CHAPTER 3

Commercial PVC Compounds

W. V. TITOW

3.1 INTRODUCTION

There are two general ways in which a user of PVC compounds, i.e.
the processor who converts them into products, can acquire the
compositions he needs. He can do his own compounding, or he can
buy compounds from a commercial producer, either as stock lines, or
specially compounded to his requirements. In-house compounding by
the processor has traditionally involved own compound manufacture as
a separate operation: in the case of solid compositions (as distinct from
pastes) this normally includes conventional batch-wise production of
powder pre-mixes and dry blends. Industrial compounding technology
of solid compounds and pastes is discussed in detail in Chapter 13. A
paper by Adams 1 provides a useful summary of the advantages of
in-house compounding of solid PVC compositions. Recently equip-
ment has been coming into use which makes possible continuous
preparation of powder compounds at the extruder, so that such
compounding can, in effect, be integrated into the extrusion line.
Several advantages, both technical and economic, are claimed for this
kind of arrangement, including suitability for small-scale operations
with relatively low outputs2 (see also Chapter 19, Section 19.3).
However, many small and medium-sized extrusion operators who do
not wish to, or cannot, invest in such equipment, as well as other
processors in these size categories, use purchased compounds: this
brings the benefits of the commercial compounder's special equipment
and expertise without own capital and staff commitments. Even large
processors who are equipped to produce their own compounds usually
59

W. V. Titow, PVC Technology

© Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd 1984
60 W. V. Titow

have short runs on compositions which they find it more economical to

buy-in. They may also occasionally need to supplement their own
internal compound supply for regularly produced large-volume lines.
The use of externally purchased masterbatches is also quite common.

3.2 COMMERCIAL SOURCES OF PVC COMPOUNDS

The producers of commercial PVC compounds fall into two main

groups: polymer manufacturers who also produce compounds (usually
mainly solid, 'general-purpose' compositions, not pastes), and indepen-
dent compounders. The latter group includes some processors with
spare compounding capacity, who produce compounds to order and for
general sale.
In addition, imported compounds are available in most countries
(normally ones produced by big foreign polymer producers and
marketed by their local subsidiaries or agents).
Many polymer manufacturers are listed in Chapter 2. In almost any
given country the independent compounders are more numerous. By
way of an example, in the UK-where there are now only two polymer
producers (see Chapter 2)-the following independent compounders
are currently operating:

B & T Polymers Ltd;

Crown Decorative Products Ltd;
S. Dugdale, Son & Co. Ltd;
W. R. Grace Ltd;
P. W. Hall Compounding Ltd;
Industrial Polymers (UK) Ltd;
Phoenix Rubber Ltd;
Plascoat Systems;
Polycol (PVC) Ltd;
Soltak Plastics Ltd;
Wollaston Vulcanising Co. Ltd.

If not readily available from other sources, information on

compounders can often be obtained from manufacturers of compound-
ing equipment widely used in industry, e.g. Buss AG (whose UK
associate Buss-Hamilton Ltd produce a useful compounding manual),
 3 Commercial PVC Compounds 61

Werner and Pfleiderer, Pappenmeier, and others (see also Chapter 13,
Section 13.4.4).

3.3 TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF COMMERCIAL

PVC COMPOUNDS

The compounds are available in all the physical forms in which PVC
compositions are processed, viz. powder compounds (dry blends,
powder coating compositions), melt-compounded pellets (both rigid
and plasticised compositions), and pastes (supplied by many indepen-
dent compounders). .
Commercial compounds offered for applications where certain
property standards are desirable or obligatory, are normally formu-
lated to meet the relevant standard specifications, national or ISO.
Some typical examples are compositions for electrical cable and wire
coverings, rigid electrical conduit and junction boxes, pipes and pipe
fittings for various applications. Most compounders will also produce
compositions to meet special customer requirements, which may
include suitability for processing on particular equipment, special
processing characteristics, and conformity with stated property speci-
fications.
A general outline of the main available types of commercial PVC
compounds is given in Table 3.1. Tables 3.4-3.7 provide further
illustrations of the types, and the variety of grades available within
each type for various particular purposes and applications. Where
relevant, the variations may include such features (some illustrated in
the tables) as availability in clear or opaque grades (e.g. in the case of
flexible compositions for extrusion and injection moulding; blow-
moulding compounds), coloured or natural grades, and-e.g. for
flexible extrusion and moulding compounds (including those for
profiles, electric cable and wire covering, moulded parts)-grades
giving different types of surface finish (glossy or matt).
Extrusion and injection-moulding compounds are available formu-
lated for cellular products (cf., for example, Tables 3.4 and 3.7, and
also Chapters 15, 19 and 25). Other special grades include composi-
tions for applications involving contact with food, beverages (e.g. milk,
beer, fruit squashes) and potable water; and compositions resistant to
chemicals and particular environments (e.g. for hoses resistant to fuels
 TABLE 3.1
Commercial PVC Compounds: General Outline of Types
General type Nature of composition Common applicational types·

