GA)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheets) with the tensile axix parallel to the rolling direction
ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm n BH2 (MPa)
th < 3 mm
TRIP 690 410 -510 690 -800 ≥ 25 ≥ 0,19 40
TRIP 780* 450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 23 ≥ 0,18 40

* The product is also available with a minimum yield stress of 500 MPa
Typical cold rolled electrogalvanized TRIP 780 microstructure

(residual austenite fraction about 18%)
55
Typical hot dip galvanized TRIP 690 microstructure (residual
austenite fraction about 10%)
C Mn Al +Si
Max Max Max
TRIP 690 0,200 2,0 2,0
TRIP 780 0,250 2,0 2,0

® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Galvannealed Jetgal
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA C
TRIP
690
TRIP
780

X Available - O Under development
Forming
TRIP steels offer high ductility for their tensile strength. For example, cold rolled TRIP 780 has uniform elongation comparable to that of an
ArcelorMittal 04.
56
The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for cold rolled TRIP 690 and TRIP 780 steels in 1.5 mm thickness. Their formability is
superior to that of a lower strength Dual Phase 600 steel.
Forming limit curves for TRIP 690 and 780 (thickness: 1.5 mm)
Please consult us for more information about the forming of TRIP steels.
In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the
design stage.
Because of their very good drawability, this family of steels can be used to make safety and structural parts with both simple and complex geometries
provided springback is taken into account at the design stage.
Welding
TRIP steels can be readily welded using conventional welding processes, provided the parameters are adjusted. Because of the high carbon
equivalent, electrode forces must be increased and welding cycles adjusted to obtain high-quality weld spots. The risk of interface fracture, which ca
occur in TRIP-TRIP welds, can be reduced by optimizing the welding parameters.
The table below gives examples (indicative only) of spot welding parameters for TRIP 690 Extragal® and TRIP 780 electrogalvanized matching joint
determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard:
Thickness Max. intensity Nugget diameter Pure tensile Tensile-shear

Coating
(mm) (kA) (mm) (kN) (kN)
TRIP
Extragal® 1.0 8.3 6.5 6.7 13
690
TRIP
Electrogalvanized 1.0 7.7 6.7 5.5 13.7
780

MAG arc welding
MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding employs a filler wire in a protective gas shield. It can be used for thicknesses greater than 0.8 mm. MAG
weldability of TRIP 780 has been assessed using CMOS technology according to the EN 288 and EN 25817 standards for 1.5 mm thick butt joints.
Heat input is of the order of 2 kJ/cm.
As a result of its chemical composition, TRIP 780 typically has a relatively high carbon equivalent of about 0.50. However, no particular precautions a
needed to prevent cold cracking. The small thicknesses employed (< 2 mm) minimize restraint stresses during welding.
The most appropriate combination for MAG welding of TRIP 780 in a thickness range of about 1.5 mm is the following:
Filler: G3Si1 type in accordance with EN 440;
Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2.
(M21 according to EN 439).
The CMOS evaluation shows satisfactory overall weld behavior meeting the mechanical strength criteria set out in the standards, given that:
bends are good up to 120° and crack on the reverse side at 180°;
all tensile test failures occur in the base metal, even with G3Si1 filler metal, as a result of the associated dilution.
57
all tensile test failures occur in the base metal, even with G3Si1 filler metal, as a result of the associated dilution.
Laser welding

Laser lap welding is particularly suitable for TRIP/TRIP joining.
Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameter
for all steels in the TRIP range.
Fatigue strength
Due to their high mechanical strength, TRIP grades have significantly better fatigue properties than conventional steels.
Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety TRIP grades are shown in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles
failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.
Wöhler curves or S-N curves for TRIP steels
The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failur
(one cycle corresponds to two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.
Low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for TRIP steels
ArcelorMittal can make a TRIP steel fatigue database available to its customers.
Impact strength
58
Impact strength
As a result of their very high tensile strength, TRIP steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy in an impact.
TRIP steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an omega structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact
velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the very good impact behavior of these steels.
Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 stee

(reference)
These results are obtained for specimens produced by bending. Strain hardening during drawing enhances the energy absorption capacity of this
grade. In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming (hardening) rather than those of the initial blank
should be used in the design stage. Crushing tests have shown a 9% gain in energy absorption of drawn parts compared to parts obtained by bendin
59

Complex Phase steels

Description
The Complex Phase family of steels supplements ArcelorMittal's VHSS (very high strength steel) product range. These steels are cold
formed to make lightweight structural elements. A number of automotive parts, such as sills and door reinforcements, have simple shapes
and the steel is therefore only slightly deformed. For this reason, ArcelorMittal has added the Complex Phase family of steels to its range.
These steels offer high as-delivered yield strength and good bendability and stretch flangeability.
Applications
Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, these grades are particularly well suited for automotive safety components
requiring good impact strength and for suspension system components.
Seat flange in Complex Phase 600 (thickness: 1.5 mm)
Door bar in Complex Phase 1000 (thickness: 2 mm)
Tunnel stiffener in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 1.6 mm)
60
Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)
Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)
Suspension arm in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 3.1 mm)

Complex Phase 600 HCT600C (+ZE)
Complex Phase 800 Y500
Complex Phase 800 Y600 HCT780C (+ZE, +Z) CR570Y780T-CP (-UNC,-EG,-GI)
Complex Phase 1000
Complex Phase 1000 SF HCT980C (+ZE) CR780Y980T-CP (-UNC,-EG)
Complex Phase 1000 Y800 HCT980C (+Z) CR780Y980T-CP (-GI)
Complex Phase 800 SF HDT780C (+Z) HR660Y760T-CP (-UNC,-GI)
61

Euronorms
VDA 239-100


Guaranteed values for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the strip center at ambient temperature
ef (%)
th < 3 mm
Complex Phase 600* 360 -440 600 -700 ≥ 19 SL
Complex Phase 800 Y500 500 -650 780 -900 ≥ 13 SL
Complex Phase 800 Y600 600 -700 780 -900 ≥ 10 SL
Complex Phase 1000 700 -850 980 -1200 ≥8 SL
Complex Phase 1000 SF 780 -950 980 -1200 ≥7 SL
Complex Phase 1000
800 -950 980 -1130 ≥6 SL
Y800
Complex Phase 750 620 -750 ≥ 750 ≥ 10 SL
Complex Phase 800 680 -830 ≥ 780 ≥ 10 ST
Complex Phase 1000* 800 -950 ≥ 950 ≥ 10 SL


Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 800
62
Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 1000
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
Complex Phase 600 0,10 1,60 0,40
Complex Phase 800 Y500 0,17 2,20 0,60
Complex Phase 800 Y600 0,17 2,20 0,60
Complex Phase 1000 0,18 2,40 0,60
Complex Phase 1000 SF 0,18 2,40 0,60
Complex Phase 1000 Y800 0,20 2,70 0,80
Complex Phase 750 0,25 1,40 0,40
Complex Phase 800 0,10 2,00 0,25
Complex Phase 1000 0,14 1,70 0,25

® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Jetgal
Complex Phase 600
Complex Phase 800
Y500
Complex Phase 800
Y600
Complex Phase 1000
SF
Complex Phase 1000
SF /Complex Phase 1000
Y800
Complex Phase 750 /
MP 800
Complex Phase 800 /M
800 HY
Complex Phase 1000 /
MP 1000
63
quality (Z)
X Product available /O Product under development

Please consult us about products under development.
Forming
Although their ultimate elongation is lower than that of DP and TRIP steels, Complex Phase steels have good formability for their high
strength level.
Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.
Forming limit curves for Complex Phase steels:
Cold rolled in 1.5 mm thickness
Hot rolled in 3 mm thickness
In addition, Complex Phase steels exhibit good roll-forming, bending and hole expansion behavior.
The graph below illustrates hole expansion behavior according to the ISO 16630 standard for a number of Dual Phase and Complex Phase
64
The graph below illustrates hole expansion behavior according to the ISO 16630 standard for a number of Dual Phase and Complex Phase
steels with UTS=1000 MPa. The Complex Phase family -and especially the Complex Phase Stretch Flangeable (SF) product, which was
specially designed for exceptional stretch flangeability -has higher hole expansion values.
View of hole expansion in grades CR-CP 1000 and CR-CP

1000 SF in 1.5 mm thickness.
The CP 1000 SF achieves a much higher hole expansion
value.
The table below shows typical minimum bending radius values for Complex Phase steels in 1.5 mm thickness.
Rolling direction Transverse direction

Complex Phase 600 0 0
Complex Phase 800 Y500 0 0,5
Complex Phase 800 Y600 0,5 0,5
Complex Phase 1000 0,5 1
Complex Phase 1000 SF 0,5 1

Rolling direction
Transverse direction
Bending method: 90° flanging
For more information about the forming of Complex Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.
Welding
65
Welding

The Complex Phase range of steels has very good resistance spot weldability. The welding range, determined according to the ISO 18278-2
standard, is quite wide. The table below shows examples (indicative) of spot welding characteristics for Complex Phase matching joints,
determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standards.

Coating
Complex Phase
- 1.5 8.4 15.1 9 21.2
600
Complex Phase
- 1.5 8.7 13.2 7.6 24.2
800
Complex Phase
- 1.6 7.2 9.9 6.9 28.1
1000
Complex Phase
- 3 11.3 41.4 9.6 48.2
800
Complex Phase
Extragal® 3 9.8 31.1 9.4 51.1
1000

Laser welding
ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the Complex Phase range.
Fatigue
Complex Phase steels exhibit good fatigue properties and can be used in suspension system parts such as suspension arms. The table
below gives examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Complex Phase steels. They are expressed as stress amplitude versus cycles to
failure and are obtained with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and repeated tensile loading.
Wöhler or SN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=0.1)
Low cycle or EN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=-1)
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of Complex Phase steels.
66
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of Complex Phase steels.
Impact strength
As a result of their very high YS and UTS values, Complex Phase steels are particularly well suited for anti-intrusion parts.
Complex Phase steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending flex test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph.
The tests showed very good behavior of these steels.
Mass savings potential compared to an HSLA 380 steel

(reference)
67


Description
This range of hot-rolled high strength steels has been developed to meet weight reduction requirements. It comprises four strength levels: FB
450, 540, 560 and 590. This family of steels extends the HSLA range of micro-alloyed steels to include products combining high tensile
strength (UTS) with excellent formability and hole expansion (stretch flangeability) based on their ferrite-bainite microstructure.
Applications
These steels are cold-drawn.

The main applications are:
structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross beams, car-body and ground liason parts),
wheels,
mechanical parts (ground liason parts, gear boxes...).
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database relating to the forming and service properties of the entire range of ferrite-bainite steels. To
integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perform specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.
Front and rear underseat cross member in galvanised FB

560 (thickness: 1.8 mm)
Suspension arm in uncoated FB 540 (thickness: 4 mm)
68
®
Suspension arm in Extragal FB 560 (thickness: 4 mm)
Pillar reinforcement in galvanised FB 560 (thickness: 1.8

mm)
Wheel in FB 590
69
Designation and standards

FB 450 HDT450F (+Z) HR300Y450T-FB (-UNC,-GI)
FB 540
FB 560
FB 590 HDT580F(+Z) HR440Y580T-FB (-UNC,-GI)
FB 590 HHE* HDT580F HR440Y580T-FB (-UNC)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

HHE: High Hole Expansion.

Guaranteed for ISO 20X80 (thickness < 3 mm) or proportional (thickness ≥ 3 mm) test specimen of uncoated sheet.
Ef (%)
ef (%)
L0 = 5,65 √S0
(mm)
th < 3 mm
th ≥ 3 mm
FB 450 300 -380 450 -510 ≥ 25 ≥ 32 SL
FB 540 400 -485 540 -610 ≥ 18 ≥ 25 SL
FB 560 450 -530 560 -640 ≥ 17 ≥ 22 SL
FB 590 480 -600 590 -670 ≥ 16 ≥ 21 ST
FB 590 HHE* 480 -600 590 -670 ≥ 16 ≥ 21 ST

* FB 590 HHE: we recommend this option for parts requiring very high hole expansion (HHE: High Hole Expansion grade). For this grade, the
minimum guaranteed JIS elongation is 18%.
70
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
FB 450 0,17 0,8 0,05
FB 540 0,17 1,5 0,15
FB 560 0,1 1,6 0,15
FB 590 0,1 1,6 0,15
FB 590 HHE 0,05 2,0 0,8

Ferrite-bainite microstructure of FB 540
®
Uncoated Extragal
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI
FB 450
FB 540
FB 560
FB 590
FB 590 HHE
quality (Z)
X available product
Recommendations for use and for secondary processing
High hole expansion grade
71
High hole expansion grade
ArcelorMittal offers an FB590 HHE (High Hole Expansion) grade, which is recommended for parts with sheared edge stretchability
requirements (stretch flangeability, edge flanging, edge stress during secondary processing, etc.). The images opposite shows an example of
hole expansion behaviour according to the ISO standard for grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE.
View of hole expansion in grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE in

4 mm thickness.
The HHE achieves a much higher hole expansion value.
Forming
The graph below gives critical forming limits calculated for the FB family of steels in 2.5 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves for the FB family of steels
Please consult us for further information relating to the forming of steels in the FB range with specific thicknesses and coatings.
Welding
Examples of data relating to resistance spot welding of coated and uncoated steels of different thicknesses in the FB product range,
determined according to the ISO 18278 method. These steels can be arc welded.
Coating Thickness (mm) Welding range (kA)

FB 450 Extragal® 2 2.6
FB 590 uncoated 2.5 4.3

The following indicative welding parameters are used in MAG welding:

Filler metal: GS2-type wire
Protective gas: ATAL 5 or ATAL 18
Welding speed: 80 cm/min
ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other steel in the FB range product.
Fatigue strength
As a result of their high tensile strength and their microstructure, FB steels have good fatigue strength.
72
As a result of their high tensile strength and their microstructure, FB steels have good fatigue strength.
Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of FB steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles
to failure. They are calculated for a tension-tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Wöhler curves of the FB range of steels
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of FB steels.
73

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming

High yield and tensile strength
steels
Description
Steels in the HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) range are hardened by a combination of precipitation and grain size refining, resulting in high
strength with low alloy content. This enhances weldability and choice of coatings, since these steels exhibit neither weld zone softening nor
grain coarsening. These grades are particularly suitable for structural components such as suspension systems and chassis and
reinforcement parts.
For their respective yield strength levels, these steels all exhibit excellent cold forming and low-temperature brittle fracture strength (starting
at grade 320).
The entire range of HSLA steels offers good fatigue strength (suspension arm, shock tower) and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross
members, reinforcements, etc.).
Because of their mechanical strength, the weight of reinforcement and structural components can be reduced.
The HSLA range of products is available in hot and cold rolled grades. The various grades are identified by their yield strength.
Hot rolled HSLA grades can be given a Class 1 hot-dip galvanized coating according to the EN 36503 standard (post-galvanizing).
Applications
The steels in the HSLA range are suitable for structural parts such as suspension systems, reinforcements, cross members, longitudinal
beams, chassis components, etc. The mechanical properties of hot rolled HSLA steels and their excellent cold forming performance and
low-temperature brittle fracture resistance support cost-effective solutions for many parts and sub-assemblies for which weight, thickness and
size reduction are sought, such as:
chassis components;
wheels;
slide rails;
cross members.
Rear cross member in Extragal®-coated HSLA 300
Front reinforcement in Dual Phase 780

Shock absorber in HSLA 300
74

+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)
+ZF, +ZA)

Euronorms
Galfan (EN 10346 :2015): Steel grade name +ZA
VDA 239-100


HSLA 360 S355MC/HX380LAD (+Z) HR340LA (UNC,-GI)
HSLA 550 S550MC HR550LA (-UNC,-GI)

Euronorms
Uncoated (EN 10149-2 :1995): Steel grade name
VDA 239-100

Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction.
ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm
th < 3 mm
HSLA 260 260 -320 350 -410 ≥ 28
HSLA 300 300 -360 390 -450 ≥ 26
HSLA 340 340 -400 420 -490 ≥ 23
HSLA 380 380 -450 460 -530 ≥ 20
HSLA 420 420 -520 470 -590 ≥ 17

