Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.

14
e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470
p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research

Development
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL SIMULATION OF GEOTHERMAL

AIR COOLING SYSTEM
Billvaraj G1, Roopesha M2, Faisal Shaik3, Shamanth K M4, MR. ARUN KUMAR G L5
1,2,3,4Department of Mechanical Engineering, NMIT,Bangalore
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,NMIT, Bangalore

Abstract:-The pollution of atmosphere by fossil fuel burning, the CO2 emission growth, greenhouse effects and ozone
hole widening, recently have produced a serious problem causing drastic climate changes and real ecologic
catastrophes.Environmental protection measures are conducted directly by the use of renewable energy sources.
Geothermal energy is a unique clean renewable resource which is contained as heat in the Earth’s interior. Not only
does it provide a real base load capacity for electricity generation, it also offers a real and cleaner alternative to fossil
fuels for direct heat applications. The possible applications of geothermal energy are increasingly attracting worldwide
interest as a low carbon source of energy. Sedimentary basins offer an accessible low grade geothermal heat source to
launch energetically efficient air-conditioning systems. The natural temperature, porosity and permeability of these
sedimentary basins may be sufficient to provide usable geothermal power for heat-driven and absorption for air-
conditioning system. This work outlines the possible application of a small scale geothermal air cooling system as a case
study. The conceptual design of this system is proposed. The design considerations and the performance outcomes are
presented. And the transient heat conduction around the buried spiral coils which could be applied in the ground-coupled
heat pump systems with the pile foundation as a geothermal heat exchanger and the experimental resultsare compared
with numerical solution.
Keywords – Closed-loop system, Soil characteristics, Thermal Conductivity of pipe, Thermocouple, Fluid Flow FEA
Analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy has become an extremely important issue insecuring a sustainable energy future due to global
warming and the energy crisis since a few decades ago. The environmental implicationsof the continued global energy
system‟s dependence on fossil fuels call for urgent action. Geothermal energy is a unique clean renewable resource which
is contained as heat in the Earth‟s interior. Not only does it providea real base load capacity for electricity generation, it
also offers a real and cleaner alternative to fossil fuels for direct heat applications. Due to environmental issues suchas
global warming and its superiority as a base load renewable energy source it has received heightened attention in many
countries.The major sources of world energy which are presently available and utilized are solar energy, wind energy,
tidal energy, ocean thermal energy, and geothermal energy and biomass energy resources.Among the renewable energy
sources available, today the utilization of geothermal energy is been investigated through a number of research and
development programs. Like the solar and wind energy, geothermal energy is quantitatively significant, but the extraction
of this energy from the ground and subsequent conversion to electrical energy is not cost free and not without certain
operating problems. But, geothermal energy generation is not subject to interruptions that are inherent in solar and wind
power generation.The geothermal power plant is capable of continuous operation. In geothermal energy the inner core of
the earth is highly radioactive, and as a consequence a natural flow, heat occurs from the core to the surface of earth.Soil
temperature is an important parameter in solar energy applications such as the passive heating and cooling of buildings
and agricultural greenhouses. These applicationscan be developed by the building's direct earth contact, which involves
partial or total placing of the building envelope indirect contact with the soil, or by the building's indirect contact, which
involves the use of a buried pipe through which air from indoors or outdoors of the building is circulated and then
brought into the building or the agricultural greenhouse.Separate cooling systems are often used to maintain the desired
air temperature and the energy required to operate these systems generally comes from electricity, fossil fuels or
biomass.Considering that 46% of sun‟s energy is absorbed by the earth, another option is to use this abundant energy to
cool a building. In contrast to many other sources cooling energy, Earth Energy is available on-site and in massive
quantities.We are designing and developing an air cooler which uses the ground source energy for the cooling purpose.
So it‟s named as geothermal air cooling using ground source energy. The earth is cooler than the ambient air in summer.
So we are using this earth temperature for the conditioning of air.Closed loop ground source cooling system use the
relatively constant temperature of the ground to regulate the temperature of a home or building at very high effective
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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

