Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Water is one of the primarily needs of human to survive in earth, it means that water

is one of the recipes of human to live in this world. Water that is made up of a pair of

hydrogen and single amount of oxygen. People used water for cooking, keeping plants

alive, washing clothes, and it prevents dehydration that can lead to either hypertension or

heat stroke. Human body is mostly composed of water which will boost the body and
[1]
function well . In addition, Water helps to regulate human temperature through

perspiration and decrease the potential of human body from overheating [2].

People used water in everyday life. They can live without electricity but they cannot

live without water. Water flows through the blood carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells

and flushing wastes out of our bodies. Based on the study, human can live without water

in three days. Some places here in the Philippines experiencing lack of water due to natural

drought, lack of water reservoir, over-used or abuse use of water. Also, here in our country,

most Filipinos forgotten the importance of water and wasting it by throwing their trash in

some areas of water.

In Victoria, Oriental Mindoro a community of Mangyans are experiencing water

shortage because their community are too secluded from the capital. They are walking

barefooted for almost 3 hours just to have a pale of water from the river. They used the

collected water even though it is not clean and contaminated with bacteria or

microorganisms. According to WHO (World Health Organization), Each year more than

1
500,000 diarrheal deaths are reported due to contaminated water which most people drink

without proper filtering. These may cause in several major factors such as neglected

tropical disease including schistosomiasis, trachoma and intestinal worms [3].

The only source of water in the village is river at the foot of the Mountain. The

Mangyan elders made a water reservoir on the river fixed with plastic tube and a rough

cement. From this, The Mangyans made another small water reservoir which linked with

small tube dimension that supply water to the whole community including the school.

Water from both source was totally exposed to rainwater, impurities, bacteria, and even

parasites that may enter the human body. These causes major problems to human health

such as diarrhea and intestinal problems that experiencing by most children in Mindoro [4].

According to an article named TheBloggingTorto, Poor access of safe drinking

water is the major problems of the Mangyans including proper hygiene problems because
[5]
of the cleanliness of water. It is based from the rating nine out of ten of the Mangyans .

There is also no electricity available in their area. When night falls, the community

becomes quiet and dark so they are making kerosene lamps to do anything after dark.

As a result, a new study of drinking fountain developed which will provide

Mangyans clean and safe water that will satisfy their needs. It will give hope for them to

survive and continue their lifestyle even though their resources are limited. This prototype

is composed of Solar panels, VRLA Battery, Solar LED Lights, Filtration system, Water

pumps, Water reservoir tank, Monitoring system and a faucet. The researcher strategy is to

insert a water reservoir tank inside the concrete storage box, so that if the stored energy

in the solar panels are lapsed, it can still function well.

2
Objectives of the study

General Objectives

The main objective of this portable water filtration system is to provide a safe and

clean water that can be used by Mangyan every day.

Specific Objectives

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Design a Drinking Fountain with the following features.

a. Water filtration system to ensure the cleanliness of water; and

b. Lighting fixtures to illuminate the surrounded area.

c. Solar panels that will serve as the main source of power.

d. Monitoring system that is composed of:

1. Water sensor that will sense the water level inside the water reservoir tank

2. Relay that will sense the Solar LED lights still functioning.

3. MPPT that will maximize the solar energy exert by the sun.

4. GSM module that will the report the status of prototype through SMS.

2. Construct the prototype using locally available materials.

3. Test and improve the prototype based on the cleanliness of water.

4. Evaluate the performance of the prototype in terms of functionality,

workability, durability, economy and safety.

5. To write the user’s manual.

3
Scope and Limitations

This study intends to help the Mangyan community to have a clean and safe water

source. The study is composed of portable water filtration with solar panel, Solar LED

lights, Relay, water reservoir tank, concrete storage, faucet and monitoring system. They

can use it for drinking and utility purpose.

The limitation of this study is when it is rainy season, when natural calamities

occurs such as floods and landslide. It also needs maintenance every month to ensure the

safety of the water and since forest have grown it can cover the shades of the sun that will

be the main source of power.

Significance of the study

This study will provide Mangyans a clean water that can be drink and used for

internal and external cleaning. It has vital functions such as it will supply clean drinking

water for the community by treating the supply water powered by solar energy to eliminate

bacteria that causes water borne diseases and it will provide sustainable renewable energy

to develop and to uplift the lives and living of Mangyan community.

4
 Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter represents the review of related literature and studies used in

presenting the different variables of the study as references. It composed of various

technical information, theories, models and concepts which will discuss the Importance of

Water, Mangyan community, Solar technology, Filtration system and its developmental

requirements.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Water

Importance of Water

Water is the basic needs of human body. It composed of two hydrogens and one

oxygen (H2O). Without water, there will be no life on earth because water is the most

important substance in our world that has many purpose which can be used by humans and

animals to survive. The Importance of water has various purposes such as: Water for

Agriculture, Municipal Use, Industries, Power, Navigation, and Balancing the Ecosystem
[6]
.

Water helps human health to prevent drought and dehydration. Human body is

mostly composed of water, without water humans cannot survive a few days. In fact, 95%

of human body is made up of water, 92 % in blood and 90% in lungs. Human body cannot

work properly well without water just like cars that cannot run without gas. The entire

human body system needs water to regulate and function well [7].

5
 Water also regulates body temperature from controlling the over- heating of human

body through perspiration from sweat glands to produce a cooling effect which can prevent

dehydration that may cause serious ills and diseases. Water helps our body to remove

harmful toxins and clean our internal organs. It flushes away the toxins and waste from

body through perspiration and urination by drinking enough water.

Water have good nutrients to support our body in able to perform better. It carries

lot of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Nutrients comes from food that we eat

enters down to our digestive system and becomes water soluble which dissolved in water.

In addition, human needs to drink at least eight glasses of water daily to maintain our body

healthy and away from diseases. For example, drinking enough water will decrease the risk

of cancers because it will clean the internal organs of human body and at the same time it

flushed away harmful toxins. It also gives nutrients in our cells and organs to carry out the

entire human body.

Drinking water should be clean and safe because water may contain different

contaminants that may cause your health run down. This leads to health problems which

affects your entire body system and becomes weak. Water is our chance to survive long

enough in this world so we need to consume water for us to live a good life. It will treat

and heal our human body system to its own natural ability to perform and function properly.

Different Sources of Water

Earth is made up of 29% covered with land and the remaining 71% is covered with

water. Because of an enormous amount of water on earth some people are living near water
[8]
and sometimes it seems that water shortage could not be a serious problem to them .

6
Water has different sources that human can get to supply their needs in their everyday life.

It comes from two different sources namely: Ground Water and Surface Water.

Ground water

A source of water that comes from beneath the soil layer or to the non-
[9]
porous rocks below the ground . It can exist between rocks, the soil itself and

other materials which is obtained in drilling wells and sinking tube wells. It

is also called underground water because it comes from the form of springs which

water sprouts out due to high pressure.

Surface water

A source of water that comes from the ground in which natural resources

like rivers, lakes, oceans and streams are being collected. It is also said that 80% of

surface water are used by humans [10]. Furthermore, Surface water is also the source

of water of the Mangyans for their everyday consumption of water because they

collected pale of water from the river.

Contaminants of Water

Drinking Water is one of the major needs for a healthy lifestyle but because of the

lack in cleanliness of water many waterborne diseases including death occurs in different

parts of the world. It is due to contamination of water that particularly contains natural and

inorganic contaminants. As water flows in surface water such as streams, lakes and rivers

through a layer of soil and rocks it dissolves or absorbs the different substances it touches.