75
Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the rolling direction.
ef (%) Ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm L0 = 5,65 √S0 (mm)
th < 3 mm th ≥ 3 mm
HSLA 320 325 -385 415 -470 ≥ 24 ≥ 28
HSLA 360 360 -435 450 -520 ≥ 21 ≥ 25
HSLA 420 420 -500 490 -570 ≥ 20 ≥ 23
HSLA 460 460 -550 550 -650 ≥ 17 ≥ 21
HSLA 500 500 -590 570 -670 ≥ 15 ≥ 19
HSLA 550 550 -650 650 -730 ≥ 15 ≥ 18

Because HSLA steels can exhibit an extended elastic-plastic transition zone with variations in YS values, by convention only the lower yield
strength (LYS) is taken into account in this zone.
Microstructure of a cold rolled HSLA 340 steel
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
HSLA 260 0,080 0,50 0,04
HSLA 300 0,080 0,60 0,04
HSLA 340 0,080 0,70 0,04
HSLA 380 0,080 0,90 0,35
HSLA 420 0,140 1,60 0,40
HSLA 320 0,080 0,50 0,03
HSLA 360 0,080 0,60 0,03
HSLA 420 0,080 0,75 0,03
HSLA 460 0,120 1,60 0,40
HSLA 500 0,090 1,50 0,03
HSLA 550 0,090 1,65 0,35

76
®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Galvannealed
HSLA 260
HSLA 300
HSLA 340
HSLA 380
HSLA 420
HSLA 320
HSLA 360
HSLA 420
HSLA 460
HSLA 500
HSLA 550
quality (Z)
X Available
Please consult us about the availability of additional HSLA products.
Forming
Drawability declines progressively with increasing yield strength. Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking
for different deformation paths.
Example of forming limit curves calculated for cold rolled

HSLA sheet (thickness: 1.0 mm)
We can provide additional forming data for steels in the HSLA range with particular thicknesses and coatings.
Welding
Weldability is determined according to the ISO 18278-2 method.
77
Weldability is determined according to the ISO 18278-2 method.
Welding range (kA)

®
HSLA 300 Extragal
3,5
(thickness: 2 mm)
®
HSLA 340 Extragal
1,1
(thickness: 1 mm)

Cold rolled
HSLA steels can be readily welded using all common welding processes.
Based on long experience in the characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the resistance
spot and arc welding parameters of any steel in the HSLA range.
Fatigue strength
HSLA steels have good fatigue strength.
Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of HSLA steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of
cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension-tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Wöhler curves for cold rolled HSLA steels
Because of their high endurance limits, these steels are particularly well suited to parts subject to fatigue stress. To restore the base metal
endurance limit adjacent to welds in areas subjected to severe cyclic loading, a post-weld treatment such as TIG melting, hammering,
peening or grinding should be applied to the weld toe.
Hot rolled grades above HSLA 420 in thicknesses greater than 6 mm are generally used for fatigue applications and applications involving
straightening and stress relieving treatments. These steels cannot be heated above 700°C without risk of impairing the mechanical properties
obtained by thermo-mechanical treatment.
ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database concerning the fatigue performance of the steels in its HSLA range.
78

Bake hardening steels

steels
Description
The composition and processing of these steels are designed to promote a significant increase in yield strength during low-temperature heat treatme

ArcelorMittal Bake hardening steels can thus achieve higher strength in the finished part while retaining good forming performance. The gain in yield
hardening" (BH) effect is generally greater than 40 MPa. Thanks to this BH effect, ArcelorMittal steels offer two advantages compared to conventiona
Improved dent resistance in all finished parts in the case of low forming strains (hood, roof, doors and wings);
Substantial weight reduction potential at equivalent dent resistance (the decrease in thickness is offset by increased yield strength resulting from
Bake hardening steels thus offer a suitable response to automotive bodywork requirements. By providing an excellent drawability-dent resistance co
weight reduction and aesthetics.
Applications
Steels in the BH range are designed for visible (door, hood, tailgate, front wing, roof) and structural (underbody, reinforcement, cross member, lining
Hood in 180 BH
Door in 260 BH
79
Front longitudinal beam in 300 BH

HC180B (+ZE) /HX180BD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
195 BH
HC220B (+ZE) /HX220BD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
260 BH HC260B (+ZE) /HX260BD (+Z, +ZM) CR240BH (-UNC,-EG,-GI,-ZM)
300 BH HC300B (+ZE) /HX300BD (+Z) CR270BH (-UNC,-EG,-GI)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

The 195 BH grade corresponds to Japanese standards.
Guaranteed for ISO 20X80 test specimen in the transverse direction
ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm r n BH2 (MPa)
th < 3 mm
180 BH 180 -230 300 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1,6 ≥ 0,17 ≥ 35
195 BH 195 -270 340 -400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,16 ≥ 35
220 BH 220 -270 340 -400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 0,16 ≥ 35
260 BH 260 -300 370 -430 ≥ 30 ≥ 0,15 ≥ 35
300 BH 300 -360 420 -480 ≥ 28 ≥ 0,14 ≥ 40

80
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
180 BH 0,04 0,70 0,50
195 BH 0,06 0,70 0,50
220 BH 0,06 0,70 0,50
260 BH 0,08 0,80 0,50
300 BH 0,10 0,70 0,50

Definition of BH2
"Bake hardening" is a controlled aging phenomenon related to the presence of carbon and/or nitrogen in solid solution in the steel. The BH2 param
resulting increase in dent resistance. It is given by: BH2 = LYS -2% PS, in which LYS is the lower yield stress measured after heat treatment and PS
plastic pre-strain. BH2 measurement is a reliable and reproducible way to quantify the metal's ability to harden during cataphoresis.

The diagram below illustrates the Bake hardening mechanism and shows the displacement of carbon atoms in solution during heat treatment-typical
the dislocations generated by forming. This ultimately increases the metal's yield strength.
BH effect
® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Ultragal Galvannealed
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CH
180
BH
195
BH
220
BH
260
BH
300
BH
81
For additional information about the availability of thin organic coatings for the ArcelorMittal range of BH steels, please refer to the coating technical s
coatings may lead to changes in mechanical properties.
Microstructure of grade 180 BH
Forming
The bake hardening family of steels exhibits good drawability in all strain modes; its drawability is essentially equivalent to that of IF (interstitial-free)
The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for the bake hardening family of steels in a thickness of 1.0 mm.
Forming limit curves for the bake hardening fami
ArcelorMittal has a database on the forming of BH grade steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perfor
modeling or shop-floor experience.
Welding
Weldability is determined by means of the method set out in the ISO 18278-2 standard.
Examples of resistance spot welding parameters for the bake hardening range of products:
Welding range (kA)

180 BH Ez (thickness: 0.75
1,6
mm)
180 BH nu (thickness: 0.75
1,4
mm)

Due to their low alloy content, bake hardening steels can be readily welded by all conventional welding processes.
ArcelorMittal can provide technical support in adjusting the welding parameters for any other product in its Bake Hardening range.
82
ArcelorMittal can provide technical support in adjusting the welding parameters for any other product in its Bake Hardening range.
Fatigue strength
6
σD A 5.10 cycles (MPa)
180 BH uncoated after
334
curing (thickness: 0.8 mm)
260 BH uncoated after
384
curing (thickness: 1.2 mm)

6
Examples of endurance limits at 5.10 cycles under tension-compressionfor a loading ratio of R = 0.1:
Wöhler curves for 180 BH and 260 BH steels afte

treatment
ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database covering the fatigue performance of its bake hardening steels.
83


steels
Description
These steels were designed to provide an excellent combination of drawability and mechanical strength based on their specific interstitial free (IF) m
drawability similar to that of ArcelorMittal 04 combined with tensile strength comparable to that of H220, for example.
These steels are hardened by adding manganese, silicon and phosphorous in solid solution to the ferrite. The metallurgy of IF steels optimizes their
Their low YS/UTS ratio and high strain hardening coefficient n ensure excellent deep-drawability and good strain redistribution.
Their high strain ratio r ensures good deformation behavior, making them suitable for deep-drawing.
These steels are particularly suitable for complex parts requiring high mechanical strength, such as wheel arches, toe-boards, reinforcements, etc.
These steels have high strain hardening potential during forming, lending deep-drawn parts (trunks, tailgates, doors, linings, wheel arches, etc.) good
The IF180 to IF 260 grades can be used, with certain coatings, to manufacture visible parts such as door panels. The IF 300 grade is designed for m
(longitudinal beams, cross members, suspension and chassis components, etc.).
Application
With their high mechanical strength guaranteeing good fatigue and impact resistance, these steels are intended for structural parts (longitudinal beam
etc.) as well as for skin parts, in which they provide good indentation resistance.
In contrast to that of conventional drawing qualities, the weight reduction potential of these products increases with drawing depth.
®
Hood in IF220 Extragal
(thickness: 0.7 mm)

HC180Y (+ZE) /HX180YD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
HC220Y (+ZE) /HX220YD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
HC260Y (+ZE) /HX260YD (+Z, +ZF,
+ZM)
IF 300 /HX300YD (+Z, +ZF, +ZM)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

84
Guaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction
ef (%)
PS0,2 (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm r n
th < 3 mm
IF 180 180 -230 340 -400 ≥ 35 ≥ 1,7 ≥ 0,19
IF 220 220 -260 340 -400 ≥ 33 ≥ 1,7 ≥ 0,19
IF 260 260 -300 380 -440 ≥ 30 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 0,18
IF 300 300 -340 400 -460 ≥ 28 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 0,17

C Mn Si
Max Max Max
IF 180 0,010 1,00 0,25
IF 220 0,010 0,70 0,50
IF 260 0,010 1,00 0,50
IF 300 0,010 1,00 0,50

® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Ultragal Galvannealed
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CH
IF
180
IF
220
IF
260
IF
300
85
X Available - XX Available in visible part quality
Microstructure of IF 180
Forming
IF steels offer excellent drawability for their strength level as a result of their very good fracture elongation, normal strain ratios and strain hardening c
The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the IF family of steels in 1.00 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves calculated for IF 180 and 26

(thickness: 1.0 mm)
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of IF steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to ca
modeling or shop-floor experience.
Welding
IF steels can be readily welded by all welding processes.

The table below shows examples of spot welding parameters according to the ISO 18278-2 method for products in the IF range:
Welding range (kA)

IF 180 Galvannealed
1,8
(thickness: 2 mm)
®
IF 260 Extragal
1,4
(thickness: 1 mm)

Based on long experience in the spot and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the
product in the IF range.
Fatigue strength
86
Fatigue strength
Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of IF steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure
tension-compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Wöhler curves for a variety of IF steels
ArcelorMittal has a comprehensive database on the fatigue performance of IF steels.
87

Solid solution steels

steels
Description
Solid solution steels are designed to provide high strength while maintaining good drawability. These steels are hardened by phosphorous in
solid solution in the ferrite.
Their combination of mechanical strength and drawability makes these grades suitable for numerous applications. They are particularly
recommended for structural and reinforcement parts requiring good fatigue and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members,
B-pillars, etc.).
Solid solution steels are killed aluminum grades with lower drawing quality than the IF range of steels.
®
The ArcelorMittal range of continuous hot dip galvanized (Extragal /Galvannealed) steels is described under interstitial-free steels.
Applications
Longitudinal beam in H 260

(thickness: 1.8 mm)
Cross members in H 260

H 220 HC220P (+ZE)
H 260 HC260P (+ZE)
H 300 HC300P (+ZE)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

88
Guaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction
ef (%)
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm r n
th < 3 mm
H 220 220 -280 340 -400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,16
H 260 260 -320 380 -440 ≥ 29
H 300 300 -360 400 -480 ≥ 26

C Mn Si
Max Max Max
H 220 0,060 0,70 0,50
H 260 0,080 0,70 0,50
H 300 0,100 0,70 0,50


Uncoated Electrogalvanized
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI
H 220
H 260
H 300
quality (Z)
89
X available -XX available in visible part quality
Microstructure of grade H 260
Forming
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of solid solution steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of
experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or shop-floor experience.
The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the solid solution family of steels in 1.0 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves for solid solution steels

(thickness: 1.0 mm)
Welding
Solid solution steels can be readily welded by all welding processes.

ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other product in the solid solution range, and can
advise on the arc and laser weldability of these of steels.
Fatigue strength
90
Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number
of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension-compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Wöhler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels
ArcelorMittal can provide full data relating to the fatigue performance of Solid solution steels.
91

High formability steels for drawing

Drawing steels
Description
This range of non-alloyed mild steels is designed for deep and extra deep drawing applications. These products are used extensively in the automoti
parts. The guaranteed low scatter in their mechanical properties ensures optimum productivity in drawing press operations.
The range of cold rolled steels has been extended to include the ultra high drawability quality
ArcelorMittal 07, ensuring maximum efficiency in the production of the most difficult-to-form parts (body sides, door liners, tailgates, etc.).
The range of ArcelorMittal hot rolled mild steels covers the four levels of drawing difficulty listed below:
ArcelorMittal 12: for drawing, with minimum guaranteed yield strength
ArcelorMittal 13: for deep drawing
ArcelorMittal 14: for very deep drawing
ArcelorMittal 15: for drawing particularly difficult parts requiring performance regularity at high production rates (transfer presses).
These ArcelorMittal steel grades are non-ageing, conserving their mechanical properties and their formability over time. They are also suitable for cla
EN 36503 standard.
The ArcelorMittal range offers better guarantees than the usual standard-compliant drawing steels, while remaining compatible with standards.
Applications
These ArcelorMittal steels are designed for deep and extra deep drawing of visible and structural parts.
®
Door lining in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal
(thickness: 0.7 mm)
Load floor in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal®

(thickness: 0.7 mm)
92
Wheel arch in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal®
(thickness: 0.9 mm)
Crankcase in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal®

(thickness: 1 mm)

ArcelorMittal 02 CR1 (-UNC,-EG)

Euronorms
Electrogalvanized (EN 10152 :2017): Steel grade name +ZE
VDA 239-100

93
ArcelorMittal 51 DX51D (+Z, +ZF)
ArcelorMittal 52 DX52D (+Z, +ZF) CR1 (-GI,-GA)

Euronorms
VDA 239-100


ArcelorMittal 13 DD13 HR2 (-UNC,-GI)
ArcelorMittal 15
ArcelorMittal 16

Euronorms
VDA 239-100

(see table below).
These ArcelorMittal steels have high drawability as a result of the tight margins in their chemical composition and mechanical properties, ensuring co
processing.
Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction
Ef (%)
ef (%)
L0 = 5,65 √S0
YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm r n
(mm)
th < 3 mm
th ≥ 3 mm
ArcelorMittal 01 140 -280 270 -400 ≥ 28
ArcelorMittal 02 140 -240 270 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,16
ArcelorMittal 03 180 -230 280 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,17
ArcelorMittal 04 160 -200 280 -340 ≥ 38 ≥ 1,8 ≥ 0,19
ArcelorMittal 05 140 -180 270 -330 ≥ 40 ≥ 1,9 ≥ 0,21
ArcelorMittal 06 120 -160 270 -330 ≥ 42 ≥ 2,2 ≥ 0,22
ArcelorMittal 07 100 -140 250 -310 ≥ 44 ≥ 2,5 ≥ 0,24
ArcelorMittal 51 140 -280 270 -400 ≥ 28
ArcelorMittal 52 140 -240 270 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,16
ArcelorMittal 53 180 -230 280 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1,3 ≥ 0,17
ArcelorMittal 54 160 -200 280 -340 ≥ 38 ≥ 1,8 ≥ 0,19
ArcelorMittal 56 140 -180 270 -330 ≥ 40 ≥ 1,9 ≥ 0,21
94
ArcelorMittal 57 120 -160 270 -330 ≥ 42 ≥ 2,2 ≥ 0,22
ArcelorMittal 11 170 -360 275 -440 ≥ 24 ≥ 28
ArcelorMittal 12 200 -330 300 -420 ≥ 27 ≥ 32
ArcelorMittal 13 200 -330 300 -400 ≥ 29 ≥ 34
ArcelorMittal 14 220 -280 320 -370 ≥ 33 ≥ 37
ArcelorMittal 15 180 -270 270 -350 ≥ 33 ≥ 40
ArcelorMittal 16 180 -260 270 -350 ≥ 33 ≥ 40

The n, r and elongation guarantees are reduced slightly with Galvannealed coating, resulting in a loss of 0.3 in the r coefficient and about 2% in elong
information.
For products with a thickness of 0.7 mm or less, the minimum guaranteed fracture elongation values should be reduced by 2 units.