efficiency. The system does not create heat combustion of fuel or passing electricity through resistors; it moves heat from
the ground to home/buildingfor cooling.This project report deals in depth “Closed Loop Ground Source CoolingSystem”.
We have designed and established a future alternative to traditional air conditioning systems.Closed loop ground source
cooling system use the relatively constant temperature of the ground to regulate the temperature of a home or building at
very high effective efficiency.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Khalil ZakiAlmustansrie, Al-musaedAmjad: Cooling tubes are a reasonably priced natural way to passively cool
the air. Cooling tubes are long pipes placed underground through which air is drawn. As the air is drawn through the
pipes it either cools the air or heats the air. It is usually used to cool and dehumidify hot outside air, but can also preheat
cold outside air. The drawn air temperature will move towards the ground temperature where the tubes are located. It is
important to understand that soils temperatures during the summer season at certain depths are considerably lower than
ambient air temperature, thus providing an important source for dissipation of a houses excess heat. Conduction or
convection can achieve heat dissipation to the ground.

[2] Thomas Woodsonand, YézoumaCoulibaly: An earth-air heat exchanger (EAHX) also known as an earth tube heat
exchanger, a system for cooling and heating buildings using the ground as a heat sink/source. This study examines the
ground temperature gradient and the performance of an EAHX performance. Ground temperature measurements were
made at certain depths. A clear phase shift was observed between the maximum outside temperature and the maximum
ground temperature, the time of the day when the outside temperature is highest corresponds to the time when the
underground temperature was lowest.

[3] Didier Thevenard: The purpose is providing some pre-conditioning of air, either pre-heating in the winter or pre-
cooling in the summer. From the literature search it was found that the economics of earth tubes was marginal,
particularly for heating. In addition, there were concern with possible problems with insects, rodents and dust
accumulation in earth tubes. The purpose of the study is to evaluate an earth tube design that would respond to this
concern and evaluate the economics. The report summarizes the proposed design, sizing and basic construction of an
Earth To Air Heat Exchanger system that is designed to be as economical as possible with current state of technology
and at current prices.

[4] C. T’JOEN, L. LIU and M. De PAEPE:The impact of different design parameters, including tube length, tube
diameter, fluid flow rate, etc., have been investigated. The simple heat exchangers are made up of a single tube (or
multiple in parallel) through which a fluid is circulated. By placing the tube sufficiently deep, the fluid which is
circulated can be cooled down in summer and heated up in winter. This is due to temperature lag which occurs between
the surface and more profound soil layers. The soil is thus used as a thermal sink and source, providing „free‟ heating or
cooling, reducing the required heating or cooling capacity to be installed for the house. These models are used to study
the influence of different design parameters (tube length, tube diameter, fluid flow rate, etc.) on the thermal- hydraulic
performance.

[5] GirjaSharan: Earth-Tube Heat Exchanger (ETHE) is a device that enables transfer of heat from ambient air to
deeper layers of soil and vice versa. Since the early exploration of its use in cooling commercial livestock buildings
(Scottetal1965) there has been considerable increase in its application. ETHE is used to condition the air in livestock
buildings (Spengler and Stombaugh 1983). It is used in North America and Europe to cool and heat greenhouses (Santa
Mouris et al 1995). There have also been works aiming attaining better understanding of its working in cooling and
heating mode (Baxter 1992, 1994). Mathematical models of ETHE have also been developed (Puri 1985; Goswamiand
Dhaliwal 1985). There has also been some work in India. Sawhneyet al (1998)installed a ETHE based system to cool
part of a guesthouse. Sharan et al (2001) installed an ETHE based cooling system for tiger dwelling at Ahmadabad
Zoological Garden. Authors have visited Tata Energy Research Institute, where a system is installed to cool rooms in
its training center near Delhi. The experimental system we have built is similar to Baxter's, though smaller and less
elaborately instrumented. Baxter's facility at Knoxville, Tennessee (USA) is a single pass earth-tube heat exchanger
64-m long, 15-cm diameter; made of 18- gauge spirally corrugated galvanized metal. The tube is buried at 1.8-m depth,
and is elaborately instrumented with temperature sensors inside the tube and in soil around it. Air is pumped by a high
pressure industrial blower of about 572 W. Instrumentation permits measurement of air temperature along the tube and
in soil around the tube.

