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The main components of the fire water system are fire water storage, fire water pumps and
distribution piping network along with hydrants and monitors.
COMPONENTS:
Fire Fighting Pump and accessories:
Piping
Hoses and Hose Reels:
Wiring and Instrumentation
Maintenance Valves
Water Storage Tank
Control Panel
Booster Pump Set
Hydrant.
Panels, landing valves, couplings, fire brigade connections (OPTIONAL)
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Special considerations shall be given to the size of process plant, pressure and temperature
conditions, size of storage, plant location and terrain, as these determine the basic fire
protection need. A good layout provides adequate firefighting access, means of escape in
case of fire and also segregation of facilities so that the adjacent facilities are not
endangered during a fire.
DESIGN CRITERIA
The following shall be the basic design criteria for a fire protection system.
i) Facilities should be designed on the basis that city fire water supply is not available close
to the installation.
ii) Fire protection facilities shall be designed to fight two major fires simultaneously
anywhere in the installation.
iii) All the areas of installation where hydrocarbons are handled, shall be fully covered by
hydrant System.
BASIS
The fire water system in an installation shall be designed to meet the fire water flow
requirement for fighting two fires simultaneously requiring largest water demand.
FLOW RATE
Two of the largest flow rates calculated for different sections as shown below shall be added
and that shall be taken as design flow rate.
Fire Water flow rate for tank farm shall be aggregate of the following:
Water flow calculated for cooling a tank on fire at a rate of 3 Ipm/m2 of tank shell
area.
Water flow calculated for all other tanks falling within a radius of (R+30)m from
centre of the tank on fire and situated in the same dyke area, at a rate of 3 Ipm/m2
of tank shell area.
Water flow calculated for all other tanks falling outside a radius of (R+30)m from
centre of the tank on fire and situated in the same dyke area at a rate of 1 Ipm/m2 of
tank shell area.
Fire water flow rate for supplementary stream, shall be based on using 4 single
hydrant outlets and 1 monitor simultaneously. Capacity of each hydrant outlet as
36m3/hr and of each monitor as 144m3/hr may be considered at a pressure of
7kg/cm2g.
Fire water flow rate for LPG sphere storage area shall be aggregate of the following:
Water flow calculated for cooling LPG sphere on fire at a rate of 2Ipm/m2 of sphere
surface area.
Water flow calculated for all other spheres falling within a radius of (R+30) mts from
centre of the sphere on fire at the rate of 2Ipm/m2 of surface area.
If the water rate as calculated above works out to be more than 2000 m3/hr the
layout of the spheres should be reviewed.
Water flow for supplementary stream shall be considered as 288m3/hr.
The spheres should be laid in two separate groups with each group limited to a
maximum of 6 vessels The groups shall preferably be separated by a distance of
(R+30)m.
HEADER PRESSURE
The fire water system shall be designed for a minimum residual pressure of 7.0 kg/cm2 g at
the hydraulically remotest point of application at the designed flow rate at that point.
The fire water network shall be kept pressurised at minimum 7.0 kg/cm2 gat all the time. In
existing refineries, this shall be achieved in a phased manner.
STORAGE
Water for the hydrant service shall be stored in any easily accessible surface or underground
lined reservoir or above ground tanks of steel, concrete or masonary. The effective capacity
of the reservoir above the level of suction point shall be minimum 4 hours aggregate
working capacity of pumps. Where make up water supply system is 50% or more this
storage capacity may be reduced to 3 hours aggregate working capacity of pumps. Storage
reservoir shall be in two equal interconnected compartments to facilitate cleaning and
repairs.
Large natural reservoirs having water capacity exceeding 10 times the aggregate water
requirement of fire pumps may be left unlined.
In addition to fire water storage envisaged as above, emergency water supply in the event
of depletion of water storage shall be considered. Such water supplies may be connected
from cooling water supply header and/or treated effluent discharge headers.
Fire water supply shall be preferably from fresh water source such as river, borehole or lake.