ArcelorMittal 57 for skin parts has a guaranteed yield strength of 130 to 170 MPa instead of 120 to 160 MPa.
Interstitial-free (IF) metallurgy is systematically used to produce ArcelorMittal 06 and 07. This type of metallurgy is also required for the hot-dip coate
ArcelorMittal 54 and 56.
Microstructure of ArcelorMittal 56
(IF-Ti B type metallurgy)
C Mn Si
Max Max Max
ArcelorMittal 01 0,100 0,50 0,10

95
® ®
Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal Ultragal Galvannea
EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM RSA CHI EUR NAM SAM
ArcelorMittal
04
ArcelorMittal
05
ArcelorMittal
06
ArcelorMittal
07
ArcelorMittal
54
ArcelorMittal
56
ArcelorMittal
57
ArcelorMittal
01 /51
ArcelorMittal
02 /52
ArcelorMittal
03 /53
ArcelorMittal
11
ArcelorMittal
12
ArcelorMittal
13
ArcelorMittal
14
ArcelorMittal
15 /16
X available -XX available in visible part quality
Forming
This family of ArcelorMittal steels has high and even very high drawability in all deformation modes (low yield strength and high ductility and normal s
manufacture complex parts incorporating several functions, generating cost savings.
96
This family of ArcelorMittal steels has high and even very high drawability in all deformation modes (low yield strength and high ductility and normal s
manufacture complex parts incorporating several functions, generating cost savings.
Forming limit curves can be used to define the maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.
Examples of forming limit curves calculated

ArcelorMittal 03 to 07 range (thickness: 1.0
Welding

The table below gives examples of resistance spot welding parameters for ArcelorMittal products, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard
The resistance spot weldability of hot rolled ArcelorMittal products is similar to that of cold rolled products of the same grade (C/Mn).
Welding range (kA)

ArcelorMittal 03
Electrogalvanized 2,0
(thickness: 0.75 mm)
®
ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal
1,7
(thickness: 1.5 mm)
ArcelorMittal 05
(thickness: 0.8 mm)
ArcelorMittal 06
(thickness: 0.8 mm)
ArcelorMittal 14
3,0
(thickness: 2.5 mm)

Arc welding
The electric arc weldability of ArcelorMittal steels is similar to that of the equivalent C and Mn structural steels. The table below gives welding recomm
processes.
The chemical composition of ArcelorMittal steels supports all welding processes without pre-or post-treatment.
Filler materials recommended for arc welding
Encased Electrode (SMAW) Gaz with fuse wire (GMAW and FCAW)

OK Autrob 12.51
Esab OK 48.00
OK Tubrod 14.02
SAF Safer MF48 Nertalic 70 S
Based on its long shop-floor experience in resistance spot welding and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technic
parameters for any product in the ArcelorMittal range.
97
Based on its long shop-floor experience in resistance spot welding and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technic
parameters for any product in the ArcelorMittal range.
Fatigue strength
Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety ArcelorMittal steels are shown
maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension-tension loading ratio of R=0.1.
Wöhler curves for ArcelorMittal steels

(cold rolled)
ArcelorMittal can provide a full data base with fatigue performance values for the ArcelorMittal range of products.
98

®
Extragal double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels
Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings
Applications
®
Because of their high corrosion protection capacity and surface quality, Extragal coated products are recommended for numerous
automotive applications, for both visible and non-visible parts.
®
The Extragal production process, involving a continuous single-step operation after rolling, makes it nearly always the most cost effective
pre-coating solution for obtaining the corrosion resistance required in automotive sheet applications.
Surface appearance
®
The crystal structure of Extragal coatings is not visible to the naked eye. The high surface quality leads to a finished paint appearance
meeting the severest requirements of the automotive industry for visible bodywork parts.
Hardness
®
Extragal coatings are relatively ductile, with limited risk of damage in the drawing tools.
Morphology
®
Scanning electron micrograph of an Extragal coating
surface
®
Cross section of an Extragal coating
Coating thickness
®
Unless otherwise specified, the standard Extragal coating thicknesses offered (per side, measured at three points) are as follows:
99
Minimum Minimum Maximum
Similar standard (double-sided) (per side) (per side)
(g/m²) µm g/m² µm g/m²
Z100 100 7.0 50 9.0 65
Z140 140 10.0 70 12.0 85
Z200 200 14.0 100 17.0 120
Z225 225 15.5 112.5 18.5 132.5
Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process
®
Extragal coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a molten zinc bath. The steel
substrate can be almost any of our cold rolled steels and some of our hot rolled grades.
®
The Extragal manufacturing process includes adjustments at all stages of the process, from the steelworks to the skin-pass. It is subject to
rigorous control and inspection. As a result of these measures, an exceptional galvanized coating with an optimized surface is obtained. This
ensures a very high quality painted appearance in automotive bodywork parts.
Typical layout of a galvanising line
Corrosion
®
Extragal coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the
electro-chemical behavior of the Fe-Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.
Drawing
®
Industrial experience shows that the drawing performance of Extragal products is superior to that of other coating systems.
®
Extragal has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability.
The type and quantity of lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet-tool contact; any comparison of
coatings must be carried out under identical conditions.
Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools.
Welding
®
Extragal coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life
(typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by
fine-tuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity,
current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time).
ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist clients in optimizing the welding process.
Adhesive bonding
®
Extragal coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good
cohesion of the coating.
The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil,
and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.
Surface treatment
®
Extragal can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative
"environmentally-friendly" (particularly nickel-free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface
treatment process must undergo prior validation.
Recommendations:
Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface,
- 3+
F ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al ions that may reduce its activity.
ArcelorMittal can provide specialized technical assistance regarding these issues.
100

®
Ultragal
Applications
®
With its ability to limit repeated waviness during deformation, combined with the proven qualities of Extragal (surface quality, corrosion
®
protection), Ultragal is a coating specifically recommended for visible part applications in the automotive sector.
®
With the Ultragal production process, waviness in steel products can be controlled both before and after forming. In an optimized painting
®
process configuration, Ultragal lends the painted part very high-quality paint appearance (even better than a standard galvanized substrate).
®
With waviness reduced to a very low value, Ultragal also contributes to enhanced reproducibility of paint appearance quality.

Surface appearance
®
The crystal structure of Ultragal is not visible to the naked eye and the product offers optimum surface quality before and after painting.
Control of the operating drive factors amplifying waviness at the secondary processing stage, in particular during drawing, further enhances
paint appearance.
We offer a waviness guarantee expressed as Wa 0.8 mm after drawing, which ensures product quality.

Hardness
®
Ultragal coating is relatively ductile, which reduces the risk of coating damage in the drawing tool.
Morphology
®
Surface appearance of Ultragal coating (scanning electron
micrograph)
®
Cross-section of Ultragal coating
Coating thickness
®
Unless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered for Ultragal (per side, measured at 3 points) are as follows:
101
Minimum Minimum Maximum
Similar standard (2 sides) (per side) (per side)
(g/m²) µm g/m² µm g/m²
Z100 100 7.0 50 9.0 65
Z140 140 10.0 70 12.0 85
Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process
®
Ultragal coating is obtained by hot dip galvanizing (the steel sheet is fed through a bath of molten zinc) of a steel substrate which can be
selected from most of our cold rolled steels.
®
The Ultragal manufacturing process involves adaptations at all process stages, from steelworks to skin pass. It is subject to rigorous control
and inspection. These measures produce an exceptional galvanized coating with surface optimized for top-quality paint appearance in
automotive body parts.
Typical layout of a galvanizing line
Corrosion
®
Ultragal coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the
electro-chemical behavior of the Fe-Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.
Drawing
Ultragal® offers drawing quality equivalent to that of Extragal®, the galvanized steel product with pure zinc coating on both sides. Ultragal®
has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability. The type and quantity of
lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet-tool contact; any comparison of coatings must be carried out
under identical conditions. Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools.
Welding
Ultragal® coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life
(typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by
fine-tuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity,
current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time).
ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist customers in optimizing the welding process.
Adhesive bonding
®
Ultragal coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good
cohesion of the coating.
The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil,
and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.
Surface treatment
®
Ultragal can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative
"environmentally-friendly" (particularly nickel-free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface
treatment process must undergo prior validation.
Recommendations:
Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface;
- 3+
F ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al ions that may reduce its activity.
102

Galvannealed zinc-iron alloy coated steels

Applications
The excellent corrosion protection and high surface quality offered by Galvannealed coatings make these products well suited for numerous
automotive applications involving both visible and non-visible parts. The presence of iron in the coating improves resistance spot welding
behavior, so that Galvannealed products are especially recommended when joining proves difficult with other coatings.
Surface appearance
The high surface quality of Galvannealed coatings leads to a finished paint appearance meeting the most stringent requirements of the
automotive sector for visible bodywork parts.
Hardness
Galvannealed coatings are hardened by the presence of iron. Hardness depends on the proportions of the different alloy phases, which can
be controlled via the galvannealing parameters. This hardness can lead to a certain risk of powdering during severe deep drawing
®
operations, particularly for higher coating weights. For this reason, we recommend thinner coatings than in the case of Extragal .
The coating hardness also leads to a reduction in the Lankford ratio r, as measured during tensile tests, resulting in reduced
deep-drawability.
Morphology
Surface view of Galvannealed coating

(scanning electron micrograph)
Cross-sectional view of Galvannealed coating
Coating thickness
Unless otherwise specified, the standard Galvannealed coating thicknesses offered are as follows (per side, measured at one point):

103
Minimum Maximum
Reference (or similar standard) 2 2
µm g/m µm g/m
ZF90 4.2 30 7.7 55
ZF100 5.6 40 9.1 65
However, other thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us about other thicknesses.
Coating process
Galvannealed coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a bath of molten zinc. The steel
substrate can be almost any of our cold-rolled steel products.
After leaving the zinc bath, the strip is subjected to heat treatment, which causes iron atoms in the substrate to diffuse into the zinc layer. The
Galvannealed coating formed in this way is a zinc/iron alloy containing about 10% iron.
See availability in each product technical sheet.
Typical layout of a galvannealing line in the Galvannealed

configuration
Corrosion
Galvannealed coatings provide excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to
the electrochemical behavior of the Fe-Zn galvanic couple (sacrificial anode effect).
In the event of damage, the presence of iron in the coating gives the Galvannealed corrosion products a reddish tinge, which should not be
interpreted as a sign of substrate corrosion.
Drawing
Galvannealed coating has a low friction coefficient, facilitating metal flow between the punch and the die.
The friction coefficient may vary significantly as a result of lubrication factors (type and quantity of oil or pre-lubricant).
However, the greater hardness of this coating (due to the presence of iron) can make deep drawing operations more difficult (risk of
powdering, decrease in r value).

Remark:
The galvannealing treatment used to diffuse iron into the zinc coating can be varied to control the properties of the coated product,
particularly the tendency to powdering. We recommend that you contact our technical support teams to specify the exact coating parameters.
Welding
The hardness and melting point of this coating leads to weldability close to that of uncoated sheet, with excellent electrode life values.
Example based on ISO standard 18278-2: ArcelorMittal 04 steel Galvannealed 45/45 with 0.7 mm thickness: weldability range from 8.6 to 9.6
kA with electrode life of 1200 spots without adjustments.

Adhesive bonding
Galvannealed layers have good bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and cohesion of the coating.
The most important parameters determining bond quality are the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and
any chemical treatments that may have been performed.

Surface treatment
Galvannealed products can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current processes. The cataphoresis process may have
to be adapted to avoid cratering problems caused by the particular micro-texture of this coating.
ArcelorMittal can provide customers with technical assistance to overcome problems of this type.
104

®
Zagnelis -Double-sided ZnMgAl galvanized steels
Presentation
®
Zagnelis coating has been specially designed to improve corrosion protection of vehicles, while satisfying OEMs' specifications regarding
manufacturability: stamping, welding, adhesive bonding, painting process...

More specifically, it offers a corrosion resistance much superior to the one of traditional zinc-based coatings.
Presence of Magnesium in the coating leads to the formation of compact and very stable corrosion products during the early stages of
corrosion and thus decreases coating consumption kinetics and reinforces cut edges protection.

®
Furthermore, Zagnelis coating presents an excellent stamping ability due to outstanding tribological properties for a zinc-based coating.
Applications
®
Because of its high corrosion protection capacity, Zagnelis coating is recommended for numerous automotive applications. It is specifically
recommended for parts requiring strengthened corrosion protection: confined and hollow areas, hem flanges…

®
Zagnelis coating can contribute to reduce needs for additional corrosion protections measures such as waxes and sealers. It aims at
answering car makers needs in terms of anti-corrosion warranty cost reduction. It also opens real perspectives of synergy and robustness
when associated to new surface treatments and painting processes.

®
For some applications, Zagnelis coating can advantageously replace traditional high-thickness zinc coatings (thicker than 20µm), ensuring
better performances in weldability, stampability and durability.

It can also be figured out as an alternative to post-galvanizing and post-painting processes.
Surface appearance
®
The crystalline structure of Zagnelis coating is not visible with the naked eye. Its high surface quality leads to a finished paint appearance
meeting the requirements of the automotive industry for non-visible or semi-visible bodywork parts. Developments are running for surface
quality optimization in order to allow manufacturing of exposed parts.

Hardness
®
Because of its multiphased structure (Zn/Al/MgZn2 ternary eutectic associated to primary Zinc), Zagnelis ranges among hard coatings.

Morphology
®
Scanning electron micrograph of Zagnelis coating surface
after skin passing
105
®
Scanning electron micrograph of Zagnelis coating surface
before skin passing
®
Scanning electron micrograph of a Zagnelis cross-cut
Coating thickness
®
Unless otherwise specified, the standard Zagnelis coating thicknesses offered (measured at three points) are the following:
Minimum Minimum
Similar standard (double-sided) (per side)
(g/m²) µm g/m²
ZM90 90 7.0 45
ZM120 120 10.0 60
Other coating thicknesses may be considered on demand.
Coating process
®
Zagnelis coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a molten bath of Zinc, Magnesium
and Aluminum. The steel substrate consist in almost any of our cold rolled grades and some of our hot rolled grades.

®
The Zagnelis coating manufacturing includes fine-tuning of all stages of the process, from the steelworks to the skin-pass mill. It undergoes
rigorous control and inspection steps. As a result of these measures, an exceptional multiphased ZnMgAl galvanized coating with an
optimized surface is obtained. This ensures a very high level of protection against corrosion and a surface quality compatible with automotive
market requirements.
Typical layout of a galvanizing line
Corrosion
®
Zagnelis coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in case of damage (impact, scratches, stone shipping) or high deformation.
Presence of magnesium in the coating allows very high performances as corrosion products which are formed at product surface during the
early stages of corrosion are compact and very stable. These corrosion products act as a barrier against corrosive media and limit coating
consumption. Cut edges protection is also significantly reinforced.
106
Presence of magnesium in the coating allows very high performances as corrosion products which are formed at product surface during the
early stages of corrosion are compact and very stable. These corrosion products act as a barrier against corrosive media and limit coating
consumption. Cut edges protection is also significantly reinforced.

Drawing
® ®
Zagnelis friction coefficient is low (around 0,10 with standard oiling): metal flow between matrix and punch is easier so that Zagnelis
presents an excellent drawing ability.
The type and quantity of lubricant as well as the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet-tool contact; any comparison
of coatings must be carried out under the same conditions.