[6]D. Pahuda, B. Matthew A borehole heat exchanger is a ground heat exchanger devised for the extraction or

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

injection of thermal energy from/into the ground. The thermal performance of a borehole heat exchanger can be
assessed with a response test. The response test method allows the in situ determination of the thermal conductivity of
the ground in the vicinity of a borehole heat exchanger, as well as the effective thermal resistance of this latter. The
response test method is described before it is applied to several designs of double U-pipe borehole heat exchangers. The
tests have shown the viability of the method. They reveal that the thermal resistance can be decreased by 30% when
quartz sand is used instead of bentonite and when spacers are used to keep the plastic pipes in contact with the borehole
wall. With a common heat extraction rate of 50 W/m of borehole length, the temperature gain in a heat pump
evaporator is 2K. Finally, a mobile device has been developed to offer the possibility of accomplishing a response test.

[7] OnderOzgenera, ArifHepbasl: Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), also known as geothermal heat pumps
(GHPs), are recognized to be outstanding heating, cooling and water heating systems and have been used since 1998 in
the Turkish market. Greenhouses also have important economic potential in Turkey‟s agricultural sector. In addition to
solar energy gain, greenhouses should be heated during nights and cold days. In order to establish optimum growth
conditions in greenhouses, renewable energy sources should be utilized as much as possible. It is expected that
effective use of heat pumps with a suitable technology in the modern greenhouses will play a leading role in Turkey in
the fore-seeable future. The main objective of the present study is to investigate to the performance characteristics of a
Solar Assisted Ground-Source Heat Pump Greenhouse Heating System (SAGSHPGHS) with a 50m vertical 1×1/4in.
nominal diameter U-bend ground heat exchanger using energy analysis method. This system was designed and
constructed in Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The energy transports between the components
and the destructions in each of the components of the SAGSHPGHS are determined for the average measured
parameters obtained from the experimental results. Energetic efficiencies of the system components are determined in
an attempt to assess their individual performances and the potential for improvements is also presented. The heating
coefficient of performances of the ground-source heat pump unit and the overall system are obtained to be 2.64 and
2.38, respectively, while the energetic efficiency of the overall system is found to be 67.7%.

[8]D J G Butler, BRE A Gigieland S Russell:Using air as refrigerant has enormous advantages over conventional
refrigerants, many of which have harmful environmental effects, are flammable or are toxic. However, the use of air
for main-stream refrigeration in buildings has been held back by the low perceived energy efficiency of air cycle
systems. This paper reviews the what is believed to be the world‟s first integrated air cycle system for heating and
cooling in buildings by BRE and FRPERC, which overcomes the low energy efficiency of cooling only systems.

[9] Ralph T. Muehleisen:In the early stages of the design of building systems, the use of simple design tools can help
estimate the size and/or impact of system components in evaluating the viability of various technologies. However,
such design tools are not readily available to evaluate earth-air heat exchangers (EAHEs), also known as earth-tubes.
Furthermore, even though many researchers have developed sophisticated equations to analyze EAHEs, they cannot be
easily recast into design equations and must be used by trial-and-error. This paper describes a set of simplified analysis
and design equations to support early-stage EAHE design and which are suitable for implementation in a spreadsheet.
The equations we have developed allow the designer to quickly determine the length of tubing required for a desired
level of heat transfer effectiveness; estimate the pressure drop across the system and required fan power; and estimate
the mean monthly temperature of air exiting the tube.

