Disease Cause Sign/Symptoms Treatment

Increased  frequency  of  urination,  weight  loss,  hyperglycemia,  hypoglycemia  

Diabetes  1 Idiopathic,  autoimmune,  amyloid  plaque  deposition between  meals Exogenous  insulin  administration
Increased  frequency  of  urination,  increased  thirst,  dizziness,  blood  glucose   Diet  and  lifestyle  changes,  exogenous  insulin  
Diabetes  2 Partial  genetic,  partial  lifestyle,  decreased  insulin  sensitivity dysregulation,  hyperglycemia administration
Before  epiphyseal  plate  closure  in  bones,  large  stature  with  continued  post-­‐
Gigantism Typically  pituitary  tumor  (Growth  Hormone  releasing  tumor) pubertal  growth Removal  of  tumor
Salt  wasting  disease,  decreased  reabsorption  of  sodium  in  kidneys,  high  
Addison's  Disease  (Primary   Genetic  defect  in  21alpha-­‐hydroxylase  in  Zona  glomerulosa,  pt   frequency  of  urination,  stress  response  dysregulated,  high  potassium,  low   Administration  of  the  missing  hormones  (aldosterone,  
adrenal  insufficiency) fails  to  produce  mineralcorticoids blood  pressure,  coma cortisol,  etc.)
Growth  Hormone  insufficiency  caused  by  head  trauma,  tumors  
of  the  pituitary,  or  ablation  secondary  to  chemo/radiation  
Dwarfism therapy Shortened  stature,  late  onset  puberty  or  not  at  all Growth  hormone  administration  exogenously
After  epiphyseal  plate  closure  in  bones,  exaggerated  growth  of  hands,  tongue,  
Typically  pituitary  tumor  (Growth  Hormone  releasing  tumor)   jaw  bone,  craniofacial  abnormalities,  thickening  and  growth  of  organs  resulting  
Acromegaly after  epiphyseal  plate  closure in  organ  failure Removal  of  tumor,  somatropin  inhibitors
Antibodies  against  proteins  on  the  thyroid  gland  results  in   Decreased  thyroxine  (and  subsequent  increase  in  TSH),  sensitive  to  cold,  
Hashimoto's  Disease immune  destruction  of  the  thyroid  gland decreased  BMR,  weight  gain Exogenous  administration  of  thyroxine
Endocrinology

Antibodies  against  the  TSH  receptor  on  thyroid  mimics  TSH   Bulging  eyes,  goiter,  S/S  resemble  hyperthyroidism,  increased  BMR,  profuse  
Graves'  Disease binding,  results  in  increased  thyroxine  production sweating,  irritability,  mania,  weight  loss
Several  possible  causes;  suprarenal  tumor  producing  excess   Central  obesity  with  limb  sparing,  brittle  skin,  poor  immune  responses,  "buffalo  
Cushing's  Disease cortisol  or  pituitary  producing  ACTH hump",  moon  face,  hypercortisolemia Tumorectomy  (remove  tumor)
Lack  of  thyroxine  during  development  (early  age),  typically  due   Replacement  of  iodine  in  diet,  if  caused  by  a  tumor  then  
Cretinism to  lack  of  iodine  in  diet Small  stature,  mental  development  delays,  osteopenia thyroxine  replacement  therapy
Increased  metabolism,  weight  loss,  sensitivity  to  heat,  mania,  goiter  (over  
Hyperthyroidism Multiple  etiologies;  TSH  secreting  pituitary  tumor stimulation  of  trophic  hormone  TSH)
Decreased  metablolism,  weight  gain,  sensitivity  to  cold,  goiter  (over  stimulation   Replacement  of  iodine  in  diet,  in  extreme  cases  may  
Hypothyroidism Multiple  etiologies;  Lack  of  iodine  in  the  diet  in  adulthood of  trophic  hormone  TSH  due  to  lack  of  negative  feedback) replace  with  exogenous  thyroxine
Idiopathic,  decreased  tissue  sensitivity  to  androgens  or  lower  
Gynecomastia levels  of  circulating  androgens Breast  development  in  males,  not  to  be  confused  with  fatty  deposition  in  males Liposuction,  breast  reduction  surgery
No  treatment,  counseling  and  psychological  support  for  
Individual  develops  phenotypically  as  a  female,  however  is  genetically  a  male   individual  and  family  (usually  discovered  in  teens  when  
Androgen  Insensitivity Mutation  of  the  gene  encoding  the  androgen  receptor (XY  chromosomes) presumed  female  doesn't  menstruate)
Mutation  in  genes  that  make  glucocorticoids  and   Adrogenous  genitalia  in  female  neonates,  seizures,  hypotension  (no  
Androgenital  Syndrome   mineralcorticoids  results  in  all  synthesis  being  shunted  to   aldosterone),  improper  lung  development  (no  cortisol-­‐plays  a  role  in  
(Congenital  adrenal  hyperplasia) androgen  production  in  utero development),  infertility,  early  masculinazation  in  males Replacement  therapy  for  aldosterone  and  cortisol
Idiopathic,  linked  to  increased  prepubescent  obesity,  likely  a  
genetic  (or  even  epigenetic)  component;  can  be  a  result  of   Psychological  support;  lifestyle  changes  (depending  on  
Precocious  Puberty Androgenital  syndrome Extremely  early  onset  of  puberty  (menarche  and  secondary  sex  characteristics); family  history);

