-

NO. 68-73
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A DOUBLET LATTICE METHOD FOR CALCULATING LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS

ON OSCILLATING SURFACES IN SUBSONIC FLOWS
bY

E. ALBANO and W. P. RODDEN

Northrop/Noroir
Hawthorne, California

AIAA Paper
., No. 68-73

Meeting
NEW YORK, NEW YORK/JANUARY 22-24, 1968
Flirt wblicalion rights reserved by American Inflitule of Aeron3uiic1 and Ailronoulics. I290 Avenue of the America$. New Yo&, N. Y . 10019.
Ab5lmct1 moy be published without permiision i f credit is airen to author and lo AIAA. [ P r i c e - A I M Member $1.00, Nonmambw $1.501
 A DOUBLET LATTICE METHOD FOR CALCULATING LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS
ON OSCILLATING SURFACES IN SUBSONIC FLOWS

E. Albana, Senior Engineer

W. P . Rodden, Consulting Bngineer,
Northrop Corporation, Norair Division
Hawthorne, California

Summary to the pressure difference across the surface

Approximate solutions from the lineariied for-

mulation are obtained by simulating the surface by
a set of lifting elements which are short line-
segments of acceleration potential doublets. The
normal velocity induced by an elanent of unit
P(x,s,t) =
1-
Re p(w,s) e

by a singular integral equation and the Kutta con-

strength is given by an integral of the subsonic dition at the trailing edge (TE):
kernel function. The load on each element is
determined by satisfying normal velocity boundary
conditions at a set of points on the surface. It
is seen 5 posteriori chat the lifting elements and
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collocation stations can be located such that the

Kutta condition is satisfied approximately. The
method obviates the prescription of singularities
in lift distribution along lines where normal
velocity is discontinuous, and is readily adapted
for problems of complex geometries. Results com-
pare closely with those from methods which pre- where (x,s) are orthogonal coordinates on the sur-
scribe lift-mode series, and from pressure measure-
face S such that the undisturbed stream is directed
ments. The technique constitutes an extension of a parallel to the x-axis.
method developed by S . 6. Hedroan for steady flow,*
Rodemich'') has given a derivation of the
Symbols kernel function for a nonplanar surface, and
Landahl(2) has presented a relatively concise
m Aspect ratio formula:
b Semichord
c Chord
K Kernel function
i
k Reduced frequency k =Wb/U
M Free stream Mach number
NC Number of boxes on a chord
NS Number of boxes on senispan
P.(k P U 2 ) Complex amplitude of lifting
pressure
wu Complex amplitude of normal
velocity at surface
t Time
X.5

X,Y,Z
Coordinates on the surface
Cartesian coordinates K
2
= -312 - iklM r
1
e-ik1U11R2(1 + u12 )%

w
P
Frequency of oscillation
Free stream density

Introduction
R
2 2
+ + 4k2)3
Mr u
R
e
-iklu1

The linearized formulation of the oscillatory

subsonic lifting surface theory relates the normal du
velocity at the surface

i6Jtl
I x =x-i, Yo = Y -7. 2 = z - c
2 2 % 2 2 2 %
r1 = CY, + z,, ), R = (xo + p rl 1
*At the time of this writing, the authors learned
that a similar extension had been developed fnde- - x,)l@ - n 2)%
- pendently by Stark.(19)
u1 = (MR 2 rl, kl =wrl/U, @= (1
(4)
 s y s t e m i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 1. The
t h a t t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. (1) is
the "finite part"