[10]KengWaiChan, Kuok Soon Chan: Soil has been proven as a promising cooling source in arid region, yet it has
underperformed in hot-humid tropical countries. This paper aims to investigate the cooling performance (soil
temperature) in hot and humid regions under the enhancement of different porous materials such as gravel and
woodchips. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the materials. First, the materials were tested outdoor under
open condition. The performance of the surface covered by these materials was compared with other surface conditions
such as the empty uncovered surface and the surface covered by a building model. The soil temperatures at the depth of
0.25 m and 1.00 m below the surface covered by wood chips are the lowest compared to other samples. Even at noon-
time, the soil temperatures at these depths are 0.8°C and 0.4°C lower compared to the soil temperature at the same
depths below the uncovered surface. In the second experiment, the porous materials were examined under the desired
radiation intensity (1000 Wm-2) from a halogen lamp. The soil surface covered by 2 cm-thick and 5cm-thick wood
chips is 3°C and 4°C lower than the soil surface covered by gravel. Meanwhile, the soil temperatures at the bottom of
the container covered by 2cm-thick and 5cm-thick wood chips are 0.5°C and 0.8°C lower than the soil covered by
gravel. Furthermore, soil with empty surface experienced the highest weight loss amongst the samples and the sample
covered by gravel has the least weight loss though it has the highest temperature. In conclusion, wood chips performed
better in enhancing the cooling effect of soil as they have lower thermal conductivity and better ability to absorb water
compared to gravel. The absorbed water may evaporate when solar radiation falls on the wood chips. As evaporation

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

happens, the heat within soil is extracted and the soil is cooled down.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL AIR COOLER

A. Objectives of present work:

 Determining whether the temperature difference between atmosphere and underground temperature can be
used for the purpose of cooling.
 Design & Fabricate a cooling system using air as the working fluid.
 Comparing the numerical solutions with that of simulation.

B. Flow Methodology:
Ground Source cooling systems work on a different principle than an ordinary furnace/air conditioning system, and they
require little maintenance or attention. Furnaces must create heat by burning a fuel, typically natural gas, propane, or fuel
oil. With Ground Source cooling systems, there's no need to create heat, hence no need for chemical combustion at the
building (though, of course, the electricity used is usually made). Instead, the Earth's natural heat is collected through a
series of pipes, called a loop, installed below the surface of the ground. Fluid circulating in the loop carries this heat to the
required location.

C. Parameters considered:

 Ground temperature at depth of the installed exchanger: The earth has capacity to store great amount of
energy in it. The temperature of the earth below the surface goes on decreasing up to some level. That is
around 15 degree C to 20 degree C cooler than above the ground level conditions.

 Selection of Tube:Depends on cost, strength, corrosion resistance,tube diameter, thermal performance and
durability. Diameters between 10-25 centimeters come into view to be most appropriate.

 Tube location: The amount of vertical or horizontal loop required is a function of the ground formation, deep
earth temperature.

 Thermal conductivity of pipes: This the quantity of heat transmitted through a unit thickness in a direction
normal to a surface of unit area, due to a unit temperature gradient under steady state conditions. Copper has
a thermal conductivity of 400 W/mk. This is higher than all other metals except silver, a precious metal.
Copper has a 60% better thermal conductivity rating than aluminum.

 Air Velocity: The dynamics of moving air through a pipe must take into consideration.

D. Experimental Setup:
The Geothermal Cooling System which is fabricated consists of closed-loop system, horizontal copper tube of 18m long
and 0.7m deep. The system has one inlet through which hot air is made to flow using compressor and another outlet
through which cooled air comes out.There are two thermocouples for indicating the temperatures at inlet, outlet and four
thermocouples placed permanently at different layers of soil. To minimize heat loss, nylon thread was used.To maintain
moisture content in the soil water is sprinkled whenever necessary. By considering the above information mentioned we
conducted the experiment for different flow rates on different days.

