. . . .

. . . .

III
 530.1(075.8)
22.31
22
. ., . .
: . .:
. 10 . . III.
( ). —6- ., . — .: ,
2004. - 800 . - ISBN 5-9221-0530-2.
,
.

.
,
,
.

III
( )

. .
- : . .

071930 06.07.99. 26.07.04. 6 0 x 9 0 /1 6 .

. . . . . 50. .- . . 48.

« - »
« / »
117997, , . , 90
E-mail: fizm at@ m aik.ru, fmlsale@maik.ru
http: / / www.fm l.ru ISBN 5-9221-0530-2

« »
160001, . , . , 3
.: (8172) 72-55-31, 72-61-75, : (8172) 72-60-72
E-mail: form.pfp@ votel.ru h ttp ://w w w .v o lo g d a /~ p fp v 9 78 5 9 2 2 105309

ISBN 5-9221-0530-2 © , 2004

 ........................................... 9
.................................................................... 9
................................................................. 10
.......................................................................................... 12
I.
1. .................................................................... 13
2. ............................................................................... 19
3. ........................................................................................................ 22
4. .................................................. 28
5. .................................................................................. 32
6. .................................................................................. 37
7. ......................................................... 39
II.
8. ................................................................................................. 44
9. ................................ 45
10. ........................................................................ 47
11. ........................................................................................................... 51
12. ........................................................................... 57
13. ................................ 60
14. ...................................................................................... 61
15. ............................................................................................................ 65
16. ......................................................... 70
III.
17. ........................................................................... 74
18. .................................... 77
19. .......................................................................................... 81
20. ........................................................................... 84
21. ........................................... 87
22. ...................................................................................... 91
23. ............................................................................... 95
24. .................................................................103
25. .................................................................... 105
IV.
26. ..........................................................................................112
27. ............................................................. 116
28. ............................................................. 121
29. ............................................................. 124
30. ...................................................................................... 129
31. .................................................................................. 132
V. -
32. - ................................ 136
33. .................................................................................. 140
34. .................................................................... 147
6

35. .................................................................... 150

36. ( ) . . . 154
37. ( ) . 166
V I.
38. , ........................................... 171
39. ...............................................................................177
40. , .................................................. 182
41. ,
...................................................................................... 186
42. .............. 193
43. ......................................................196
44. ................................ 199
45. ....................................... 203
V II.
46. ......................... 208
47. ......................... 212
48. - ....................................215
49. -
..........................................................................................................................222
50. ....................................226
51. . . . . 232
52. ..................239
53. .............. 244
V III.
54. ...................................................................................................................249
55. ............................................................................................. 254
56. ............................................................................................................258
57. ..................262
58. ............................................................. 269
59. ............................................................. 275
60. ....................................... 277
IX .
61. .............................281
62. ........................................................................285
63. ....................................290
64. . ......................298
65. . ..................305
.
66. ........................................................................309
67. ............................................................. 311
68. ......................................................315
69. ........................................................................... 317
70. - ........................................................................321
71. .............. 328
72. .................................................. 329
73. .............................334
74. .................................................................................. 343
75. ........................................................................345
76. .................................................................... 350
77. ...............................................355
 7

X I.
78. ................................ 367
79. ......................................................370
80. ....................................... 374
81. .................................................................................................... 378
82.
............................................................................... 386
83. . ......................................................392
84. . ......................................................... 397
85. . d ...............................................401
86. ......................................................404
87. ......................408
88. - ........................................................................................................ 412
89. ......................... 416
90. ............................................................................................. 420
X II.
91. .................................................................... 433
92. ........................................................................... 436
93. ..........................................................................................441
94. .................................................................................. 449
95. .............................459
96. . . . 463
97. ....................................466
98. ...............................................................................471
99. . . . . 476
X III.
100. ....................................481
101. ............................................................. 488
102. . . . . 491
103. ............................................................. 498
104. ......................508
105. ........................................... 514
X IV .
106. ^ - ........................................................................................................ 523
107. ............................................................. 532
108. 6 ^ - ........................................................................................................ 536
109. .............................543
110. - . 546
XV.
111. ....................................550
112. ....................................... 554
113. ........................................................................... 559
114. .................................................. 568
115. ......................................................570
X V I.
116. ............................................................. 572
117. .................................................................................................578
118. ..........................................................................................583
119. .................................................................................. 593
120. ........................................................................... 600
8

121. ....................................... 602

122. ......................... 606
X V II.
123. ........................................................................... 609
124. ............................................................. 614
125. .................................................. 617
126. ............................................................................................. 622
127. .................................................................... 630
128. .............................635
129. .................................................................... 642
130. ..................645
131. ......................................................... 649
132. ................................................................ 657
133. ................................ 666
134. ...............................................674
135. .................................................................................. 680
136. ..................684
137. ......................................................689
138. ....................................692
139. . . . . 697
140. - ......................702
141. ............................................................................................. 708
X V III.
142. .............. 716
143. ........................................... 723
144. ....................................... 726
145. .................................................................... 730
146. .............. 739
147. ....................................742
148. . . . 749
149. ........................................................................759
150. .............. 764
151. .................................................................................. 767
152. ................................ 772

a. ...................................................................................... 779
b . ............................................................................................. 781
c. .................................................................................. 784
d. .............................787
e. ............................................................. 792
f. -
...................................................................................... 794
............................................................................................. 799
 « »
,
.
.
,
.

1988 . JI. JI.

. . .

.
,
. (
) :
,
,
.

.
;
.

, ,
.
,
,
10

,
.
, , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . JI. , . . , . .
;
.

JI. . .
,
.

, 1973 . . .

.
,
.
,
, ,
.

, .

—
,
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,

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.
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,
 11

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,
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,

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,
, «
» .
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,
.

« », ,
,
.
.

, 1947 . . . , . .
 : /
: — dV,
— dq, — d3p
/ ( . . 51) —
f nra (n\ f \ m)
7 = ( — )/
{ /,g } = f g — g f
—
— 6\
— . . 154, 155

, /, I
— e^i ( .
. 114)

: I— I, « »,
1988; II — II, « », 1989; IV — IV, «
», 1989.
 I

§ 1.

, .
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

, ,
— ,
,—

1) . ,

,
,
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.

1)
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,
, ,

.
14 . I

,
,
.
,
. 1)
, ,

,
, .

, ,
, ,
,— , ,
,
, .
, ,
,
,
. ,

.
, ,
,—
,— ,

.
.
—
,
( W. Heisenberg, 1927)2) .
, ,
, . ,

. ,
, - ,
(§2).
,
, .
) ,
.
2) ,
. . 1925-1926 .,
,
.
§1 15

,
.

, . ,

.
1)
-
2) . ,

,
.
« », ,
, .

.
« » «
», ,
« ». , , ,
« »,
- .

,
- .

(N . Bohr).
,
.
, , .
,
.
,
1)
, , . .
,
.
2) , ,
, ( , )
.
16 . I

« »
. ,
,
;

.
,
—

. ,
, , ,
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(
, ) . . ,
.

—
,

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,
1) .
,
At

) , , « »,
« »,
.
§1 17

. , , -
. ,
, ,

.
,
, ,
.
, ,
At ,
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,
,
- . , At

.
,

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,

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§2 19

« »
.
,

, . .
( —
).

, :
,
,
( )
.
.

. ,
.

.
, ,

,
.
( § 14)
,
.

§ 2.

,
,
.
.
q
, a dq—
(
); dq
dV .

,
( , )
( ),
: | |2 dq
20 . I

,
dq
.
1).

( ).
,
*.

J J 4>(q)^{q')v{q,q')dqdq[, (2.1)

(f(q,qf) ,

. *
2) .
,
, , .

.
,

.
,
.

, , .
, | |2
:

j m 2d q =l . (2 .2 )

. | |2 ,

, , .
, , , | |2
(2.2).

)
( . Schrodinger, 1926).
2) (2.1) tp(q,q') = S(q —qo)S(q' —go), S
^- , , § 5; qo
, .
§2 21

| |2 , ,
, | |2

(2.1), *, ,

, —
.
; ,
.

, .
(^)

- 1, 2 ( )— 2.
, 2, . .
\ + 2 2 ( , 2 — ),
, 1,
2. , ,
,
— 2 < , t),

—
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
1).
, q\
q2 ,

. ,
2(# #2)
(^ ) 2(#2)

x)TeM , ,
. , ,
: ,
, ( . § 14).
22 . I

:
^ ( ,
12 91 92 ) = ^ 1 (9 1 ) ^ 2 (9 2 )- (2.3)
,

:
(2.4)

§ 3.

/,
. ,

, .
,

.
,
,
,
.
, , .

( , ),
;
.
, , ,
;
.
,
/ ;
§ 5.
/ / , 0, 1, 2,
3, . .. ,
/ / , .

/.
,
(3.1)

,
/ f n.
§3 23

,
/ ,
,
, .