The t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d - f o r o b t a i n i n g a p p r o x i -
m a t e s o l u t i o n s f o r p when w i s g i v e n is t o a s s m e a
series a p p r o x i m a t i o n

where each i n t e g r a t i o n runs along t h e l i n e segment

whose l e n g t h i s C j . If Eq. ( 5 ) is a p p l i e d a t n
downwash p o i n t s on t h e s u r f a c e , t h e f j a r e d e t e r -
mined. The f o r c e on t h e d o u b l e t l i n e i s t a k e n as
and t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s aij by s a t i s f y i n g t h e f o r c e on t h e box and t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e
n o r m a l - v e l o c i t y c o n d i t i o n s on t h e surf_ace. Known across t h e s u r f a c e i s approximated by
p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e f o r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n p s u c h as t h e
b e h a v i o r n e a r s u r f a c e edges are b u i l t i n t o t h e
= force/(box a r e a ) = P.L.l(box area)
a p p r o x i m a t i o n by a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e o f t h e f u n c - J I
t i o n s i n t h e s e r i e s . T h i s t e c h n i q u e h a s been used
s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r a t l e a s t t e n y e a r s , a l t h o u g h most
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a p p l i c a t i o n s have been f o r p l a n a r wings w i t h o u t

control surfaces.

C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e f f o r t s needed t o d e v e l o p
where i s t h e box average chord and A. t h e sweep
a single computer program t o h a n d l e a f a i r l y
general c l a s s o f n o n p l a n a r problems h a s l e d us t o angle 02 t h e d o u b l e t line. J

s e e k a t e c h n i q u e which would o b v i a t e t h e p r e s c r i p -
t i o n of t h e b e h a v i o r o f along edges and c o m e r s
and i n f a c t , would remove a p r i o r i r e s t r i c t i o n s on
t h e g l o b a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e f o r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n . The
"box methods" f o r t h e s u p e r s o n i c problem p r o v i d e
examples of t h e methods s o u g h t .
We n o t e t h a t t h e induced downwash c a l c u l a t e d by
Eq. ( 5 ) w i l l b e i n f i n i t e i f t h e downwash p o i n t l i e s
on a d o u b l e t l i n e segment or downstream from i t s
end p o i n t s r Furthermore, t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n has
n o t been imposed.

D o u b l e t - L a t t i c e Method From n u m e r i c a l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h i s t e c h -
n i q u e , i t h a s become a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e K u t t a condi-
W e d e s c r i b e a method which i s an e x t e n s i o n of t i o n w i l l be s a t i s f i e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y if each down-
t h e one d e v e l o p e d f o r s t e a d y s u b s o n i c f l a w by wash p o i n t is t h e p o i n t a t midspan and 314-chord o f
H e & ~ a n ( ~i )n 1965. The e l e m e n t s o f t h e t e c h n i q u e a box.
a r e t o b e found i n t h e v o r t e x - l a t t i c e method o f
Eq. ( 5 ) i s w r i t t e n
__
F a l k ~ r ( ~ ) Since . i t appears at t h e p r e s e n t time
t h a t a r i g o r o u s a n a l y t i c a l b a s i s f o r t h e method i s
n o t a v a i l a b l e , we p r e s e n t an o p e r a t i o n a l d e s c r i p -
tion: (7)

It i s assumed t h a t t h e s u r f a c e can b e a p p r o x i -
mated by segments of p l a n e s . The s u r f a c e is d i v i d - where
ed i n t o small t r a p e z o i d a l p a n e l s ("boxes") i n a
manner s u c h t h a t t h e boxes a r e a r r a n g e d i n columns 1 2
P = i I T P u
p a r a l l e l t o t h e f r e e s t r e a m ( F i g . 2), and so t h a t
s u r f a c e e d g e s , f o l d l i n e s a n d h i n g e l i n e s l i e on or
near box b o u n d a r i e s . The 114-chord l i n e o f each
box i s t a k e n t o c o n t a i n a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f accelera-
t i o n p o t e n t i a l d o u b l e t s o f u n i f o r m b u t unknown
s t r e n g t h . In s t e a d y flow, each doublet line-seg-
ment w i l l b e e q u i v a l e n t t o a v e l o c i t y - p o t e n t i a l
h o r s e s h o e v o r t e x whose "bound" p o r t i o n c o i n c i d e s If A a r e t h e e l e m e n t s of t h e m a t r i x whose i n v e r s e
w i t h t h e d o u b l e t line.. is tka m a t r i x of D
ij'
then