Extrusion compounds Rigid Pipe (various kinds)

Rainwater goods (down pipe;
guttering)
Electrical conduit
Profiles (including window
frames)
Sheeting
General purpose
Flexible Electrical wire and cable
coverings (various kinds)
Covering for:
chain-link fencing wire
clothes lines
Hose
Profiles
Seals and gaskets
General purpose
Injection-moulding Rigid Pipe fittings
compounds Electrical junction boxes
Industrial mouldings
General purpose
Flexible Footwear
Grommets, gaskets, bushes
Toys
General purpose
Blow-moulding Rigid Bottles, jars, other containers
compounds Flexible Sachets (for toiletries, etc.)
Masterbatches Rigid and flexible Colour
Filler
Powder coating Mainly flexible Wire coating (fencing)
compoundsb Dishwasher baskets
Weather and wear resistant
(railings, outdoor furniture)
General purpose
Pastes Fabric and paper coating
Dip-coating and moulding
Rotational casting and
slush moulding
Casting
Spraying

• Various grades available within each type. See also Tables 3.3-3.7, and relevant
information on the processing and applications of PVC compositions in other chapters.
b Primers required for application of the coating compounds to metal surfaces are
normally available from the compound suppliers.
 3 Commercial PVC Compounds 63

and oils; wire and cable covering resistant to seawater), to sulphur

staining, to marring by contact with various materials, to high
temperature and weathering. Some examples are given in Tables
3.5-3.7.
Hot-melt compounds (in the UK originally supplied by Vinatex Ltd*
under the trade name Vinamold3 ) are a special kind of composition,
designed for the production of flexible moulds for the casting of
concrete, plaster, castable resins (e.g. polyester), and GRP. The
softening points of such compounds are, typically, within the range
13G-170°C. Thus, whilst moulds with cavities faithfully replicating the
prototype of the object to be cast can be conveniently prepared by
pour-coating with the molten compound, the resulting mould, once set
by cooling, can withstand temperatures up to about 80°C without
serious distortion.
Commercial PVC compounds are sold under many trade names.
Several polymer manufacturers who also market compounds use the
same name (with different letter and/or number coding) for both types
of product-e.g. Geon, Conoco, Sicron, Hostalit (see Table 2.6 in
Chapter 2). Some, like Conoco and Ethyl (with an appropriate code)
are also simply the manufacturers' names (cf. Conoco Chemicals Co.;
Ethyl Corp.). Many of the compound trade names are quite free from
such connections-e.g. Welvic (ICI, UK and AECI, RSA), Lucalor
(Rhone-Poulenc, France), Polydon (Industrial Polymers (UK) Ltd),
Vyflex (Plascoat Systems, UK).

3.4 PROPERTIES AND DESIGNATION OF

COMMERCIAL PVC COMPOUNDS

3.4.1 Designation

As in the case of PVC polymers, there are standard designation

systems and characterisation tests laid down in ISO, ASTM, and DIN
specifications viz:
for unplasticised compounds: ISO 1163/1 (Designation);
ASTMD 1784;
DIN 7748

* Taken over by Norsk Hydro-see Chapter 2.

64 W. V. Titow

for plasticised compounds: ISO 2898 Parts 1 and 2;

ASTM D 2287;
DIN 7749 Parts 1 and 2
All these specifications are listed, with dates and titles, in Section
3.1(a) and (b) of Appendix 1 (ISO 1163/1 and 2898/1 are currently
under revision). The DIN designation systems and test are similar to,
but not identical with, the corresponding ISO ones.
The designation systems are based on principles similar to those used
for PVC polymers, as illustrated by the following examples. The
examples also indicate what properties are used for the purposes of
designation.