These different contaminants of water are namely:

7
Aluminum

Aluminum can be found naturally in rocks and drainage from mines. It can

trigger out after water treatment causing turbidity and discolored of water.

Antimony

Antimony can be found in municipal waste disposal, industrial production

and manufacturing of flame retardants, batteries, fireworks, ceramics and

explosives. It can cause vomiting, diarrhea and nausea.

Arsenic

Arsenic can be found from natural processes and industrial waste disposal

such as lead, copper and zinc ore. It causes acute and chronic toxicity in kidney and

liver. It also decreases blood in human body.

Barium

Barium can be found naturally in sandstones, limestones and soil. It can

cause gastrointestinal, cardiac and neuromuscular effects such as hypertension.

Beryllium

Beryllium can be found naturally in soils, surface water and ground water.

It is used for electrical equipment, nuclear power and space industry. It enters the

environment from improper waste disposal which can cause damage to lungs and

bones.

8
Cadmium

Cadmium can be found in rocks, coal and petroleum. It enters the ground

and surface water when it dissolved by acidic water. It comes from industrial waste,

metal plating and batteries. It can cause liver and kidney damage, high blood

pressure and anemia.

Chloride

Chloride can be associated with the presence of sodium when high

concentration is present. It comes from domestic and industrial waste. It is

noticeable when someone drinks with it.

Chromium

Chromium can be found from old mining operations and seep into

groundwater. It can cause skin irritation, ulceration and damage to kidney, liver,

circulatory and nerve tissues.

Copper

Copper comes from entering the environment in industrial and domestic

waste, mining, and mineral leaching are present that may affect the taste of the

water. It can cause intestinal and stomach ache, kidney and liver damage and

anemia.

9
Cyanide

Cyanide often used in plastics, synthetic fabrics and fertilization production.

It can poison the body resulted in damaging the spleen, brain and liver.

Dissolved Solids

Dissolved Solid comes naturally from entering the environment in

manmade sources such as feedlots, landfill leachate or sewage. It may cause on the

acceptability of water in general such as shorten the life of water heaters because

of the high concentration of dissolved solids.

Fluoride

Fluoride occurs naturally in municipal water supplies that are used widely

in industry. It can cause colored of teeth permanently brown, destruction of tooth

enamel, easily and brittle broken bones, stiff and painful joints.

Iron

Iron encounters oxygen and occurs naturally in sediment and rocks from

mining, corroding metal and industrial waste. It can cause bitterness taste in water

and brownish colored in clothes.

Lead

Lead comes from mining, industry, plumbing, gasoline, coal and as a water

additive. Literally, it affects red blood cells in adults, delaying the physical and

mental development of babies and young children.

10
Manganese

Manganese comes from entering the environment as a mineral in sediment

and rocks or from industrial wastes. It can cause economic and aesthetic damage

which imparts brownish stains to clothes. It also affects the taste of the water and

have a high toxicity in plants.

Mercury

Mercury comes from mining, industrial waste, pesticides and fossil fuel

combustion as an inorganic salt and inorganic mercury compounds. It can cause

toxicity in body especially the kidneys and have nervous system disorder.

Nickel

Nickel comes naturally in groundwater, soils and surface water. It decreased

body weight, damaging the internal organs such as heart and liver and can have

skin irritation.

Nitrate

Nitrate comes naturally in seawater, soil and fresh water system. It also

found in the groundwater at the highest level and enters the environment through

feedlots, fertilizers and sewage. It can cause toxicity resulting from breakdown the

entire human body called “bluebaby disease” or methemoglobinemia, which

threatens the incoming oxygen of our body that circulates blood.

11
Selenium

Selenium comes from entering the environment in fertilizer, sewage and

inorganic waste. It can cause irritability or discomfort, fatigue and damage to

nervous and circulatory system. It can also damage kidney and liver tissue that may

lead to death.

Silver

Silver comes from mining and industrial waste. It can cause coloration to

the skin called agyria, damaging to mucous membranes, eyes and internal organs

that may lead to blindness and failure of the body [11].

Sodium

Sodium comes geologically in surface and underground resulting from

decomposition of various minerals. It affects the taste of water as salty and has risk

in some people who have low sodium diet.

Sulfate

Sulfate can be found in elevated concentrations that may result from

saltwater intrusion and industrial or commercial waste. It can cause diarrhea,

gastrointestinal irritation and can change the taste of water [12].

Thallium

Thallium can be found particularly from soils. It can be harmful to human

body and can damage the brain and internal organs such as kidneys, liver and

intestines.

12
 Zinc

Zinc can be found naturally from water and enters the environment through

industrial waste. It can have metallic taste of water and can cause vomiting, nausea

and stomach cramps. It can also cause anemia and pancreas damage over a long

period of time [13].

Water is the basic needs of human body; therefore, humans cannot survive in this

world without water. Water have two main sources: Ground water and Surface water.

Water can be used in different purposes such as for cooking, cleaning, washing, and

drinking. Drinking because it can boost the immune system of human body, can prevent

dehydration, and can flush out the toxicity and other waste through perspiration and

urination. Nowadays, drinking clean water is the main problem by most people living in

rural areas especially the Mangyans in Victoria, Oriental Mindoro. It contains different

contaminants that can affect the entire body not to function well. The Mangyans have no

source of clean water that can drink and can use for their everyday life. Their only source

of water is the river. The Mangyans walked 2 hours just to get enough water for their

utilities. This research project will help the Mangyans provide clean and safe drinking

water to supply their needs and to avoid diseases that can get without filtering the water.

In addition, the Mangyans will not walk very far because it will be installed near their

community.

13
Mangyan Community

The Mangyans were the only inhabitants in Mindoro before they travelled from the

coasts through the mountainous area. They lived peacefully along the coastal areas of

Oriental Mindoro for centuries. They catch fishes and plant crops for their living, until the

migrants from nearby island settled on their place. They secluded themselves to the

mountain lands to avoid the influence of some foreign settlers. Also, to avoid dispute, they

gave up their lands. The Mangyans composed of twelve tribes. They were the Iraya,

Batangan, Buid, Hanunuo, Alangan, Ratagnon Tagaydan, Bangon, Pula, Buhid, Nauhan,

and Furuan. As of now, there are 50,000 Mangyans that living in Oriental Mindoro. The

way of their living is planting rice, corn, vegetables, and hunting wild animals. At the age

16, a Mangyan boy can be a family man if they can build their own house. A house that is
[14]
made up of bamboo, coconut leaves, tree for its pillar, and other materials . The

Mangyans was a happy and cheerful people. They would remain that way if they will be

able to attain their water resources in a less difficult manner. Especially, the Mangyans in

Victoria, Oriental Mindoro, that experiencing water shortage because their community is

far from the main capital, where the only source of their water is the river at the mountain’s

foot. The water is contaminated because the manner on how they obtain it is not

technologically advanced. What they lack is a proper water purification system to have

clean and safe water.

Situation of Mangyan

The Mangyans have limited resources of food, electricity, shelter and clean

water. The Mangyans often called as the “poorest of the poor” because of the

14
unavailability of food and other resources. Majority of children left their houses

without anything on their stomach in morning and throughout all day. While

enduring the pain of their stomach due to hungriness, they walked on the mountains

for how many hours to go to their school. While their children studying on school,

the parents are going for a hunt. They hunt wild animals on the mountains for food

and if they got something to eat they will immediately go home and prepare meals

for their children. At night, you can only see the light of the star on the outside and

hear the gasping of plant because the Mangyans does not have electricity to use

radio or any technology that can illuminate their homes. They just used lamp to

light up their houses [15].