Spot Welding
®
Zagnelis coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life, can
be optimized by fine-tuning electrode composition, electrode geometry and dressing frequency as well as welding parameters (current type
and intensity, current incrementation, welding effort, cycle time).
ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist clients in optimizing the welding process.
®
Furthermore Zagnelis offers the best compromise between corrosion resistance and weldability, especially for applications where needed
corrosion resistance usually requires high Zn coating thickness (for instance post-galavanizing).

Adhesive bonding
®
Zagnelis coating shows good adhesive bonding behavior with most adhesives used in automotive: good adhesion to the coating, good
adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate and the good mechanical resistance of the coating itselve.
The most significant parameters influencing adhesive bonding quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the
protective oil and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.

Surface treatment
®
Zagnelis can be phosphated and painted using current trication phosphatation process (Zn, Ni, Mn). It is also well-suited for alternative
"environment-friendly" (phosphate-free) surface treatment processes, with excellent performances in terms of paint adherence (among them
®
resistance to stone shipping) and underpaint corrosion resistance. Zagnelis appears as the ideal coating for future applications including
compact surface treatment and painting processes.

Recommendations:
Use alkaline degreasing in order to remove any organic residues and oxides present on product surface
F-ions should be present in phosphating baths so as to neutralize any Al3+ ions that may reduce bath activity
107

Steels coated with galfan zinc-aluminium alloy

Applications
The ductility and strong anti-corrosion properties of galfan make it a coating highly suited for deep-drawn parts and parts requiring a high
level of corrosion protection.
In certain applications, a 10 micron galfan coating can replace a 20 micron galvanized coating, providing better weldability, drawability, and
corrosion resistance.
Galfan can thus reduce costs, symplifying secondary processes and eliminating the need for post-treatment..
It can be used to replace thick galvanized coating and post-galvanizing treatments.
Parts:
Electric motor housings
Filter, airbag cartridges
Windscreen wipers and mechanism
Door plates
Window drive rails
Oil sumps
Electronics boxes
Surface appearance
Galfan has a cellular surface which appears mottled.
Unpainted galfan acquires a patina over time, its initial metallic appearance dulls to a matte gray.
Cellular surface appearance -galfan
Hardness
The coating, composed of 95% zinc and 5% aluminum, has a eutectic structure lending it excellent ductility and the thin intermetallic layer at
the steel/coating interface guarantees excellent coating adhesion.
These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.
108
These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.
Micrographic cross-section and structure
Surface finish
The three surface finishes defined in the EN 10327 standard are available to suit customer requirements.
Coating thickness
The standard galfan coating values and corresponding thicknesses are as follows:
EN 10327 Minimum nominal

µm per side
standard g/m² double side (3 pts)

ZA095 7 95
ZA130 10 130
ZA200 15 200
ZA255 20 255
ZA300 23 300
Coating process
Galfan is obtained by continuous hot dip coating in a bath of molten metal made up of approximately 95% zinc and 5% aluminium.
Corrosion
In general, galfan has a higher corrosion resistance compared to a standard galvanized product.
Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and
also prevents corrosion of cut edges.
109
Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and
also prevents corrosion of cut edges.
Its superior corrosion resistance allows galfan to be an alternative to thicker galvanised coatings and post-galvanization treatments.
Full-side corrosion resistance during an automotive cyclical

corrosion test
Example of resistance to salt spray: 5% NaCl
Drawing
Due to its eutectic structure and the thin intermetallic layer, galfan is a ductile coating suitable for deep-drawing operations, without risk of
cracking, delamination or contamination of the equipment by powdering.
TM
The use of pre-lubricating oils and of thin organic films (Extrafilm ) can further improve drawing properties.
Welding
Galfan performs well in spot welding with:

a welding range well suited to industrial requirements,
longer electrode life compared to galvanised steel with the same corrosion resistance (coating twice as
thin).
This advantage arises mainly in the case of applications where the corrosion resistance specified would require very high zinc values when
using hot-dipped galvanized.
Comparison of electrode life

110

Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides

Applications
Due to their high corrosion resistance, electrogalvanized products are recommended for numerous applications in the automotive industry.
Electrogalvanized products, in both single and double sided versions, are particularly well suited for visible parts.

The dimensional feasibility of electrogalvanized coatings depends on the choice of steel substrate (see corresponding technical sheets) and
on the manufacturing route involved.
Surface appearance
The surface quality obtained meets the most stringent requirements with regard to final painted appearance of external body components.
Hardness
The electrogalvanized coating consists of pure zinc and is therefore ductile, enabling it to withstand large deformations.
Suitable surface preparation prior to electrogalvanizing ensures coating adhesion.
Morphology
Cross section of a 7.5 x 7.5 µm

electrogalvanized coating (x 1000)
Surface appearance of an
electrogalvanized coating (x 2000)
Coating thickness
Unless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered are 5 and 7.5 µm per side; However, other thicknesses may be
considered. Please consult us.
Coating process
111
Coating process
The electrogalvanized coating is obtained by electrolytically depositing a layer of pure zinc. The absence of heating during the coating
process enables electrogalvanized coatings to be employed without restriction on virtually all the steel grades developed by ArcelorMittal for
the automotive industry.
The electrolytic process makes it possible to achieve a very high purity coating.
Corrosion
Electrogalvanized coatings offer excellent corrosion protection, even when damaged (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the
sacrificial electrochemical behaviour of zinc with respect to iron.
Drawing
Electrogalvanized coatings have excellent intrinsic formability, making them suitable for the most severe drawing operations.
The tribological behavior of electrogalvanized coatings is slightly inferior to that of hot dip coatings, and for the most difficult parts can justify
the use of an appropriate chemical surface treatment.
ArcelorMittal has a range of in-line surface treatments. Please consult us if necessary.

Welding
Electrogalvanized steels have a wide resistance spot welding range suited to industrial requirements.

Adhesive bonding
Like all zinc coatings, electrogalvanized films show good adhesive bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the
metal and cohesion of the coating itself. The quality of bonding is determined essentially by the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the
nature of the protective oil and any chemical treatment that may have been performed.
Surface treatment
Electrogalvanized products coated on one or both sides can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using all current processes.
112

Surface treatments
Description
ArcelorMittal's range of hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated steels can be delivered with different types of surface treatments. Surface
treatments protect the material from corrosion and/or improve its drawing properties.
Oils are one such treatment. They are generally applied electrostatically. Drylubes are lubricants which appear dry at ambient temperature
and liquefy when heated during the drawing process. There is also a range of surface treatment products that react chemically with the
coating to provide the desired properties. Surface treatments are applied by sprayingor roll-coating, followed by removal of excess product in
some cases.
Protective oils are the most commonly used treatment. They provide temporary protection from corrosion until secondary processing of the
material. A number of high quality oils called prelubes (prelubricants) provide excellent lubricating properties in addition to corrosion
protection. They are used to draw certain parts without re-oiling blanks.
When even more exacting drawing performance is required, ArcelorMittal can offer several surface treatments for zinc coatings:
prephosphating for electro-galvanized steels, NIT for electro-galvanized and hot dip galvanized sheet, L-Treatment for Galvannealed. These
are very thinsurface treatments. They are detected by analysis of the chemical surface elements and are systematically associated with
protective oil or a prelube.
Drylubes are useful when very low friction coefficients are required. Due to their dry nature they also have the advantage of helping to keep
the shop floor clean. Their viscosity generally allows hydrodynamic friction systems to be initiated.
Forming
The different surface treatments improve drawing by reducing the friction coefficients of coated and uncoated steel. At the top end of the
range (NIT, L-Treatment, Prephosphating, drylube) stick slip phenomena are also reduced, thus lowering the risk of seizure and fracture.
®
Comparison of the friction coefficients of Extragal with and
without NIT and comparison of a prephosphated
®
electro-galvanised steel with Extragal + NIT
NIT, L-Treatment and drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some
cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the re-work rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts.
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drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some
cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the re-work rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts.
Joining /painting process

Surface treatments have a very minor effect on surface electrical resistance. Therefore, they have very little impact on the welding process.
However, they do have a considerable effect on surface chemistry. Their compatibility with the adhesive bonding and painting processes
specific to individual users must therefore be verified.
ArcelorMittal's team of experts can offer guidance on the most suitable choice of surface treatment.
Sizes available /options

The choice of surface treatment depends on the substrate and also on the intended application and effects. The process conditions (drawing,
assembly, painting, etc.) should be considered when making a choice.
Size options also depend on the substrate.
ArcelorMittal's technical teams can help you select the best surface treatment for your application.
®
Surface treatment Electrogalvanized Extragal Galvannealed Uncoated cold rolled Uncoated hot rolled
Protective oil/Prelubs I* I* I* I I
Prephosphating I*
L-Treatment I*
NIT I* I* D*
Drylubes D* D* D* D I
I Industrial
D Under development
* Available in visible part quality
114

Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs)

Description
Thin organic coatings offer very high corrosion resistance based on a barrier effect. They are designed to retain good weldability by means of
metallic particles included in their organic matrix.
Lubricants are also present in the resin to improve drawability. The chemical affinity between the main structural adhesives and the TOC
surface increases the durability of adhesive bonds, even after ageing.
Applications
Steels with organic coatings are protected from corrosion, have a high-quality surface and can be readily shaped and welded. They are
therefore recommended for numerous automotive applications. The single-sided version can be used to make both visible and non-visible
parts. The double-sided version is used for non-visible parts.
TOCs for the automotive industry are specially designed to increase hollow body corrosion protection. They can help reduce the use of
additional protection measures such as wax or mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas that are difficult to protect by
cataphoresis and substantially reduce design costs. The main applications are vehicle closures, body sides, under bodies, shock absorbers
and the full range of hollow body beams. These products are designed to meet automobile body manufacturers' requirements in terms of
reducing the cost of anti-corrosion guarantees.
Thin organic coatings are applied over a metal coating. They can be applied to one or both sides.
The ArcelorMittal product line is composed of first and second generation organic resins in conjunction with a surface treatment.
The surface treatments used by ArcelorMittal are now chromium-free.
Substrate Coating Target corrosion performance

st
1 generation
Zn 10 cycles of accelerated VDA
Chromium-free surface treatment + 2.5 to 4.5 µm
Thin Organic Coatings electrogalvanized corrosion test without appearance of
organic coating containing conductive particles
sheet (pure zinc) red rust
nd
2 generation
Zn 20 cycles of accelerated VDA
Chromium-free surface treatment + 3 to 5 µm
Thin Organic Coatings electrogalvanized corrosion test without appearance of
organic coating containing conductive particles
sheet (pure zinc) red rust
Other thin organic coatings are currently being industrialized.

The goal is to offer, in the short term, an optimized substrate -surface treatment -organic coating system using new generations of
chromium-free surface treatments (in 1 or 2 steps) to further enhance product corrosion performance.
First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type
resins are compatible with BH steels.
115
First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type
resins are compatible with BH steels.
Morphology
Cross-section of a first generation TOC containing

conductive particles
Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a first

generation TOC
The TOC layer substantially increases protection against pitting corrosion.

In lock seam configuration, TOC applied to 5/5ì electrogalvanized steel withstands 10 cycles of VDA 621-415 accelerated corrosion testing
without the appearance of red rust.
This makes it possible to reduce the use of additional protective measures in hollow bodies and lock seams.
Sheet coated with organic coatings can be readily formed in chrome-plated tools.
The figure below shows an example of a plane/plane friction curve on an oiled TOC.
Measured friction coefficient of a TOC coated sheet
These products can be spot-welded. To lengthen electrode life, direct contact between the TOC and the electrode should be avoided
(single-sided organic coatings).
Based on its experience in characterizing these products for spot and laser welding, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in
adjusting the welding parameters to all commercially available organic coatings.
These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the
automotive industry.
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These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the
automotive industry.
Products can be phosphated and painted at the customer's premises using standard processes. They lend themselves to cataphoretic
painting with excellent paint adhesion.
Please consult us for additional information concerning specific adhesives and mastics.
117

®
Jetgal -Cold stamping steels coated with zinc from an
innovative and environmentally friendly process
Presentation
®
Jetgal is a zinc coating deposited through the Jet Vapor Deposition process (JVD). JVD is an innovative vacuum deposition process
developed by ArcelorMittal and the CRM Group. It offers, inter alia, the following benefits:
Hydrogen-free coating process
Environmentally friendly process: the lowest global warming potential of any industrial steel coating process
Suitable for any metallurgy: JVD can be used to coat all future ultra high strength steels
Applications
®
Due to their very good corrosion resistance, Jetgal products are recommended for numerous applications in the automotive industry.

As zinc is applied from a vapour, JVD is the only pure zinc application process which can coat any surface:
All current and future steel grades, whatever their alloying content, can be coated using JV
As JVD is an hydrogen-free coating process, it avoids delayed cracking of UHSS with UTS >1000 MPa (UHSS)
®
The dimensional feasibility of Jetgal coatings depends on the choice of steel substrate (see corresponding technical sheets) and on the
manufacturing route involved.

Surface appearance
®
The surface quality obtained meets the most stringent requirements regarding surface topography. Jetgal coating does not change the initial
roughness of the substrate.

Hardness
®
The Jetgal coating consists of pure zinc and is therefore ductile, enabling it to withstand large deformations. Suitable surface preparation
prior to JVD ensures coating adhesion.

Morphology
®
Cross section of a 7.5 x 7.5 µm Jetgal coating (x 2500)
®
Surface appearance of Jetgal coating (x 2000)
Coating thickness
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Coating process
®
The Jetgal coating is obtained from the vacuum evaporation of zinc (JVD process). Thus, zinc coating is of very high purity. The absence of
®
heating during the coating process enables Jetgal coatings to be employed without restriction on virtually all the steel grades developed by
ArcelorMittal for the automotive industry.
Layout of JVD process
Corrosion
®
Jetgal coatings offer excellent corrosion protection, even when damaged (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the sacrificial
electrochemical behaviour of zinc with respect to iron.

Drawing
®
Jetgal coatings have excellent intrinsic formability, making them suitable for the most severe drawing operations.
®
The tribological behavior of Jetgal coatings is slightly inferior to that of hot dip coatings, and for the most difficult parts can justify the use of
an appropriate chemical surface treatment.
ArcelorMittal has a range of in-line surface treatments. Please consult us if necessary.

Welding
®
Jetgal steels have a wide resistance spot welding range suited to industrial requirements.

Adhesive bonding
®
Like all zinc coatings, Jetgal films show good adhesive bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and
cohesion of the coating itself. The quality of bonding is determined essentially by the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of
the protective oil and any chemical treatment that may have been performed.