ISO DESIGNATIONS

uPVC DE 080 226: unplasticised compound; D = dry blend; E =

general extrusion; 080 = Vicat softening temperature of 80 ± 2°C;
2 = 'class 2' Charpy notched impact strength-i.e. 5-20 kJ m- 2 ;
2 = 'class 2' modulus of elasticity in tension-i.e. 2000-2500 MPa;
6 = 'class 6' density-i.e. 1·35-1·40 g cm- 3 .

pPVC GM A84 (XX4): plasticised compound; G = pellets (gra-

nules); M = injection moulding; A84 = Shore A hardness of 84 ± 3;
X = 'class X' torsional stiffness-i.e. not designated; X = 'class X'
tensile stress at 100% elongation-i.e. not designated; 4 = 'class 4'
density-i.e. 1·25-1·30 g cm- 3 .

DIN DESIGNATION OF AN UNPLASTICISED COMPOUND

DIN 7748-PVC-U, BGT, 074-30-28: U = unplasticised; B = blow

moulding; G = pellets (granules); T = high clarity; 074 = 'code 74'
Vicat softening temperature-i.e. softening temperature 73-75°C;
30 = 'code 30' notched impact strength-i.e. over 20 kJ m- 2 ; 28
= 'code 28' modulus of elasticity-Leo 2500-3000 N mm- 2 .
ASTM DESIGNATION OF A PLASTICISED COMPOUND (ELECTRICAL GRADE)

Type PVC-54 6 1 5 E2 X: 5 = 'cell 5' Durometer A hardness-i.e.

75-84; 4 = 'cell 4' specific gravity-i.e. 1·30-1·34; 6 = 'cell 6' tensile
strength-i.e. 17·2 MPa minimum; 1 = 'cell l' volatile loss at 105°C-
 3 Commercial PVC Compounds 65

i.e. 1% maximum; 5 = 'cell 5' brittleness temperature-i.e. -20°C

maximum; E2 = 'cell 2' volume resistivity at 50°C-i.e. 10 12 ohm em
minimum; X = average extent and time of burning, respectively,
<25 mm and <lOs.

3.4.2 Properties Used in Characterisation of PVC Compounds

The properties widely standardised for characterisation of PVC

compounds are shown in Table 3.2.
Many companies use more, or fewer, tests than those referred to in
the table, and different test methods in some cases, depending on the
nature and intended application of the particular compound. For
example, a basic characterisation scheme may comprise the following
tests:

Property Test methods

Apparent (bulk) density
Dry flow
Volatile content
Melt flow
Tensile strength and
elongation at break
Impact resistance
Density, relative density
or specific volume
Volume resistivity
Durometer hardness, or
BS softness
e.g. ISO 60 }
e.g. ISO 6186 Powder blends
e.g. as in Table 2.4
rheometry (e.g. the
Macklow-Smith plastometer,'
or that of ASTM D 3364--cf.
Chapter 15, Section 15.2)
ISO, BS, ASTM, or DIN Powder
method, as appropriate blends
or
ISO, BS, ASTM, or DIN
melt-
method, as appropriate
compounded
ISO, BS, ASTM, or DIN pellets
method, as appropriate
ISO, BS, ASTM, or DIN
method, as appropriate Cable
ISO, BS, ASTM, or DIN compounds
}
method, as appropriate

• A. Macklow-Smith Ltd, Camberley, Surrey, England.

3.4.3 Some Typical Properties of Commercial PVC Compounds

Examples are given in Tables 3.3-3.7, in general terms, and also by

reference to one manufacturer's range of PVC compounds.
 ~

TABLE 3.2
Section A: Standard Tests Used in Characterisation of Unplasticised PVC Compounds
Property Test specifications and property units prescribed in:

ISO [[63/1 ASTMD1784 DIN 7748

Vicat softening temperature ISO 306, Method B eC) *" DIN 53 460 ("C)
Impact strength ISO 179 (Charpy, notched) ASTM D 256, Method A DIN 53 453 (Charpy, notched) ~
(kJ m- 2) (Izod) (J m- 1 of notch (kJ m- 2 ) :<:::
or ft lbf in -1 of notch) :::1
Modulus of elasticity in tension ISO 178 (MPa) ASTM D 638 (MPa or lbf in- 2 ) DIN 53 457 (N mm- 2 ) 0-
ISO/R 1183 (g cm -3) ~
Density * *
Tensile strength * ASTM D 638 (MPa or lbf in -2) *
Deflection temperature under load * ASTM D 648 (OC or OF) *
Flammability * ASTM D 635 (average extent *
of burning-mm and average
time of burning-s)
Chemical resistance * ASTM D 543 *
 Section B: Standard Tests Used in Characterisation of Plasticised PVC Compounds
Property Test specifications and property units prescribed in:

ISO 2898/2 ASTM D 2287 DIN 7749 Part ]b

v"
Density or specific gravity ISO/R 1183 (g cm -3) ASTM D 792, Method A (g cm- 3) DIN 53 479 (g cm- 3 )
Durometer (Shore) hardness ISO 868 ASTMD2240 DIN 53505
Tensile strength at break ISO 527 (MPa) ASTM D 412 (MPa or Ibf in- 2 ) ~
* ~
Elongation at break ISO 527 (%) * * ~
Tensile stress at 100% elongation ISO 527 (MPa) * DIN 53 455 (N mm -2)
Torsional siffness as a function i'"
of temperature ISO 458 ("C) '1;l
* * ~
Brittleness temperature * ASTM D 746, Procedure A ("C) * ~
Volatile loss at 105°C * ASTM D 1203, Method A (%) *
Volume resistivity IEC Publication 93 (Q cm) ASTM D 257 (Q cm) ~
*
Flammability Methods under study ASTMD635 * ~0
(extent of burning-mm; ;::
;::
burning time--s) a-
Plasticiser loss ISO 176, Method B(%) * *
Plasticiser migration ISO 177 (mg) * *
Resistance to chemicals ISO 175 (%) * *
aAn asterisk indicates determination of this property not prescribed.
bNumerous methods listed in DIN 7749 Part 2 (which corresponds to, but does not coincide with, ISO 2898/2), but not all are commonly used
with commercial PVC compounds.

~
 0\
00

TABLE 3.3
Section A: Properties GeneraUy D1ustrative of Some Commercial Rigid PVC Compounds
Extrusion compounds Injection moulding compounds

Pressure Electrical Easy-flow General High- High- Pressure General High-

pipe conduit (thin-wall purpose impact impact pipe purpose impact
and extrusions) for close pipe fittings
general tolerance
purpose extrusion

Density (g cm- 3 ) 1·37 1·41 1·38 1·44 1·33 1·34 1·37 1·39 1·34 ~
Tensile strength (MPa) 52 41 45 48 38 41 55 41 41 ~
Compressive strength (MPa) 66 59 66 66 48 55 66 66 55
:::l
Flexural strength (MPa) 93 83 93 93 76 79 90 72 72 C
;'!;
Young's modulus (MPa) 3400 2800 3400 3400 2400 2400 3400 3400 2800
Coefficient of linear thermal ( about 5 x 10- 5 )

expansion (per 0c)

Specific heat
(cal g-l °C- 1 ) ( about 0·25
(kJ kg- 1 °C- 1 ) ( about 1 )

Thermal conductivity
(Wm- 1 °C- 1 ) 16 x 10- 6 16 X 10- 6 14 X 10- 6 14 X 10- 6 13 X 10- 6 18 X 10- 6 14x 10- 6 14 x 10- 6 14 X 10- 6
Softening temperature
(BS 2782) (0C) 78 76 78 79 73 78 77 73 77
 Section B: Examples of Some General Types of PVC Paste Represented Among Commercial Stock Lines
Application type Paste properties Product properties "'"
Main Viscosity Density at Cold-bend Shore A hardness ~
3
plasticiser at 25°C 25°C temp. (0C) (ASTM D 2240) 3
type (P) (gcm- 3 ) (BS 2782: 1970) '";:::
§.:
Rotational casting and slush moulding Phthalate 10-20 1·15 -55 42-44 ~

Dipping; fabric coating Phthalate 90-150 1·15 -55 47-49 ~

Spraying or dipping Phthalate 10-20 1·19 -35 72-74 ~
Flame resistant composition for casting .g
or spread-coating Phosphate 350-500 1·27 -25 56--58 c
;::
;:,
Rotational casting, slush moulding, t}
dipping or spraying (semi-rigid products) Adipate 20-40 1·25 -25 96--98

$
 Cl

TABLE 3.4
Section A: 'Welvic (AECI) uPVC Dry Blend and PeDet Compounds for Extrusion and Injection Moulding
(Data reproduced, with permission, from the technical literature of AECI Chlor-Alkali and Plastics Ltd)
Extrusion grades Injection-moulding grades