= « , (3.2)

, —
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
(3.2)
( )
fn /.
, ,

*
*. , , ,
. , fn
,
= , ,
(3.2)
.
, ,
. , ,
| |2
(3.2) fn
/ .
fn ;
,
(3.3)

,
(3.3). \ \2
,
* .
24 . I

/ * dq. ,

(3.4)

, *= * *
* ,

(3.4),

:
(3.5)

(3.2),

(3.6)

5 = 1 — 5 = 0 .
*
. ,

( ,
,— ) .
/ /
.
/ /
,
§3 25

| |2: _
f = ^ 2 f n \ a n \2- (3.7)

/ ,
, .
(3.7) *, ,
*.
, / 1),
. (/ )
/ . /
, (/ )
* /:

/ = * (/ )< . ( 3 .8 )

, /
2) .
, (3.5) ,
(3.7)

7 = Y , = [ *f e / ) dq.
J \ '

(3.8), ,
/
(/ ) = ^ > / . ( 3 .9 )

(3.5) , ,
/

(/ ) = J K ( q , < /) (< /) d q 1, ( 3 .1 0 )

K( q , q f) ( )

= ( - )

1) .
2) , : /( 1 + 2 ) =
= / 1 + / 2 , /( ) = / , 1 , 2 — , —
.
26 . I

.
(3.9) ,
( , ,
), /
f n 1) :

/ = / . (3.12)
,
/

/ = / ,
/ — , —
/,
, .
,
,

/ = / .

, —
.
.
(3.8) ,
J *(/ ) = I (/* *) , (3.13)

/* , / 2).
,
, ,
,
/. / ,
, /,
1) , ,
(/ ),
.
2) , / fifj = ?,
/* ,
§3 27

,
I (/ ) = I (/ )<**, (3.14)

, — .
*, (3.13)
,

/= /* • (3-15)
, ,
1) . , ,

, .

, . . ,
. / .
/* ,

/. , /* ,
/ +. /
, ,
/*. ,
/ +, /*

= J *f+*dq.
,

(/ = J * dq = J fy*dq= J */* dq.

, ,

/+ = , ( .1 )
, / +, , /*.
(3.15)

/ = / +, (3.17)

) (3.10) -
, , K ( q , q t) =
= K * ( q , ,q).
28 . I

. .
(
).
,

, .
f n, f m —
/, , —
: ^ ^
/ = / , / = fm .
,
,— ,
,
^/ - „ ^ = (/„ - fm ) -
dq.
/* = / , (3.14)
,
{fn fm) I „ ^ ^ = 0,

, fn / ,
.

/, ,
,
. ,
/ , g, ... /,
g, ... ,

, . .
f n , gn , ...

/ = / , £ = ,. ..

§ 4.

/ g— ,
/ g, / + g / + g.
,
, ,
. / g
§4 29

, / g
,
/ + g,
f n + gn .
/ g
, / + g .
,

f + g = f+g- (4.1)

f + g, , ,
/ g.
, / g— ,
/ + g, —

/ + g.
. / , go—
/ , g, ( / + g)o —
/ + g. ,
( / + g) 0 ^ / + go- (4.2)
, / g
. ,

. ,
(f +g) (f+g) , ( / + g) = ( f + g )
, , ( f + g) = / + g ^ /o + go,
(4.2).
/ g—
.
,
/ g. ,
,

, .
/ g.
, — / g,

f g ^ n = f ( g Vn ) = f g n ^ n = gnf'&n = g n fn ^ n
30 . I

( fg ,

g , / g ^ ).
fg
g /, .
,
.

, ,
fg gf
.
fg = g f
fg-gf = . (4.3)
/ g ,
. ,
: / g
,
.
( . § 11):
/ g ,
,
.
,

, .
, fp
( — ) /,
- . ,
cp(f) ,
(p(f)
/. (f(f)
, (p(f)
f p.
, / -1
/. ,
/ / -1
, . . / / -1 = / -1 / = 1.
§4 31

/ g ,

. , fg
,
. ,
,

J Vfgbdq = J /( ) ^ = J (^ )(/ ) dq.

/ ,
g ,
: g$ / .
,

J /& dq = J (f'&)(g<f>)dq = J #/ dq.

, ,
.
, gf ,
/g ,

fg = fg , (4.4)
. . , /g ,
,
.
(4.4), ,

( f g ) + = g +f + • (4-5)
/ g— , ( /g ) + = g f .
, fg ,
/ g— .
, fg gf

\ { f g + gf ) - (4.6)

, fg —gf
« » (. . ,
32 . I

).
; , ^ ^
i(fg ~ gf) (4-7)
.

^ ^ ^
{f,g} = f g - g f (4-8)
.
,
{fg, = { /, h}g + f { g , h}. (4.9)
, { /, h} = 0 {g, h} = 0, ,
, , / g .

§ 5.

§3,4 ,
,

.
/ — ,
.
/ ,
.
(3.2)
,
— —

(q) = J af * f (q)df, (5.1)

,
/.
, ,

.
, , .
f
, \af\2 df
,
,
§5 33

/ / + df.
/ ,

J \ a f \2 df = l (5.2)

( (3.3) ).
,
(3.5), , ,
,

J * ^ = J \af \2 df,
, ,

J *^ = J J d f V f V t f d q .

af = J ( )(1 , (5.3)

(3.5).
(5.1)
(5.3):
« / = / « / ' ( / * /'* ? < * ? ) 4 -
af
.
,
(. . f /' / dq) /' /.
f' = f (
d f' ).
, f ^/ ^ ? / —/ ',

.
6( f f — /) :

J f* dq = 5 ( f - f ) . (5.4)

6(f ' — / )
/ ' —/ = 0 ,

J 5 { f - f ) a r d f = af .
34 . I

I S ( f ' - f ) d f ' = 1.

6-
1) . .
5( ) = 0 /0, 5(0) = , (5.5)
, ^

J 6 ( x ) d x = 1. (5.6)
—

, = 0. f(x)
, = 0,
+
J S ( x ) f ( x ) d x = f ( 0). (5.7)
—

J 5( - a ) f ( x ) d x = /( ), (5.8)

= a, a f ( x ) —
= . , 5- ,
. .
6(— ) = 6( ). (5.9)
,

f S(ax)dx= [ 5( ) -^ = -— ,
J J
— —
,

6( ) = -— 5( ), (5.10)
\ \

— .

1) -
( . . . Dirac).
§5 35

(5.4)
;
(3.6) . ,
/ / f - .
| |2
.
(9) ,
(5.4). (5.3) (5.1),

(?) = J ( 9 ') ( / ^ f (q,) ^ f ( q ) d f ) d q ' ,

J (q,) f (q)df = 8 ( q - q ,). (5.11)

, ,
,
^ ;(< /) (4) = % '-< ? ). (5.12)

(5.1) (5.4) (5.3) (5.11),

, , , (9)
( ) , ,
, (5.3)
= ( /)
( ), ( ).
( /) , ( ),
; /-
( (q) — (/-
). | ( )|2
dq, | ( / ) |2
/
df. f(q) , ,
/ ^- ,
, ( )
q /- .
(p(f) — /, ,
< / .
( )
. , ,
. ,
36 . I

<() ip

J „( ; ( /) d* = % > ( / ') - ? ( / ) ] ,

(5.4).
5- / ' = /. / 7,
/,
¥> (/')-¥ > (/) = ^ ( / ' - / ) .
(5.10), 1)

% ( / ' ) - ? (/)] = - /)• I5-13)

(5.13) (5.4) , ^

= VI /)/# /' ( 5 ' 1 4 )

,
,
— .
, , ,
.
,
.

0?) = ^ > { ) + f af ^ f (q)df, (5.15)

, —
.
, ,
q. ,
q. ,

) , < ( ) (
),

^[ ,( )] = ^| u 5 (x ~ a i ) ’ (5.13 )
i \ >(«01
OLi — ( ( ) = 0.
§6 37

| ( )|2,

(3.8), , 1)
q = q. (5.16)
,
, q^ q0 = qo'&qo,
qo
q.
= 0, q = q$, ,

2)
90 = % - <? )- (5-17)

§ 6.

. ,
.

, ;
,

.
,
, .
,
,

.
,

( ).
1)
, ,
.
2)
aqo = f ty(q)5(q — ) dq = (^ )-
dqo |ago|2 dqo = | ( )|2 dqo,
.
38 . I

— . ,

.
,
( . II, §53). — -
.
=
ip (
).
,
ip ; ,
,
.
, ,

= <^, —
, < .
,
,
S
( ).

, «
» , . .
.
, , <

S
, . . S = const •(/?.

1) .
( )
= 1, 055 • 10-27 • .
, « »
( , , )
.Q/ti /
= aelS/n. (6.1)

) ( . Planck, 1900). h,
, , ,
/, 27 ( ).
§7 39

. (
) «
» .

0 (

, — 0).
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, «
» ,
( . § 17).

, ,

( );
. ,

.
,

§ 7.