Surface treatment
®
Jetgal products coated on one or both sides can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using all current processes.
119

®
Steels coated with Alusi , an aluminum-silicon alloy: general
points
Aluminized steels
Applications
®
Alusi coating is resistant to heat, high temperature oxidation and corrosion, and offers a high level of reflectivity, making it suitable for
applications in a corrosive atmosphere at high temperatures.
®
With its favorable properties, Alusi can be widely used, allowing a reduction of overall operating costs when used in place of more
expensive materials. Its high level of reflectivity makes it an ideal coating for thermal insulation applications.
Parts:
Insulating heat shields
Engine heat shields
Exhaust systems
Fuel tanks
Biodiesel filters
Machinery casings
Underbody parts
Surface appearance
® ®
Alusi has a shiny surface (high reflectivity) with coating spangles visible to the naked eye. Alusi retains its original appearance up to 400°C
with a reflectivity level of 80%.
Coating
®
Composed of90% aluminum and 10% silicon, Alusi is split into one ternary layer of alloy at the steel-coating interface, ranging from 4 to 7
microns, and an overlay of binary aluminum-silicon alloy.
®
Cross-section of Alusi coating
Coating thickness
®
Unless otherwise specified, the standard Alusi coating weights and corresponding thicknesses offered are as follows (measured at 3
points):
EN Standard 10346 g/m² double-sided µm per side

AS 60 60 10
AS 80 80 14
AS 100 100 17
AS 120 120 20
AS 150 150 25
AS 180 180 30
AS 200 200 33
However, other requirements may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process
®
Alusi is produced by continuous immersion in a bath of molten alloy made up of approximately 90% aluminum and 10% silicon.
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Alusi is produced by continuous immersion in a bath of molten alloy made up of approximately 90% aluminum and 10% silicon.
Corrosion
®
Alusi coating provides excellent corrosion protection, in hydrocarbon and outdoor environments and at high temperatures (650-800°C).
The formation of stable and impermeable corrosion products (alumina) make this a long-lasting durable coating, clearly superior to other
galvanized coatings when used for recommended applications.
Drawing
®
The presence of a hard ternary alloy layer containing iron lends Alusi coating a hardness that reduces the Lankford r ratio when measured
in a tensile test.
®
By controlling this ternary layer and reducing the coating weight, however, Alusi can be used for complex deep drawn parts such as fuel
filters and fuel tanks.
TM
The use of prelube oils and of thin organic films (Easyfilm ) improves the deep drawing properties even further.
Temperature resistance
®
Alusi coating differs from other coatings by its ability to resist high temperatures (650°C and up to 800°C for steel quality ArcelorMittal
®
55+AS), without delamination or scaling. This property allows Alusi to be used in exhaust systems.
Reflectivity
® ®
Alusi coating retains its original shiny appearance up to 400°C with a reflectivity level of 80%. This property makes Alusi the ideal coating
for use in heat protection applications such as engine heat shields and underbody parts.
Surface appearence
®
Alusi is supplied with a matte finish; three types of surface finish can be provided according to customer requirements. For certain
applications, a smooth shiny finish can also be produced.
121

®
Steels coated with Alusi aluminum-silicon alloy: specific
applications
Aluminized steels
Applications
Exhaust systems
®
Alusi coating withstands temperatures of up to 650°C and even 800°C (ArcelorMittal 55+AS steel) without scaling or delamination and
exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. For these reasons it is widely used in exhaust systems.
®
For each major exhaust system component, there is an Alusi grade meeting performance requirements in service.
Catalytic converter Catalytic converter/ Front muffler/

Primary downpipe Rear muffler
Particle Filter muffler connection intermediate pipe
Internal: 400 -110°C
Temperature 400 -750°C 400 -750°C 200 -500°C 250 -500°C
External: 50 -300°C
Hot gas, Internal: condensates
Aggression Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud
salt, mud External: atmosphere, salt, mud
Internal casing:
ArcelorMittal 53+AS
External casing:
Grade ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS
ArcelorMittal 54+AS
Pipe:
ArcelorMittal 51+AS -ArcelorMittal 52+AS
TM
In the exhaust system application, a coating weight of 150 g/m² and the use of Easyfilm can further increase corrosion resistance.
The ArcelorMittal 55+AS grade, specifically developed to guarantee coating integrity up to 800°C and to resist high-temperature oxidation, is
recommended for parts upstream of the front muffler.
Corrosion resistance comparison:

®
Galvanised/galfan/Alusi in salt spray
122
High temperature cyclic oxidation comparison
Secondary processing -Welding

®
Most welding techniques (spot, seam, high frequency) and the MIG, MAG and TIG processes can be applied on Alusi without special
equipment.
Heat shields
®
As a result of its very good reflectivity and resistance to high temperature and corrosion, the Alusi coating is suitable for use in the following
applications:
Engine heat shields,
Underbody heat shields.
®
The mechanical properties of the Alusi coating under ambient and high temperatures allow for the use of very thin coating layers, thus
reducing material costs as compared to alternative rival solutions.
Reflectivity -Thermal insulation

®
Alusi coating offers excellent thermal insulation properties due to its high level of reflectivity.
Its aluminized surface reflects about 80% of the radiation emitted by a heat source between 200 and 600°C.
®
Alusi ArcelorMittal 54+AS
Stiffness -Resistance to high temperature -Creep resistance

At ambient temperature, Alusi® sheet exhibits substantially higher stiffness than other solutions.
At high temperature, Alusi® retains excellent mechanical properties, lending it good creep resistance.
This makes it suitable for use in the following environments:
Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters,
123
Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters,
Underbodies with very low clearance
Creep resistance:
Comparison Steel/Other indicative solution

Mass savings: low gauge dimensions, down to 0.25 mm
®
Alusi sheet can be provided in low gauge dimensions, resulting in lighter heat shields.
®
ArcelorMittal can produce Alusi sheet in 0.25 mm thickness, allowing the design of heat shields with a weight reduction of 50% compared to
a conventional solution with a thickness of 0.5 mm.
Stiffness and improved drawability: the embossed aluminized steel solution

®
To reduce gauge dimensions while maintaining sufficient component stiffness, ArcelorMittal offers embossed Alusi sheet.
Embossing facilitates secondary processing by simplifying the range of equipment and reducing the number of drawing operations required
to produce the component.
Embossing also improves the vibratory behavior and increases the stiffness of the component.
Embossed aluminized steels with a thickness of 0.25 mm are particularly competitive compared to alternative materials.
®
The combination of improved drawability and stiffness makes it possible to design heat shields in Alusi 0.25 mm, generating significant
reductions in material costs compared to other materials.
®
Embossed Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120
(thickness: 0.4 mm)
®
Embossed Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120
(thickness: 0.25 mm)

124
®
Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120
(thickness: 2 x 0.3 mm)

®
Alusi catalytic converter heat shield in ArcelorMittal 55+AS
120
(thickness: 0.5 mm)
Fuel tanks and filters

®
The excellent resistance of Alusi steel to the corrosion caused by gasoline, diesel and biodiesel fuels and its external corrosion resistance
and deep-drawability recommend it for use in metal fuel tanks and fuel filters.
®
The ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade-55 g/m² double-sided, for example-is ideal for this type of application. Alusi steels fully meet fuel permeation
standards and recycling and biodiesel compatibility requirements.
Fuel tank shell
Corrosion resistance
®
The corrosion resistance of Alusi coating has been demonstrated in a variety of fuel and atmospheric corrosion tests. The results show that
the aluminized steel solution offers a metal fuel tank service life of 15 years.
Welding
®
Most welding techniques can be used to join shells (seam, Soudronic ) and other parts (MIG, MAG, braze-welding, etc.).
Deep drawing /Fuel filter

®
To cater to the demand in diesel filters made of Alusi steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating
TM
weight and a final surface treatment (Easyfilm ), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion.
125
®
To cater to the demand in diesel filters made of Alusi steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating
TM
weight and a final surface treatment (Easyfilm ), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion.
This combination is compatible with biodiesel.
Fuel filter
Available grades
YS UTS ef (%) r n
ArcelorMittal quality Use
(MPa) (MPa) Lo = 80 mm (90°) (90°)
ArcelorMittal 51+AS Roll forming -Lock seaming 270 -500 ≥ 22
ArcelorMittal 52+AS Average drawing 140 -300 270 -420 ≥ 26
ArcelorMittal 53+AS Difficult drawing 140 -260 270 -380 ≥ 30
ArcelorMittal 54+AS Difficult drawing 120 -220 260 -350 ≥ 34 1.4 0.18
Very difficult drawing
ArcelorMittal 55+AS 140 -240 270 -370 ≥ 30
600°< T < 800°C
ArcelorMittal 56+AS Extra-deep drawing 120 -180 260 -350 ≥ 39 1.7 0.20
ArcelorMittal 57+AS
Extra-deep drawing 120 -170 260 -350 ≥ 41 1.9 0.21
Thickness > 0.7 and < 1.5 mm
Mechanical properties for thickness > 0.7 mm.

(Mechanical properties for thickness < 0.7 mm: provided on consultation.)

®
Alusi is also available in several strength grades. Please consult us for further details.
126

®
iCARe : ArcelorMittals range of electrical steels for automotive
iCARe™
®
About iCARe
® ®
iCARe is ArcelorMittal’s range of innovative electrical steels for the automotive market. Our iCARe steels help automakers create environmentally friendly mobility solutions for a greener world.
®
These values are at the core of the name iCARe . Finding innovative (i) and environmentally friendly (e) solutions is essential for the CAR of tomorrow.
Introduction
® ®
ArcelorMittal’s iCARe steels are a combination of standard and high performance electrical steel grades which have been specifically designed to meet the particular needs of electric and hybrid vehicle makers. Our iCARe steels exhibit high permeability, low loss levels and have excellent yield strength.
®
The large number of products in the iCARe range provides technical solutions for automakers which achieve:
Lower CO2 emissions and better fuel consumption for hybrid vehicles
Longer drive range with existing battery technology
Lower total cost of electrification
Better power density of electric machines, to reduce the size and weight of electrical drive trains.
®
The iCARe offer
® ®
There are three steel types included in ArcelorMittal’s iCARe offering: Save, Torque and Speed. Each has been specifically designed for a typical electric automotive application. ArcelorMittal also offers advanced technical support to manufacturers, enabling them to realise the full potential of our iCARe offer.
Save
®
A steel with very low losses, Save is ideal for the efficiency of the electrical machine. Its key role is to optimise the use of current coming from the battery. See our iCARe Save datasheet to discover more about the range.
Torque
®
Torque is a range of steels with high permeability which can achieve the highest levels of mechanical power output for a motor or current supply for a generator. Minimum polarisation at 5,000 A/m is above 1.65 T. See our iCARe Torque datasheet to find more about the full offering.
Speed
®
A group of specific high strength electrical steels for high speed rotors which maintain high levels of magnetic performance. These grades allow the machine to be more compact and have a higher power density. The grades come with guaranteed yield strengths, and guaranteed magnetic properties. The iCARe Speed datasheet contains full details of the offering.
®
Coatings for iCARe
® ®
Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. ArcelorMittal offers two coatings for its iCARe electrical steels: C3 and C5. The coatings are suitable for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated solutions can be used. More information about the use of these coatings can be found in the Coatings for iCARe
datasheet.
Advanced technical support

®
For automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittal’s iCARe steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas including modelling, prototyping and material handling.
ArcelorMittal’s machine modelling services
®
As a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to design the electrical machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our research centres. For more information see our iCARe Advanced technical support datasheet.
Prototyping services
Our modelling services enable design engineers to make precise machine calculations. This allows them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series begin. A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove the machine’s performance. ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development.
Material handling issues
®
The production of prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels we have supplied. Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes on the magnetic performance of the machine’s lamination stack. Our iCARe Advanced technical support datasheet contains more information.
Selection guide
127
Field Applications Substrates
High efficiency alternators Torque Save
Belt driven starter-alternators Torque Save
High efficiency starters Torque Save
Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) for
Save Torque Speed D20* D24*
centralised traction
PMSM for wheel hub motors Save D20* D22*
Powertrain machines
HPMSM for current generation Save Torque Speed
Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) for traction Torque Save D22*
WRSM for current generation Torque Save
Switched reluctance machines (SRM) for traction Save
Induction machines (IM) for traction Torque Save
IM for current generation Torque Save D40*
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) compressors Save Torque

D70*
High performance auxiliary Ignition coils Save
D80*
equipment
Dashboard metering Save
Hybrid controllers Save Torque
For information on coatings, please check the Coatings data sheet.

For D20, D22, D24, D40, D70 and D80 substrates, please click on the reference to see the corresponding product sheet in the ArcelorMittal Flat Carbon Europe product catalogue for Industry.
See also: http://industry/arcelormittal.com > products > product catalogue for other electrical machine applications.
ArcelorMittals electrical steel offering
In order to stretch the amount of power extracted from the battery, every other element in the electric vehicle must be optimised for low weight and high efficiency. This is particularly important for the electric motor and generator which form the heart of the powertrain.
®
ArcelorMittal’s iCARe electrical steel solutions can bring significant performance improvements to the core of the electric machine, and improve battery performance. The combination of efficiency and light weight means electric vehicles can go longer between charges, extending the drive range of the vehicle.
® ® ®
ArcelorMittal’s iCARe range includes specific electrical steels for applications where high power density or high torque are required. iCARe steels enable the electrical systems in the vehicle to operate more efficiently, maximising power and delivering increased cranking torque. When the machine design is optimised using iCARe steels, further weight savings can be achieved as fewer magnets and less copper windings are required. This also has the potential to reduce costs.
Importance of polarisation
The level of induction reached in the air gap between the rotor and the stator determines the torque a motor can develop. In the starter motor of a car, this break-away torque is very important. At low car speeds, the quality of the electrical steel used can create large differences in the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles.
Importance of losses
An electric machine is no more than a system to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy (or vice-versa). The torque generated in the starter motor, is created by a polarisation level created in the steel, due to a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be provided by injecting current in a copper winding around the steel.
The key point is that the magnetic field creates a change in the magnetic structure inside the steel, in equilibrium with the applied field, which leads to a certain level of polarisation.
In an alternating current cycle, the magnetic field is reversed in some point later in time, but the internal magnetic structure of the steel cannot adapt immediately. There is a delayed response, known as hysteresis, which is linked to irreversible processes taking place inside the steel.
Hysteresis is responsible for some energy loss, known as iron loss. As the steel warms up, the motor gets warm as part of the electricity provided to the motor is changed into wasted heat rather than useful mechanical output. With higher cycling speeds, hence higher electric frequencies, these losses become more important. Lowering the iron losses from the machine’s steel laminations increases the amount of battery energy available in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
Thermal conductivity
The heat generated in an electrical machine needs to be extracted to ensure the safe operation of the machine. Failure to adequately remove the heat can lead to lower performance in terms of power or current output.
The heat is generated by the iron losses described above, along with losses from permanent magnets or copper windings. In fact, the insulation of copper windings is critical in the thermal equilibrium of a machine. The heat can be evacuated via the:
Rotor laminations towards the rotor shaft
Air gap
Stator lamination towards the housing. In this case it is important to choose steels with good thermal conductivity for the lamination.
The mechanical properties of steels used in electrical applications must be adapted to allow good punchability. The punch should be able to form a sharp edge shape. If the edge is not sharp, shortcuts in the magnetic field may occur between assembled laminations and the edge of the steel may be deformed, reducing its magnetic properties. However, these factors must be balanced against the desired useful life of the punching tool.
ArcelorMittal’s fully processed electrical steels are optimised for punchability. Further reductions in tool wear can be achieved by applying a suitable coating.
For hybrid and electric traction machines, the mechanical needs of the steel go beyond punchability. One method used to obtain higher power density machines is to work with higher speed rotors. This requires the rotor laminations to withstand higher centrifugal, electromagnetic and dynamic forces as the rotors speed-up and slow down. The laminations often have very intricate, lace-like designs. It is a real challenge for mechanical machine designers to meet these strength needs in both standard and exceptional situations.
Finding the balance

The limitations of batteries can be mitigated if the available battery energy is optimally utilised. This requires light and highly efficient electrical steels which have low losses as their key property. Finding the balance between losses, permeability, saturation polarisation, thermal conductivity, tensile strength and yield strength, is vital for automotive electrical steels.
ArcelorMittal’s experience as a provider of electrical steels for automotive applications has enabled us to develop steels which meet these challenges. We understand that optimal electrical motor solutions utilise different electrical steels for the stator and the rotor. Electrical steel grades with very low losses and high permeability are required for the stator, while high strength grades are required for the rotor.
Optimising all the electric components of a vehicle
128
In a process of continuous improvement, different efforts to optimise the electrical applications in vehicles are ongoing. The process started with the re-engineering of auxiliary electrical equipment such as alternators and starter motors. That led to the introduction of electric traction machines, first in hybrid drives and now moving towards vehicles powered fully by electric traction. These changes have led to significant improvements in individual electrical components in vehicles.
Increased demand on alternators

Alternators have always provided the electricity necessary to power the engine pump, the engine cooling system, seat and window motors, and other essential applications. Since the 1970s, there has been an ever-increasing demand for onboard electricity from vehicle safety and comfort features. Meeting this demand has a corresponding impact on the amount of electricity that must be generated by the vehicle.
Thanks to the development of high efficiency alternators, more current can be generated without increasing the amount of mechanical energy drawn from the ICE. Fuel consumption is therefore not affected.
Changes for starter motors