R71J168 R8/JI25 R8/M936 MPR/7JI70 RI7IU43 RI71U67

Applications Profiles and General purpose profiles Rigid micro- Pressure pipe General
conduit cellular fittings purpose
profiles for
~
building
applications :0:::
Good mould ::;j
Characteristics Easy processing, Satin (matt) Glossy Development Good melt flow;
S
good melt surface finish grade glossy surface filling ~
flow finish finish characteristics
Relative density at 23°C 1·47 1·49 1·46 *0 1·42 1·47
Softening temperature 79 82 83 * 76 79
(5 kg Vicat-BS 2782) CCC)
Tensile modulus at 1% 1·9 2·1 2·1 * 1·9 2·2
strain b (GPa)
Tensile strength at yield b 40 42 46 * 48 46
(MPa)
o Asterisk indicates property values strongly dependent on the density of the extruded cellular product.
b Property dependent on the processing history of the product: the figures quoted are conservative values.
Section B: Some Representative Values of Other Properties of 'Welvic' (AECI) uPVC
--_._----~

Property Test method Units Typical value ""

~
;?!
Hardness ASTM D 785 Rockwell R scale 115 ;?!
Limiting oxygen index ASTM D 2863 % 45 .,'"
Coefficient of linear "§.:
thermal expansion BS 4618 °C- 1 6 x 10- 5 "l:I
Thermal conductivity at 23°C AECI J m m- 2 S-l °C- 1 1·4 X 10- 4 r3
Volume resistivity BS2782 Qcm 5 x 10 14 ~
Surface resistivity BS2782 Q 1 x 1012 ~C
l::
;:s
!}

-..l
-
 72 W. V. Titow

TABLE 3.5
'Welvic' (AECI) PVC Compoonds for Electric
(Table reproduced, with permission, from the technical
ApplicatkJn Grade Use C%urs:" Specifica/ion Softness Hardness Relative Tensile properties
seclor N-Narura/ (BSS No.) (Shore A) density
C-C%urs Tensile Tear E/onga-
CL-Clear strength strength lion at
(MPa) (Nmm- J) break
(%)

BS2782 BS2782 BS6746 BS2782

Insulation DI/U21 Hard dielectric N+C SABS 150-1970 10 97 1·34 21·2 104 240
or DIIJI91 6·6 kV cable dielectric N+C 10 97 l-41 20·9 115 200
sheathing GI/U4 G.P. N+C SABS 150-1970 9 97 1·33 23-4 116 260
GDlIJ034High speed, thin wire
insulation N+C 14 94 1·34 19·2 99 230
G2lU65 G.P. N+C SABS 150-1970 20 90 1·34 20·5 104 350
GD2lU15 Fast extrusion, filled N+C SABS 150-1970 20 90 1·48 15·2 82 280
G3/U6 G.P. N+C SABS 150-1970 30 83 1·30 18·6 72 330
G3/U87 Cabtyre sheathing,
filled N+C SABS 150-1970 35 80 1·45 IH 45 300
G4lU7 G.P. N+C SABS 150-1970 40 n 1·28 17·2 63 350
Hame GD2IJI48 Flame retardant
retardant insulation
and sheathing N+C SABS 150-1970 21 90 1·47 17·8 94 220
High tern· HIIJ180 105'C rating dielectric N+C US Underwriters 9 97 1·39 22·0 122 220
perature H21J2oo 105'C rating dielectric N+C US Underwriters 20 90 1·35 20·8 75 280
insulation H21J263 9O'C rating sheathing
or (instrument wiring) N+C US Underwriters 18 92 1·39 19·0 90 230
sheathing H4lU85 105'C rating sheathing
(appliance wiring) N+C US Underwriters 44 74 1·29 12·4 63 260
Telephones G4lU31 Telephone headset
wiring and
grommets N+C SABS 150-1970 45 74 1·26 18·6 55 340
N5/U16 Retractable telephone
wire sheathing N+C 54 69 1·21 11·7 350
Clear in· X21J364 aear ripcord and
sulation domestic wiring CL 24 87 1·30 23·2 100 210
JO/1365 Clear ripcord and
domestic wiring CL 35 80 1·28 21·1 79 230
X4IJ366 Clear ripcord and
domestic wiring CL 45 74 1·27 18·6 59 250
Welding
cable
sheathing Y3/J331 Petrol/oil resistant N+C 36 79 1·29
Develop- G2IJ301 Low HCI emission
ment sheathing N+C CES) test 20 90 1·56
grades G2IJ302 Low HCI emission
bedding N+C CES) test 20 90 1·59
H21J246 Crosslinkable high-
temperature
dielectric N+C SABS 150-1970 48 72 1·25 14·0 330
Y5/J357 Trailing cable
sheathing N+C