Let n b e t h e n m b e r o f boxes and l e t t h e d o u b l e t "

s t r e n g t h i n t h e j t h l i n e segment b e Pi = EAij
j=l
wj (9)

zj d/l 1 4 Z P
provides t h e approximate s o l u t i o n f o r t h e f o r c e
distribution.
where ? j is t h e complex a m p l i t u d e of t h e f o r c e p e r
u n i t l e n g t h a l o n g t h e l i n e , and dfl t h e i n c r e m e n t a l G e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e computed
length. The normal v e l o c i t y (downwash) induced a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y by
a p o i n t ( x i , s i ) on t h e s u r f a c e is

2
 where

S k = a r e a of box k IiJ 4 [(qo2 - t o 2 )+~V ~ B+ c]. J t o / - l t a n

- i
$ = ds pe af nl e pc ot iionnt of
i n mode i of 114 c h o r d , mid-
box k
+ ( ?1 B + VoA) log
r
1
- 2T10 e > e2
+
I

2eA
pkJ = f o r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n in mode j a t box k r
1
+ 2q0 e +e
b = reference length (15)

where
Working F o m s
z L z
Approximate e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. rl = Vo + to
( 8 ) is a c h i e v e d by a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e i n t e g r a n d by a
s i m p l e f u n c t i o n . We c o n s i d e r t h e downwash induced
a t a r e c e i v i n g p o i n t R = (XR, y ~ Z, R ) b y a d o u b l e t For t h e p l a n a r case (t0-0)
l i n e segment whose end p o i n t s a r e S- and S+ and
whose m i d p o i n t i s So. Let
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f = r12K (11)

Denote + (+ B + Vo A) log(=Y+ 2 eA
‘1, + e

D e f i n e t h e c o o r d i n a t e System ( F i g . 3 )
I n o r d e r t o converge t o Hedman‘s v o r t e x l a t t i c e
r e s u l t s f o r s t e a d y f l o w and t o improve t h e a p p r o x i -
m a t i o n o f Eq. (15), we h a v e found i t c o n v e n i e n t t o
s u b t r a c t t h e s t e a d y p a r t ( W = 0 ) from 17 b e f o r e
a p p l y i n g t h e above f o r m u l a s , and t h e n t o add t h e
e f f e c t of a horseshoe vortex.

V= y cosy.
L7
- z sin% Approximate e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l s ‘$,and
12 i n t h e k e r n e l f u n c t i o n may b e accomplished in
(12) many ways. L, Schwarz(6) h a s g i v e n an e x p r e s s i o n
t= -y sin3 + z COSY
L7
f o r 11 i n t e r n s o f i n f i n i t e s e r i e s . However, we
choose t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e i n t e g r a n d s by s i m p l e
functions. It is s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n s i d e r nonnega-
S i n c e t h e l e n g t h of t h e d o u b l e t segment is small, t i v e a r g m e n t s b e c a u s e of symmetry p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
i t may b e e x p e c t e d t h a t a p a r a b o l i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n integrand. I n t e g r a t i o n b y p a r t s gives
for a l o n g t h e segment would b e s u f f i c i e n t i n
evaluating the integral.

Il(ul; k l ) = f
U.
-iklU
( le + u2) 3 1 2 d‘

where
~ a t k i n s ( ~h a) s g i v e n t h e formula
1
e = - & cosA
2 j J t / m m 1 - 0.101 exp(4.329t)
Vo = (y, - yso) cosy i(z,
0
- z
so
) sin%

to = -(yR - yso) s i n Y0 + (2
R
- 2
So
cos% - 0.899 exp(-1,4067t)
A = (f+ - 2ko -I t-)l2e
2 - 0.09480933 exp(-2.90t) sinnt, (t>G)

which when s u b s t i t u t e d i n t h e above y i e l d s a s i m p l e

e x p r e s s i o n f o r 11’ The i n t e g r a l ‘I2 i s a p p r o x i m a t e d
in s i m i l a r f a s h i o n .