Sickling  of  red  blood  cells;  sickle  cell  sickness,  in  homozygous  individuals,  sickle  
Mutation  in  gene  encoding  hemoglobin;  can  be  homo  or   cell  attacks  causes  extreme  pain  in  periphery  (sickled  cells  occlude  capillaries);  
Sickle  Cell  Anemia heterozygous SOB  (shortness  of  breath);  dizziness;  syncope,  dyspnea;  hyperbilirubinemia Dialysis,  stem  cell  transplant,  bone  marrow  transplant
Multiple  etiologies;  massive  death  of  RBCs,  lack  of  coenzymes  
Anemia necessary  for  RBC  maturation Dizziness,  weakness,  malaise,  SOB Replace  vitamin  deficiencies  (V  B12,  
Inability  to  clot,  uncontrolled  bleeding;  usually  due  to  a  
Blood  Disorders

Hemophilia deficiency  of  platelets  or  the  inability  to  make  platelets Uncontrolled  bleeding,  hematomas,  increased  bruising Replacement  of  the  missing  clotting  factors
Over  proliferation  of  lympho/leukocytes  due  to  cancerous  
uncontrolled  cell  cycle  proliferation;  increased  cells  are  not  
Leukemia functional Decreased  immune  respone;  increased  leukocytes  in  the  blood Bone  marrow  transplant  (post  ablation);  chemotherapy
Lifestyle  changes  for  both  lifestyle  and  genetic  problems;  
Hyperlipidemia Genetic  and  lifestyle Increased  lipids  in  the  circulation potential  for  gene  therapy
Blood  Disorders
Loss  of  blood  due  to  hemorrhage  (trauma);  anemia  is  corrected   Be  aware  of  potential  cross  reaction  with  A  and  B  
Blood  Transfusion with  transfer  of  exogenous  blood antigens  and  Rhesus  antigen
Genetic  component  (increased  uptake  of  iron  from  diet)  and  
Hemochromatosis from  RBC  lysis Increased  Iron  on  hisotological  analysis
Inflammatory  response  to  radical  fatty  acids  in  the  basal  lamina   Exercise  and  proper  diet  and  reduce  inflammation;  this  is  
of  arteries;  increased  migration  of  inflammatory  cells  leads  to   Decreased  cross-­‐sectional  area  of  inflamed  vessels,  more  turbulent  blood  flow   done  by  decreasing  LDL  and  increasing  HDL,  which  brings  
Atherosclerosis scarring through  vessel,  increased  inflammatory  cells  in  the  vessel  on  histology reactive  fatty  acids  to  the  liver  for  removal
I'm  not  sure  what  they  want  you  to  know  about  this;  understand  
Blood  clotting the  clotting  cascade
Variety  of  etiologies,  atherosclerosis,  dysfunctional  stress   Proper  eating,  exercise,  meditation,  pharmacological  -­‐  
reponses,  increased  adrenergic  tonicity  in  blood  stream;   beta-­‐blockers,  nitric  oxide  (in  extreme  cases);  can  lead  to  
Hypertension increased  sympathetic  tone increased  systolic/diastolic  blood  pressures aneurysm,  stroke,  MI
Variety  of  etiologies;  myocardial  infarction,  low  sympathetic  tone   pharmacological  treatment;  adrenergic  agonists,  
Vascular

Hypotension due  to  nervous  system  damage decreased  systolic/diastolic  blood  pressures atropine

Usually  found  after  aneurysm  ruptures  -­‐  often  leads  to  

Depends  on  where  the  aneurysm  is;  cranial  -­‐  headaches,  behavior  changes,   death;  if  found  before  rupture,  weakness  can  be  clamped  
Weakening  of  blood  vessel  (typically  arteries);  results  in  bulging   syncope;  elsewhere  (eg  aorta)  -­‐  vague  pain  from  chest  to  back,  generalized  pain   shut  with  micro-­‐wire  clamps,  stitched  together,  or  mesh  
Aneurysm outward  from  the  vessel in  region  of  aneurysm can  be  wrapped  around;  basically  reinforce  the  vessel
Rapid  response  upon  recognizing  symptoms  can  greatly  
Loss  of  consciousness,  unilateral  weakness  of  one  side   improve  outcome  of  the  patient;  depending  on  the  cause  
(contralateral  to  lesion),  changes  in  behavior,  loss  of  sensory   Variety  of  etiologies  (what  do  you  think  could  cause  a  stroke?);  atherosclerosis,   of  the  stroke  (clot  or  hemorrhage?)  EDs  can  either  break  
information  (unilateral  blindness,  loss  of  feeling  in  appendage);   aneurysm  (hemorrhagic  stroke);  embolism  (clot,  fat,  or  foreign  substance   the  clot  or  repair  the  vessels;  give  100%  oxygen  to  help  
Stroke loss  of  cognitive  functioning migrates  to  vessels  and  block);  secondary  to  trauma  (TBI?) perfuse  tissues