All values are typical results measured in ACE)'s Plastics Technical Service Laboratory.
" C%ur: Standard colours are Natural lOS and Black 901. Non-standard colours are available 00 request. Masterbatches are also available for
colouring purposes:

MBIDIOOI White MBID/501 Golden Brown MBIDI803 Violet

MBIDIOO9 Cream MBID/509 Dark Brownt MBID1901 Black
MBID1201 Yellow MBID/601 Dark Greeot MBID1957 Grey
MBIDI302 Orange MBID/606 Green
MBID/404 Red MBID/607 Turquoise ' Brighter than BS 6746 C Colour
MBID/451 Pink' MBlDn03 Blue t Darker than BS 6746 C Colour
 3 Commercial PVC Compounds 73

Cable and Wire App6cations

literature of AECI Chlor-Alkali and Plastics Ltd)
Retention of tensile Loss in Hot Limiting Cold bend Cold flex Volume Surface Recommended
properties :ter mass on defor. n temperature resistivity finish extrusion
ageing ( ) ageing mation °fIJ:x ('C)
te~eratu,e
'C) at2lfC temperatures
(mgcm- 2 ) (%) ASTM (Oem) ('C)
(%)
Tensile Elonga·
.strength tion at
break
SABS SABS
150·1970 150·1970 BS6746 BS6746 D2863·1976 BS2782 BS2782 BS2782
97 98 0·4 40 -30 10 3 x 1014 Glossy 1501155/1601165/170
94 92 0·8 29 -40 15 6 x 1014 Satin 1501155/16011651170
97 94 0·4 39 -25 8 4 x 1014 Glossy 1501155/1601165/170

97 85 1·0 39 -50 5 2·3 x 1014 Glossy 145/150115511601165

96 100 0·6 50 -40 -10 1·3 x 1014 Glossy 145/150115511601165
92 90 0·6 44 -30 -12 1·2 x 1014 Satin 145/1501155/1601165
99 100 0·7 68 -40 -9 4 x 1013 Glossy 1401145/1501155/160

98 100 1·0 n -32 -10 2 x 1013 Satin 140/145/1501155/160

97 100 0·7 70 -45 -15 2·8 x 1013 Glossy 135/1401145/150/155

98 94 0·6 36 33 -30 -5 2 x 1014 Satin 145/1501155/16011651170

94 99 0·2 39 -35 15 1-4 x 1014 Glossy 155/160/165/1701175
100 96 0·55 38 -40 -5 3 x 1014 Glossy 145/1501155/160/165

96 90 0·7 42 28 -35 -I 8 x 1014 Glossy 145/150/155/1601165

90 100 0·6 n 25 -45 -22 6 x 1013 Glossy 1401145/150/155/160

100 100 1·2 70 -40 -20 3·5 x 1013 Glossy 135/1401145/1501155

-50 -40 2·8 x 1010 Glossy 130/135/1401145/150

87 90 0·53 44 -35 2·0 x 1013 Glossy 1401145/1501155/160/165

91 108 0·55 50 -40 -2 4·5 x 1012 Glossy 140/145/1501155/160

93 100 0·59 65 -45 -8 1·2 x 1012 Glossy 135/140/145/1501155

Glossy 1401145/150/155/160

29 Satin 135/1401145/1501155

28 Satin 135/140114511501155

70 3·3 x lO" Glossy 145/1501155/160/165

 74 W. V. Titow

TABLE 3.6
'Welvic' (AECI) PVC Compounds
(Table reproduced, with permission, from the technical

Apptication sector Grade Use o Colours: b Specifications Softness Hardness Relative