,
§ 1, ,

.
, —
(
). ,
,

,
.
(
40 . I

) —« ».
g, gn ;
, ,
, , —
—
.
,
(£), « » gn
, £ .
,
,
-
g,
, , .
0( (
) , (q) —
(q
).
,

(<?) (0- (7-1)

,
. , ,
,
. , ,
£ q.
(
),

Y , A n (q) „(0, (7-2)

A n (q) — q.
« »

.
,
g (« »)
. ,
+
(7.2),
, « » gn :
»(«) (0- (7.3)
§7 41

, A n (q)
.
, , A n (q) .

,
n- « » .

A n (q) ( )
, ,

A n (q) = J K n ( q , J ) V t f ) d J (7.4)

K n (q,qf),
.
, ,

. ( . § 1),

( ) .
, A n (q)

( ) .
,
( ) = anipn (q), (7.5)
< — ,
, ( )
. (7.4)
K n (q, (/),
q q'\
K n (q,q') = (7.6)
( )

= j *{q)4>*n {q)dq, (7.7)

( )— ,
.
(fn {q) —
. , ,

,
.
42 . I

( ),
— \ \2
, - .
:
1 ] | 2 = 1. (7.8)

(7.7) (7.8) (
) ( ) ( . §3) ,
(q)
( ). , (#)
.

( ), , ,
, — . ,
( )
(n- ) .
(#) ,

( /),
,
.
, ( ), ,
(fn (q) ( , ,

- ).

.
( ), /
/ .
</?n (g), ,
/ -
. ,
,
/ ,
1). (
) , ,
— , ,
. ,
, ;
, .
,
, (
) .
§7 43

<fn{q)
, — ( ) ,
. .

<Pn{Q,t),
ipn (q). m- ,
£, -
/ <pn (q, t ) ^ ( q ) dq.
,
« » —
. «
» ,
,
.
( . §44).
, , .
.
( . § 18),

;
.

, . .
.
 II

§ 8.

. ,

,
— ,
,
. ,
<9 j d t

,
, , .

— = , (8.1)
dt ' v 1
— ;
, .
f * dq ,
,

(8.1)
, (
i/H):

j H *^*dq- J * ^ =

= j 4>*H*q>dq- J f * F f d g = J *( * - ) > dq = 0.

, ,
= iJ, . . .
§9 45

, .

(6.1)
_^5
dt h dt
(
). (8.1), ,

—d S /d t. ,
,
.
—d S / d t ,
. ,
,
. , ,
. ,
(8.1)
.
.

§ 9.

,
. ,

,
. ,
,
;
§ 1.

.
/ / ,

/. , , ,

7 7
= - (9-1)
,
/,
46 . II

/:

7=7=11 */ ^ =

= / « - |« d , + J /> d , + 1 * - / f i , .

d f jd t ,
/ , ,
. <9 /<9£, <9 */<9£
(8.1),

7= fv* ^ 4 !d q + %
- j(H*V*)f4!dq-%
-J */( ) dg.
,

’( * *)(/ )^ = J * / <* ;

, , ,
, / = J */ ^^g, ,
, ,
/ 1):

] = ld + lt ( H f - f H ) . (9.2)

1)
/, qi
pi :
df df ( df . df .

, ' , * = «" * = -
dpi dqi

f =f +[ , 1 . _ ( |£ | - | £ | “ ),
[if, /] / ( . I, §42).
(9.2), ,
i ( H f —f H ) ,
, , ( ) — H[ H, f ] .
§10 47

/ , / ,
, /
.
,
, ,
, / = 0.
. / = / = 0, . . / = const.
,
. ,
/ (. .
/),
—
— .

§ 10.

( ,
— — )
. ,

. , , ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, . .
^ = , —
. , (8.1)

f ug :
i ( J g —g f ) fr[f,g], [/, g] -

,
, g.
48 . II

^
^ = > =
at

= e x p ^ - ^ E nt ) ^ n (q), (10.1)

— .
.

. ,
,
—
= . (10.2)

= ^ 2 a n e x p ^ - ^ E n ( t ) ) ^ n (q). (10.3)

| |2 , ,
.

| |2 = |^ |25 ,
.
/ = / */ ? = f ijj^ f ^ n d q
/ ( ).
,
. ,

,
( , ,
), -
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.
§10 49

, , ,
/ g,
. ,
, ,
, /.
, g^ (
) ] ,
g, ,
/ g .
, g'ljj ,
, :

(gVO = £ = )-
, ,
, . . .
, ,

, .
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
( ) 1).

, ,
,
.
,
; ,
, ,
.

( ) , = + 2,
q\ , — q<i,

Hi J?2 ,

) ;
,
2,
n ( n + 1 )/2 , . . 2.
50 . II

, .

, . . , -
. ,
f | |2 dq,
, . , , ,
| |2 ,
. ,
, . .
, , .

/| |2 ? . | |2

,
.
/| | 2 dq , | |2
(
). , /| |2 ? ,
,
,
, . ,
( - )
. ,

, f \ ^ \ 2 dq
,
.
,
.
,

| |2= J J aEdEr
* , exp ( ^ { ' - ^ ) dE d E '.

,
exp{i(i^ —E ) t / h },
§11 51

. ,

; ,
1).
,
.

§ 11.

,
(

). = ^

.
(3.8) /,

/ = ^ ^ anamfnm(t) ? (11.1)

fnm (t)

fnm{t) = j K f ^ m d q . (11.2)

f nm(t) ,
/, / (£)
,
2).
/ (£)
( / t )
. (10.1),

) , ,
,

1 |2 = - - | ~ En)t \- - = ^ 2 KV>n(g)|2,
n,m '
. . .
2)
( W . Heisenberg) 1925 .,
. « » ,
( . Born, P. Jordan).
52 . II

,
fnm(t) = f nmeibJnmt, (11.3)

.\
Unm = ---- ----- (11.4)
,

/ = J ' ' dq (11.5)

/,
1).
/
/;
,

/ = 7 = ' ^ 2 ' ^ 2 a n a m f n m {t) . ( 11.6)

(11.3) , , /:

/ = ^ nmfnm{t) (11.7)
( exp(iunmt))
:

(f ) nm = i^nmfnm ~ -^ )fnm- (11.8)

;
.
/
/*

( = J + dq = J ?* ( = J * < ,
. .
( / * ) » = (/ )*' ( .9)

)
( . § 2) / (
[ ( — )\.
.
§11 53

,
, , ,
fnm = fmn ( -10)
(fmn (fmn)*)' ,
, .
= .
, (11.10) ,
. f nn
/ .
.
,
^ /rnnVW (11-11)

, }
,
(3.5). ,
:
= ' ) = fY ,g k n ^ = = J2SknM m .
,
, ,
= £ ( /^ ) ^ ,
,
fg
i f g) — fmkgkn- (11-12)

:
.
.
,

( )
, . .
:
= '^ 2 , (11.13)
54 . II

.
/ = / ,
/.

^ Cm( f ) = / ^ - -

*
dq. f ^ dq
f nm.
f dq
,a f ^L n dq = 1
1):
^ fnm^m = f Cm (11.14)

^(fnm f$ ) = ,

_ 0, ,
° ~ \ 1, = .
,
( ).
,
,
, . .
\ f nm- f Snm\ = 0 . (11.15)
( /
)
/. ,
(11.14) /, - ,
.

) (§5)
(11.13) «
» ( ,
). f nrn
/ ,
(11.14).
/ = E E cn(/nmCm)
.
§11 55

(11.5) /
,
f^jjn = f n^ n

fnm = j 1 ' dq = fm J * dq.

fnm = 0 fmm = fm- ,

,

/; ,
, ,
. , ,

(
,
). , /,

g, , / , g
. , ,

, .
, ,
, , 1) .

§4 :
,
. / g
. fg = g f (11.12)
,
^ 2 fm k g k n = ^^ / -

^ ,
,
/, f m^ = 0 ,
f mmgmn = gmnfnn
gmn(fm ~ fn) = *
fn / ,
fm —fn 0, gmn = 0.
1) , ,
(11.8)
(9.2).
56 . II

, gmn ,
. . i/jn
g. /
(. . ,
),

gmn , , .
,
/,
;
, -
gmn, , ,
,
/ g.

( .16 )

— ,
( ).
, ( — ) = 0
?/;*,

dq
,

J ( H - E n) ^ d q = J -d ^ ( H - E ny r n dq

.
.

( ),
f nm 1)
(11.17)
,
« » / | )

1)
. (11.17) ,
.
§12 57

| ),
( ,
).
« » -
:
, |ni), | 2 ), .

| ) ( \ ):

( \ ) = j ' ' ' dq. (11.18)

§ 12.

. , ,
,
,
,
.
.
^ n (q) ^ nf (q) ( = 1 ,2 ,...) — -
.

^'n = 'Yh (12.1)

'
.