Until recently, starter motors have only been needed once in every drive cycle to crank the ICE into life. This changed with the introduction of stop-start systems which cut the ICE at a red light and restart it immediately the gas pedal is depressed by the driver. Stop-start systems can lead to a 5% drop in both fuel consumption and CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions.
To accommodate this change in function, starter motors have been completely redesigned to enable them to provide both a cold starting function at the beginning of the drive cycle as well as repetitive hot starts. The starter motors in stop-start systems are extremely efficient.
The challenge of creating electrical traction motors for automotive

The level of electrification of the powertrain has now evolved to the point where the ICE can be replaced with one or more electric machines. These machines provide pure electric traction.
Even when a designer elects to create an electrically powered vehicle, there are further considerations to be made. For example, if the vehicle has a higher power electric machine, more energy can be recuperated during braking. However, the battery must be capable of accepting the transfer of such energy.
In the gap between pure ICE and pure electric vehicles, there are many intermediate powertrain solutions where both the ICE and electric machines are present. In these hybrid configurations, many lay-outs exist and each represents a different set of compromises between the use of fossil fuels and electric energy. These compromises come about because vehicle designers must make choices between the cost of the ICE versus an electric machine. The battery cost and the environmental objectives of the car are the major decision criteria for this choice.
If a hybrid design is selected, the savings in fuel consumption depend on the level of hybridisation. There are generally two options:
A mild hybrid which reduces fuel consumption by around 15% using a moderately powered electric motor and smaller battery.
A full hybrid which can reduce fuel consumption by up to 30% using a higher powered electric engine and larger battery capacity.
Vehicles powered by electric traction machines are gaining increasing prominence. Unlike vehicles which utilise fossil fuels, pure electric cars produce very few harmful emissions during use. This makes them an attractive option for car makers who are seeking new strategies to meet ever-stricter regulations on vehicle emissions.
However, there are still significant challenges to overcome before electrical vehicles gain widespread acceptance with the general public. There are concerns about infrastructure, particularly the availability of recharging stations; and about the cost, range and longevity of the vehicles themselves.
Many of these concerns can be traced back to the battery in an electric vehicle. Classic batteries utilise a lead-acid technology which is extremely heavy, expensive, slow to recharge and limited in capacity.
New battery technologies have a higher capacity, but the cost and weight of the battery limits the drive range of pure electric vehicles. This is a key focus of electric vehicle development today.
Further information
®
For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare
129

®
iCARe Save
iCARe™
Properties
®
The iCARe Save product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are
representative of the steels behaviour at high frequencies.
Advantages
Save grades enable you to reduce the iron losses from the stators of synchronous machines. They are particularly useful for reducing iron
losses in high-speed hybrid and electric traction machines, and generators which extend the range of electric vehicles.
®
The iCARe grades offer better losses than those of the materials described in the standards (see the brand correspondence table below).
Applications
Save grades are most effective at reducing iron losses from machine parts which are subject to high base frequencies and additional
harmonics. Save thus helps to improve machine efficiency, which leads to an increase in power density. Power density can be tuned to create
a lighter, smaller machine, or a more powerful machine for a given weight. Driving range is extended as Save reduces machine weight and
costs and saves battery energy.
Recommendations for use
Save grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The punching effect can be eliminated by performing a stress relief
annealing. This optimises their performance in applications with fine teeth, and enables a substantial part of the lower frequency area to be
exploited. A C5-type coating is recommended.
Save stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.
Brand correspondance
EN 10303 :2015 ASTM A1086 :2013 IEC/CEI 60404-8-8 :1991

Save 20-13 NO 20-13
Save 20-15 NO 20-15 20T680 (15,0) NO 20 (15,0)
Save 25-14 NO 25-14
Save 25-16 25T730 (16,0)
NO 25-17
Save 27-15 NO 27-15
Save 27-17 27T770 (17,0)
NO 27-18
Save 30-14.5
Save 30-15
NO 30-16
Save 30-17
30T820 (18,0)
NO 30-19
Save 35-18
NO 35-19
Save 35-20
NO 35-22
This brand correspondence above is based on loss level at 1T/400 Hz. Regarding polarization, Save grades are at the same level or better
than the standard requirements.
Magnetic properties
130
Magnetic properties
Conventional Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy of Min Min
3
density (kg/dm ) loss (± %) at 400 number of stacking
At Hz at 1T bends factor
At 400 Hz At 700 At 2,500 At 5,000
10,000
at 1T Hz at 1T A/m A/m
A/m
Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Indicative Guaranteed Guaranteed Guaranteed
Save
7.60 13 29 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.93
20-13
Save
7.60 15 32 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.93
20-15
Save
7.60 14 34 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.94
25-14
Save
7.60 16 37 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.94
25-16
Save
7.60 15 37 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.94
27-15
Save
7.60 17 40 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.94
27-17
Save
7.60 14.5 37 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.95
30-14.5
Save
7.60 15 38 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.95
30-15
Save
7.60 17 41 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.95
30-17
Save
7.60 18 44 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.95
35-18
Save
7.60 20 48 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 5 0.95
35-20
The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only.
Direction Re (MPa) Rm (MPa) Re/Rm A80 (%) HV

L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230
Save 20-13
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230
L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
Save 20-15
T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
Save 25-14
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
Save 25-16
T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
Save 27-15
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
Save 27-17
T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
Save 30-14.5
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
Save 30-15
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230
L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
Save 30-17
T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230
Save 35-18
T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230
L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
Save 35-20
T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225
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Further information
®
For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit:
http://automotive.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare.
For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here.
132

®
iCARe Torque
iCARe™
Properties
®
The iCARe Torque product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are
Advantages
Torque grades assist flux generation, allowing the motor to develop more mechanical output. If mechanical output is not an issue, permanent
magnet or copper winding can be reduced to save on costs.
Applications
Torque grades are suitable for machines which need high torque at low speeds. They provide the fast acceleration required by hybrid and
electric vehicles.
Torque grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is
applied. This optimises the performance of the Torque grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance
improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised.
Torque stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.
Magnetic properties
Conventional Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy Min Min
3
density (kg/dm of loss (Â ± %) at number of stacking
) At 400 Hz at 1T bends factor
At 400 Hz At 700 At 2,500 At 5,000
10,000
A/m
Torque
7.65 15 34 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.93
20-15*

Torque
7.65 16 37 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.94
25-16
Torque
7.65 16 38 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.94
27-16
Torque
7.65 17 40 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.95
30-17
Torque
7.65 18 41 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.95
30-18
Torque
7.65 20 50 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 5 0.95
35-20
* On request
133

L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 20-15*
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 25-16
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 27-16
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 30-17
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 30-18
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
Torque 35-20
T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200
* On request
®
For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here.
134

®
iCARe Speed
iCARe™
Properties
®
The iCARe Speed product family comes with guaranted losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are
Advantages
The Speed grades provide an excellent compromise between mechanical properties and losses.
Applications
Speed has been developed for very high speed rotors. This enables manufacturers to make more compact machines for a given mechanical
output.
Speed grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is
applied. This optimises the performance of the Speed grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance
improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised.
Speed stacks can be produced using any existing assembly technique such as interlocking or welding.
Magnetic properties
Conventional
3
Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T) Max anisotropy Min Min
density (kg/dm of loss (Â ± %) at number of stacking
) At 400 Hz at 1T bends factor
At 400 Hz At 700 At 2,500 At 5,000
10,000
A/m
Speed
7.60 23 60 1.51 1.62 1.72 15 5 0.95
35-440
Speed
7.60 28 65 1.51 1.62 1.72 15 5 0.95
35-510
The minimal values for Re and Rm data are guaranteed in the rolling direction. The other values in the following table are provided for
information purposes only.


Speed 35-440 L 440 -490 570 -620 0.76 -0.88 20 -30 210 -240
Speed 35-440 T 465 -515 590 -640 0.76 -0.88 20 -30 210 -240
Speed 35-510 L 510 -560 605 -655 0.80 -0.92 20 -30 210 -240
Speed 35-510 T 540 -590 625 -675 0.80 -0.92 20 -30 210 -240
135
Further information
®
For information about the packaging of our materials, click here.
136

®
Coatings for iCARe
iCARe™
Properties
Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main
purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. Each type has its own specific properties, such
as insulation level, punchability effect, corrosion protection, temperature resistance and weldability; hence it is material use that determines
the optimum choice of varnish. All varnishes have been selected and developed to be environmentally friendly: they are hydro-soluble
and chromium-free.
Advantages
The C3-type varnish is based on synthetic resins, resulting in a product with excellent lubricating properties for the punching process: the
coated sheet can be punched without the need for additional lubricant. The resin’s chemical composition yields special advantages such as
high elasticity and very strong adhesion. It is particularly recommended for automatic stacking processes. Typical gauges for automotive
applications range from 1 to 2 µm per side. A coating thickness of less than 1 µm offers the additional advantage of excellent weldability.
The C5-type varnish is a pigmented varnish, made with thermo-stable resins, mineral products and pigments. For the EC-5-N varnish, the
type of mineral products and the amount used have been selected to obtain a coating with excellent temperature resistance during prolonged
thermal treatments. This is of particular interest where stress-relief annealing is required after punching. Additionally, the mineral part of the
coating provides high thermal conductivity. The combination of resins and mineral products achieves a good compromise
between corrosion protection and weldability. The EC-5-P has an increased amount of organic components compared to the EC-5-N, in
order to achieve a better punchability, whilst maintaining a good weldability. The standard gauge range is from 0.5 to 1.5 µm per side.
Applications
These coatings are used for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated
solutions can be used.

The raw materials used in these coatings have a chemical composition – both in the liquid and cured varnish state – which does not require
specific protective measures during the processing of the coated steels or during use in a given application.
Brand correspondence
EN 10342:2005 ASTM A976:2003 IEC/CEI 60404-1-1:2004 ArcelorMittal code

C3 EC-3 C-3 EC-3 S
C5 EC-5-P C-5 EC-5-P T
C5 EC-5-N C-5 EC-5-N G
Coating properties
Designation C3 C5
Inorganic (minerals, pigments)
Chemical composition Organic (synthetic resin)
Organic (synthetic resin)
Colour Gold Grey
ArcelorMittal code S11 T11 G11
Gauge (µm/side) 0.5 to 1.5 0.5 to 1.5
2 2
2
Typical insulation resistance (Ω.cm /side)
Temperature resistance (°C)
180/600 210/260 250/850
Continuous/Intermittent
Main properties Punchability Punchability Heat resistance
137
Insulation resistance measurement: Franklin test according to the standard EN 60404-11:2013.
Continuous temperature resistance according to the standard IEC/CEI 60404-12:1992.
138

®
Advanced technical support for iCARe
iCARe™
®
For automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittal’s iCARe steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas
including modelling, prototyping and material handling.
This support can also be provided without the need for the customer to share their machine design with us. Any information that is shared is treated
as highly confidential.
ArcelorMittals machine modelling services
As a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to
design the machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our
research centres.
For mechanical design engineers, we can provide high temperature mechanical material characterisation at temperatures up to 250°C. This
enables the engineer to determine the weakness of the material at exploitation temperatures, rather than using accepted rules of thumb.
Along with static testing, ArcelorMittal can provide dynamic evaluations such as low and high cycle fatigue testing on different sample
geometries. This enables engineers to predict, in detail, the transient regime behaviour of the machine.
For the magnetic design engineer, ArcelorMittal can provide full magnetic characterisation of our steels, up to 10k Hz in sine conditions. We
can also provide any non-sine data, which is interesting for pulse-width modulation (PWM) fed machines or harmonic calculations. As well as
magnetisation curves up to saturation for field calculations, ArcelorMittal has developed a specific loss model which allows better accuracy in
post-processing loss calculations. This model can be run independently from the field calculations, so the customer does not need to share
their machine design with us.
For the thermal engineer, we provide thermal conductivity data at machine exploitation temperatures. Data is available for both our steel
grades and our coating solutions.
Prototyping services
Our technical support for magnetic, mechanical and thermal machine modelling enables design engineers to make precise machine
calculations. This enables them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series and series production can begin.
A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove that the development has led to the expected machine performance. For prototyping
purposes, ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In
the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development.
Material handling issues
Even when ArcelorMittal has provided the best possible steel solution for a given electrical application, our job is not over. The production of
prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels
we have supplied.
Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes (such as laser cutting or punching,
stress relief annealing, stack assembly, welding, shaft shrink fitting, and housing fitting) on the magnetic performance of the machine’s
lamination stack.
Further information
®
For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: http://
automotive.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare.

®
Advanced mechanical characterisation for iCARe
Mechanical design aspects
Our customers’ mechanical design departments need to be able to predict the structural integrity of the rotor and stator based on in-service
loads, manufacturing aspects, component geometry and statistical material data obtained using laboratory samples.
The main aspects are summarised in the figure below:
In-service conditions
Load/deformation during rotation, acceleration and deceleration (centrifugal, electromagnetic)
Temperature (e.g. as a function of load and ambient temperature)
Etc
Manufacturing aspects such as punched edges and stresses introduced during assembly of the electrical motor parts
Design, mainly the radii used and the amount of material that remains to transmit the load
Material properties (statistical variation, temperature dependency, notch sensitivity, punched edge effect etc)
139
Material properties (statistical variation, temperature dependency, notch sensitivity, punched edge effect etc)
Fatigue design and analysis: different aspects
Click to enlarge
Static material properties
The yield stress is an important parameter for the design of electrical machines. In the simple case of a constantly spinning rotor, the
magnitude of the yield strength determines the maximum rotation speed at which the material can withstand centrifugal forces without plastic
®
deformation. The iCARe Speed grade is specifically developed for high-speed rotors for the automotive market.
ArcelorMittal can supply elevated temperature tensile data to correctly assess the mechanical behaviour of e-machines under static loads at
operating temperatures.
Dynamic material properties
As a material supplier, ArcelorMittal can provide material fatigue data for its electrical steels for the two existing design and analysis
approaches, i.e.:
Stress-based design and analysis (high cycle fatigue, HCF)
Strain-based design and analysis (low cycle fatigue, LCF)

This data is based on standardised tests.
On request, specific machine design features can be experimentally assessed using specific laboratory set-ups.
140

A range of technical services to support product selection

In the automotive industry, product selection is a complex optimization process involving:
overall vehicle specifications (dimensions and performance);
function of the part or sub-assembly;
shape complexity;
forming or joining processes;
cost imperatives.
The selection process is often the culmination of many years of experience both in the drawing office and on the shop floor, backed by a common
approach across the entire industrial chain from design to production.
To support this process, ArcelorMittal has developed a set of competencies designed to:
1. gain time during the design and engineering phases;
2. ensure selection of the best product for each vehicle system;
3. ensure efficient secondary processing throughout the industrial chain.
Specifically, ArcelorMittal has:

designed a set of generic (off-the-shelf) solutions illustrating, for each vehicle system:
the behavior and performance of its products;
the mass savings potential compared to reference solutions, based on design and secondary processing optimization;
economic positioning.
acquired state-of-the-art digital simulation tools to calculate the performance (crash, stiffness, etc.) of its solutions integrated in the complete
vehicle. The software can also be used to validate the forming of specific parts;
developed a database comprising the full range of mechanical properties of its products. This static and dynamic data can be used in the
calculation models. Our technical support team can provide access to the database;
made its experimental resources available to provide case-by-case answers to questions relating to feasibility and specific characterization;
set up dedicated secondary processing (forming, joining, etc.) teams. These teams of experts also use specific IT tools to optimize
industrialization (for example, to take account of springback during part design);
acquired the capacity to rapidly provide, in small or large quantities, samples of its products (even those under development) for prototyping.
To deploy this range of competencies and resources, the dedicated ArcelorMittal automotive organization assigns Resident Engineers to work within
or close to automaker and equipment manufacturer design centers. Resident Engineers liaise between automotive design engineers and
ArcelorMittal's steel products and solutions experts to ensure that customers' technical requirements are met.
This customized technical support, tailored to each stage of the design process involving steel, is a unique asset enabling automotive manufacturers
to rapidly introduce high-performance innovative steel solutions. The approach, based on partnership and widely deployed by ArcelorMittal, has
proved highly effective in enhancing the value creation of the ArcelorMittal product range and thus enabling automakers to reduce their TCO*.
* Total Cost of Ownership
141