N=Natural (BSSNo.) (ShoreA) density
C= Colours
B= Black

BS2782 BS2782

Crystal-non-toxic EX31U49 Food Clear 37 78 1·23

G. P. extrusion- GIIU4 Profiles N+C 9 97 1·33
opaque G2JU65 Profiles N+C 20 90 1·34
G31U6 Profiles N+C 30 83 1·30
G31U87 Profiles N+C 35 80 1-45
G31J194 Garden and mining hosing N+C SABS645 35 80 1·26
G31J196 Garden and mining hosing N+C 35 80 1·35
G41U7 Profiles N+C 40 77 1·28
G41U88 Profiles and waterstop N+C 46 73 1-41
G61U9 Profiles N+C 60 66 1·26
G.P. extrusion- X2JJ364 Profiles Clear 24 87 1·30
crystal X31J365 Profiles Clear 35 80 1·28
X41J366 Profiles Clear 45 74 1·27
X6IJ346 Profies Clear 63 64 1·26
Rawlplug extrusion GO/J088 Rawlplugs N+C 4 99 1·67
Antistatic extrusion N2JU46 Antistatic hosing B 20 90 1·31
Outdoor weathering WO/U54 Profiles and fencing wire N+C 5 99 1·37
WllUl Profiles and fencing wire N+C 10 97 1·31
W2JU2 Profiles and fencing wire N+C 21 89 1·30
PetroUoil resistant Y31J182 Fuel hosing Clear 35 80 1·27
Y3/J331 Fuel hosing N+C 36 79 1·29
Oil/grease resislant Y6IU56 Seals and gaskets N+C 60 66 1·45
Low temperature Y51J165 Refrigeration N+C
Gaskets N+C 56 68 1·31
Development grades EXSlJ265 Irradiation- Clear 42 75
sterilisable
WX4IJ362 Garden and mining Clear SABS645 1·22
hosing outer and 1086
sheathing

All values are typical results measured in ACEI's Plastics Technical Laboratory.
a When specific contact with a foodslUff is involved. the advice of ACE]'s Plastics Technical Service Laboratory should be
sought. The approval of the finished article is the fabricator's responsibility.
b Colours: Standard colours are Natural 108 and Black 901 except with Y3/J331 where the standard natural is OA21.
Non-standard colours are available on request. Masterbatches are also available for colouring purposes.
 3 Commercial PVC Compounds 75

for Flexible Extrusions

literature of AECI Chlor-Alkali and Plastics Ltd)
Tensile properties Elongation Loss in Hot Cold Cold Surface Recommended
at break mass deforma- bend flex finish extrusion
Tensile Tear (%) on age;nj tion temperature temperature temperatures
strength strength (mgcm- ) (%) ('C) ('C) ('C)
(MPa) (Nmm- t )

8S2782 8S6746 8S2782 8S6746 8S6746 8S2782 8S2782

18·4 300 -45 -7 Glossy 1351140114511501155

23·4 116 260 0·4 39 -25 8 Glossy 1501155116011651170
20·5 101 350 0·6 50 -40 -10 Satin 145/1501155/1601165
18·6 72 330 0·7 68 -40 -9 Glossy 140114511501155/160
13·1 45 300 1·0 77 -32 -10 Satin 1401145115011551160
16·1 73 290 1·4 64 -50 -15 Glossy 1401145/1501155/160
Glossy 140/145/150/155/160
17-2 63 350 0·7 70 -45 -15 Glossy 135/140114511501155
12·4 73 310 0·9 76 -35 -30 Satin 135/140114511501155
13·1 53 400 0·9 84 -45 -34 Glossy 12511301135/140/145
23·2 100 210 0·53 44 -35 8 Glossy 1401145/1501155/160
21·1 79 230 0·55 50 -40 -2 Glossy 140/145115011551160
10·6 59 250 0·59 65 -45 -8 Glossy 1351140/145/150/155
14·5 33 350 0·9 88 -45 -20 Glossy 120112511301135/140
Satin 1601165/1701175/180
10·3 170 Satin 145/150115511601165
20·7 132 260 0·4 32 -30 10 Glossy 160116511701175/180
22·7 117 260 0·4 38 -30 5 Glossy 150/155116011651170
20·7 105 320 0·5 40 -35 -5 Glossy 145/1501155/1601165
18·4 77 300 1·5 61 -50 -10 Glossy 140/145/1501155/160
Glossy 140/145/150/1551160
11·0 350 -30 Satin 120/125/130/1351140