= . (12.2)

S ,
,
. ,
(12.2) f dq = Smn
(3.14),

J { S ^ n) S * r m dq = J r mS * W n dq = Smn
58 . II

, ,
S* S = 1,
S* = S + = S ~ \ (12.3)
. . . ,
, .
= S'_1V4,
(12.1),

^n = Y , Snm^'m- (12-4)

S^S = 1 SS~*~ = 1 ,

J 2 S L S ln = Smn (12.5)
I

J 2 S * m lS n l= S mn. (12.6)
I
- /
« » , . .
' .

J ' 7 ' < = J{S* )(7 ) dq =

= I ^* ^ dq = I ^ §~^'7 '§ dq.

, /

= S-'fS (12.7)
1).

) { / , g } = —ihc / g,
(12.7) { / / , g /} = —ihc', . .
. . . 46 ,
[ /,g ] .

( )— . I, §45.
,
,
.
§12 59

Sp / 1):

Sp f = Y , f n n . (12.8)

S p (/g ) = Sp (g /). (12.9)

,

Sp ( f g) = fnkgkn — gknfnk = S p (g /).

; ,
Sp Ugh ) = Sp ( hf g) = Sp (ghf ) . (12.10)

,
. ,
Sp / ' = S p ( S - 7 S ) = Sp ( S S - ' f ) = Sp /. (12.11)
,
.
, (12.6),

^ \ [\2 = Y , S k i $ ks i = = i ^ i 2- (12 2)
i k,l,i ,I

S = eifi, (12.13)
R— ; , R+ = R ,

S+ = e~iR+ = e~iR = S - 1.

? = S - ' f S = f + { /, iR } + \ { { l i R } ,i R } + . . . , (12.14)

1) Spur — .
trace. ,
.
60 . II

exp(=tzi?) R.
, R
, (12.14)
.

§ 13.

,
,
.

J(t) = J 'S>*(q,t)f'S>(q,t)dq. (13.1)

, ,
, , ,

.
(
) , ,
.
( . (12.13))
5 = (-| * ), (13.2)

— . ,

, . .
( ),
S^n{q) = e x p ( - ^ E nt)ipn (q). (13.3)
, (10.3)

( ,*) = 5 ( ,0), (13.4)

. . S

.
§14 61

, (12.7),

= S-'fS, (13.5)

/ (t) = J '&*(q,0)f(t)i&(q,0)dq, (13.6)

. . /
( ) ,
.
, (13.5),

/ (^),
(11.3).
, (13.5)
( / £),

| (13.7)

(9.2), :
(9.2) /,
/,
(13.7)
/.

§ 14.

— , § 1.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
( , ),
, a q—
. , ,
62 . II

,
1).
/ ,
.
, q.

7 = J J ^ *( q, x ) f 4f ( q, x ) dqdx . (14.1)

p ( x , x f),

( , ') = j ( q , x ) ^ *( q , x ' ) d q, (14.2)

q\
. (14.2)
, « »
*( , ') = p( xf,x). (14.3)
« »

( , ) = J | (<?, )\2 dq
.
/

7 = J [f p(x, x' )\ xf=xdx. (14.4)

/ ( ^ ') ;
' = .
, , ,
, .
, p ( x , x f)

. , ,
, .
,

) ( , ) ( )
, ,
,
.
(<7, ) ,
,
( . §2). , .
§14 63

, , ,
.

, ( , ') = ( ) *( /).

. ,
( ),
,

( ,
- ). ,
( ),
,
.
,
, ;
,
, - .
, ,
( , x f, t)
,
, . .
p ( x , x f,t) = ( , £) *( /, t).

(8.1),

= i m * { x ' , t ) Jd ^ A + =
dt V ’ ' dt V’ ' dt
= *( ',*) 0 ) - ( ,*) '* *( ',*),

H— , ,
a H f— , '.
*(xr,t) (x, t)
H f, , , -
( '
[ * ,t} = ( - '*) ( , ', t). (14.5)

n(x,t) —
, . . .
;
64 . II

p( x, x' , t ) = =

= ' ' ^) { ) > ( ^ { E n - E m)t). (14.6)

,
(10.3) .

. , ,
,
= • ( 14 7
* )

/ ,
(14.6) (14.4):

7= 171
/ '&l(x,t)f'f>m ( x, t ) dx,
/=££
m n
t t m n f n m (t)—
m n
exp (j^En-Em)t}, (14.8)
fnm — /.
(11.1) ) .

. « » ( , )
, ,
, , .
(14.6) ( x f = ) ,

( £ — )
.
. ,

> 0, (14.9)
)
.
(F . Bloch) 1927 .
§15 65

) ammi

& & ^ l^mn | • (14.10)

« » ,
,
& —^ ^ ' (14.11)
,
« » « »
.

) = ^ ^ 0" = ^ ^ = ^ ^ \ \ =

) = , 9 (14.12)
. . .

§ 15.

,
.
, ,

;
.
S
, -
( — )
5 : —)►r c + Sr. ^ (ri, 2 , ...)

( ± + <5 , 2 + 5 , . . . ) ( 1, 2, . . . ) + <5 ^ 2 =

= ( l + J r ^ V a W ( r b r 2,--0
' '
(V a — r a).

l + < 5 r^ V a
66 . II

,
' (l*1 , 2 ,...) ( \ + 5 , 2 + 5 , . . . ).
,
, ,
, ,

.
. , « »
. ( ) = ( ),
- = ,
. . .

. (
1) , ,
, S -
, — = 0

£ 'V „ ) H - .S ( £ V „ ) = 0 . ( 15. 1)

,
( ) ,

. ,
,
( . I, § 7). (15.1)
;
^2 ^ ,
, ,
— .

V
— :
= -ifiV , (15.2)
:
_ Q _ 0 _
= = Pz = - i h — .
oz
,
(6.1),
= -ih -yvs = vs,
§15 67

. .
VS.
( . I, §43).
, (15.2),
, . , { )
{ ), ,

J ( dx = —iH J ip^- dx = ih J *~^~ dx = J ifjp^ipdx,

.

, ,
:
= 0, PxPz PzPx = 0, PyPz PzPy = 0. (15.3)
,
.

.
ifiS/ = . (15.4)

= const -eipr/n. (15.5)

, , .
, , , pz
.
,
— .

(5.4) f */ dV,
{dV = d x d y d z ), ^-

,
, , ,
^-
, 2 :

1) - ( (5- )
(5- :
5(a) = 5( ax)5( ay )5( az ).
68 . II

, ,

' *, d V = (2irH)sS(p' - ) (15.6)

/■
( ,
5- , 6[( , — )/(27 )]=2 6( , — ) . .).
1)
00
^ J eia^dC = S(a). (15.7)
—

, , (15.6),
(15.5) const = I 2) :
= eipr/ H. (15.8)
( )
,

j I
:

V(r) = «(p)V’p ( r ) ^ = (15.9)

(S p = dpxdpydpz). (5.3)

( ) = J ( ) *( ) d V = J tp(r)e-ipr/ hdV. (15.10)

( ) ( . § 5)
:
| ( )| 2 _ ^
1 V^ yi (2 )3
— d?p.
) , ,
, (5- (5.8).
, 8( — ), (15.7),
(5.8),

) = J J /(*) £( ~ ) dx — .
2

2) ,
\ \2 = 1 , . . «
». , , — .
.221.
§16 69

,
,

. ,

(15.11)
,
( )

( ) (15.9) ,

(15.10),

(15.11), , -

(15.12)

.
, ,
(
) .
( )
( ) = ( + ).
( + .) ,

, = —ihV:
( + ) = l + Iap + iQ a p ) + ... ( ).
, ,

(15.13)
.
70 . II

§ 16.

.
, , z
,
- = , p xz - z p x = 0 (16.1)
, pz .

( — ) = — —( ) + — = — ).

, —
— ] ,
, pz z. , 1)
- = -ih, - = -ih, p zz - zpz = -ih . (16.2)
(16.1) (16.2)
PiXk - x kpi = - i h 8 ik, i , k = , , z. (16.3)

,
. /( ) —
,
/( ) - / ( ) = —iKVf. (16.4)
,
( / - fl>)4> = - [ / ) - fS/ ] = - i W V f .

/( ) - r/(p ) = (16-5)
(16.4),
,
(15.12).
(16.1) (16.2) ,

) , 1925 .,
.
§16 71

. ,

.
,
,
, , A z. , ,
. ,
/j = ( ) /^, /( ) — ,
.

(. . ). ( )
(15.10)
( ) ( °- ) / .
, ( _ ) /^
, , Az
, ( ). ,
( )
, (pox —px) A x / h < 1, . . . | ( )|2
,
, , pz , ( ) ,— ,
,
.
) , A p Z) , ,
~ , ~ , A p zA z ~ . (16.6)

1927 .
,
(. . ),
,
.
( = A y = A z = 0),
= = Apz = . ,
. ,
,
(
(15.8),
).
72 . II

( . Weyl).
—
( ), ;
,
.

+ —
/ dx

— .
,

/ x V | 2 <fa = (fa)2,

[ ( x ^ ^ i p + xip:¥— ^ \ d x = [ x d^ dx = — [ \ \2 = —1,
J \ dx dx J J dx J

I = - J r ^ d x = * f r % ,i’ d x =

2(6 2) - + % ^ 0 .
v y H
( )
,
.
SxSpx ^ / /2. (16.7)
/2.
,

= 1^ (^ ° ~ ^ ) ' (1138)
5 — .