IV.SUMMARY

The aim of this project is to design & fabricate a heat exchanger for an air cooler which uses ground source energy. As we
know, the ground source energy is a renewable source of energy. It is available all over the world and can used to a great
extent. The earth has capacity to store great amount of energy in it. The temperature of the earth below the surface goes on
decreasing up to some level. That is around 15 degree C to 20 degree C cooler than above the ground level conditions. We
use this temperature gradient for the cooling of atmospheric air which we use in the system. We establish an active heat
exchange between working air and the ground source.So the objective here is to use the temperature difference of between
the atmospheric air and the ground source temperature to induce cooling, thereby avoiding excessive power usage. An
important part of the objective is to build an eco-friendly system. As, there are no chemicals used for cooling & there is no
emission of harmful gas this system can be referred to as eco-friendly. Cost factor is considered as one of the parameters in
this project. Conventional air conditioners have high maintenance and operating cost.
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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

V. DRAWINGS

Fig 1. Flow Methodology Fig 2. Primary design of our project model

Fig 3 & 4. Final CAD design Fig 5. Top view of container

Fig 6 & 7. Bending of Copper Tubes Fig 8. Copper Tube Sections

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

Fig 9. Multifunctional Anemometer Fig10. Temperature Indicator Fig11. Thermocouple

Fig 12, 13 & 14. Placement of copper tubes

Fig 15. Final assembly

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

VI. RESULTS:

Below table show the temperature variation for different flow rates conducted for3 days. The experimental
results are compared with numerical solution.

DATE TIME AIR INLET TEMP. OUTLET TEMP

VELOCITY m/s °C °C

8/4/2015 12:30 to 1:45pm 2 35 30

2:35 to 3:30pm 3 32 27

9/4/2015 12:30 to 1:45pm 2 33 28

2:35 to 3:30pm 3 32 27

10/4/2015 12:30 to 1:45pm 2 34 29

2:35 to 3:30pm 3 33 28

Table 1.Temperature Variation for Different Flow Rates

CALCULATIONS:TRAIL 1:
For velocity, 𝑣= 3 m/s
1) Heat carried by the air through inlet
a) ṁ= 𝜌A𝑣
𝜋
=1.17× 4 0.0812 ×3

=1.81× 10−4 kg/s.

b) Q1=ṁCp∆T
=(1.81× 10−4 ) ×1055×(32-27)
= 0.95 Watt

2) Convection heat transfer from flowing air to the copper wall

Q 2 = hA∆T

Properties of air at film temperature T= 29℃

𝜌= 1.165 kg/m³ Pr= 0.701
−6
µ= 18.63× 10 N-s/m² k=0.02675 W/mk
ʋ= 16.0× 10−6 m²/s

a) Re= 𝑣𝑑ʋ
3×8.1×10 −3
= 16×10 −6

= 15.187 × 103

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

b) Nu= 0.023Re0.8 Pr n where, n=0.4 for heating

=0.3 for cooling
=0.023 × (15.187 × 103 )0.8 × 0.7010.3
=7.25

c) h=𝑁𝑢𝑘
d
7.25×0.02675
= (8.1×10 −3 )

=23.7 W/m²k

𝜋
.̇.Q 2 = 23.7 × 4 8.1 × 10−3 2
× 32 − 27

=6.1× 10−3 Watts

Heat flux
𝑄
q=𝐴
Q 1 +Q 2
= 𝜋𝑑𝐿

0.95+(6.1×10 −3 )
= 𝜋 ×8.1×10 −3 ×18

= 2.087W/m²

Sl no. Velocity (m/s) Total heat transfer(Q) in watts Heat flux (q)
in Watts/m²

1 2 0.634 1.385

2 3 0.956 2.087

3 4 1.016 2.219

4 5 1.91 4.184

Table 2. Calculated Result values

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

VII. FEA ANALYSIS

A. AnalysisReport:
Table 3.Analysis report
Particulars Details
Model description Tube
Software used ANSYS ICEM CFD
Domain Fluid
Nodes 278233
Elements 1287428