10·8 37 230 1·0 78 -40 -18 Satin 125/13011351140/145

2·0% Glossy 135/140114511501155

 ~

TABLE 3.7
'Welvic' (AECI) PVC Compounds for Flexible Injection Moulding and Footwear
(Table reproduced, with permission, from the technical literature of AECI Chlor-Alkali and Plastics Ltd)
General type ParticularsQ Colours Recommended Softness Hardness Relative Tensile Elongation Cold Cold Loss of
B=Black grade (BSS No.) (Shore A) density strength at break bend flex mass at
C= Colours (Natural at 23"'C) (MPa) (%) temperature temperature l()(f'C
C/=Clear ("CJ ("CJ (%)
Opaque- Thin soling for ladies shoes B&C 15/U75 50 71 1·26 13-l 400 -24 -10 1
general purpose Unit soles and general purpose B&C I6IJl23 60 66 1·27 14·9 360 -25 -20 1
General pU!JlOSe soling B&C 171J162 70 61 1·34 n·o 360 -35 -25 1
Superior solmg B&C 171M965 75 59 1·23 10·5 330 -34 -25 1
General-purpose soling B&C I8IJl63 80 57 1·33 10·0 340 -35 -30 1
Opaque- A cheap soling compound, B only 17/J220 65 63 1·38 10·7 315 -30 -27
cheaper footwear also general purpose
Translucent- Heel filler blocks B&C Il/Jl09 13 95 1·31 15·7 260 -15 -3
general purpose Heel filler blocks B&C&Cl I2IJl01 25 86 1·26 18·0 250 -20 -5
Heel filler blocks, top pieces
and thin unit soles B&C&Cl 131J102 35 80 1·25 15·7 290 -25 -8
Unit soles and general curpose B&C&Cl 151J104 50 71 1·24 14·9 295 -30 -15
Soling ~rade for footba I boots B&C 15/1341 53 69 1·22 13·0 290 -35 -20
Unit so es and general put{'OSO B&C&CI I6IJl05 60 66 1·23 14·5 260 -35 -20
Football boot soling requinng
good low-temperature properties B&C&Cl 1611329 63 64 1·20 n·5 280 -35 -25
Unit soles and general purpose B&C&CI 17/Jl06 70 61 1·21 13·0 245 -35 -24
PVC/nitrile rubber blend for
industrial and minin" footwear B&C 191J130 80 57 1·17 9·8 380 -35 -25
Gumboots and sports ootwear;
also general pur.::.: B&C&O 1811293 87 54 1·19 10·3 230 -36 -29
Legging section 0 gum boots
and general purpose B&C&O 19/U109 90 53 1·18 9·3 410 -50 -25
Gumboots and slippers;
also general purpose B&C&CI 191J108 95 52 1·21 9·9 240 -40 -35
Microcellular Chunky footwear and general-
purpose applications B&C MI4IJ274 40 77 l'24(0'7)b
Ladies footwear and general-
purpose applications B&C MI61J270 54 69 1·23(0·7)
Mens footwear and slippers
and general-purpose applications B&C MI8IJ278 80 57 1'20(0·7)
Microcellular versIOn of
191J130 for lightweight
industrial footwear B&C MI8I1353 80 57 1'20(0·7)
Development Electrical socket boxes and
grades general purpose B&C 1211351 20 90 1·34 20·0 350 -35 -10
Conducting compound formulated
for explosive components and
~~~SeBSaf~~~~t~~s. B only N31J34O 32 82 1·30 6·0 150
Conducting compound formulated
for use on Mauseriet soling
machines. Meets BS 5451: 1971.
Softer version of N3/134O B only N4IJ354 40 77 1·28 5·7 135
PVC/nitrile rubber blend for
~~e~~l~! ::~~t~~~f i~umboots
required B&C 17/J367 70 61 1-17 5·5 330 -35 -25
PVClElvaloy blend for joggers B&C 17/1336 73 60 1-16 3·5 310 -33 -25
PVClElvaloy blend for the
legging section of gumboots B&C 1811368 80 57 1·21 9·5 375 -35 -25
PVClElvaloy blend for joggers B&C 19/1356 95 52 1-17 9·0 220 -40 -29
All values are typical results measured in AECI"s Plastics Technical Service Laboratory. Test methods according to BS 2782: 1970.
Q Where specific contact with a foodstuff is involved, the advice of AECI's Plastics Technical Service Laboratory should be sought. The approval of the finished article is the fabricator's

Iesponsibility.
Properties quoted for microcellular compounds are approximate values. Densities in parenthesis are minimum blown values using suitable equipment.

-...l
-...l
78 w. V. Titow

REFERENCES

1. Adams, H. J. (1976). 34th ANTEC SPE Proceedings, pp. 330-2.

2. Weber, M. (1983). Plastics and Rubber International, 8(5),32-4.
3. Titow, W. V. and Lanham, B. J. (Eds), (1971). PVC Technology, 3rd Edn
Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 62-3.