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Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century
China.[3] Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur
until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology for the Space
Age, including setting foot on the Earth's moon. Rockets are now used for
fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites,
human spaceflight, and space exploration.
Chemical rockets are the most common type of high power rocket, typically creating
a high speed exhaust by the combustion of fuel with an oxidizer. The stored
propellant can be a simple pressurized gas or a single liquid fuel that
disassociates in the presence of a catalyst (monopropellants), two liquids that
spontaneously react on contact (hypergolic propellants), two liquids that must be
ignited to react, a solid combination of fuel with oxidizer (solid fuel), or solid
fuel with liquid oxidizer (hybrid propellant system). Chemical rockets store a
large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous.
However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimizes risks.
Contents
1 History
2 Types
3 Design
3.1 Components
3.2 Engines
3.3 Propellant
4 Uses
4.1 Military
4.2 Science and research
4.3 Spaceflight
4.4 Rescue
4.5 Hobby, sport, and entertainment
5 Noise
6 Physics
6.1 Operation
6.2 Forces on a rocket in flight
6.2.1 Drag
6.2.2 Net thrust
6.3 Total impulse
6.4 Specific impulse
6.5 Delta-v (rocket equation)
6.6 Mass ratios
6.7 Staging
6.8 Acceleration and thrust-to-weight ratio
6.9 Energy
6.9.1 Energy efficiency
6.9.2 Oberth effect
7 Safety, reliability and accidents
8 Costs and economics
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
History
Main article: History of rockets
Further information: Timeline of rocket and missile technology
The first gunpowder-powered rockets evolved in medieval China under the Song
dynasty by the 13th century. The Mongols adopted Chinese rocket technology and the
invention spread via the Mongol invasions to the Middle East and to Europe in the
mid-13th century.[4] Rockets are recorded[by whom?] in use by the Song navy in a
military exercise dated to 1245. Internal-combustion rocket propulsion is mentioned
in a reference to 1264, recording that the "ground-rat", a type of firework, had
frightened the Empress-Mother Gongsheng at a feast held in her honor by her son the
Emperor Lizong.[5] Subsequently, rockets are included in the military treatise
Huolongjing, also known as the Fire Drake Manual, written by the Chinese artillery
officer Jiao Yu in the mid-14th century. This text mentions the first known
multistage rocket, the 'fire-dragon issuing from the water' (huo long chu shui),
thought to have been used by the Chinese navy.[6]
Medieval and early modern rockets were used militarily as incendiary weapons in
sieges. Between 1270 and 1280, Hasan al-Rammah wrote al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib
al-harbiyya (The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices), which
included 107 gunpowder recipes, 22 of them for rockets.[7][8] In Europe, Konrad
Kyeser described rockets in his military treatise Bellifortis around 1405.[9]
The first iron-cased rockets were developed in the late 18th century in the Kingdom
of Mysore (part of present-day India) by Tipu Sultan.[10] The congreve rocket was a
British military weapon designed and developed by Sir William Congreve in 1804,
based directly on Mysorean rockets.
In 1814 Francis Scott Key wrote of the "rockets' red glare" while held captive on a
British ship that was laying siege to Fort McHenry. The rockets he witnessed were
those of William Congreve, who built a compressed-powder rocket encased in metal,
increasing the effective range from 100 to 2,000 yards, first used in the
Napoleonic Wars.[11] The first mathematical treatment of the dynamics of rocket
propulsion is due to William Moore (1813). In 1815 Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko
constructed rocket-launching platforms, which allowed rockets to be fired in salvos
(6 rockets at a time), and gun-laying devices.
In 1943 production of the V-2 rocket began in Germany. In parallel with the German
guided-missile programme, rockets were also used on aircraft, either for assisting
horizontal take-off (RATO), vertical take-off (Bachem Ba 349 "Natter") or for
powering them (Me 163, see list of World War II guided missiles of Germany). The
Allies' rocket programs were less technological, relying mostly on unguided
missiles like the Soviet Katyusha rocket. The Americans captured a large number of
German rocket scientists, including Wernher von Braun, in 1945, and brought them to
the United States as part of Operation Paperclip. After World War II scientists
used rockets to study high-altitude conditions, by radio telemetry of temperature
and pressure of the atmosphere, detection of cosmic rays, and further techniques;
note too the Bell X-1, the first manned vehicle to break the sound barrier (1947).
Independently, in the Soviet Union's space program research continued under the
leadership of the chief designer Sergei Korolev (1907-1966).
During the Cold War rockets became extremely important militarily with the
development of modern intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The 1960s saw
rapid development of rocket technology, particularly in the Soviet Union (Vostok,
Soyuz, Proton) and in the United States (e.g. the X-15). Rockets came into use for
space exploration. American manned programs (Project Mercury, Project Gemini and
later the Apollo programme) culminated in 1969 with the first manned landing on the
moon - using equipment launched by the Saturn V rocket.
Types
Vehicle configurations
tiny models such as balloon rockets, water rockets, skyrockets or small solid
rockets that can be purchased at a hobby store
missiles
space rockets such as the enormous Saturn V used for the Apollo program
rocket cars
rocket bike[14]
rocket-powered aircraft (including rocket assisted takeoff of conventional
aircraft- RATO)
rocket sleds
rocket trains
rocket torpedoes[15][16]
rocket-powered jet packs[17]
rapid escape systems such as ejection seats and launch escape systems
space probes
File:Apollo 15 launch.ogv
Launch of Apollo 15 Saturn V rocket: T - 30 s through T + 40 s
Design
A rocket design can be as simple as a cardboard tube filled with black powder, but
to make an efficient, accurate rocket or missile involves overcoming a number of
difficult problems. The main difficulties include cooling the combustion chamber,
pumping the fuel (in the case of a liquid fuel), and controlling and correcting the
direction of motion.[18]
Components
Rockets consist of a propellant, a place to put propellant (such as a propellant
tank), and a nozzle. They may also have one or more rocket engines, directional
stabilization device(s) (such as fins, vernier engines or engine gimbals for thrust
vectoring, gyroscopes) and a structure (typically monocoque) to hold these
components together. Rockets intended for high speed atmospheric use also have an
aerodynamic fairing such as a nose cone, which usually holds the payload.[19]
As well as these components, rockets can have any number of other components, such
as wings (rocketplanes), parachutes, wheels (rocket cars), even, in a sense, a
person (rocket belt). Vehicles frequently possess navigation systems and guidance
systems that typically use satellite navigation and inertial navigation systems.