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Abstract
One of the main goals of building design is to provide a comfortable space for living.
This was the reason of creation a new field in science called “Thermal Comfort”. So
thermal comfort Models should be able to best, help the architects and other building
engineers in design process. The question is: How much comfort models up to now
could do this responsibility? Different models like Fanger and Adaptive are mostly for
defining the comfort zone; either it is static or dynamic. But how an architect could
adjust his building to these zones? Is it possible to make a new model with definition
of comfort zone in different climates simultaneously to give well advises for climatic
design process?
This paper is trying to discuss the above questions.
Key words:
Thermal comfort, Architecture, Climatic design,
1
Table (1) shows the steps in architectural design process
In this process climate studies are on the first step, in which architect needs to study
climate of the area using mostly metrological stations data outside or in the
boundaries of the city. Almost the information is average monthly data. Usually daily
or hourly data is not used because of very much time they need to be processed. Then
climate responsive architects analyze this data using some approximate comfort data
(winter and summer comfort zones). At the same time looking at passive
heating/cooling strategies, they combine these strategies to design in sketch and other
steps, if other issues such as economical and/or aesthetical considerations allow them.
To simplify architectural design process, after this, all other considerations rather than
comfort and climate omitted to show how they could be utilized in building design.
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effecting urban climate such as urban density, streets, parks, traffic and… which are
not countable yet.
Also surrounding elements of a building such as materials, colors, water surfaces,
green spaces etc. could have considerable effect, creating small special microclimates,
hard to define. So it is not easy to obtain climatic conditions near the building.
3.1.3. Building factors:
Although maybe in developed countries architects could have access to building
materials characteristics easily or the producers give this information, but in many
cases there is not exact data about materials properties such as U-value. So these
properties gained from some reference books like ASHREA or CIBSE. But is the U-
value for brick mentioned in these books is the same with brick produced in other
countries?
Above points shows a story about the approximate data available for architects and
building designers. So if a comfort or climatic model wants to be useful for architects
then it might consider these facts.
Some points help a comfort models to fit architects’ needs are mentioned below:
A. Easy process (comfort zone + climate analyses)
B. No long calculation
C. giving direct design guidelines for different steps of design instead of numbers
D. giving knowledge instead of just data
Understanding above points and simplifying design process together with looking to
most known comfort models, it is tried, in following parts, to find a solution.
A B C D
Parts A and D would be done by architect, but B and C can be covered with a good
climatic design model.
3
Up to now many scientists worked on different models such as Fanger, Humphreys,
Nicol, Olgyay, Givoni and…. Some of them mostly aim part B (defining comfort
zone) such as Fanger, Humphreys and Nicol, while others tried to cover parts B
(defining comfort zone) and C (climatic design advices) such as Olgyay, Givoni and
Mahoney (Architectural Association Model). This paper aims to find out the positive
points of each model for architects (in design process) and trying to propose a
reproduced model. Now the question is:
“Is it possible to create a climatic design model with better coverage of parts B and C?
It is clear from eqn.(1) that the human thermal comfort is a function of:
(i) The type of clothing tcl, fcl
(ii) The type of activity, η, V and M/aDu
(iii) Environmental variables V, ta, tmrt and Pa
4
The term Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is the mean vote expected to arise from
averaging the thermal sensation vote of a large group of people in a given
environment. The PMV is a complex mathematical expression involving activity,
clothing and the four environmental parameters. It is expressed by eqn. (2).
( )
PMV = 0.303 × e −0.036× M + 0.028 × L (2)
2
In which M is metabolic rate (W/m ) and L is thermal load on the body that calculated
as (3):
L = (M − W ) − 3.05 × 10 −3 × [5733 − 6.99 × (M − W ) − Pa ]
− 0.42 × [(M − W ) − 58.15] − 1.7 × 10−5 × M × (5867 − Pa ) − 1.4 × 10 −3 × M × (34 − t a )
[ 4
( )]
4
− 3.96 × 10 −8 × f cl × (t cl + 273) − t r + 273 − f cl × h c × (t cl − t a ) (3)
With software it is easily possible to find out the thermal sensation or PMV, although
this is a complicated equation. PMV between -1 to 1 is the comfort zone. [2,3]
Fanger model employs 6 entry data and gives comfort zone regarding to them. The
entry data for this model must be exact human and environmental factors. His model
is not created to give design advices.
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Figure (2) Relationship between outdoor temperature with neutral temp.[6]
Based on the above equations, the predicted neutral temperature for different months
of the year could be calculated.