\ \2 = — :— ( ---- ——^),
\/27 6 V 2(6 ) )
. . (
= 0)
5 .

( ) = j V’(a;) e x p ( - i ^ ) d a ; .
§16 73

( ) = co n st • exp ( - ^ ^ ).

, \ ( )\2,
=
5 = /25 ,
5 5 h/2.
, . /
g— ,

f g ~ g f = -if£, (16.9)
— .
h ,
(. . h 0)

. , « -
»
(16.9) .

fg-gf =
— =
= —ih , h
h e1) .
rsj ,
/, g

A f A g rsj fie. (16.10)

, ( / = ),
(g) , ,
(9.2), = g

A E A g ~ hg. (16.11)

) / g ( .
. . 46).
 III

§17.

,
.

: = 2/ 2 ,
( . I, § 4).

—
( )
.
= 2/ 2
,
:
(17.1)

(15.2),

(17.2)

= 2/ 2 + 2/ 2 + d 2/ d z 2 — .

(17.3)

; — ,
-
.
§17 75

( )

—
U (1*1 , 2 , ...), .

1):

= 4 ^ + ^ 2 -); (17-4)

, — .
, ,
,

H = f + U(x, y , z ) = - ^ A + U(x, , z), (17.5)

Zm Zm

U(x, ,z) —
.
(17.2)—(17.5) (8.1)
.

^ = + /( , , ) . (17.6)

(10.2), ,

^ + [ - ( , , )] = 0. (17.7)
Zm

(17.6), (17.7)
1926 . .
(17.7)

^ + = 0. (17.8)

1) , ,

.
76 . III

= 2/2 . ( )

= const • exp ( —j \ E t — p r ) ^ . (17.9)

— —
,
. E/h,
= p/ ; = 27 /
1) .

, , ,
+ . (
= 0) , —
. ,

(17.9),
.
, -
,
.
(17.6) (6.1)
= aelS/ fi, ,
,
— - — + — (V S )2 - — a A S - - V S V a - — A a + Ua = 0.
dt dt 2m 2m m 2m

( , S );
, :

— + — (V S )2 + - — = 0,
dt 2 2

— + — A S + - V S V a = 0.
dt 2
,
2,
f + i < v s >2 + =»• <1? >
. ., , -
S . , , —>> 0
) , ,
(L. de Broglie) 1924 .
§18 77

( ) h .
2

^ + d iv (« ^ )= 0 . (17.11)

: 2

(| |2 = &2); V S / m = /
v . (17.11) ,
, ,
« »
v .

.
.
( ).
,
.
' ( '
V ):
( , t) = const • [ ( —E t ) / h \,
'( ' , t ) = const • e x p [z(p V — E ' t ) / h \ ,
= r '+ V t ,

p = p' + m V , = : + Vp' + 2/ 2
( . I, § 8 ). ,

( ,£) = '( ' , t ) exp

hV 2
= '( — V£, t) exp ( 1)
hV
,
,
.
(1 ) .

§ 18.

,
, .
78 . III

.
, U ( , , z)
.
, .
, , ,
U .
, U= , ,
. . = 0.
, ;
, ,
.
U ( , , z) ,

. ,
U ,
— l/rs s < 2 ( . §35).
Umin U ( x, y ,z ) .
—
U ,

= + U.
( )
, > 0.
U > Umin, , > Umin.
,
,

> Umin. (18.1)

, ,
; U ( , , z), ,
, .
,
, . . < 0
.
, ,
,
( . §10).
,
;
.
,
;
> 0 , ,
§18 79

( ) ,
f \ \2 dV 1) .
,

, < U, \ \2

, .

,
, U > .
,
< U , . .
— .
;
,

,
,
- .
U ( , ,z) > 0 (
U 0), (18.1) > 0.
, , > 0
, ,
, . . -
.
, U (
) —
U ^ - a / r 3, >0. (18.2)
,
( )
.
;
~ h/r -
2/ $,
— / $.
, s > 2. 2/ $ — / $

.
, ,
,
) , , ,
U(x,y,z) (
) .
80 . III

.
\ \
. «
» ,
, . . « »
= 0.
s < 2,
.

.
. ,

(. . 5 ).
5= 2 § 35.
,
.
, — ,
, (18.2)
( ). ,
« »
< -
2/ ( ) 2, : — / $.
, ( ,
* ).
70 s < 2,
2/ ( )2 — / q .
,
,
.
,
( ,
, U > ,
). ,
,
= 0.
, —l / r s s > 2,

.
,
.

, ,—
.
1). -
) , .
§19 81

. , *
, ,
;
, * , . .
( ,
). ,
,
,

.
( )
, .
, , , t
—t 1).
,
* .
,
, . . .

, ,
t
*. , , ,
, ,
(
§ 7).

§ 19.

v
= m v. ,
,
. ,
v =
(9.2):
v = -( - ).
h
(17.5) (16.5),
) , U
— , ( )
.
82 . III

v = / . (19.1)
, ,

.
, ,
. ,
dt,
dt.
,

,
.
/
/( ), -
- . , / /( ),

;= 1 ( / - / )= ^ / - / 2),
(16.4)
p2/ = p ( / p - ^ v / ) , / 2 = ( / + iH V f)p

/ = ^ ( p V / + V/-p). (19.2)

, .

v = {( - ) = ^( - ) = - .
(16.4),
n r i = —VC/. (19.3)

( )
.
/| |2 /,
V,
.
.

j t J | |2 dV = J ( ^ + * ^ ) dV = ^ J ( * *- * ) dV.
§19 83

= * = - ^ A + U(x,y,z)
2

* _ * = ( * - * ),

dt
j | |2 d V = - J div j dV,
j 1)

j = — ( * - * grad ) = — ( * *+ * ). (19.4)
2 2

divj ,
, ,
V:
d
j m 2 d,V = - j i j d f . (19.5)
dt
, j
.

,
. j | |2

^ + d iv j = , (19.6)
ot
.
—
(17.9) — ,
( ,

).

= -T=exp[-^(.Et-pr)l, (19.7)
y/V 1 J

v— . , (19.4),
j = /mv, . .
.
L) |^ | ,

j = — \ \2 grade*. (19.4
84 . III

. —
;
2
“ ^ = ^
2

-^ - *+ * = *.
—
;

{ - ) 1= ^{ * -^* ) = f - di ( *- *^ ).
zm Zm

, ,
, ,

( - )J dV = ,

, ,

J * 4 = 0.

§ 20.

5J *( - E ^ d q = 0. (20.1)

*
. *,

J 5 *( - E ^ d q = 0,

, 6 *,
= . .
,
§20 85

J *( - )5 = j 1 ( * - E)iP* dq = 0,

* * =
= \
(20.1)
. ,

(20.2)

(20.3)

( (20.3))
(20.2)
, . . $ .

$ 1).
( > 0)
,
.

(20.2) \ ±
,
,
(20.3),
f dq = 0.
, $, \ , ... , -1
(
),
(20.2)
:

J 2 dq = 1, J dq = 0, = 0,1, 2 , . . . , — 1. (20.4)

1)
, ( ).
86 . III

,
1).
$
( , , )
2). ,
. ,
( > 0) ,
, ( —
, J dq
).
, $ ,
.
, , $, '0 —
, $.
+ ' '0
; ,
, ',
, . .
.

, = 0
( . § 18).
(20.2)
.
,
.
,
;
,
,
,
.

/ 1 = / - ? -^- + U ^ 2 dq
2

1) ( . )
: . .
. . . . — .: , 1950.
. IX; . , . . . — .:
, 1951. . I, . VI.
2) ( ), ,
,
( . §63).
§21 87

,
.

= diVaO/’Va'i/’) - (V )2•
diva (V;VaV;) dVa
,

,
. ,

+ 2 dq. (20.5)

§ 21.

,
, z .
,
—
d 2
2 + ^[ - ( )\ = 0. (21.1)
dx2 fV

, ,
U ( , , z) =
= Ui(x) + U2 (y) + Us(z), ,
. § 22-24
«
» .
.
,
.
, >2 — ^
,
.
(21.1),
=^ { _ ) = 2

1 2 — 1 2 —0 ( ).
,
1 2 — 1 2 = c o n st. (21.2)
88 . III

\ = = 0, const
,
1 2 - 2 1 =
[/ \ = 2 / 2 • , \ = const - ,
. . .
{ )
( )
: ( ), + 1-
, (
) 1) .
, U( ) —>> =
(
). U(+oo)
(. . U(+oo) = 0 ) , a U(— ) Uq
, U$ > 0 .
,
;
U{+ ), . . :
< 0, (21.3)
, , > Umin, . .
U( )
C^min < 0.
, Uq :
0< < . (21.4)
,
— ,
= + . ,

. ,
( )
, \, 2
(
— ).