Where fresh water source is not easily available, fire water supply may be sea water or
other acceptable source like treated effluent water.
MAKE UP WATER
Suitable provisions shall be kept for makeup fire water during firefighting. Provision to be
made to divert water from various sources like ETP, Process Cooling Water, river, ponds etc.
to the fire water system.
PUMPS
Fire water pumps shall be used exclusively for firefighting purposes.
Type of Pumps
Fire water pumps shall be of the following type:
Electric motor driven centrifugal pumps
Diesel engine driven centrifugal pumps
The pumps shall be horizontal centrifugal type or vertical turbine submersible pumps. The
pumps shall be capable of discharging 150% of its rated capacity at a minimum of 65% of the
rated head. The shut‐off head shall not exceed 120% of rated head, for horizontal pumps
and 140% in case of vertical turbine type pumps.
Capacity of Pumps
The capacity and number of main fire water pumps shall be fixed based on design fire water
rate, to be worked out on the basis of design criteria. The capacity of each pump shall not
be less than 400 m^hr nor more than 1000 cu.mt/hr. All pumps should be identical with
respect to capacity and head characteristics.
Standby pumps
When total number of Working pumps work out to be one or two, 100% standby
pumps shall be provided.
When total numbers of working pumps are more than two, 50% standby pumps shall
be provided.
No. of diesel driven pumps shall be minimum 50% of the total no. of pumps and diesel pump
capacity shall also be minimum 50%. Power supply to the pump motors should be from two
separate feeders.
Jockey Pumps
The fire water network shall be kept pressurized at minimum 7.0 kg/cm2 g by jockey pumps.
2 Jockey pumps (1 working plus 1 standby) shall be provided. The capacity of the pump shall
be sufficient to maintain system pressure in the event of leakages from valves etc. The
capacity of jockey pumps shall be 3% (minimum) and 10% (maximum) of the design fire
water rate and its head higher than the main fire water pumps.
Power Supply for Fire Water Pumps
A direct feeder dedicated only to fire water pumps shall be laid from the sub‐station
to ensure reliable power supply. The direct feeder line shall not run along with other
HT cables.
The diesel engines shall be quick starting type with the help of push buttons located
near the pumps, or at remote location.
Each diesel engine shall have an independent fuel tank adequately sized for 6 hours
continuous running of the pump.
Main fire water pumps shall start automatically and sequentially with pressure
switches on fire water mains.
Location of pumps
Fire water pumps shall be located as far away as possible ( not less than 60 mtrs )
from hazardous areas to avoid any damage in case of fire/explosion.
Sizing
Fire water distribution ring main shall be sized for 120% of the design water rate. Design
flow rates shall be distributed at nodal points to give the most realistic way of water
requirements in an emergency. Several combinations of flow requirements shall be
assumed for design of network. For large water requirement for floating roof tank, the
network around tank farm shall be suitably designed. The hydraulic analysis of network shall
be done.
Fire hydrants
Fire hydrants shall be provided in the network to ensure protection to all the facilities. The
location of the hydrants shall be carefully decided keeping in view the easy accessibility. The
maximum distance between two hydrants, however, shall not exceed 30m around
hydrocarbon storage and hazardous areas and 45m in other areas. Each hydrant shall have
two outlets inclined towards the ground. The outlets shall be of female instantaneous type
having a standard size of 63.5 mm conforming to Indian Standards.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
All the materials used in fire water system using fresh water shall be of approved type as
indicated below.
In case of saline water service the fire water main pipes shall be cement mortar lined
internally.
Pipes: Carbon Steel as per IS: 3589/ IS:1239 or its equivalent. The use of Cl pipes is
not recommended for fire water service within installations.
Isolation Valves: Cast Iron in offsite area: Cast Steel in unit areas and fire water pump
stations.
Use of Cast Steel valves is preferable in offsite areas also. However, it may be decided on
economic considerations for each case.
Isolation valves having open/close indication shall be Gate valves, however, for 12" & above
sizes, Butterfly valves should be used.