What  do  you  think  could  cause  a  murmur?  Congenital  heart  valve  problems,   Surgery  is  required  to  fix  valve  problems;  new  valves  can  
Abnormal  heart  sounds;  could  be  caused  by  a  variety  of  things;   prolapse  of  valve,  valves  can  degrade  over  time  (normal  senescence  of  valves   be  put  in  the  heart  to  replace  the  faulty  valves  (pig  or  
typically  you  would  consider  a  murmur  a  sign/symptom  of  an   with  age)  or  can  be  acutely  destroyed  by  systemic  bacterial  infection  and   synthetic);  valves  within  the  heart  don't  usually  receive  
Murmurs underlying  problem destruction  of  valves;  leads  to  cavitation immune  responses  (which  is  why  we  can  use  pig  valves)
Variety  of  problems  can  cause  this;  ectopic  pacemakers,  exogenous  electrical  
Rapid  heart  rate  (over  100  bpm)  in  an  adult;  don't  get  confused   shock  to  an  invidual  where  the  current  went  through  the  heart;  dysfunctional  
Pharmacological  treatment  typically  the  intervention  
with  pediatric  heart  rates  (normal  =  100-­‐190!);  hypotension  is   stress  response  due  to  epi/norepinephrine  binding  beta-­‐adrenergic  receptors   used;  beta-­‐adrenergic  antagonists  (blockers),  in  some  
often  associated  with  tachycardia  due  to  lack  of  volume  pumped   on  the  heart  muscle;  sympathetic/parasympathetic  dysregulation  due  to  drug   tachycardias  you  can  shock  the  persons  heart  back  to  a  
Tachycardia blood  from  the  heart  (low  stroke  volume!) use  or  trauma  to  brain/spinal  cord normal  rhythm
Cardio

Variety  of  etiologies  -­‐  narcotic  overdose,  damage  to  spinal  cord  or  brain  stem,  
Atropine,  epinephrine,  depending  on  the  heart  rhythm  -­‐  
Bradycardia Slow  heart  rate myocardial  infarctions  that  destroy  the  SA  node potential  shock  from  AED
Hypoplasty  Left  Heart  Syndrome Severely  underdeveloped  left  ventricle  and  aorta Developmental  congenital  defect Heart  surgery
Can  shock  or  treat  with  medication;  don't  usually  
shock/treat  after  suffering  from  Afib  for  over  48  hours  
"Fluttering"  of  atria  due  to  improper  electrical  signals  through   Ectopic  pacemaker,  some  recreational  drugs  can  cause  Afib,  myocardial  infarcts   due  to  potential  clots  going  to  lung  or  brain  and  causing  
Atrial  Fibrillation the  cardiac  tissue (depending  on  where  it  occurs) stroke/pulmonary  embolism
Heart  attack  symptoms  -­‐  chest  pain,  left  arm  pain  radiating  into  
the  jaw,  shortness  of  breath  (SOB),  syncope,  near  syncope,   Break  down  of  the  embolism,  stent,  pharmacological  
Myocardial  Infarction sweating  (diaphoresis),  gray  palor Atherosclerosis,  embolism,  trauma  to  the  tissue treatment,  nitric  oxide,  aspirin,  oxygen
Removing  a  vessel  from  the  leg  (typically)  and  stitched  in  place  of  one  of  the  
coronary  arteries  (which  were  what?)  that  are  completely  or  almost  completely  
Angioplasty This  is  a  method  used  to  replace  blocked  vessels blocked Again,  this  is  a  treatment  itself
Using  a  catheter  inserted  through  the  subclavian  artery,  a  wire  mesh  tube  is  
Myocardial  Infarction

inseted  into  an  occluded  cardiac  artery  and  opened,  mechanically  opening  the  
Stenting This  is  a  method  of  mechanically  opening  occluded  blood  vessels vessel;  typically  stents  contain  anti-­‐sclerotic  pharmaceuticals This  is  a  treatment  for  atherosclerosis
Also  known  as  a  "12-­‐lead";  measures  the  electrical  behavior  of   Reports  rhythm,  magnitude  and  direction  of  electrical  impulses  through  the   This  is  a  tool  used  by  every  hospital  when  assessing  heart  
EKG  (ECG) the  heart heart health;  especially  after  suspected  MI
This  is  a  place  where  cardiologists  conduct  catheterizations  -­‐   Used  to  insert  stents  or  open  occluded  blood  vessels,  used  also  as  a  diagnostic  
Cath  Lab insertion  of  a  wire/tube  into  the  vessels  of  the  heart technique
This  can  be  used  as  a  virulence  mechanism  by  some  invasive  bacteria  (break  
down  clots  to  infect)  or  used  in  the  hospital  to  break  down  emboli  in  order  to  
Fibrinolysis Break  down  of  clots  and  the  clotting  cascade restore  blood  flow