(21.1) U{x)\
»+ |^ = 0.

^ ,
( ) .
§21 89

= acos(kx + ), (21.5)
, 8— , « » = / = /2 / .
(
+ )
(21.4) .

"-^( - ) = 0.

, - ,

= * , = ±y/2m(U 0 - ). (21.6)

— .
,
, < .
, £ > (21 ?)

, —
. .
,
(21.1),

( , ,
—
).
— -)-
= a i eikx + a2e~ikx (21.8)
—>> — . ,
, ~ — , .
, U( ) — (U(—x) = U(x)).

(21.1) . , ( )
, (— ) ,
{ ) :
{— ) = ( ). , ( ) = 2 { ),
= ±1. , (
= 0)
( (— ) = ( )),
90 . III

( (— ) = — ( ) ) 1). ,
: ,
,
= 0 ( (0) = — (0) = 0).

( ) ,

| |.
,
( — + ).
( — — ,
).

( > 0)
,
, , ;
. ,
,
j> * : dx = 5 ( ^ -) = 2 5( - ') (21.9)

( — ),
(21.5) = 2:
2 cos( + 5) = ^ +5^ + ~ ^ +6 (21.10)

, ,
(21.10)
pf ;
6 = 5f (6 , , ). ,
,
= ; , ,
± (^ ^ ) . ,

/ + / = / .(‘ - >
0 0 —

(15.7) (21.9).

) ,
, . . . ,
,
, .
§22 91

5- ,
(5.14),
f' 1( /2 )^/2 _ 1
\ dE ) /27 hv ’
v— . ,
= - ^ = ^ v = - ^ = {ei(kx+5) + -<(**+«)). (21.11)

, ,
(21.11), 1/(27 ).
,

5- :

,
,
, (
), 1/(27 ).

,
. 5-
, ,

, 1/{2 ).

§ 22.

, . .
U(x),
. 1: U ( ) = 0 0< < a, U ( ) = Uq ( )
< 0, > . ,
< Uq , _____ Uq
> Uq
.
0< < ------------------- 1-------

"+ ^ = 0 (22.1) PmCl

, (
).
92 . III

( ),
"+ ^ ( ~ 0) = 0. (22.2)
= 0,
, =
= = (22.2)
( , < Uq — ).
< Uq
(22.2) = const - ^ ,
3t= 2m (U o-E) (22.3)

( — +
> < 0). \ \2
, < U(x).

'/ . (22.3),
\ '\/ = (22.4)

Uq ( . 2)

( / —^ ).
Uo =
= 0, , , § 18,

= 0. (22.5)
( ,
(22.4). , Uq —>> -
'/ —»> ; '
, = 0.)
(22.1)

= cs m (k x + 5), = (22.6)

—0 —0 5 = 0,
— sin = 0, = ( —
, 1) )

= ^ 2, = 1, 2, 3 , . . . (22.7)
2

) = 0 = 0.
§22 93

.
—

= v ^ sin & ) ' < 2 2 ' 8 )

«
», . .
[7 = 0 0< < , 0< < , 0<z < U=
. ,

, ,«, = — (\ 4 + 4 + )>
/
n i , n 2,n 3 = 1, 2, 3, . . . , (22.9)

= ] fi; sin{!v x) sin ( » ) sin ( v " ) ■ (22'10)

, ,
(22.7) (22.9), Eq 2/ m l 2, I—
.
:
~ I ,
~ /1;
~ ( /I)2/ .

1.
,
.
. ( ) \ (22.8)

( ) —J ^ dx = J —j sin ex p ^ —i ^-^j dx.

V
,

, . ,2 dp 47 3 2 7

m dp-
2. ,
.2.
. < Ui,
. < 0
= c ie ^ 1®, XI = ( 1 / )y / 2 m ( U i ~ ),
94 . III

>
= 2 ~™2 , 2 = (l/H)\/2m(U2 — ).
(0 < < )

U( x) = c s i n( k x + (5), = /2 / .
'/
2
U!

c t g ( ak + S) = — 2 = — |! -

. 2

sin (5 =
\/2 m U i ’ 4 7 \J 2m ~ U 2
(5,
kh . kh
= nir — arcsin -
\/2mUi \ / 2 mU2 ^ ^
( n = 1, 2, 3 , . . . , arcsin 0 7 / 2 ),
= k 2h2/ 2 . ,
, ; .
arcsin 1, ,
0 \/2mUi/h.
(1 ) , —
. (1)
, = \j2mU\/h . ,

\/2mU\ 7 . l Ui
1 ----------- > ----- arcsin 41 — , (2)
h 2
= 1 , ,
. , Ui U2
,
. Ui = U2
( 2 ), , .
Ui = U 2 = Uo ( ) (1)
hk 7 — /
arcsm — = ------------. (3)
y/2mU< 2
£ = / 2,

c o s£ = d=7 £, 7 = — (4)
m U 0

, tg £ > 0 .

sin £ = ± 7 £, (5)
§23 95

, tg £ < 0.
= 2t;2h2/ 2, (
^ 0 ) .
, , Uq h 2/ 2, 7 1,
(5) . (4)
( ), £ « ( 1 / ^ )(1 — l / 2 j 2).
,

« ».
3. , «
» .
. , , ,
— /
;
. (11.16)

(22.9).
( ) 2 2 2
= --- 1-

§ 23.

,
( ).
2 2/ 2, —
. ,

S = ? _ + r n u W' (23 )
2 2 v )

= = ,
.
.

1).
(19.3);
+ 2 = 0. (23.2)

(^)mn ” ^ % = 0.
) (1925)
.
96 . III

, (11.8),
( ) = { ) = ~ ^ .
( ~ ) = 0.
, ,
, =
,
- 1, . . , ^1 =
? =1 .
,
. ,
. -
(11.10) ,
:
% —% -

^^ .h
= = — —,

{ ) ( ) — ^ ^
—
•

(11.12)
—

^ '(^nlXnlXin 3Cn ln%ln) — 2 . 1 1— % .

z z '
I I
I= = 1,

( +1, ) 2 - ( , _1)2 = (23.3)

Zmnoj
, ( + 1 , )2
, ,
,
.

, ,
, — —
. .
,-1 ,
§23 97

(23.3) = 0, 1 , . . .
:
nh
(% , —l) — 2 m u

,
1):

x n,n- 1 = x n- 1>n = J ^ - . (23.4)

2

= = [( 2)„ + 2( 2) \

• • ,2 1 /
= ~ |/ ^ ^ 1 1 1 1 “ ^x nlx ln =— ~
— /> (<^21 + U n l)X ln-
I I I
I I = = 1;
(23.4),
= ( + 1 /2 ) , = 0,1, 2, . . . (23.5)
,
.
( = 0) It luj/ 2; ,
.
(23.5)
.

= (23.7)

x)M bi ( . . . 52)
, (23.4) +
. ,

.
98 . III

+ - ) = 0. (23.8)

( £.)
£ 2 / £2;
= ^2 =
= ^ / 2. (
,
" = £2?/;.)
£= = ,
. (23.8)
.,
= /2 { 0 • (23-9)
(0 (
2 / —1 = 2 , > ,
> - 1 /2 )
X ~ 2^ + 2 % = 0, (23.10)
%
£ = =
£ ( , ).
(23.10)
( )
( . § );
(23.5).
(23.10)

X = const •#„(£),
{£) — ,
- £,

( 0 = ( - 1) *2^ - (23.11)
const ,
+
J ( ) dx = 1,
—

( . ( .7))

" ( ) = ( f f ) 1/4-^ 5 (- ¥ “1 { \ [ ^ )' ( 23 2>

§23 99

U x ) = ( r ) 1/ " e x p ( “ i : i 2 ) ' (23' 13)

, .
+
f £ -
—
; ,
, (23.4).
,
. ,
= ioox

( - ) -1 = -( + ) - = - * (23.14)

(11.11) , -\ = ,

( — ) = 0.
- ^ . d
= — -----
dx

dibo ,
- - = ------ ^ ,

(23.13). ,

( + ) -1 = ( + ) ) -1 =

*■ = + () '- ' =

= - ^ S expf S i M - ? ) * - 1) ’
- (23.13)
(23.12) .

1.
.
.
,

. (23.1) (15.12)
100 . III

= ihd/dp,
2 muo2h2 d 2
=
2 2 dp2
( ) = ( )
( )

dp muj \ 2 /
— , (23.6);
(23.12).
,

| ( )|2 —— = -------- j exp ( ---- -— ^ ( ^ dp.

2irh 2 \ / \ mujh) \\fmuoh)
2 .
(16.7).
. , 2 = 2 + (Sx) 2, 2 = 2 + (Sp)2
(16.7),
-= 2^ 2 2( 2 . 1 / 2 2 (Sp)2
= ------ 2 ------- ^ -------- ( ) --------(Sp) ^ / , 9 + -— — .
2 2 2 2 8(Sp)2 2
( Sp),
,
: ^ fax)/2.
3. ,
, . . ,

SpSx = h / 2 ( . Schrddinger, 1 9 2 6 ) ) .
.