Finishing: Auto Processing

Auto Processing, ArcelorMittal's one-of-a-kind network of local service centers, is entirely dedicated to the automotive industry.
The entity processes 1.5 million metric tons of steel per year (including over 300,000 tons of blanked products (in sheets, rectangular and trapezoidal
blanks as well as shaped blanks) for automotive manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers. 700 employees working in nine industrial
centers operate 16 slitting lines, ten cut to length lines and nine blanking presses.
The various Auto Processing sites are located close to customer facilities in the traditional automobile manufacturing areas in Germany, Belgium,
France, the United Kingdom and Slovakia. The network is connected by a single information system that supports real-time management and
automatic processing of customer requirements.
Product range:
A targeted capital investment policy:

supports promotion of new steel grades;
ensures processing of new steels, especially high strength and very high strength steels;
meets the most demanding appearance requirements.
Main features of the product range
Slit products

Benelux France Germany Slovakia United Kingdom

Thickness 3 mm 7 mm 6 mm 3 mm 2 mm
UTS 600 MPa 1200 MPa 1400 MPa 600 MPa 600 MPa
Appearance X X + XX X + XX X X
XX: products for visible parts
Rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks that are feasible on our various presses


Thickness 0.2 mm -10 mm 0.8 mm -3 mm 0.5 mm -2 mm 0.5 mm -2 mm 0.38 mm -3.2 mm
UTS 600 MPa 600 MPa 600 MPa 400 MPa 600 MPa
Appearance XX XX X X XX
142
Production range

Blanking presses available to produce rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks:


Number 1 press 4 presses 2 presses 1 press 1 press
Maximum capacity 1250 metric tons 800 metric tons 800 metric tons 500 metric tons 500 metric tons
Tools dimensions 4600 mm x 2800 mm 2200 mm x 3000 mm 4600 mm x 2800 mm 2440 mm x 1325 mm 4000 mm x 2500 mm
Appearance XX X X X XX
UTC 1000 MPa 1400 MPa 1000 MPa 800 MPa 600 MPa
Finishing capacity in Europe
Service offer
Auto Processing offers a network of experts who are available to provide case-by-case support for logistics and product development
projects as well as make-or-buy studies during the capital investment phase.
Supply chain
Auto Processing works directly with customers to design and provide supply chain models based on just-in-time delivery, EDI (Electronic
Data Exchange) and logistics hubs.
Auto Processing has a department dedicated to performing metal searches across the ArcelorMittal production plants to support the
prototyping and pre-series production phases. It can rapidly supply appropriate quantities of products for testing and tool adjustment.
Development support
143
Development support
Auto Processing has a dedicated blank development unit, Auto Processing Blanking. Starting with the design stage of the project, this team
develops the shaped blank and provides a nesting proposal to optimize metal costs and secondary processing, factoring in raw materials
supply chain constraints.
Optimization of the product range
Subsequently Auto Processing Blanking provides tooling support or management during the blanking tool definition, adjustment and
improvement phases.
144

Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks
Introduction
Tailored Blanks, a business unit of ArcelorMittal with design and production facilities in most parts of the world, is a leading producer of laser
welded blanks (LWB). These products, widely used in automotive chassis and body-in-white (BIW) components, are made by welding
together flat steel sheets of different thicknesses, grades and coatings. They decrease the weight of the vehicle and improve safety by
enhancing crash performance. At the same time, laser welded blanks have been shown to reduce the total cost of the vehicle structure. In
today's vehicles, the body in white typically includes some 20 tailored blank applications.
Laser welded blank technology
Laser welded blanks have the advantage of providing the "best material in the right place in the right thickness". This concept makes it
possible to vary steel thickness and quality without post-joining operations or sheet overlap and thus to avoid the additional weight that would
otherwise arise.
Tailored Blanks offers three different types of laser welded blanks:

Blanks of relatively simple geometry with linear weld seams, for high productivity or laser welded blanks of complex shape with
non-linear weld seams, for weight optimization;
Spot-welded or remote laser welded patchwork blanks, suitable for components requiring local reinforcement;
It is of course possible to combine patchwork blanks with the two laser welding techniques.
Three types of welded blank technology
Applications
Laser welded blanks are now widely used by all vehicle and equipment manufacturers and both the number of applications and the total
number of welded blanks employed in the vehicle are steadily increasing.
Most widespread applications and steel grades offered,

based on the most recent production technologies
Customer support
Teams of engineers specializing in the development of laser welded blanks are available to work with customers from the initial vehicle
design stage onwards. To ensure maximum responsiveness, the same engineer provides support throughout the process up to and including
industrialization.
145
ArcelorMittal's R&D teams and development engineers can provide full support for tailor-welded blank design, choice of steel grades, forming
strategy and feasibility studies. This support significantly reduces prototyping costs and times.
Steel grades
Laser welded blanks can now be made from an extensive range of steels, including, advanced high strength steel grades such as Dual
Phase and TRIP, with all types of coatings.
The advantages of laser welded blanks made of ordinary high strength steels also apply to welded blanks made of very high strength steels
®
and of Usibor 1500 for hot stamping.
These steels are used to further reduce the weight and increase the strength of the welded blank.
The advantages of high strength steels are further enhanced when they are combined with milder steel grades in welded blanks to adjust
local formability in deep-drawn parts.
Potential optimization of components using the tailored

blanks concept
The most recent trend in body in white design is the use of welded blanks made of advanced high strength steel:
The cost advantages of using welded blanks are further enhanced by the use of very high strength steel. With increasing steel prices it
becomes even more crucial to combine materials, and the use of advanced high strength steel supports greater part integration;
The ArcelorMittal offering includes a broad range of very high strength steels.
Thanks to its fully operational dedicated welding process, Tailored Blanks can offer its customers laser welded blanks made from
ArcelorMittal's entire range of high strength steels.
This table shows all the possible combinations
Unique analysis tools
To support its customers in developing new laser welded blank solutions, Noble International has devised the tools and expertise required for
each stage of the evaluation process.
At the preliminary stage and design stage, it is essential that the feasibility of the planned solution be assessed in terms of formability; this
requires the use of digital simulation tools based on finite element analysis.
To provide fast and accurate predictions of the fracture risk margins described above, ArcelorMittal has developed two dedicated models that
are unique in the tailored blanks market:
Forming Limit Curve specific to laser welded blanks: fracture prediction for the weakest metal parallel to the weld line;
Failure model for butt-welded joints: prediction of weld seam fracture in the perpendicular direction.
These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.
146
These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.
Forming Limit Curves for welded blanks
It has been demonstrated on many occasions that the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) of the weakest metal does not by itself accurately predict
the appearance of necking phenomena close to butt welded joints, even though fracture occurs in the weakest metal.
To overcome this difficulty, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated digital analysis tool for these configurations to support accurate
prediction of fracture risk when drawing a component from a laser welded blank.
Example of the use of the laser welded blank forming limit curve, the only way to predict fracture observed in practice during drawing:
Fracture on real part
Simulation without welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1
The welded blank FLC predicts fracture during drawing

simulation
147
Simulation with welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1
Laser welded blank FLCs are an essential tool for accurately predicting necking.
A new model for predicting elongation parallel to the weld seam
To assess the risk of fracture parallel to the weld seam, ArcelorMittal R&D has developed a new model.
The model is based on the interaction of several physical phenomena:

Mechanical (mechanical characterization, etc.);
Metallurgical (chemical composition, etc.);
Thermal (power, speed, etc.).
Comparison of experimental elongation results and results of

the new ArcelorMittal prediction model: excellent correlation
across the board
The comparison between experimental results and model predictions shows an excellent correlation for all very high strength steels tested.
These two specific tools used to analyze welded blank solutions enable Tailored Blanks to provide improved customer support as part of
co-engineering studies covering the full range of welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steels.
Hot stamped welded blank solutions
The increasing demand for weight reduction in order to cut CO2 emissions is driving the development of ever more innovative solutions aimed
at achieving weight savings while maintaining or improving performance at no additional cost.
It has already been demonstrated that solutions combining the use of very high strength steels and welded blanks offer the advantages of
both technologies.
Hot stamped laser welded blank solutions have been developed for this purpose.
148
These solutions optimize thickness and material utilization through the use of laser welded blank technology while maximizing mechanical
®
performance through the use of hot stamped Usibor 1500.
A dedicated welding process
®
To cope with the specific properties of Usibor 1500 and in particular its aluminum coating, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated welding
process that ensures optimum performance of the welded joint and functional performance of the final part.
®
Comparison of the behavior of two Usibor 1500 laser
butt-welded joints, one using a conventional process and the
other the dedicated Tailored Blanks process: in the latter
case, the weak point is the weaker material and not the
welded zone.
ArcelorMittal has carried out technology and product development work in order to provide robust hot stamped laser welded blank solutions
that guarantee all the expected functions.
By way of illustration, it was essential, at the design stage, to be able to guarantee that the weld would under no circumstances constitute a
weak point in the structure concerned.
Given that guarantee, engineers designing body in white structures are able to consider these solutions using conventional methods, without
having to introduce sophisticated weld fracture models when calculating crash performance.
Ductibor® 500: extensive hot stamped welded blank applications
®
As indicated in the chapter on products for hot stamping, Ductibor 500 was developed for a single purpose: to offer hot stamped welded
blank solutions comprising zones of high crash deformability ensuring a high level of energy absorption.
®
The successful development of Ductibor 500 supports all applications relating to car body crash behavior, even the most demanding in
terms of energy absorption, such as front and rear beams.
The illustration to the left shows typical deformation of a

® ®
B-pillar made of a Usibor 1500 /Ductibor 500 hot stamped
welded blank solution during a lateral collision. The lower
®
part using Ductibor 500 ensures control of the crash
deformation and the energy absorption needed to achieve
good overall crash behavior of the structure.
149
Potential hot stamped laser welded blank applications using
® ®
Usibor 1500 and Ductibor 500. Up to 60 kg hot-stamped
steel components per vehicle → 20% of BIW mass
Crash characterization of Usibor® 1500 /Ductibor® 500 welded blank solutions
® ® ® ®
Usibor 1500 /Usibor 1500 and Usibor 1500 /Ductibor 500 butt welded solutions have been characterized in great detail in order to validate
their functional behavior and to provide customers with the data they require in order to consider implementing such a solution in the vehicle
preliminary design or design stage.
® ®
Crash behavior characterization of Usibor 1500 /Ductibor
500 welded blank solutions: bending (left) -Courtesy of Adam
Opel GmbH - and compression (right)
The crash tests presented above demonstrated the following points:

No fracture in the weld zone;
Perfect stability of the structure;
®
The Ductibor 500 zone deforms, ensuring its energy absorption function;
®
The Usibor 1500 zone does not deform, ensuring its anti-intrusion function.
®
Ductibor 500 has also undergone full mechanical characterization (high speed tensile test, Hopkinson bar tests, etc.); full material data
sheets can be provided.
® ® ® ®
The robustness and functional performance of Usibor 1500 /Usibor 1500 and Usibor 1500 /Ductibor 500 hot stamped tailor welded blank
solutions have thus been well documented and validated.
These solutions constitute a new, highly effective tool available to automobile body engineers that enables them to achieve weight,
performance and cost optimization.
Lighter and safer vehicles for today and tomorrow: Usibor 1500 /Ductibor 500 solutions
150
® ®
Automakers have opted for Usibor 1500 /Ductibor 500
laser welded blanks generic steel solutions in new platforms
B-Pillar Application: Usibor® /Ductibor® tailored blanks proposal vs. monolithic
Monolithic reference
or
Tailored Blanks concept
Low material utilization (up to 67%)

Large scrap rate
High material cost
No cost penalty for laser welded blanks due to higher material utilization (>85%)
Any thickness optimization will induce weight and cost savings in favor of LWB
Usibor® 1.75 mm /Ductibor® 1.5 mm LWB will be 8.5% lower in weight and 6.5% lower in cost compared to 1.75 mm monolithic /partial
hardening
151

Laser welded blanks for cold stamping

Tailored blanks
Description
Laser welded blanks offer an interesting combination

between mass saving, technical performance and cost
reduction
A tailored blank is a sheet of steel that combines several grades and/or various thicknesses and/or different coatings, the different parts being
laser welded together, in order to place the best material at the best place in the right thickness for a real “tailor-made” solution for the
customer after cold stamping. Tailored blanks are nowadays especially in use in the automotive construction, for the body in white and the
closures of a car.

Laser welded blanks solutions answers perfectly to the main automotive construction challenges:
Applications
152
A laser welded blank is using the engineering properties
where they are needed most to produce “tailor-made” or
“engineered blanks”
Laser welded blanks are now widely used by all vehicle and equipment manufacturers and both the number of applications and the total
number of welded blanks employed in the vehicle are steadily increasing.

Laser welded blanks can have a simple geometry with linear welds or complex shape with non-linear welds. This type of tailored blank is
used industrially for automotive upperbody and underbody parts, closures and chassis parts.
Welding
By welding sheets together, we produce materials that fit the

job perfectly
This concept of providing the best material in the right place in the right thickness makes it possible to vary steel thickness and quality without
post-joining operations or sheet overlap and thus to avoid the additional weight that would otherwise arise.
ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks offers three different types of laser welded blanks:
153
ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks offers three different types of laser welded blanks:
Blanks of relatively simple geometry with linear weld seams, for high productivity or laser welded blanks of complex shape with non-
linear weld seams, for weight optimization.
Spot-welded or remote laser welded patchwork blanks, suitable for components requiring local reinforcement. More recent than laser
welded blanks, they are used for automotive bodyparts such as shock tower, rails, dash panel, B-pillars reinforcements, body side,
tailgate inner, etc.
Overlap patchwork blanks spot welded
Overlap patchwork blanks remote welded
It is of course possible to combine patchwork blanks with the two laser welding techniques.
Butt-welded blanks combined with patchwork
Laser welded blanks

The process of laser butt-welding of two or more flat steel sheets of varying:
thicknesses
alloys
coatings
After welding

154

These blanks can be drawn or stamped into a finished part with the engineered properties where customers need them most, therefore called
tailored blanks.
155

Laser welded blanks for hot stamping

Tailored blanks
Description
Laser Welded Blanks and Hot Stamping: a winning

combination
For the last few years due to government-mandated crash regulations and the auto industry's increased focus on vehicle weight reduction,
ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks has developed hot stamped laser welded blanks which combine the benefits of laser welding technology with
the high performance of hot stamped steel. These new applications can often be stamped as one part instead of the multiple parts which are
usually required.

® ®
By using Usibor 1500 and Ductibor 500, the weight of the parts can be significantly reduced and optimal performance in crash behavior
achieved.
The unique aluminum silicon (AlSi) coating allows for a simplified hot stamping process with no scale, no surface decarburization without
protection gas, and good corrosion properties on the final product.
Applications
Hot stamped laser welded blanks have now been adopted by

most major car manufacturers and multiple applications have
gone in serial production
156
® ®
Usibor 1500 and Ductibor 500, two grades with complementary properties (strength vs. formability), are the key drivers pushing the need
for advanced laser welded blanks in safety-critical body-in-white structural components.
® ®
LWB Usibor 1500 -Ductibor 500
Anti-intrusion and Energy absorption
® ®
LWB Usibor 1500 -Usibor 1500
Anti-intrusion and Load transfer
An innovative solution developed by ArcelorMittal’s world-class Research and Development optimizing weight, costs in combination with
enhanced crash performance is the Door Ring.
The advantage of this lightweight concept is the stamping in 1 part instead of 4 necessitating only one stamping tool. Thus only one stamping
operation is needed and no post assembly operations are needed.