The Mangyan community is not completely supported by the government

official and that is the reason why they do not have any stable resources on food,

electricity and clean water for their family. Lack of support from the government

means no one is supplying their needs. This is hard for them because they have no

choice but to work harder for hunting foods, for making lamps and for collecting

water from the river in order them to survive. Because of the poverty they have, the

Mangyans have a poor health and thin body. Majority of them are suffering in

Malnutrition.

The Mangyans in Victoria, Oriental Mindoro, are having a lack of water

purification system and it is hard for them to survive in this kind of situation. Their

health is at risk because the water they are drinking is contaminated. If they drink

the water at the river which is not purified it may lead stomach complication, such

as diarrhea. Mangyans also walked about 3 hours to the river just get a pale of

15
contaminated water. It is tough for them to obtain safe and clean water because it

is either far from them or they do not have the technology to make it purified. Some

of them got used of drinking contaminated water and makes them immune while

some still experienced infection and discomfort.

The Needs for Clean Water

Water is crucial in human’s life. It is one of the major needs of mankind to

survive every day. 20 to 50 liters of clean water is required a day for each person

and they use it in cooking, personal hygiene, and drinking [16]. The body weight of

human is composed of 60 percent of water [4]

. The water in human’s body is

distributed through the cell, tissues, and organs, helping them to maintain its regular

function. In addition, water does not only use as thirst quencher but also it keeps

the body moist in the tissue to avoid the eyes, mouth, skin and other part of the

body and organ from getting dry. Also, water improves the digestive system of a

person because the saliva is made up of water that dissolves the food inside and

absorbs the nutrients in it. On the other hand, water removes wastes in liver and

kidney. It helps the kidney to flush all the waste inside them through urination and

it makes the stool soft inside the intestine [17].

A clean water is important because it replenish the body every day

especially when people excrete sweat in their body. Also, it avoids dehydration

because of the fluid that they lost. Contaminated water is not only dirty but also it

gives many diseases that can give people a stomach ache and the worst possible

scenario is death. Lack of sanitation in water can spread an epidemic disease

because the water is essential in food production and hydration. Water is the food

16
for crops. So, it is possible to happen. Also, it is deadly for us if animal drink

contaminated water. For example, when a pig drinks contaminated water and gets

eaten by a person. Then it is possible that the bacteria took by the pig can be

absorbed by human also [18].

The Mangyan community in Victoria, Oriental Mindoro, lives in an isolated

area. It is far from the city lands, trading market and especially to its water

resources. Everyone in the community, including the children and the elderly,

walks a few kilometers from their community to reach the river and obtain some

water. But the water that they get from the river is not enough for them, it is only

for cooking and drinking. The reason why they are lacking in hygiene. Also, the

access of clean water is the basic concern here. Without the clean water, the

Mangyan is prone to many diseases. Such as, diarrhea and cholera. In addition,

since the water they got from the river stored for a long period of time, it becomes

prone to contamination and can caused any sickness. A water purification system

is essential for the Mangyans to ensure their safety and to provide a clean water for

them [19].

Illumination

Illumination is vital in the everyday life of human. It allows them to see an

object through the light energy that is emitted on it. Light alters the sight of the

people because it has an important purpose for all the visual experience in people’s

perception. It helps them to observe, recognize, and notice an object. Also, because

of the source of light, they can visualize the object’s shape, distance, size, and to

know if it is moving or not. Intense illumination can lead to glare, which means it

17
 can cause any accident because it can moderately blind a person’s eye if they

contacted it [20].

The illumination for this prototype is important to the people who will use

this. Especially, the Mangyans in Victoria, Oriental Mindoro. This will guide them

if they will use the prototype at night. It will light up the surroundings of the project

to see what they are going to do and to avoid any exploitation.

The Mangyan community have limited resources of food, water, and electricity.

Malnutrition becomes an epidemic disease for them due to the unavailability of food and

water. Their community is far from the city lands, trading market, and to its water

resources. They are walking for many hours to get some water from the river which they

just use it for cooking and drinking. The logic why they do not have proper hygiene.

Contaminated water from the river is their thirst quencher. This project will help the

Mangyans to obtain clean and purified water. It will change their lives because they can

drink water without any hesitations if there will be stomach ache or any diseases. Also, this

improves their health because of the fine stages of the water filtration system. The needs

for clean water will be fulfilled because they can easily access it. On the other hand,

illumination by the Solar LED lights will guide them at night and it will light up the

surroundings of the project.

18
Filtration System

Definition of Filtration System

The filtration system is a process used to separate the pollutants from water. Thus,

it also removes any number of particles, sediment, bacteria and removes the chlorine taste.

Furthermore, filtration system treat water by passing it through beds of granular material

such as sand that remove and retain contaminants. Conventional, direct slow sand, and,

diatomaceous earth filtration systems all do a good job of removing most bacteria and

viruses when coagulation is used. It includes Ultra Violet (UV) light units, water distillers

and other form of water treatment process. [21] In addition, filtration is a process of removing

suspended particles from the fluid. Moreover, this separation has been performed with the

help of a medium which is called filter. Filters are useful to remove hazardous chemicals,

parasites, and other impurities to make the water pure so that it can be drinkable. [22]

Importance of Filtration

Water filtration is vital for providing better taste and smell drinking water by

removing the contaminants. It provides a clean source of water [23]. Thus, water filters

greatly reduce the risk of certain cancers and protects the body from disease that leads to

overall greater health and energy. It also provides healthy water for cooking, as well as

drinking, at the convenience of tap water. Drinking pure water is especially important for

children because it provides the healthiest water for children’s developing immune

systems. Furthermore, our body depends on clean water to perform its daily functions, such

as digestion, temperature and blood regulation, respiration, and detoxification. The body’s

ability to flush out toxins and properly absorb nutrients depends heavily on an abundant

19
intake of clean and chemical-free water. The more stress, toxins, and pollutants the body

battles with each day, the more water it needs. The quantity and quality of the water that

people use largely determines the body's ability to shed excess fat and properly maintain

the body's largest organ, the skin. [24] The children need three times as much water per

pound of body weight than adults. As their immune and detoxification systems are not yet

fully developed, any ill effects from contaminants in the water are far more impactful to

children's bodies. In addition, lead is dangerous for kids. Furthermore, studies show that

fluoride, added to most public water supplies, can actually increase the child's absorption

of lead. Also, pesticides and herbicides are beginning to show up in school drinking water

supplies as well. Since developing children are less capable of fully removing them from

their bodies, the researchers are increasingly suspecting them as one cause for the

exploding number of cases of autism and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
[25].

Types of Filtration System

Centrifugal Filtration

The centrifugal filtration is the removal of a liquid from slurry by letting the

slurry in to a rapidly rotating basket. For instance, a centrifugal filter is used to split

solid matter from a liquid suspension and the liquid portion of the material will be

recycled. [26] As a result, the solid material removed from a liquid typically escape

in the appearance of slurry. Also, the damp matter can then be dried. Furthermore,

the liquid residual after the centrifugal filtration can repeatedly be used again once

it is clean. Specifically, it is a type of filtration in which filtration is performed

20
through rotational movement of the filter body. Through defined rotational speed

of apparatus, the high-density solids or liquids are divided from the low-density

solution. This is helpful for liquid or semi liquid fluid. [27]

Gravity Filtration

This is the process where solid compounds from an organic solution are

removed. This is also being used to gather solid result, although usually vacuum

filtration is used for this reason because it is more rapidly effective. Therefore,

when the suspended solid is separated from the liquid applications through the flow

direction from top level to lower surface, this filtration is done at atmospheric

pressure. [28]

Vacuum Filtration

The vacuum filtration is used to gather a preferred solid. This process is

quicker than gravity filtration, because the solvent or liquid and air is forcefully in

through the filter paper by the purpose of decreasing pressure. Moreover, this is a

removal of the suspended dirt particle from atmospheric air through static pressure

lever or suction. [29]

Cold Filtration

The process of cold filtering is removing the substances in the whisky

before bottling. Thus, the major reason to chill filter a whisky is purely cosmetic.