( ,£) = ------ ^--------- - ^ | — - —— ^ -----i(p(t)X . (1 )

v ' ( 27 ) / (<5 ) / I 4 (Sx)2 '

(16.8), = x(t ) = p(t ) = m x ( t ) —

; (19.3)
(U = 2 2/ 2) = — 2 ,
= — 2 -
+ = 0 , (2 )
. . x(t ) .
(1)
f | |2 ? = 1 ;
—
(p(t). Sx
<p(t) (1 )
2 2 ! 2 2
------------- = -
2 2 dt

1) .
§23 101

(2 )
1 1
2
- XX
) V 4 (5 )4 _ 2 h2 8 (5 )4 4(<5 )2
- - - ) = 0.
(<5 )2 = h/(2mu)
,j_ 2 2 —2 . ^ 1 — |
= — ( — ---- , —— ----- .
2 2 2h 2
,
/ / m c j \ 1//4 ( — )2 1 zcjt !
expi i ' — at ) “ " (3)
= 0, = 0 ( ) ~ ^2 —
.

2 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 hu /_ l\ ...
£ = — + ---------- = + -------------h — = hu + - ; (4)
2 2 2 2 2 V 2/
« » hu
. ,
x ( t ),
( 2 ).
+ ip _ iut . |2 _
-^ - = - = . (5)
\ J2mnu
(3)

= ^ , ^ n (x,t) = ( ) |- ^ + ^ ut^j .

1)

=
—
J (6 )

-
I 12 2 — ' /i-7\
wn = \ \ = = — , (7)
!
. . .
4. ,
( . 3; Ph. Mo r s e , 1929).
. —
( ),
— .
:

+ - ~2 + 2 ~ ) = 0.
dx 2

1) . 1 §41.
102 . III

2 /2 _
= ------------
ah
( 0 + ) (
, < 0)
_ /—2 /2 ( 1
- s+ — ( 1)
ah ah 2

/" +
I 1_ /' +
I ({ - 1- +
I n-\-s-\-l/2
--------------- ^ ) /= .

£ ±£/2
£ —> 0 £± s .
,
- ^ 2 ^ 4 £s £ —» 0 .

=
w
+ (2 s + 1 — £) w ' + n w = 0 , (2 )

: w £ = 0 , £ —»
it;
£. (2 )
( . §d
)
w = F ( - n , 2 s + 1 ,0 -
, ,
( F ).
(1 ) , ,
ah
— — 1 -
/2 + 2
,
,
/2 1
----------- > + -
ah 2
( s, , ).
, .
\/ 2 1

ah 2 ’
.
5. U = ----- ^ — ( . 4).
ch
. ,
— ; .
?I Uo
§24 103

£ = th ,

/—2 2mUo
= £>[£>-|“ 1|, S=
2

d_ „2 U{ x)
(1 - s( s + 1 ) - = 0 .
di d£. 1 -f .

—
. -

= (1 —z2y /2w(o
^ (1 — £) = :

( 1 - u)w" + ( + 1)(1 - 2 u)w' — ( — s ) ( s + s + 1 )w = 0 .

, £ = 1 ( . . = ),
= (1 - ^2)£^2F[s - s ,£ + s + 1,£ + 1,(1-£)/2].
£ = —1( . . = — ),
—s = — , = 0 , 1 , 2 ,... ( F ,
£ = —1 ).
, s —s = ,
2
2s, 2
= - - ( 1 + 2 ) + / 1 +
8
, £>0, . . < s.

§ 24.

.
, F
, ;
F = , — .

U = —F x + const; ,
U = 0 = 0, U = —Fx.

^ + ^ + ) = 0. (24.1)

U + — /7 —
— , ,
,
— + .
104 . III

, = —
—)►+ .

<-(*+!) ( ¥ < - 2>

(24.1)
"+ = 0. (24.3)
. ,
,
,
.
(24.3), ,
( . §b )
= (-0 , (24.4)

( £) = -±= J cos ( + < ) du

, —
, .
£ —)►— ^ (0
. , (^)
£,
( . ( .4))

' ^ ( - 5 |{|8/2) ' ( 2 4 '5)

£
(^) ( . ( .5)1)):
) = [ sin ( | £ 3/2 + I ) ■ (24.6)
(5.4)
, (24.4)
5-
+

I ') = 5( ' - ). (24.7)

—

1) , , (24.5)
(24.6)
(§47).
§25 105

§21

. ,
(24.6) :

(0 ~ ^ { [ # 3/2 - ] + « q > [-» (j{ s/2 - £)]}■

,
,

1/(27 / ),
(2 ) 1/3
= 1/2 1/ 2,3 ■ (24.8)

.
.

= ^ --ih F — ,
2 dp
( )

-ihF — + ----- \ = 0.
dp V2 )
,

( ) = , 1 exp < — F (
-^—F —
V ^ t t HF I HF V 6

/ ciE(p)aE>(p)dp = 8( ' - ).

§ 25.

. 5
: U(x)
(U = 0 —)►— ) (U = Uq —)►+ ).
< Uq ,
,
, ,
106 . III

; > /,
.
—
> /
.

-
.

.
,
« »
, . .
— : ~ 2 , &2 = ^ / 2 ( — /) (25.1)
(. — ). ,
,
—)►— ;
, . .

— — : ~ elklX + B e ~lklX, \ = ~^2 . (25.2)

( ,
);
.
\, : \ \ \2,
: 2 \ \2. D

:
D = — \A\2. (25.3)
k1
R
;
, R = 1 —D:
R = \ \2 = 1 - - \ \ 2 (25.4)
1
(
).
< /,
>2
— + . , . .
§25 107

. , ,
, < U, ,
.

( > Uq)
—— , —)►+
, :
= A 1eiklX + B ie ~iklX -»• - ,
■ - (25-5)
= ^ 12 + 2 12 — + .

, Ai, \ 2, 2
. 2 = a Ai + / 3 B i, , /3 —
( , ),
U(x). 2
,
. ,
,
* .

* = A \ e ~ iklX + B { e iklX -»• - ,

* = A*2e~ik2X + B%eik2X -»• +
(25.5) -
; %= \ + f3A\ 2= * \ + j3*A\.
, (25.5)

2= + 2= + * . (25.6)

(25.5)
ki(\ Ai \2 - \Bi\2) = &2(| 2|2 - |- 2|2)-
2, 2, Ai, \ (25.6),

(25.7)

(25.6) ,
( > Uq)
,
108 . III

. , ,
(25.5) £> 2 = 0; \ / \ = —/3*/ *.
\ — 0, 2 / 2 = /3/ *.

Bi 2
Ri = !
i? 2 =
2
, R \ = i? 2 -
\ / \ = —/3*/ * 2 / 2 = /3/ *

.
,
.

1.
( . 6 ); >17 .
. > 0
U( x) (25.1), < 0—
(25.2).
0
dip / dx = 0 :
1+ = , 1{ 1 - ) = 2 ,
—
2\ \— 2
. = =
6
ki - 2 ki - 2
(2 5 .4 ) )
' \— 2 V1 ~ 2
R =
\- 2 Pi + 2
= Uo ( 2 = 0) R , —»
R = ( U o / 4 E ) 2.
2 .
( . 7).
. > Uo
.

= « 1 * + A e ~ ikix < 0 ,
J k 2x e ~ik2x
= Be 0 < < ,
= C e ikix >

1)
.
.
. ,
~ /p
, . . ,
U{x) .
( = 0 ),
.
§25 109

( > ,
). , , ',
^ U(x)
= 0, .
D = ki\C\2/ki = \ \2. - Uo
:
4 \ \
D =
( \ - 2)2 sin 2 2+ \ \’
- 7^ < 7
/2— ;
-7
D 2 i>c2, h>c2 =
= y/2m(U0 - ):
= ________4fc?^________
(ki + 2 )2 sh 2 2 + 4 fcfx 2
3.
,
U{x) = U0/ ( l + e - ax)
( . . 5); > IJo.
. :

* +^ ( - ^ =) = .
dx
, +
= const . / 2 .