Air at 25°C:
Location Inlet
Morphology Continuous Fluid
Flow Regime Subsonic
Heat Transfer Total Temperature
Total Temperature 3.2000e+01[C]
Mass and Momentum Normal Speed
Normal Speed 3.0000e+00[ms-1 ]
Turbulence Medium Intensity and Eddy Viscosity Ratio

Boundry-outlet
Location Outlet
Mass ad Momentum Average Static Pressure
Pressure Profile Blend 5.000e-02
Relative Pressure 1.0132e+05[Pa]
Pressure Averaging Average Over Whole Outlet

Boundry-Wall
Loaction Wall
Heat Transfer Coeffiient 2.3700e+01[Wm-2K-1]

Fig 16. Pressure contour Fig 17. Pressure plane

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

Fig 18.Velocity distribution plane Fig 19. Heat transfer coefficient contour

Fig
20.Temperature plane Fig 21. Heat transfer coefficient contour

Fig 22.Temperature distribution across the pipe

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions based on the performance of geothermal air cooling system are as follows:
 The temperature difference between atmosphere and underground temperature can be used for the purpose of cooling.
 The experimental data, calculations, simulation results indicate that air conditioning using ground source is a good
replacement for conventional air-conditioning system
 The air conditioning effect is good and has considerable energy saving potential for Indian climatic conditions.
 Based on our model temperature reduction was observed to be 5°C. This has positive influence on improving
occupant thermal comfort.
 It is also eco-friendly as it does not emit any harmful chemicals and leaves very little carbon footprint.

IX. REFERANCES:
[1]Cooling by underground earth tubes: KhaliZaki, Al-musaedAmjad, AsaadAlmssad,2nd PALENC Conference,2007,
pages 518-520.
[2] Earth-Air Heat Exchangers for Passive Air Conditioning: Case Study Burkina Faso Journal of Construction in
Developing Countries,Thomas Woodson1 and YézoumaCoulibaly,2012, pages 21–32.
[3] Earth to Air Heat Exchanger, Design Evaluation Report, Didier Thevenard,Ph.D., Numerical Logics Inc, 2008, pages 4-
6.
[4] Comparison of Earth-Air and Earth-Water Ground Tube Heat Exchangers for Residential Air-Conditioning
Application, C. T‟JOEN, L. LIU and M. De PAEPE, 2012, pages 2-6
[5] Performance of Single Pass earth-Tube Heat Exchanger: An Experimental Study, GirjaSharan(Professor,Coordinator
Cummins-IIMA Lab Centre for Mgt in Agriculture Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad)
[6] Comparison of the thermal performance of double U-pipe borehole heat exchangers measured in situ, D.
Pahuda,*, B. Matthew, Energy and Buildings, Volume 33, Issue 5, May 2001, pages 503-507.
[7] Experimental performance analysis of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump greenhouse heating system,
OnderOzgenera, ArifHepbasl,Energy and Buildings 37 (2005), pages 101–110.
[8] Heating and cooling of buildings with air cycle, D J G Butler, BRE A Gigieland, S Russell, FRPERC,Australian
Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH) Journal, pages 22 - 29.
[9] Simple Design Tools for Earth-Air Heat Exchangers, Ralph T. Muehleisen, Simbuild 2012, pages 1-8.
[10] Experimental Investigation on Porous Materials for Enhancing the Soil Cooling in Hot and Humid Regions ,
KengWai Chan , Kuok Soon Chan, International Conference on Life Science and Engineering, 2012, Volume 45, pages 22-26.
[14] Standard test for determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil,ASTM D 5334-00.
[1]Heat and mass transfer – R.K.Hegde
[2] Heat and mass transfer – R.K.Rajput
[3] Renewable energy resources – G.D.Rai
[4] Heat and mass transfer Data hand book – C.P.Kothandaraman

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