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Results of an experimental investigation of the effect of the corner Table 1—Recommended reinforcement
angle on the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete corners percentages for different corner angles1
under opening bending moments are presented. Twelve specimens
divided into two groups with two reinforcement details and the Steel yield strength fy
Corner angle, Inclined
included angle varying from 60 to 180 deg were tested. From the deg 390 MPa 590 MPa reinforcement Remarks
results obtained, and from those reported by others, it was found Corner should be
60 ρ ≤ 0.75 ρ ≤ 0.05 0.5ρ
that the efficiency of the joint is significantly affected by the angle haunched
and is at its minimum when at 120 deg. Theoretical analysis using 90 ρ ≤ 1.2 ρ ≤ 0.8 0.5ρ
finite element method (FEM) confirms the same variation of the 135 ρ ≤ 1.0 ρ ≤ 0.65 0.5ρ
diagonal tensile stress concentration with the angle.
fcu = 29.4 MPa; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
11 B5 150 3.30 15.90 11.87 134.0 Diagonal cracking at joint and flexural yielding
of bars outside joint
12 B6 180 3.78 19.79 11.93 165.9 Flexural yielding of bars outside joint
1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm.
the elastic range were generally similar for all specimens, but
at the postcracking stage, the displacements were consis-
tently reduced with the increase in angle from its highest
value for 60 deg (A1, B1) to its lowest value for 150 deg (A5,
B5), the value for 180 deg being assumed to be zero. The
effect of the corner angle on vertical and horizontal displace-
ment is further illustrated in Fig. 6 for an applied bending
moment of 5 kNm (44.2 kip-in.).
Figure 7 shows the measured increase in corner angle in
radians with the applied bending moment. The increase in
angle was also significantly affected by the corner angle at the
post-cracking stage, the 120-deg corner specimens exhibiting
the highest increase. Figure 8 shows the variation in the
increase in the corner angle for an applied bending moment
of 5 kNm (44.2 kip-in.) for the full range of angles tested. The
results further confirm that the corner stiffness is least when
Fig. 6—Effect of corner angle on vertical and average hori- the angle is about 120 deg.
zontal displacement under 5 kNm bending moment (1 in. = With the exception of Specimen A6 and B6 (180 deg), all
25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm). specimens failed after the formation of diagonal tension
Fig. 11—Finite element mesh for 60-deg corner. Fig. 12—Distribution of calculated diagonal stresses along
Axes (a-a) and (b-b) for 150-deg corner under bending
various axes perpendicular to the corner diagonal and parallel moment of 2 kNm (1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa).
to the inclined reinforcement were considered. Fig. 12 shows
typical stress distribution for a 150-deg corner along two prin- some of those reported by others, is shown. The reduction in
cipal axes. The top axis, a-a, is at the apex of the bent reinforce- efficiency appears to follow the same pattern as the increase
ment where the secondary diagonal tension cracks usually in the diagonal tensile stress with the corner angle.
appear and tend to cause the upper portion of the corner to be It is recognized1,2 that the confining effect of the bent rein-
pushed off. Axis b-b is taken at middepth of the corner diagonal forcement tends to close the diagonal crack that may appear
where most of the specimens exhibited primary diagonal inside the loop, thus contributing to the effective resistance of
tension cracks leading to failure, as was shown in Fig. 9. the diagonal tensile stress. However, at a point just outside the
Figure 13 shows the variation in the maximum diagonal bent reinforcement along axis b-b, Fig. 12, the splitting
tensile stresses along the two selected axes, a-a and b-b, with tensile stress is not affected by the confining action of the
the corner angle. The diagonal tensile stress increased with bent bars and may be the point of a possible early formation
the corner angle between 60 and 120 deg, after which the of diagonal cracks that may extend and hasten the final failure
stress gradually decreased down to zero at 180 deg. On the of the joint. There may be no simple way to reinforce against
same figure, the reduction in efficiency for the specimens all tensile stresses that occur, and the ultimate strength of the
tested, taken relative to Specimens A6 and B6, as well as corner would, therefore, depend on the tensile strength of the