- The r e s u l t of t h e i n t e g r a t i o n is
I n view o f t h e lack o f a r i g o r o u s b a s i s f o r t h e
f o r e g o i n g a s s m p t i o n s , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o demon-

3
 s t r a t e t h e adequacy of t h e d o u b l e t l a t t i c e method
by comparison of r e s u l t s w i t h s o l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d by
o t h e r means, a n d w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
R e s u l t s for Two-Dimensional Flow
I-
For p l a n a r f l o w t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n (1) be-
comes t h e one-dimensional i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n of
Possio ( s e e , e.g., s e c t i o n 6-4 o f Ref. 8 ) and t h e
d o u b l e t l i n e segments become d o u b l e t s on t h e c h a r d .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e d o u b l e t l a t t i c e method p r e s e n t e d
h e r e h a v e been o b t a i n e d by d i v i d i n g t h e a i r f o i l
c h o r d i n t o e q u a l i n t e r v a l s and t a k i n g a s e n d i n g and
r e c e i v i n g p o i n t a t t h e 114-chord and 3/4-chord,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , of each i n t e r v a l .
Exact s o l u t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r incompres-
s i b l e flow. S o l u t i o n s for an a i r f o i l w i t h o s c i l -
l a t i n g f l a p are compared i n Fig. 4, where measure-
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L = F o r c e o f a i r f o i l and f l a p , p o s i t i v e down-
ward
M = Moment o f wing and f l a p a b o u t midchord,
p o s i t i v e t i i l heavy v
N = Moment o f f l a p a b o u t h i n g e a x i s , p o s i t i v e
t a i l heavy
Ab = T r a n s l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e , p o s i t i v e downward
B = Amplitude o f a i r f o i l r o t a t i o n a b o u t mid-
c h a r d , p o s i t i v e t r a i l i n g edge down
C = h p l i t u d e of f l a p r o t a t i o n , p o s i t i v e
t r a i l i n g edge down
R e s u l t s shown h e r e are f o r t h e case M = 0.8,
k = 0.9, T = ( f l a p c h o r d ) / ( a i r f o i l c h o r d ) = 0.3.
The t a b u l a t e d r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d o u b l e t

ments r e p o r t e d by Bergh(9) a r e i n c l u d e d . l a t t i c e a p p r o x i m a t i o n would b e v a l i d f o r h i g h s u b -

sonic Mach numbers and r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c i e s o f o r d e r
The d o u b l e t l a t t i c e method may b e t h o u g h t o f as unity,
producing s t e p - f u n c t i o n a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o t h e p r e s -
Sure d i s t r i b u t i o n - R a t h e r t h a n p r e s e n t t h e s e i n R e s u l t s f o r Three-Dimensional Flows
g r a p h s , we h a v e chosen t o draw c u r v e s t h r o u g h t h e
v a l u e s f o r p a t s e n d i n g p o i n t s . Also i n d e s c r i b i n g F i g . 5 compares c a l c u l a t e d l i f t d i s t r i b u t i o n s
r e s u l t s , we use t h e t e r m "boxes" t o mean i n t e r v a l s w i t h measurements r e p o r t e d i n NACA RM A51G31 f o r a
( i n 2-D f l o w ) or small p a n e l s ( i n 3-0 f l o w ) , and swept, t a p e r e d wing a t i n c i d e n c e i n s t e a d y flow.
F o r t h i s problem, t h e semi-wing was d i v i d e d i n t o 48
NC = Number o f boxes p e r wing chord boxes, each c o n t a i n i n g a h o r s e s h o e v o r t e x a s i n
H e h a n I s method. R e s u l t s f o r t h e wing s t a t i o n s
NS = Number o f boxes p e r semi-span ( p l a n a r shown were o b t a i n e d by i n t e r p o l a t i o n ,
wings)
C a l c u l a t i o n s and measurements f o r a wing w i t h
The t a b l e below is a comparison o f g e n e r a l i z e d p a r t i a l - s p a n f l a p are p r e s e n t e d i n F i g , 6. The
f o r c e s from t h e p r e s e n t method and from t h e t a b l e s curves l a b e l e d "experiment" were o b t a i n e d by reduc-
of Ref. 10. The c o e f f i c i e n t s are d e f i n e d by t i o n o f g r a p h i c a l d a t a o f Ref. 1 2 and f o r t H s
reason, are r a t h e r i m p r e c i s e . Calculations were v
made w i t h e i g h t y h o r s e s h o e v o r t i c e s on t h e semi-wing
L =7rpU2 b eikt(Aka + Bkb + Ckc) e i g h t v o r t i c e s b e i n g on t h e f l a p , Landahl(13) h a s
2 shown t h a t b o t h t h e form and s t r e n g t h of t h e p r e s -
M = TpU b e
ikt
(ha + Bmb + Cmc) sure s i n g u l a r i t y a t t h e h i n g e line can b e d e t e r m i n e d
a n a l y t i c a l l y . The e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e l i f t d i s t r i b u -
N = TpU2 b e i k t ( h a + Bnb t Cnc)
t i o n f o r u n i t f l a p angle is:

where b i s t h e semichard, k t h e r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y
based on b and

30 "boxes" R e f e r e n c e 10
-0.0075 -1.118 i -0.0197 -1.119 i -0.0444 -1.12011
-1..571 -0.09211 -1,574 -0.07951 -1.5755 -0.02671
-0.4835 +O.O789i -0,4824 +0.08231 -0.4803 +O0O868i

0.3293 +0.10051 0 3 3 0 3 +O.O924i 0.3309 +0.07601

-0.0391 -0.86041 -0.0572 -0.8623i -0.0946 -0,86191
m -0.407 5 +O. 00211 -0.4105 +0.00581 -0,4147 +O.O248i

n 0.0584 -0.0626i 0.0591 -0.0638i 0.06OlZ -0.066091

a
-0.0745 -0.14561 -0.0762 -0.14741 -0.0798 -0.15041
"b
-0.0912 -0.06961 -0.0919 -0.07121 -0.0931 -0.07391

4
 where
x = coordinate of hinge
A= = hingeline sweep angle
c = local chord
For the wing considered here, hc A 30°, M = 0.6;
the singular part of Eq- (16) becomes
The graph of this expression is labeled "local solu-
tion" in Fig. 6a. Fig. 6b shows the distribution of
lift on the semi-wing calculated by the horseshoe
vortex lattice technique.
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Both kernel function calculations and measure-
ments of lift distribution reported in NASA TND-344
are compared in Fig. 7 with results from the doub-
let lattice method, The R 3 rectangular wing con-
sidered is oscillating in a bending mode described
approximately by
6 =0.180431f( + 1.702559'- 1.136881y 3 I+
yhere 6 is the nondimensional deflection amplitude,
y the nondimensional spanwise coordinate based on
the semispan.
Results of computations for an aspect ratio 2
rectangular wing with full span 40% chord oscil-
.J lating flap are shorn in Fig. 8. These are compared
with kernel function calculations (with built-in
hingeline singularity) given in reference 15, and
experimental data of reference 16. The doublet-
lattice calculations were made w4th 99 boxes on the
semi-wing and of these, 45 boxes were on the flap.
Some preliminary results of computations for a
rectangular T-tail are presented in Fig. 9, where
measurements by Clevenson and Leadbetter(17) are
reproduced. TO account in part for the tunnel waL1,
the image system of the fin was included in the c a l -
culations; the image of the horizontal stabilizer
was neglected. Forty boxes were placed on the fin
and forty on the horizontal stabilizer semi-wing,
The discrepancy between calculations and experi-
mental data for increasing reduced frequency might
be due to the relatively small number of boxes used,
or to the incomplete modelling of the effect of the
tunnel wall. The T-tail results illustrate that
nanplanar problms are easily approached by the
doublet lattice technique.
Conclusions
Within the context of the linearized subsonic
lifting surface theory, two types of approximations
are involved in the doublet lattice method. The
assmption that for purposes of calculating lift
distributions the surface can be represented by a
system of line segments of acceleration potential
doublets is seen to be a valid approximation in view
of the results obtained. As far as the authors are
- aware, an analytical basis for this approximation
has not been established and certainly deserves to
be studied so that its full implications may be
brought out. The second kind of approximation is
concerned with the evaluation of integrals in the
kernel and in the downwash-pressure influence C O -
efficients, Eq. (8). These procedures may be im-
proved and optimized according to the standard
techniques of nmerical quadrature.
The advantages of the doublet lattice method
arise from being able to disregard the special
behavior of the lift distribution where the normal-
wash is discontinuous. So long as edges do not
intersect boxes, a computer program based on this
technique does not need to discriminate among side
edges, fold lines, hinge lines, etc., and this fact
is important when problms of intersecting surfaces
are considered. Furthermore, since the influence
coefficients Dij are independent of the properties
of the normalwash distribution, the same matrix
computed for a given wing will yield solutions for
a large class of normalwash distributions. For
example, generalized forces for many different con-
trol surface configurations may be obtained from the
same influence coefficient matrix.
For applications in aeroelastic analyses, aero-
dynamic ipfluence coefficients that relate control
point forces to deflections have been defined in
0.253~377~ Ref. 18, The doublet lattice method leads imnedi-
ately to this definition of influence coefficients
since the control point force is given by the
product of lifting pressure and box area, and the
dawnwash is the substantial derivative i n the
streamwise direction of the deflection. (The sub-
stantial derivative requires curve fitting "in-the-
small" along the surface strip; e . g . , a parabola
may be passed through the control point and the
points upstream and downstream of it.) If a reduced
number of degrees of freedom is desired for the
aeroelastic analysis over the number of boxes
employed in the aerodynamic analysis, the number of
control point forces and deflections may be reduced
by a streamwise curve fit and the method of virtual
work as discussed in Ref. 18.
References
1. Vivian, H. T., and Andrew, L. V., ''Unsteady
aerodynamics for advanced configurations.
Part I - Application of the subsonic kernel
function to nanplanar lifting surfaces," Air
Force Flight Dynamics Lab. Report FDL-TDR-64-
152, Part I (May 1965).
2. Landahl, M. T., IlKernel function for nonplanar
oscillating surfaces in a subsonic flow," A I A A
J r 2, 1045-1046 (May 1967).
3, Mangler, K a W., '%nproper integrals in
theoretical aerodynamics," British A.R.C. RM
2424 (1951).
4. Hedman, S o G., IWortex lattice method for cal-
culation of quasisteady-state loadings on thin
elastic wings," Aeronautical Research Insti-
tute of Sweden Re'port 105 (October 1965).
5. Falkner, V. M., "The calculation of aerodynamic
loading on surfaces of any shape," British
A.R.C. R&M 1910 (1943).
6. Schwarz, L., tlInvestigation of some functions
related to the cylinder functions of z e r o
order," Luftfahrtforshung, V a l r 20, No. 12,
341-372 (1944),
5
 7. Watkins, C. E., Runyan, H. Lo, and Cunningham,
H. J., "A systematic kernel function procedure
for determining aerodynamic farces on oscil-
lating or steady finite wings at subsonic
speeds," NASA Tech. Report R-48 (1959).
8. Bisplinghoff, R. L,, Ashley, H., and Halfman,
R. L., Aeroelasticite (Addison Wesley, New
York, 1957) Chap. VI, p. 294,
9. Bergh, H e , "A new method for measuring the
pressure distribution on harmonically
oscillating wings of arbitrary planform,"
National Aeronautical and Astronautical
Research Institute, Amsterdam, Report MP.224
(1964).
10. Anon., "Tables of aerodynamic coefficients f o r
an oscillating wing-flap System in a subsonic
compressible flow,,! National Aeronautical
Downloaded by Biblioteca Dipartimento Ingegneria on January 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1968-73
and Astronautical Research Institute, Amsterdan,
Report F,151 (May 1954).
11. Kolbe, C, D., and Boltz, F. W., "The forces and
pressure distribution at subsonic speeds on a
plane wing having 40° of sweepback, an aspect
ratio of 3, and a taper ratio of 0.5," NACA
p\M A51G31 (19511,
12. H m o n d , A. D o , and Keffer, B o M,, "The effect
at high subsonic speeds of a flap-type aileron
o n the chordwise pressure distribution near
midsemi-span of a tapered 35O sweptback wing of
aspect ratio 4 having NACA 65A006 section,"
NACA RM L53C23 (1953).
13. Landahl, M. T., "On the pressure loading func-
tions for oscillating wings with control sur-
faces," Proceedings of the AIAAIASME 8th
Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials
Conference, 142-147 (March 1967).
i/
14. Lessing, H. C., Troutman, So L., and Menees,
6 . P.,Experimental determination of the pres-
sure distribution on 2 rectangular wing oscil-
lating in the first bending mode for Mach num-
bers from 0.24 to 1 , 3 0 , " NASA TN 0-344 (1960),
15. Curtis, A. R., Gikas, X. A., and H a s s i g , H. J o ,
"Oscillatory flap aerodynamics -
comparison
between theory and experiment," Paper presented
at the Aerospace Flutter and Dynamics Council
Meeting, Cocoa Beach, Florida (Novo 1967).
16. Beals, V o and Targoff, W. Po, llcontrol surface
oscillatory coefficients measured on low-aspect
ratio wings," Wright Air Development Center
Technical Report No, 53-64 (April 1953).
17. Clevenson, S a A., 2nd Leadbetter, S. A",
"Measurements of aerodynamic forces and moments
at subsonic speeds on a simplified T-tail
oscillating in yaw about the fin mid-chard."
NACA Tech, Note 4402 (1958).
18. Itodden, Wo P., and Revell. J. D o , "The s t a t u
of unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficients:'
I& Fairchild Fund Paper No. FF-33 (1962).
19. Stark, V. J. Eo, Private comunication to
W. P. Rodden, 11 Oct. 1967.
6
 I

\ LINE OF
DOUBLETS
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DOWNWASH
COLLOCATION POINT
Y. rl

FIGURE 1. COORDINATE SYSTEM, FIGURE 2. WING AND PANEL GEOMETRY

SUR FACE7

v
Y

FIGURE 3. COORDINATE SYSTEM OF EQUATION (12).

7
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2D FLOW. M = O K = 1.0
FIGURE 4. LIFTING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON WING WITH OSCILLATING FLAP
IN
 la PRESENT METHOD; NC = 6, NS = 8 1
d 0 EXPT, NACA RMA51G31 I
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,x
FIGURE 5. LIFT DISTRIBUTION ON SWEPT WING IN STEADY FLOW
- 7.0

6.0

5.0

.o
4. ( 75

3. c

2. c

1.C
x

C
0.2 0.4 1 0.6 0.8
(a) COMPARISON WITH tXPERlMENT fb) CALCULATED LIFT DISTRIBUTION ON SEMIWING
L
FIGURE 6. LIFT DISTRIBUTION DUE TO DEFLECTED PARTIAL-SPAN FLAP

9
 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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X/C

FIGURE 7. LIFT DISTRIBUTION ONLR3 RECTANGULAR WING OSCILLATING

IN BENDING MODE ( 0 ) $= 0

~~

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0

X/C

FIGURE 7. CONTINUED. (b) = 0.9

10
 0.5

0.4 - A
KERNEL FUNCTION (M = 0.2) REF. 15

A
I
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- 80

L;i -120
- A
I
Y
W A
0
w
n

-200 ~
I I I
0.5 1.0 1.5
-k
FIGURE 8. FLAP HINGE MOMENT DUE TO FLAP OSCILLATION, FOR A 40% CHORD, FULL SPAN
FLAP ON m2 RECTANGULARWING

11
 ”# $’
DEGREES
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EXPT, NACA TN 4402

k
FIGURE 9 SIDE FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR T-TAIL
OSCILLATING IN Y A W ABOUT THE FIN MID-CHORD. M = 0.

12