For instance, when water or ice is added, a non-filtered whisky will go cloudy

because the whisky is chilled. The distillers respond to this by removing the

21
offending particles from the whisky, so that this does not occur. Furthermore, this

filtration process is performed after maintaining a necessary lower temperature of

fluid. The efficiency of this filtration removing existing fatty acids, proteins or

esters which can be varied and created in fluid during earlier process. After

maintaining a required lower temperature fluid has been entered to a filter medium

and removes the chilled suspended particles. Thus, this filtration is useful to prevent

sedimentation during last use of filtrate at lower temperature. [30]

Hot Filtration

The hot filtration process is the separation of compound from both

impurities and some insoluble matters. That is, when both the compound and

impurities are melted in the least amount of hot solvent, the solution is filtered to

take away the insoluble matter. The filtration equipment must be hot to prevent the

dissolved compounds crystallizing from solution during filtration, thus forming

crystals on the filter paper or funnel. Furthermore, hot filtration is useful to

eliminate the tiny amount of impurities from crystalline compounds. For instance,

melt the crystalline compound in a suitable solvent at suitable high temperature

then get rid of the impurities from liquid compound through a medium and

gradually cool down to get the clear recrystallized compounds. Then, filter the

solution to separate the purified solid compounds. [31]

Multi-Layer Filtration

Multi-layer filtration uses a third filter layer composed of Garnet.

Furthermore, it makes far superior water quality, taking away microscopic particles

22
with no flocculants. The Multi-layer filters need backwashing less often because

the gradual nature and selectivity of the filtration made by the multiple layers avoid

large particles from blocking the surface. A filter reservoir has been set by different

types and sizes of gravels which filter the unnecessary particles between

arrangement spaces. Thus, coal carbon set in carbon bed are also useful to take

away the unnecessary application, color and odor. [32]

Mechanical Filtration

The mechanical filtration is the removal of dirt, sediment, and movable

scale from incoming water. This is effective in treating color, taste, and odor

problems linked with solid organic residues. Thus, it can neutralize acid solution

when the filter contains a gradually dissolved liming agent. Furthermore,

mechanical filters need to be removed, cleaned, and replaced on a regular basis or

else waste products will build up, and decompose, continuing to lower the livability

of the aquarium environment. Moreover, it is modern innovation and useful to cater

the industrial filtration requirements at operating pressure higher than atmospheric

one. In addition, this is the filtration which can be performed through an

arrangement of medium within the main filter body. This can be divided in two

different types. First is the surface filtration which is an arrangement of medium,

which works as a barrier for unwanted particles then removes them from the main

fluid stream and stop them on the main contact surface of the medium. The simple

example of the same is separation of tea dust from tea. Next is the depth filtration

which is an arrangement of the medium which itself has graded density structure

which separate and collect the different size of dust particles within its graded

23
 structure. Furthermore, these filters are manufactured through graded denser

structures which filter the particles from drinking water at different layers of

structure. [33]

Different Process of Filtration System

Sediment Filter

The primary stage where the tap will enter is the Sediment Filter in which

tap water removes sediment, dirt, silt, rust and other particulate substances that

affects the taste and form of the water. It resists the sediments that may cover the

inside of the reverse osmosis membrane. Typically, sediment filters used 0.5 to 1

mm range of pore sizes. Thus, if the water has a lot of sediment, it is recommended

to use a sequence of sediment filters with gradually decreasing pore size. It also

protects the carbon filter from clogging and prevents damage to the reverse osmosis

membrane.

Carbon Filter

The secondary stage is the Carbon Filter which contains activated carbon

and removes the chlorine or chloramines and state the water first before going to

the reverse osmosis membrane. The activated carbon will break down the chlorine

and chloramine in the tap water. It also prevents damages to the reverse osmosis

membrane. Thus, if the sediment filter is defective, the sediments can clog the

activated carbon and decrease its efficiency. Furthermore, the carbon filters used in

the reverse osmosis system can also remove certain organic chemicals from the

24
water. Most of it are huge enough not to traverse in the reverse osmosis membrane,

but a few might be small enough to enter.

Reverse Osmosis Membrane

The tertiary stage of the water filtration is the Reverse Osmosis Membrane

which removes the organic and inorganic compounds such as fluoride and salts and

reduces contaminants from water. It consists of an imperative sheet of porous

organic polymer. Some kinds of materials such as cellulose acetate or triacetate

blends, thin film layer composites, and modified polysulfide are used

commercially. Also, reverse osmosis membranes purify based on size. Larger

compounds cannot pass through them. Thus, if the membrane's pore sizes are made

larger than water molecules, the water can pass through them. Also, to get a

necessary fast flow of water in the membrane, the pores should be essentially larger

than a water molecule. In addition, some molecules of compounds larger than a

water molecule can still pass in.

To function properly, the reverse osmosis membrane is attached with a flow

restrictor that let the pressure builds on the upstream side of the membrane, rather

than allowing the water run out of the unit and down the drain. This pressure forces

the water molecules through the membrane. Furthermore, many systems include a

pressure gauge that measures the line pressure onwards on the reverse osmosis

membrane. It is the pressure that forces water through. At low pressure, the water

might run through the restrictor and down the drain. However, several factors, such

as temperature and pressure, control the flow rate through the membrane and the

25
 purity of the water. Lower temperature makes the water more glutinous and less

likely to flow in the small pores, decreasing the production of purified water. The

result of temperature on purity is much lesser, with purity reducing a little at higher

temperatures. Because of higher line pressure across the reverse osmosis

membrane, the production and quality obtain higher rates, although higher pressure

can damage the membrane. [34]

The Filtration is the center part of the proposed project which serve as main

function and purpose of this prototype. The water from the river is the source of this

filtration that would help the citizens of Mangyan community for daily used. The reverse

osmosis membrane is the process that will undergo by water to fully filter so that it can be

drinkable and used in various necessity. The usage of the reverse osmosis membrane is a

good choice for controlling the taste, odor, and appearance of the water, also takes simple

maintenance.

26
Solar Technology

Solar power is a renewable free source of energy that comes from sunlight or any

heat from the sun. It is widely used in a community especially summer season, unlike other

energy source solar power does not have any harmful effects on greenhouse gases. Solar

electricity that is restored can supply our electrical needs.

Solar technology is the devices or instruments that convert sunlight into electricity.

The principle behind these is the energy that collected using solar panels and stored in a

generator. Solar cells collect photons across the band gap of a semiconductor, which creates

electron-hole pairs that are then charge separated, typically by p-n junctions introduced by

doping.

Components of Solar Panels

Solar panels are a set of solar cells/photovoltaic cells that can generate electricity

through photovoltaic cells, it is the ability of matter to release electrons when a light is

shone on it. Solar panels are made up of panels that served as the most important part, the

sunlight that is collected depends on the mounting equipment’s, Inverters that will convert

the electricity into DC/AC, Tracking mounts that will control the panels so that it can

maximize sun rays, Wiring and fuse box connections and utility power meters [35].

27
Types of Solar Panels

Mono crystalline Silicon Solar cells

Figure 1. an image of Mono crystalline silicon solar cells

Source: https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/monocrystalline-silicon-solar-panel.html

Figure 1 shows an image of Mono Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Also

called single- crystalline Silicon (single crystal, SI) it can easily be recognized by

its coloring and uniform look as a sign of highly purity silicon. It is made up of

silicon ingots, which gives monocrystalline solar panels their outside look.

Monocrystalline silicon solar cells are the best solar panel to deliver efficiency as

measured by wattage output, but it is too much expensive. Mono crystalline silicon

solar cells have the best purity due to its crystal framework producing a steady blue

color and no grain marks.

28
Polycrystalline Silicon Solar cells

Figure 2. a set of Polycrystalline silicon solar panels installed in a roof

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/okinawa-soba/9068490219

Figure 2 shows a set of Polycrystalline silicon solar panels installed in a

roof. Polycrystalline silicon solar panels come from molten silicon that poured into

a cast. However, due to its construction method that crystal structured form

imperfectly, creating boundaries where the crystal formation breaks that gives the

polycrystalline silicon its distinctive, grainy appearance.

Comparing from Monocrystalline Silicon, Polycrystalline silicon solar

panels is less efficient because of its impurities in crystal but in terms of

manufacturing process Polycrystalline Silicon solar panels uses less energy and

materials having an advantage cost over Monocrystalline Silicon [36].

29
String Ribbon Solar Cells

String ribbon solar panels are other form of polycrystalline silicon. String

ribbon comes from the name of manufacturing technology that produces a

polycrystalline silicon. Temperature resistant wires are carried through molten

silicon that result in very thin silicon ribbons. With this solar technology looks like

to traditional polycrystalline solar panels.

Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)

Also called as thin-film photovoltaic cells (TFPV) it can be group by its

photovoltaic materials: Amorphous silicon (a-Si), Cadmium telluride (CdTe),

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS), Organic Photovoltaic Cells ( OPC ).

Thin- film module prototypes have efficiencies between 7-13 % and

production modules operate at about 9%. Future module efficiencies are expected

to climb close about to the 10-16 %.

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Solar Cells

Amorphous silicon solar panels have intentionally been used for small-scale

applications because the output of electrical power is low. However, recent

innovations have made them more attractive for some large-scale applications too.

To result to a higher efficiency rates using amorphous silicon solar cells, a

manufacturing technique called ‘stacking’ is known. However, these technique is

too expensive.

30
 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells

Cadmium telluride solar cells is the only thin-film solar technology that

engaged the cost- efficiency of crystalline silicon solar panels in some portion of

the market (multi-kilowatt systems). Cadmium telluride solar panels efficiency

operates in the range of 9-11%.

Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cells

CIGS solar cells have the highest potential in terms of efficiency rates with

10-12% compared to the other thin-film technologies above. In terms of

commercial production, CIGS solar panels were started in Germany 2011. In

addition to that these types of solar cells contain less amounts of toxic materials

rather than CdTe solar cells [37].

Advantages of Solar Panels

Gives renewable energy

Since solar panels can be energized by solar energy. As a result, solar panel

emits renewable energy that is available everyday throughout the world. It can be

used whether where you place it if the sun shines upon it. And according to

scientists, the sun will continue to give solar energy for at least 5 billion more years,

making solar panels usable for a long time.

Different Applications

Solar panels have different used in residential and commercial buildings.

Today’s generations, they are used not only to supply electricity but also to heat

31
water and run solar powered cars. Solar panels as same as solar technology are

used in commercial that result to different application.

Less Energy Bills

Solar panels have the capability to reduce energy consumption making it

one of the most practical and top advantage. By just installing solar panels in home

people do not need electricity sold commercially like Meralco here in Philippines.

As a result, a big help in terms of savings can be save by a consumer.

Technological Advancement

With the advancement of technology and the continuous development and

research, Solar panels will be highly demand especially in household. As time pass

by, many inventions and experiments will be introduce helping solar panels to

become more popular renewable source.

Maintenance cost

Due to the warranties issued by solar panel producers, maintenance costs of

solar panels cheap. Moreover, Solar panels maintenance requirements are also not

expensive, they just only need to be clean regularly. In addition, there are no part

to be replaced except for the inverter that might need replacement between five to

ten years.

32
Disadvantages of Solar Panels

Unreliable

Despite the electricity that produced by solar panels, critics say that it is not

a good reliable source of electricity because it cannot operate at a maximum under

some weather conditions namely storms, cloudy and rainy days. In addition, solar

panels cannot able to store energy at night since no sun in present.

Expensive

Solar panels are a good producer of energy but it is too expensive. Not just

in purchasing solar panels itself but consumer must have a high amount of money

due to acquire the best angle, position and mounting of solar panels.

Pollution

Even though using solar panels are not harm to green gases and the pollution

they release is not severe as the chemicals and toxic emits by other source of energy,

it is said that the installation and transportation of solar panels are a big cause of

green gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, manufacturing of solar panels is using

hazardous products and toxic materials.

Space Requirements

If a person wants to get sufficient electricity than usual, solar panels should

be installed in the proper place. A solar panel needs a space requirement that will

be easy accessible by sunlight so it can store a high amount of energy [38].

33
Formula for Computation of Loads

𝐏 = 𝐓𝐖 𝐱 𝐓 𝐱 𝐝𝐟

Where,

TW= total wattage of loads.

T= Time on how long the prototype will be use

DF= Demand Factor

Solar panels are a big helping hand to consumer to lessen the cost of electricity

consumption but in other hand it is too much expensive. Consumer should give up some

factors to maximize the advantage of using solar panels. In this research study,

Monocrystalline solar panel will be use rather than Polycrystalline since it has the highest

efficiency as measured by wattage output. In Mangyan Community, there’s no source of

electricity so they need a reliable source of energy that can be used in times of need and

solar panel is one of the best solution.

34
Hardware Requirements

Water Reservoir Tank

Figure 3. example of Water Reservoir tank

Source: http://www.stainlesssteel-storagetank.com/sale-2319387-big-commercial-stainless-steel-water-tanks-for-beer-

milk-storage-bead-blasted.html

Figure 3 shows an example of Water reservoir tank which is an equipment

used to provide water in a tank that has many purposes such as for drinking,

agricultural farming, agricultural irrigation, chemical manufacturing and many

more. Water reservoir tank have different sizes and shapes that are made in plastic,

fiberglass, stone, aluminum, steel and concrete. This research study will use water

reservoir tank that will store enough water to supply the needs of Mangyan people
[39]
.

35
Water Pump

Figure 4. example of Water Pump

Source: https://pic.made-in-china.com/4f0j00ZvzaVEeIJlcr/Water-Pump.jpg

Figure 4 shows an example of Water pump which is a device that produces

a strong air pressure that will draw in the circulation of water through pipes. This

research study will use water pump to draw in the water from the river up to the

filtration system.

Faucet

36
 Figure 5. example of faucet

Source: http://www.photo-dictionary.com/phrase/10740/brass-faucet.html

Figure 5 shows an example of Faucet which is an equipment that will

control the flow of water, faucet allows the consumer to turn on or off the flow of

water. This is where the water release from the tank.

Water Pipes

Figure 6. example of water pipes

Source: http://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1NDqWKpXXXXcUXXXXq6xXFXXXp/Seamless-steel-water-well-casing-

pipe-water.jpg

Figure 6 shows an example of water pipes which is a pathway of water that

can be made up of metal or plastic. It is used for transporting water from the source

through the faucet or any water reservoir tanks. Typically used in plumbing system

37
to supply water [40]. This research study will use water pipe as a lane for the water

from the river that will flow through the water tank.

Solar LED Lights

Figure 7. example of Solar LED light

Source: http://www.globeledphilippines.com/project/solar-street-lightamp/

Figure 7 shows an example of light-emitting diode (LED) which is a

semiconductor device used to illuminate its surrounding areas. It releases visible

light when an electric current energized through it [41]. This research study will use

an LED outdoor lights to illuminate the surrounding areas and it will be powered

by Solar panels which converts light energy to electrical energy.

38
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker)

Figure 8. example of MPPT

Source: http://www.sunstore.co.uk/images/P/EPTracer2215RN20a.jpg

Figure 8 shows an example of Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)

which is an electronic system that runs the modules of photo-voltaic in a process

that gives way to the modules to produce maximum power. It is a complete

electronic system that varies the electric point of operating modules to produce the

highest available power of module. The additional power generate from the

modules is converted into use as to boost the present rate of the battery. The

Maximum Power Point Tracker is an electronic tracker that is generally digital. The

controller monitors the output of the solar panel, then measure up the voltage of the

battery. It demonstrates the most capable power produced by the panel to charge

the battery. It receives it and converts it to the most efficient voltage to gain the

maximum AMPS of the battery. Most modern maximum power point tracker can

39
 gain about 93-97% efficiency of conversion. There is the possibility of getting 20 -

45% power in winter and 10 - 15% in summer. The actual benefits may change

materially, depends on what season, temperature, condition of battery, and other

accounts [42].

Lead Acid Battery (VRLA)

Figure 9. example of Lead Acid Battery (VRLA)

Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-

5hgQnzA2N44/VpBLoWDpfZI/AAAAAAAAAB8/w1hyZNSOMGs/s1600/ritar%2Bpower%2Bra12-40.jpg

Figure 9 shows an image of VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid) battery.

It is a rechargeable battery, widely known for using on UPS systems,

Telecommunication systems, Alarm Systems, Power transmission and distribution

systems and power plant. In this research study VRLA battery will use to store the

converted energy from the solar panels.

40
Monitoring System

Water sensor

Figure 10. image of a water sensor

Source: http://www.emartee.com/product/42240/High%20Sensitivity%20Water%20Sensor

Figure 10 shows an image of water sensor. It is an electronic device that can

detect that status of water in various application. In addition, it is a triggering device

that can sense the water if it is in good condition. In this research study it will used

water sensor to sense the condition of water inside the reservoir tank if it is in high,

medium or low level.

41
Relay

Figure 11. example of Electromagnetic relay

Source: http://www.emartee.com/Images/websites/emartee.com/wrobot-light.jpg

Figure 11 shows an example of Electromagnetic relay which is the working

concept of a split phase induction motor for example the initial force is expand on

the working component like triggering the device if is working or not.

The research study will use an electromagnetic relay that is connected in the

Solar LED light to the arduino microcontroller which can triggered or sense the

luminaire if it is working and operational.

42
Global System for Mobile (GSM) module

Figure 12. example of Global System for Mobile (GSM) module

Source: http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/gsm_module.jpg

Figure 12 shows an example of GSM module which is a small component

in a circuit and widely known for creating mobile communication system in the

world. It is used as a telephony to communicate with other subscribers whether if

they are far. Consist of sim card input for transmitting or receiving data. [44]

The GSM module is used for this project as a monitoring system because of

its capability to send signal rapidly to the subscriber when there is any problem in

the lighting system or to the water level. Also, by sending it a message code the

subscriber will know the status of the lights and the water level.

43
 Arduino

Figure 13. example of Arduino

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Arduino-uno-perspective-transparent.png

Figure 13 shows an example of Arduino which is an open- source circuit

based on programming. It is a type of microcontroller serves as a central processor

that controls the input and output devices of the equipment will be used.

This research study will use Arduino which is programmed to monitor the

water level, Light status and the energy source. In addition, it is also connected to

the Global System for Mobile (GSM) module to send Short Message Service (SMS)

that can report the status of the research project through mobile phone.

44
Evaluation System

The Technological University of the Philippines (TUP) has formulated and

validated an Evaluation Instrument for Prototype Development with six (6) major criteria

namely: functionality, aesthetics, workability, durability, economy and safety which will

set the standard in maintaining the quality and efficiency of this project. These criteria are

defined as follows:

Functionality refers to the operation and ability to perform its desired task. It has sub

criteria such as case of operation, provision for comfort and convenience and user interface;

Workability is the availability of materials used, availability of expertise and availability

of tools and machines;

Durability refers to the quality of materials used, craftsmanship and the design of the

prototype;

Economy is measured in terms of materials needed, time and labor pent, and machine/s

required to develop the prototype; and

Safety in terms of absence of toxic/hazardous materials, absence of sharp edges and

provision for protective devices.

The evaluation instrument uses a five-point likert scale in which the highest

possible rating is 5 and 1 will be the lowest. The survey is evaluated by the respondents by

each indicator and is rated numerically using scoring system,

45
Table 1

Numerical Rating and its corresponding evaluation description

Numerical Rating Interpretation

_______________________________________________________________________
5 Outstanding

4 Very Satisfactory

3 Satisfactory

2 Fair

1 Poor
_______________________________________________________________________

The result of the evaluation from the respondents are collected, analyzed and

interpreted according to its performance. The resulting data is interpreted quantitatively on

table 1.

46
 Conceptual Model of the Study

Based on the foregoing concepts, theories and findings of related literature, studies

and insights taken from them, a conceptual model was developed as shown below.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

KNOWLEDGE
REQUIREMENTS
Design
 Water
 Mangyan Water
Community Examination PORTABLE
 Filtration System WATER
 Solar Technology Development FILTRATION
FOR
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Installation and MANGYAN
 Shovel Implementation COMMUNITY
 Hand Drills
 Drills Bits Operation and
 Hammer Testing
 Trowel
 Screw Drivers
 Screws
 Bolts and Nuts
 Wrenches
 Pliers
 Wires
 Soldering Iron Evaluation
 VOM Tester
Functionality
HARDWARE
REQUIREMENTS Workability
 Reservoir Tank
Durability
 Water Pump
 Faucet
Economy
 Water Pipes
 Hollow Blocks Safety
 Steels
 Solar LED Lights
 Solar Panel
 Monitoring System

Figure 14. Conceptual model of the Study

47
 After intensive research, understanding and inquiry through different related

literature and related study, a model was conceptualized to serve as the guide to the

development of portable water filtration system to Mangyan community using Photovoltaic

Technology as shown on figure 14.

The IPO of the said thesis is divided into three parts: (1) Input which is composed

of Knowledge requirements and Hardware requirements, it is the ideas and tools needed to

finish this research study, (2) Process or activities that will be the procedure/steps to finish

the output, (3) Output, it is the final product.

48
Operational Definition of Terms

Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that

increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.

Algae is a simple nonflowering plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and

many single-celled forms.

Crytosporidium is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites.

Diatom a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica.

Diatomaceous Earth is a soft, crumbly, porous sedimentary deposit formed from the

fossil remains of diatoms.

Dispute is to argue about or disagreement

Doping is a process of adding some impurity atoms in the semiconductor of p-n junctions.

Floc is a loosely clumped mass of fine particles.

Generator converts light energy into electrical energy.

Giardia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis.

Inhabitants refers to a person or animal that lives in a place.

Membrane are thin and porous sheets of material able to take away contaminants from

water when a driving force is applied.

Ozonation is a chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into

water.

49
Pathogens is a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Perilous is full of danger

Photovoltaic cells converts sunlight directly into electricity.

Protozoa is a phylum or group of phyla that comprises the single-celled microscopic

animals, which include amebas, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, and many other forms.

Sanitation is the process of keeping places free from dirt, infection, or disease.

Semiconductor is a material whose conductivity is between conductor and insulator.

Slurry a semiliquid mixture, typically of fine particles of manure, cement, or coal

suspended in water.

Stacking is a means of improving connections between solar cells.

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual

particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, like smoke in air

Ultraviolet light (of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength shorter than that of

the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than that of X-rays.

User’s Manual is a step by step procedure on how to use the prototype.

Whisky a spirit distilled from malted grain, especially barley or rye.

50
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter mostly compromise the main design and detailed explanation

regarding the methodology used in the study. This chapter is composed of Project Design,

Project Development, Operation and Testing procedure, and Evaluation procedure.

Project Design

The Portable Filtration System for Mangyan Community using Photovoltaic

Technology is a research study that is designed to provide safe and clean water to

Mangyans shown in Figure 15. Furthermore, this project will give enough supply of water

that can be used for everyday life like cooking and washing clothes. It has a monitoring

system to keep the Solar LED lights still functioning, to observe the water level inside the

water tank and to control the voltage that enters the battery. In addition, the main highlight

of this project is the Water filtration system that has 3 processes namely: sediment filter,

carbon filter and reserve osmosis membrane.

Figure 15. Isometric View of the Prototype

51
Project Development

After analyzing the process flow and gathering ideas intended for the design of the

Portable Filtration System for Mangyan Community using Photovoltaic Technology. The

following procedure shows the step by step pattern on how the major section of the research

study will be establish.

Figure 16. Exploded design of the concrete storage and concrete elevation

Figure 16 shows the exploded design of the research study that will be establish.

This is where the components of the project are located including the Filtration system,

Water Tank, Monitoring system, Battery, MPPT, Water Pump and Faucet. The researchers

will dig and make the foundation of this concrete storage up to 150 cm below ground to

make sure that it is strong enough to hold all the components of the research study. After

the concrete storage fully finish the next step is by placing and installing all the components

inside.

52
Figure 17. Flowchart Diagram

Figure 18. Block Diagram

53
 The Flowchart Diagram and Block Diagram shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18 are

the connection of each components to make the whole part of the Portable Filtration System

for Mangyan Community using Photovoltaic Technology. These Diagram provides a stable

procedure of the task needed to develop the research study. It tracks a project idea develop

through analyzing the system and its design. Generally, it consists of series of defined steps

or stages and at the end of the cycle, the output has been described and achieved in the

paced.

The following are the steps follow in installation of Pole that attached to one of the

concrete storage which were done in two stages:

Stage 1 – Installation of Solar Panel

1. Install the foundation of the Solar Panel.

2. Lift the lamp pole.

3. Install and secure the solar bracket at top of the pole using screwdriver and screws.

4. Install the solar panel on the top of the lamp pole.

5. Check if the solar panel is tightened up with screws and is in right position after

installation.

Stage 2 – Installation of Solar LED light

1. Install the Foundation of the Solar LED Light.

2. Lift the lamp pole.

3. Install and secure the Solar Bracket at the top of the lamp pole.

4. Install the solar LED light on the lamp pole.

54
 5. Check installation and connections to confirm that everything is in the right

position.

Next, the following are the steps followed in the process flow of the water which

were done in five stages:

Stage 1 – Water Source (River) Assembly

1. Dig at least 60 cm below ground.

2. Connect the water pipes from the water source to the water pump.

3. Check if the water pipes are properly connected to avoid water leakage.

Stage 2 – Water Pump Assembly

1. Dig at least 60 cm below ground.

2. Place and connect the water pipe from the river through the water pump.

3. Place and connect another water pipe from the water pump to water reservoir

tank.

4. Check the water pipes if it is connected and if there is no leakage.

Stage 3 – Filtration System Assembly

1. Attach the filtration system into the concrete storage.

2. Connect water pipes from the water pump into the filtration system.

3. Check if the filtration system is properly attach.

4. Check also if the water pipes are properly connected to avoid water leakage.

Stage 4 – Water Reservoir Tank Assembly

1. Place the water tank in top of the elevated concrete.

55
 2. Check if the water tank support is stable enough and in proper position.

3. Connect water pipes from the filtration system to the water tank.

4. Check the water pipes connection if it is properly connected.

Stage 5 – Faucet Assembly

1. Place the faucet in one of the hole of the concrete storage.

2. Rotate counter clockwise the handle that serve as the switch of the faucet.

3. Check if the water faucet releases enough water.

Lastly, the following are the steps followed in the process flow of Solar Panel to its

load which were done in eight stages:

Stage 1 – MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) Assembly

1. Connect the solar panel to the MPPT to monitor the energy obtained by the solar

panel.

2. Connect the MPPT to the battery for controlling and monitoring the energy that

supplying the loads.

3. Use wrench to ensure if the screws and wire are properly tight.

4. Set the limits and check the settings of MPPT.

5. Check the connection if it is secured.

Stage 2 – Battery Assembly

1. After connecting it to the MPPT, connect the battery to the water pump and water

sensor.

2. Check if the wirings are secured.

56
Stage 3 – Water Pump Assembly

1. Dig at least 60 cm below ground.

2. Place and connect the pipes from the water pump through the concrete storage.

3. Insert the wirings of the water pump to the solar panel through the pipes

4. Connect the wire from the water pump to the Solar Panel.

5. Check if the wire is tightened and connected.

Stage 4 – Water Level Sensor Assembly

1. Connect the water level sensor to the battery source.

2. Attach the water sensor inside the circuit box to know the level of water in the water

reservoir tank.

3. Connect the water level sensor into the microcontroller for the monitoring of water

level.

4. Check if the wirings are secured.

5. After the connection place the wire (input) to the water tank to sense the water from

low, medium and high.

Stage 5 – Relay Assembly

1. Connect the Solar LED to the relay for the monitoring system.

2. Connect the relay to the microcontroller to become a triggering device for the

solar LED.

3. Check if the wirings are secured.

57
Stage 6 – Arduino Microcontroller Assembly

1. Connect and program the Arduino microcontroller to the Global System for Mobile

to control the GSM module for transmitting and receiving signal.

2. Check if the wirings are secured.

Stage 7 – Global System for Mobile (GSM) Module Assembly

1. After connecting the GSM module to the microcontroller, put a sim card on the

GSM module.

2. Connect the GSM module and Arduino microcontroller into the laptop for program.

The laptop is the source of the GSM and Arduino microcontroller when

programming it.

3. Open the Arduino IDE software

4. Go to the program and put the user’s mobile number.

5. Run the program.

6. Check if the program works and if the wirings are secured.

Stage 8 – Mobile Devices Assembly

1. Send a message to the GSM module sim card base on the program. The user’s will

receive a feedback from the GSM module showing its status.

58
 Figure 19. Portable Filtration System for Mangyan Community using Photovoltaic

Technology

The Portable Filtration System for Mangyan Community using Photovoltaic

Technology shown in figure 19 is the partial design and the actual conceptual model of

the research study.

59
Operation and Testing Procedure

The process and calculation of loads of this project will determine the sustainability

of the project. To test the performance of the proposed project, the efficiency and

functionality of the system is based on filtration and Philippine Electrical Code.

Operational Procedure

To determine the functionality of the system, the following procedure must be followed.

1. The project must be placed in an open area directed to sunlight for the solar panels

and solar LED.

2. It must be connected the solar panel to MPPT for the Battery.

3. It must be placed the water pump in the river to flow it through pipes to filtration

system directly to water tank.

4. It must be placed the water sensor inside the tank to monitor the levels of the water.

5. It must be connected the battery into water pump, water sensor and relay.

6. It must be connected the water sensor and relay to the microcontroller for

monitoring devices.

7. Lastly, the microcontroller must be connected to the GSM to transmit message to

the authorized person for the status and be informed through mobile.

Testing Procedure

To test the functionality of the system, the following procedure must be followed.

1. Test and determine if the solar panel can provide sufficient electricity to all devices

in the system.

60
2. Test the solar LED if it can illuminate effectively in the certain area.

3. Test the filtration if it can purify the water accurately and be able to drink.

4. Test if the monitoring device can precisely monitor the water level and light status

5. Test if the GSM can transmit message to inform the authorized person.

61
Evaluation Procedure

To determine the performance of the research study, the following procedural

method will be conducted to evaluate the functionality, workability, durability, economy

and safety. The project will demonstrate to at least 30 end users, by asking them and give

feedback on the project.

A. Project Demonstration

1. Invite at least 30 evaluators consisting of ten (10) Electrical Engineering

Technology (EET) professor, fourteen (14) EET students, one (1) department head,

two (2) faculty personnel, two (2) water sanitation experts and one (1) Barangay

Captain.

2. Assure the participants that their evaluation and participation which will be treated

with confidentiality and it will be just used for the study.

3. Demonstrate and present the prototype to the participants accordingly on how the

system works, for them to explore and use.

4. Distribute the evaluation tool to the evaluators and ask them to rate the system.

5. Collect and tabulate the data.

6. Compute the mean of each criterion and the overall mean; and

7. Interpret the results and the acceptability of the system for the equivalent

descriptive rating.

8. Interpret the results using the equivalent descriptive rating on table 2.

62
Table 2

Range of Mean Value of the Survey Result

Numerical Rating Interpretation

_______________________________________________________________________
4.51 - 5.00 Outstanding

3.51 - 4.50 Very Satisfactory

2.51 - 3.50 Satisfactory

1.51 - 2.50 Fair

1.00 - 1.50 Poor

The result of the evaluation from the respondents are collated, analyzed and

interpreted according to its performance. The resulting data is interpreted quantitatively on

table 2.

63
Bibliography

Water - its importance and source. (n.d.). From

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-

manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch6~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-

ch6.1

The Importance of water and Your health. (n.d.). From

http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education/water-health.htm

Two billion people drinking contaminated water: WHO. (n.d.). From

http://news.mb.com.ph/2017/04/13/two-billion-people-drinking-contaminated-water-

who/

Brighter Brains. (n.d.). From http://brighterbrains.org/articles/entry/the-mangyan-of-

mindoro-island-the-philippines-questions-answers

Thebloggingtortol, %. (2016, March 22). Mangyans: Inequality & Marginalization. From

https://thebloggingtortol.wordpress.com/2016/03/22/mangyans-inequality-

marginalization/

Sharma, R. (2017, July 21). Short Essay on Importance of Water. From

http://www.importantindia.com/16245/short-essay-on-importance-of-water/

The Importance of water and Your health. (n.d.). From

https://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education/water-health-page2.htm

Different Sources of Water. (n.d.). From http://sciencing.com/different-sources-water-

7624072.html

64
Parakh, V. (n.d.). From http://www.preservearticles.com/201101072801/different-

sources-of-water.html

Drinking Water. (2009, April 10). From

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_sources.html

Common Drinking Water Contaminants. (n.d.). From http://nrclabs.com/common-

drinking-water-contaminants/

Home Plus Water (n.d.). Water Contaminants. From http://www.home-water-purifiers-

and-filters.com/water-contaminants.php

Perlman, U. H. (n.d.). Contaminants Found in Groundwater. From

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/groundwater-contaminants.html

(n.d.). From http://phch.eccmanila.org/tribal.html

(n.d.). From http://mangyan.org/book/export/html/60

The Mangyan of Mindoro | Travel Photographer Jacob Maentz. (2016, April 24). From

http://www.jacobimages.com/2012/12/the-mangyan-of-mindoro

Laskey, J. (2015, February 16). The Health Benefits of Water. From

https://www.everydayhealth.com/water-health/water-body-health.aspx

Academies, N. (2007, September 01). Safe Drinking Water Is Essential. From

https://www.koshland-science-museum.org/water/html/en/Overview/Why-is-Safe-Water-

Essential.html

65
Facebook. (n.d.). From https://www.facebook.com/notes/plan-international-philippines/a-

mangyan-communitys-struggle-for-clean-water/1059612297455939/

Arunachalam Iyer Follow. (2015, January 30). Illumination In opencast mining the needs.

From https://www.slideshare.net/barunachalam/illumination-in-opencast-mining-the-

needs

Your water tastes terrible? It might be simpler than you think to improve it. (n.d.). From

https://www.thespruce.com/water-filtration-purpose-1907916

Industrial Filtration Techniques, Filter, Cartridge, Bag Supplier. (2017, June 20). From

http://www.filter-concept.com/industrial/types-of-filtration/

10 Benefits of Using a Drinking Water Filter. (n.d.). From

http://www.allaboutwater.org/water-filters.html

Water Co (n.d.). Water, The Spice of Life! From

https://www.waterscoaustralia.com.au/water-filter-technology/water-good-health

What Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? (n.d.). From

https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd#1

Centrifugal filtration. (n.d.). From

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/centrifugalfiltration

Fox, C., & Walker, J. (2017, September 06). What is a Centrifugal Filter? From

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-centrifugal-filter.htm

(n.d.). From http://orgchemboulder.com/Technique/Procedures/Filtration/Filtration.shtml

66
Whisky for Everyone. (n.d.). From

http://www.whiskyforeveryone.com/whisky_basics/chill_filtration.html

Hot filtration- need help? (n.d.). From

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120514000416AATYOEx

(n.d.). From http://www.culligan.ae/wp-content/pdf/

(n.d.). From http://www.versaquatics.com/mechanicalfiltration.htm

(n.d.). From http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2005-05/rhf/index.php

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2, 3 & 4 STAGE FILTRATION. (n.d.). From

https://www.aquaticlife.com/blog/the-difference-between-2-3-and-4-stage-filtration/

The Basic Components of a Home Solar Power System. (n.d.). From

http://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/energy-sources/the-basic-

components-of-a-home-solar-power-system/

Pickerel, K. (2016, March 04). What are the different types of solar modules? From

https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2015/07/what-are-the-different-types-of-solar-

modules/

Says, S. B., Says, G., Says, T., Says, M., Says, C. C., Says, V. S., . . . Says, N. A. (n.d.).

Which Solar Panel Type is Best? Mono-, Polycrystalline or Thin Film? From

http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/

C. (2017, January 13). 10 Disadvantages and Advantages of Solar Panels. From

http://connectusfund.org/10-disadvantages-and-advantages-of-solar-panels

67
What is a Water Storage Tank? - Definition from Corrosionpedia. (n.d.). From

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1763/water-storage-tank

What Kind of Pipes Are Used for Drinking Water? (n.d.). From

https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-pipe-used-for-water-2718736

What is light-emitting diode (LED)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). From

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED

All About Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Solar Charge Controllers. (n.d.).

From https://www.solar-electric.com/learning-center/batteries-and-charging/mppt-solar-

charge-controllers.html

What is Electromagnetic Relay? - Definition & Types. (2017, October 03). From

http://circuitglobe.com/electromagnetic-relay.html#ixzz4vaqfNVKX

What is GSM Module and GPRS Module | EXPERT CLASS NOTES. (2017, April 11).

From http://electronicsforu.com/resources/gsm-module

68