Adaptive model employs 1 entry data and gives comfort zone or neutral temperature
for free running buildings. It is easy to calculate but is not designed to give design
advices. It is very easy to use and gives very simply idea of comfort temperature.
6
chart, dry bulb temperature is the ordinate and relative humidity is the abscissa. The
comfort zone is in the centre, with winter and summer ranges indicated separately
(taking seasonal adaptation into account). The lower boundary of the zone is also the
limit above which shading is necessary. At temperatures above the comfort limit the
wind speed required to restore comfort is shown in relation to humidity. Where the
ambient conditions are hot and dry, the evaporative cooling (EC) necessary for
comfort is indicated. Variation in the position of the comfort zone with mean radiant
temperature (MRT) is also indicated.[4]
Olgyay bioclimatic chart employs 2 entry data and gives up to 6 design advices. The
comfort zone is a constant area and it is design for sedentary activity with indoor
clothing level. Although he mentioned in his book (1963) “Design with climate
bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism” it is for 40o latitude and could be
change to other latitudes by a method, but it is very rough model in estimating
comfort zone yet. It is mostly built to give design advices, but his advices due to
comfort zone could not be accurate in all climates.
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6.1.3. Givoni bioclimatic chart
Givoni’s bioclimatic chart, figure (4), aimed at predicting the indoor conditions of the
building according to the outdoor prevailing conditions. He based his study on the
linear relationship between the temperature amplitude and vapour pressure of the
outdoor air in various regions. In his chart and according to the relationship between
the average monthly vapour pressure and temperature amplitude of the outdoor air,
the proper passive strategies are defined according to the climatic conditions
prevailing outside the building envelope. The chart combines different temperature
amplitude and vapour pressure of the ambient air plotted on the psychrometric chart
and correlated with specific boundaries of the passive cooling techniques overlaid on
the chart. These techniques include evaporative cooling, thermal mass, natural
ventilation cooling and passive heating.[5]
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Givoni bioclimatic chart employs 2 entry data and gives up to 8 design advices. In his
model the same thing happens as olgyays comfort zone, he published new comfort
zone in his recent book [8] taking developed and developing hot countries conditions
into account, but still it is a common condition for different climatic regions and has a
rough comfort zone. It is mostly built to give climatic design advices. He also
enhance his advises in his recent book adding new strategies such as nocturnal
cooling.
Mahoney model employs 4 climatic entry data and gives more than 11 design advices.
Comfort conditions (24 types) define by different annual mean range of temperatures
and also relative humidity. The comfort zones look more adaptive to different
climates, although human factors could not be changed. Also its climatic design
advices is more architectural, for example orientation or opening size are directly
could be used in design process. This model as a climatic design model more suited to
building design because it gives recommendations for different architectural design
stages (sketch-design-detail design).
7. Conclusion
9
Figure (5) summarize the paper showing that Fanger and adaptive models, as they
design for, are very good for defining comfort zone, also Mahoney model is the best
for design advices, in regard to its not very complete comfort zone definition. Givoni
and Olgyay models are working with pictures rather than charts so more easily could
be used by architects although they have very rough comfort zone.
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10 10
10
8
8
6
6 6
5
4
3
3 4
2 0
0
2
1 2
design advices
0
Comfort zone
Fanger
Adaptive Entry data
Olgyay
Givoni
Mahony
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Figure (6) Left: an old courtyard house in Kashan–
Iran shows that outdoor is not a abandoned space
but it is a place conditioned with water surface,
shading, vegetation and ground cooling to host
occupants to live out side. Right: a today building
in Tehran everything happens inside outside is for
cars.
9. References:
[1] CIBSE, Guide A, (1999) the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers,
Yale Press, London
[2] ASHRAE, Fundamentals, (2001) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta
[3] Fanger, PO. (1982) Thermal comfort, analysis and applications in environmental
engineering. Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Co.
[4] Olgyay V. (1963) Design with climate, bioclimatic approach and architectural
regionalism. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press,
[5] Givoni B. (1967) Man, climate and architecture. 1st ed. London, Applied Science
Publishers Ltd.,
[6] Humphreys, M.A. and Nicol, J.F. (1998) Understanding the Adaptive Approach to
Thermal Comfort, ASHRAE Transactions 104 (1) pp 991-1004
[7] Sayigh, A., Marafia, H. (1998) “Thermal comfort and the development of
bioclimatic concept in building design”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
2,1998, 3-24, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd, pp 8-15
[8] Givoni B. (1998) Climate considerations in building and urban design. 1st ed. New
York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishers Ltd.,
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