Other advantages of the Door Ring are the hot stamping geometry accuracy, the optimized thickness distribution and the laser weld
continuous links meaning no overlap between parts.
Welding
157
The laser ablation process on the picture here below is an innovative process which has won the 2014 PACE award in the Manufacturing
Process and Capital Equipment category
®
ArcelorMittal has patented a process called laser ablation to efficiently weld Usibor 1500 AS by ablating the weld edges in order to remove
the aluminium silicon coating before the welding operation, while ensuring a high weld quality and preserving corrosion resistance around the
welded area.
®
Thanks to this ablation process, ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks can deliver high quality welded blanks in Usibor 1500 AS that will enable its
customers to further reduce weight and improve crash resistance.
158

Unwelded blanks -Die cut blanks

Tailored blanks
Description
High productivity is reached thanks to our press capacity and

our know-how in blanking technology
Net shaped blanks and near-net-shape blanks (reduced need for surface finishing) are a challenge for respecting the needed tolerances and
realizing a good material use of the coil. We can reach high cutting speeds even for very high strength steels thanks to our press capacity.
Our long-years expertise in minimizing technological scrap with support of modern software tools as well as our competencies in blanking
dies design can help our customers to achieve important savings.
Applications
You can rely on the expertise of our Tooling team to provide

you the best solution with an optimized material utilization
Our presses can be equipped with large tools that enable cutting of shaped blanks and together with optimized nesting solutions they allow
high productivity. Most of our presses are also equipped with swinging shears that enable cutting of trapezoidal and rectangular parts with
high productivity and low costs.
159

Unwelded blanks -Laser cut blanks

Tailored blanks
Description
Laser cut blanks are cutting edge solutions for your product
design
Laser-cutting is a very flexible possibility to realize shaped blanks for immediate or subsequent use as stamping workpiece. No hard tooling
(dies) is necessary avoiding high investment and reducing production time (no design phase and production of the dies).

Laser-cutting also ensures quality for your product providing a better edge quality and an improved formability.
Laser-cutting
Press Blanking
Our automated cutting lines are very flexible and precise consisting of 3 dedicated lines:
Line 1: Exposed parts: Automatic Part Handling → Avoid scratches
Line 2: Spot Business: Flexible setup → Reactivity
160
Line 3: High volume orders: Fiber Laser → High speed
Based on advances in productivity mainly due to cutting speed and high automation grade, the laser-cutting is cost-effective not only for small
series, but also to production ranges up to 100,000 blanks per year. Please contact us to calculate the most advantageous technology for
each part.
Applications
All applications with exposed or non-exposed surface

®
aspects and with all steel grades including Usibor and
®
Fortiform are available
For exposed panels, like body-sides, hoods..., our laser-cutting lines are optimized to minimize the handling and preserve the surface quality
of the coil material.

For small series in the prototyping phase or during production launch laser cutting is an excellent solution. The same is valuable also for cars
with limited production volumes like luxury cars, which sometimes also require large dimension blanks.

Net shaped blanks (reduced need for surface finishing) are cut with high precision and great flexibility without the need of investing in cutting
dies.

Demanding “exposed parts” with best quality of the surface, like Body Sides Outer require an appropriate blank shape to facilitate a
wrinklefree deep-drawing and an immaculate surface quality to assure a good appearance after painting.
Example of a body side outer laser cut part
A thickness range of 0.5 to 4.0 mm and sizes up to 2000 x 4000 mm are feasible. By automatic stacking, ready-to-use sheet stacks are
delivered to our customers on the desired type of pallets. All steel grades in the ArcelorMittal portfolio can be processed.
161

Door ring
Tailored blanks applications
Description
The Hot Stamped Door ring combines the advantages of Hot stamping and Laser Welded Blank. This application enables to replace a 4
multi-parts assembly by one single part (One stamping tool and one stamping operation).

The Hot Stamped Door ring application offers:
Very high strength
Good formability
No spring back
Low residual stresses
Anti-corrosion performances
Such a application provide a significant amount of mass saving (via nesting and thickness optimization), but also cost saving through material
optimization and cost reduction of tools.
This application provides a mass saving around 13 Kg

(~20% of the BIW)

Another important advantage of the Hot Stamped Door ring is the crash management and improve the car’s safety. Such an improvement
can be observed for different load cases:
Small overlap crash test
Side impact
Roll over
The industry’s first laser-welded hot-stamped side opening panel reinforcement (single piece door ring) debuted in the all new 2014 Acura
MDX and received a 2014 Automotive News PACE Award. This innovation -the result of a global partnership between ArcelorMittal, Cosma
International and Honda – contributed to significant weight reduction and improved safety performance.

Watch the video
On the above picture we can see the influence of the Hot Stamped Door Ring during the Small Overlap crash test.
162

Rear ring
Description
The Rear Ring laser welded blank application replaces a large amount of parts by one single. This application offers the following
advantages:
Better torsional stiffness (continuous binding)
Less assembly flange (additional weight saving)
Part integration
The Rear Ring laser welded blank application presents also

®
a good formability (S-in motion ArcelorMittal project)
163

Front door module

Description
Applying the Laser Welded Blank solution to the front door module presents the following advantages:
Part integration
Cost saving
Weight reduction
With this kind of application for the front door inner, it is

possible to increase the thickness (blue part) in in order to
achieve higher stiffness in the Door Hinge area and thus
match the different door load cases.
On this picture another front door inner LWB solution is

displayed and assures a key role in frame stiffness
performance. Here the window frame is directly integrate into
the front door inner.
164

Front side member -cold stamping

Description
The use of Laser Welded Blank solution for Front Side Member presents a huge interest in the crash management and significantly improves
the car’s safety. Mass saving is also an advantage of this application.
Front module
For instance, the use of steel grades combination DP780 1.5 mm /DP980 1.8 mm for the Laser Welded Blank will provide an excellent crash
behavior of the Front Side Member as displayed below.
It's interesting to observe that the crash behavior of the Front Side Member can be decomposed in two parts:
DP780 part energy absorption
DP980 part anti-intrusion behavior
165

Front side member -hot stamping

Description
The use of Laser Welded Blank solution for Front Side Member presents a huge interest in the crash management and significantly improves
the car’s safety. Mass saving is also an advantage of this application. Such an application offers a weight saving around 24% in comparison
with a laser welded blank DP600 reference.
Front module

®
For instance, the use of steel grades combination Ductibor 500 1.6 mm and Usibor 1500 1.8 mm for the Laser Welded Blank will provide an
outstanding crash behavior of the Front Side Member as displayed below.
You can observe that the crash behavior of the front side member can be decomposed in two parts:
®
Ductibor 500 deforms: energy absorption
®
Usibor 1500 does not deform: anti-intrusion
166

Twist beam
Description
ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks has developed a dedicated

hybrid (Plasma-Laser) welding process for the Laser Welded
Blanks chassis applications. This hybrid (laser + plasma)
welding process shows better fatigue performance than a
standard laser welding for such applications where fatigue
load case are important.

This improved process is due to:
Softer transition
Better homogeneity of the welded zone (thanks to slower cooling)
Softer surface: less sensitive to micro-defects
The principle of the Laser Welded Blanks solution is to integrate the spring pans:
1 part instead of 3
1 stamping tool
Less post-stamping assembly operations
Weight savings: 3.2kg saved (17%)
167

Rear side member

Description
The use of Laser Welded Blank solution for Rear Side Member presents the following advantages:
Best behavior in high speed crash
No post assembly required thanks to use the LWB
High level of weight reduction
Cost saving
®
Ductibor 500 deforms: energy absorption
®
Usibor 1500 does not deform: anti-intrusion

168

B-pillar
Description
® ®
The use of Laser Welded Blank (Usibor /Ductibor ) solution for B-pillar enables to locate deformation in the lower area. The use of the
®
Ductibor steel grade will assure the deformations to be located in the lower area where it potentially causes less damage to the passengers
(in the pelvis area rather than in the thorax area). This will also lead to energy absorption.

This solution provides also an interesting weight and cost savings.
169
Specifications
Resistance Resistance
Dent / Sound and
Energy Static to Fatigue Corrosion Temperature to
Stiffnessé blistering vibration Reflectivityé
absorption strength exceptional srength resistance resistance maximum
resistance dampening
loads pressure
Front beam x x x x x x x
Front underfloor beam x x x x x x
Rear underfloor beam x x x x x x
Rear beam x x x x x x x
Front and rear floors x x x x x x x
Spare wheel well x x x x x x x
Lower partition cross
x x x x x x x
member
Front and rear wheel
x x x x x x x
arches
Underbody
Front and rear
x x x x x x
suspension supports
Wing lining x x x x x x x
Front and rear cross
x x x x x x
members
Shock absorbers x x x x x x
Longitudinal underfloor
x x x x x x x
Body in white beams
Footboards and floors x x x x x x
Reinforcements x x x x x x
Body sides x x x x
Roof x x x x
Front wing x x x x
Roof cross members x x x x x x x
Dashboard cross
x x x x x x
members
Partition uprights/ roof
Superstructure x x x x x x
arches
A pillar x x x x x x x
B pillar x x x x x x x
C pillar x x x x x x
Rear shelf, seat support x x x x x x x
Various utility panels x x x x x x x
Reinforcements x x x x x x
Skin x x x x
Lining x x x x x x x
Lateral closures Frieze reinforcements x x x x x x x
Lock and catch
x x x x x x
reinforcements
Skin x x x x
Closures Hatch/ trunk Various reinforcements x x x x x x x
Lock and catch
x x x x x x
reinforcements
Skin x x x x x
Hood Various reinforcements x x x x x x
Lock and catch
x x x x x x x
reinforcements
Resistance Resistance
Dent / Sound and
Energy Static to Fatigue Corrosion Temperature to
Stiffnessé blistering vibration Reflectivityé
absorption strength exceptional srength resistance resistance maximum
resistance dampening
loads pressure
Engine cradle x x x x x x x
Cradle reinforcements x x x x x x x
Front
Suspension triangle x x x x x x
Suspension
Suspension arms x x x x x x
system
Cradle x x x x x x
Rear Suspension arms x x x x x x
Rear cross member x x x x x x
Disks x x x x x
Wheels
Rims x x x x x
Shells x x x x
Seats Structure x x x x x x
Slide rail x x x x x x
Oil sumps x x x x x x
Power train Distributor housing x x x x x x x
Cylinder head covers x x x x x x x
Petrol/ diesel x x x
Fuel tank
LPG x x x x x
Engine heat sreens x x x
Exhaust heat screens x x x
Down pipe x x x x x x x
Exhaust system
Middle pipe x x x x x x x
Silencer, catalytic
x x x x x x x
convertor
Worldwide product availability
Coating
Grade Uncoated Extragal® Galvannealed
ArcelorMittal 11 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM NAM
ArcelorMittal 12 EUR NAM SAM RSA NAM NAM
High formability steels ArcelorMittal 13 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM NAM
for drawing ArcelorMittal 14 EUR SAM RSA
ArcelorMittal 15 EUR SAM
ArcelorMittal 16 EUR SAM
HSLA 320 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM NAM
HSLA 360 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM NAM
High strength low allow HSLA 420 EUR NAM SAM RSA NAM NAM
(HSLA) steels for cold
forming HSLA 460 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR
HSLA 500 EUR NAM SAM RSA
HSLA 550 EUR NAM
Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)
EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region
Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate
Coating
Grade Uncoated Electrozingué Extragal® Galvannealed
IF 180 EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM SAM
IF 220 EUR EUR EUR SAM EUR SAM
IF 260 EUR EUR EUR SAM EUR NAM SAM
IF 300 EUR EUR EUR EUR
HSLA 260 EUR NAM SAM EUR EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
HSLA 300 EUR NAM SAM EUR EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM
High strength low allow
(HSLA) steels for cold HSLA 340 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
forming
HSLA 380 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM
HSLA 420 EUR NAM SAM EUR EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM
C- Mn steels 440 EUR NAM RSA RSA NAM EUR NAM
Coating
Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed
ArcelorMittal 01 EUR EUR
ArcelorMittal 02 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA
High formability steels for
ArcelorMittal 07 EUR RSA RSA
drawing
ArcelorMittal 51 EUR EUR
ArcelorMittal 52 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
180 BH EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
220 BH EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
Bake Hardening steels
260 BH EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM NAM SAM
300 BH EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM NAM
E 220 i EUR NAM EUR NAM
Isotropic steels
E 260 i EUR EUR
H 220 EUR NAM RSA EUR NAM RSA NAM EUR NAM
Solid solution steels H 260 EUR NAM RSA EUR NAM RSA NAM EUR NAM
H 300 EUR NAM EUR NAM NAM
Coating
Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed Alusi®
M 900 NAM NAM
M 110 NAM NAM
Martensitic steels
M 1300 NAM NAM
M 1500 NAM
Usibor® Usibor® 1500 P EUR NAM
FB 450 EUR SAM EUR
FB 540 EUR NAM SAM EUR
Ferrite- bainite hot
FB 560 EUR
rolled steels
FB 590 EUR NAM SAM
FB 590 HHE EUR NAM
MP 800 EUR NAM EUR
MP 800 HY EUR EUR
Mutiphase steels
MP 1000 EUR EUR
MS 1200 EUR
Usibor® Usibor® 1500 P EUR NAM
Coating
Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed
Dual Phase 450 EUR EUR EUR EUR
Dual Phase 500 EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM NAM
Dual Phase 600 EUR NAM SAM EUR
Dual Phase 600 EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
Dual Phase 600 HHE EUR NAM EUR
Dual Phase 780 NAM NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM
Dual Phase steels
Dual Phase 780 HHE EUR EUR
Dual Phase 780 LCE EUR EUR NAM
Dual Phase 980 HY EUR NAM EUR
Dual Phase 980 HHE EUR NAM EUR
Dual Phase 980 LCE EUR NAM EUR NAM EUR EUR NAM
Dual Phase 1180 HY EUR EUR
TRIP 590 NAM NAM EUR NAM
TRIP 690 EUR NAM EUR EUR NAM
TRIP steels
TRIP 780 EUR
TRIP 780 EUR NAM EUR EUR EUR NAM

ArcelorMittal Automotive Product Offer en

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Automotive Worldwide

Extract from the product catalogue

Note: Information contained in this catalogue is subject to change.

An unparalleled partner for automotive manufacturers

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017

Reduction of vehicle weight

Surface appearance of ZEMg PVD coating (Scanning

Cross-sectional view of ZEMg PVD coating

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017

Product safety and toxicology

In addition, tolerance thresholds were set for these substances:

Consequently, there is a twofold requirement:

Thin organic coatings (TOCs)

Development of environmentally-friendly products

Communication of information relating to the composition of steel products

ArcelorMittal's identification number in IMDS is 5502.

Certification and reporting of dangerous substances

Compliance with the REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017

Life Cycle Analysis and recycling

The environment a priority focus from the R&D stage onward

Life Cycle Analysis

An LCA study is carried out in four phases:

End-of-life vehicle recycling

Flowchart -Compliance of new steels with Directive

Steel is an environmentally-friendly material in use and is

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017

Major metallurgical families and characterization

Steel hardening mechanism

To activate and control these processes, the steelmaker varies:

Various positions that alloying elements can occupy in the

Steel grain structure

Shape of the stress-strain specimen

Configuration of the tensile test machine

Shape of the stress-strain curve

JIS -EN -ISO elongation value correlations

Tensile test direction

Main mechanical properties

Typically, there are two types of transition:

Definition of yield stress and plateau

b) Ultimate tensile stress (or tensile strength or mechanical strength): UTS

c) Fracture elongation: ef%

d) Strain hardening coefficient: n

Low-carbon flat steel families

Range of ArcelorMittal steels for the automotive sector

Other types of measurement can be carried out to obtain a point value:

Surface quality is characterized primarily by:

Breakdown of a surface profile: the profile is a superimposed

Surface texture control

Examples of roughness profiles (parallel scanning to obtain a

Example of surface appearance after skin pass with EDT

The friction behavior of NIT on galvanized sheet is similar to

Surface appearance after painting

Painted appearance assessment: typical measurements

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 02-02-2017

Product selection guide

Several elements define a steel product:

This catalogue is thus organized in dedicated technical sheets:

Choice of steel grade

1. Part performance in service.

Coating properties in service

1. coating compatibility with the process employed:

2. coating characteristics in service: