Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the

DIFFERENT PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE peopled.

L I T E R A T U R E
Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song.

Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead

Folk Tales
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564)

v. Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals
A. Characteristics
possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls,
a) Based on oral traditions volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna.

b) Crude on ideology and phraseology

vi. Legends – explain the origin of things

B. Literary Forms Why the Pineapple Has Eyes The Legend of Maria Makiling

a) Oral Literature

i. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants vii. Fables – used animal characters and allegory

Tigmo –Cebu Paktakon – Ilonggo Patotdon – Bicol

viii. Fantasty stories – deal with underworld characters such as
“tiyanak”,“aswang”, “kapre” and others.
ii. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings that contain a metaphor used
to teach as a food for thought etc. ix. Epics - These are “narratives of sustained length based on oral
tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds”
(Arsenio Manuel)
iii. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocano) Hinilawod (Panay)
and lessonson life is "more emotionally charged than the terse Kudaman (Palawan) Darangen (Maranao)
proverb and thus hasaffinities with the folk lyric."

SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 – 1863)

iv. Folk Songs - It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and
aspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their loves. These are
often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naivea.
A. Characteristics
Hele or oyayi – lullaby
a) It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular
Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per line poem that are about
human relationships and social entertainment b) It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication.
B. Literary Forms

a) Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or

those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early
NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
(1864 – 1896)

i. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of

Christ. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu A) Characteristics
Cristong Panignoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen
a) Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos

b) Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog

ii. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion
and death of Christ c) Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”

b) Secular (non-religious) Literature B) Literary Forms

i. Awit - colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting a) Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
Example: Ibong Adarna
i. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written
to attackand expose the evils of Spanish rule

ii. Korido – metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains

Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar 1. Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar ii.La
Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Political Novels
iii. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum 2. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s
1. Dialogo masterpiecesthat paved the way to the revolution

2. Ejemplo

3. Manual de Urbanidad b) Revolutionary Literature – more propagandistic than literary as it is

moreviolent in nature and demanded complete independence for the
4. tratado country

Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng i. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolutioni. Kalayaan –
Dalawang Binibini na siUrbana at si Feliza" and newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New
Robinson) in 1879. ii. Poetry
 True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas a) 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kthang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of
Andres Bonifacio Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto theshort story contest by the military government.

b) Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 – 1945) c) Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway ArceoB.Period of Maturity and
Originality (1945-1960)

3. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay

Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
4. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse
1. Filipino Writers imitated English and American models techniques
2. Poems -- written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is 5. Literary “giants” appeared
awkward and artificial.
a) Palanca Awards for Literature
3. Short Stories
i. Jose Garcia Villa
a) Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
ii. Nick Joaquin
b) The Key – Paz Latorena
iii. NVM Gonzales
c) Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
iv. Bienvenido Santos
4. Novels
v. Gregorio Brillantes
a) Childe of Sorrow – first novel in English by Zoilo Galang
vi. Gilda Cordero Fernando

b) National Artist Awards

Period of Emergence (1920-1930) Highly influenced by Western literary trends like
Romanticism and Realism. i. Jose Garcia Villa

1. Short Stories – most prevalent literary form ii. Nick Joaquian

a) Jose Garcia Villa – earned the international title “Poet of theCentury”

CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 – PRESENT)

JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960)

A. Characteristics

War Years (1942-1944) a) Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of
thepress
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and insteadwrote in
simple language and free verse b) Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at
theface of heavy censorship
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry
c) Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil.
Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater.

d) From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and

innovation