—
£ = -
( — 0 )

= 2/ (0,
w(£) £ —» 0 ( . . ). w(£)

£(1 - £)w" + ( l - — (1 - £)w‘ + \ { k l - k\)w = 0 ,

\ a J a

w = F -( - 2), --(fc i + fc2), - - f c a + l,£

a a a
( ). £ —> 0 1,
. . .
£ —» — ( . . — — ) 1)
—ik,2/ ol [ ) ( 2—ki)/a + 2 ) i(k1+k2)/ _

= ( - l ) ik* / a [Ci e iklx + 2 ~ 1 ],

1 ) . ( . 6 ),
, . .
1 jz .
110 . III

Y ( — ( 2 i / a ) k \ ) Y ( — (2 i/a )k 2 + 1)
1=
r(-(i/a)(fci + fc2))r(-(i/a)(fci + fe) + 1) ’
r((2i/a)fci)r(—(2i/a)fc2 + 1)
2=
T((i/a)(k\ - fc2))r((t/a)(fci - fc2) + 1)'
R = |C 2 /C i | ;

( ) (1 - ) =

R = ( sh[(7r/a)(fci - fc2)] ] 2
1 sh[(7r/a)(fei + fe2)] j
E = £7o (A?2 = 0) R , —»

R= {^i) /
R ,
, .
4.
U(x)
,

Uo
U(x) =
ch
.
( . 8 ); < Uo.
.
5 § 23 Uo,
.

ik
= (1 - f ) ■ ^ F ( _ i ± _ 8j_iA + 8 + l j J ± + l t L z l (1)

£ = th , k= \V 2^E , = - ( —1 + J l - ^
ft 2\ V af t
,
a - 2 ~
). - (£ ->• - 1 )

( .7):

—ikx r (z & /o ;)r (l ik j ) ~ ( — / ) ( 1 —i k / a )

(2)
( - ) (1 + ) T ( —i k / a — s ) T ( —i k / + s + 1)
§25 111

,
D = 1 — R:

8mUo
D = ---------------------- 7------1 \ - 2-2- <
,2 ^ , 2 ( ^ / 1 8m U 0 \
s h ------ h cos — /1 —
2 \/ 2 2
, 2 7
sh 2
n ol 8m U 0
D = --------------------- -------. — 2 > 1.
sh2^ +ch2 ^ , / 8 ^ -
ha J
Uq < 0, . .
,
. , D = 1 , 1 + (8m\Uo\/H2a 2) = ( 2 + I ) 2,
. . \Uo\
. ( 2 ),
s ~ .
5.
—> 0, , U( x)
\ \ , — .
. \ \ 1
. \ \ ,
,
_&_# =0
2 dx2

= \ + \ , < 0, = 2+ 2 , > 0. (1)

\ \ ~ , a i,
bi 2, 2.
ai = 2+ 2, 6 i = z^a2 + r b 2. (2 )
, /i, ,
). (1)
(25.1), (25.2) ,
ai = 1 + , \ = &( 1 — ), 2 = , 2= .
(2) ,
: 2i k / v ,
4 2
2
,
. , 2 4,
, , .

) — =1.
 IV

§ 26.

§ 15

.
—
.

.
,
6( ,
. 6 ( - -
)
<5 = [<5< - ].

^( * ,...)
12

( + 5 2 + 8 2 , ■■■) = ( 1, 2 , • • •) + X I =

= V>(ri,r2, . . . ) + ^ [ & p - r0]VaV> =

= ( l + 5< 5^[reVe])^ (ri, 2, • • • )•

1+ ^ ^ [ r aV a]

. ,
,
( . § 15)
. ,
§26 113

( E [ r « v “0 ^ - £ ( Z [ r « v “0 = °> (2 6 )

.
,
,
( . I, §9). ,
, ,
,
[raV a] — .

— ;
- [ rV] = [ ]
[ ].
, .

I, — L.
, :
HI = [ ] = —iH\rV] (26.2)
:
= ypz - zpy, Hly = z p x - x p z , Hlz = XPy - y p x .
, ,
.
.
, - ,
, ,
,
. , -

. ,
, .

. ,

. ,
,
, ,
, t —t
114 . IV

. ,
, .
,
L = —L; , L = 0.

L
( . § 18).

L = - i h f tl>*(22[raV a])il>dq

, L , ,
, L = 0.

. (16.2)

{1 , } = 0, {1 , } = iz, {lx,z} = -iy,

, } = 0> {Ty,z} = ix, { , x} = —iz, (26.3)
{lz,z} = 0, {lz,x} = iy, {lz, y} = —ix.
,

hy - ylx = \(VPz - zpy)y - y(ypz - zpy) i = ~^{Py, y} = iz.

(26.3)
^
{k,xk} = ieikixt, (26.4)
eiki —
1), « »
.
1) % (
) ,
, e i 2 3 = 1- , 27
6 , , / , /
- 1, 2, 3. +1,
, / , / 1 , 2 , 3
( ), — 1 .
,
CiklCikm = 2 Sim, ^ikl^ikl = 6.
= [ ],
, e^i
Ci = eikiAkBi.
§26 115

{k,Pk} = ieiklPl- (26.5)

H{lxly lylx) = 1 (% XPz) (% xpz)lx =

= (lxz - zlx)px - x(lxpz - pzlx) = - i y p x + ixpy = iHlz .
,
{ly-i^Z} = ilx-, {}zi lx} = {}xily\ — Hz (26.6)
^ ^ ^
{k, h } = ieikik- (26.7)

L x, L y, L z . ,

, , ,

^ - - - ^ = - = * -

,
{Ly, Lz} = i L x , { L z , L x} = iL y, {2/ ,2/ } = i L z . (26.8)
(26.8) ,
(
,
— . ).
,
.
L x, L y, L z
:
L 2 = L 2X + L y2 + L 2z. (26.9)
L x , L y,
L z:
{:L 2, L x } = 0, {L2, L y} = , {L2, L z} = 0. (26.10)
, (26.8), , ,
{ z } = L x \JLx, L z} + { L x, L Z} L X = i( L xL y + L y L x),
"2;
{ iy — i(L xLy + L yL x),
{ L 2Z,'LZ} = 0.
116 . IV

,
(26.10)
(26.10) ,
(. . )
.
Lx, Ly

7-/_|_ — L x ~\~ iLy, L ——L x iLy. (26.11)

(26.8),
:
{!/+, I/-} = 2LZ, { L Z,L+} = L+, { L z , L } = —L . (26.12)
,
L2 = L+L_ + L2 —L z = L_L+ + L2 + L z. (26.13)
,
.
,
= sin cos ip, = sin sin ip, z = cos ,
:
, = -i± , (26.14)

'± = e ± * ' ( ± 5 + iC te^ ) ' ( 2 '15)

(26.13),

2_ 9 — ( si n#-^-) . (26.16)
. sin dip sin \ dip
, ,
, .

§ 27.

, .
(26.14)
= 1 . (27.1)
§27 117

= /( ,6) **,
/( , )— .
, ,
2 . 1)
lz = , = 0, ±1, ± 2 , . . . (27.2)
, lz
,
. < ,
Zz,

< ¥>) = (27-3)

,
2Z7T
^>m (^)^>m/ i}P) — Smm1• (27.4)
/■

^-
, ,
: _ __ __ ^ ^ ^
LZ = M , = 0,= , ± 2 , . .. (27.5)
( , Lz
lz ).
z ,
, 1/ , L y,
,—
.
, , , ,
.
, , ,
1/ , L y, L z

L x — Ly = L z = 0;
,
.

1)
— , ,—
.
118 . IV

L x, L y, L z ,
.
, ,

( )
,
.
,
, —
, ,
z . ,
( )
1).

,
, (26.8).

L 2,
2).
, z
,
= \ \
= —\ \. L (
) ( L 2)
\ \.
, L 2 - L2 — L X
2 + L2
L?x + L 2,
1) § 10

.
.
2) , ,

. (
« »
, . § 36) , ,
.
, -
L2
L 2.
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
§27 119

. ^ ^
L ZL±
Lz (26.12),
^ ^ ^
L zL±xjjM = { ± 1) ± - (27.6)
, ± (
) ,
= 1 Lz
+1 = const -L+ , - i = const - - - (27.7)
= L,
L+ = 0, (27.8)
> L, , .
L_
(26.13),

L_L+V>l = (L2 - L2 - L z ) ^ l = 0.
1 — L2
L z,

L2V>l = L 'V l, L 2z^ l = 2 , L zipL =

L 2 = L(L + 1). (27.9)

(27.9)
; L
, .
L Lz =
= L, L — 1 , . . . , —L, (27.10)
. . 2L + 1 . ,
L, , (2L + 1)-
;
. ,
L = 0( ),
. , -
- ; ,
,
.
120 . IV

, ,
« L» ,
, L (L + 1); ^-
« ».
/,
. . (27.9)
12 = /(/ + 1). (27.11)
Lx Ly
, , , L2 Lz
( . Born, W. Heisenberg, P. Jordan, 1926). ,
1/ , L y ,
, . .

( L) .
,
,
.
(27.7) , L+
,
—1 — , L — —1.
,
(26.13) 1)
L ( L + 1) = (M\L+ \M - 1) ( - 1\ L -\M ) + 2- .
, 1/ , L y
(. - 1\L- \M) = {M \ L +\M - 1)*,

\(M\L+\M - 1)|2 = L ( L + 1) - ( - 1) = (L - + 1)(L + ),

2)
( M \ L + \ M - l ) = ( M - l \ L - \ M ) = y/(L + M ) ( L - M + l). (27.12)
Lx Ly

(M \L x \ M - l ) = ( M - l \ L x \M) = ^ ( L + M ) ( L - M + l ) , (27.13)

( M \ L y \ M - l ) = - ( M - l \ L y \M) = - ± y / ( L + M ) ( L - M + l ) .

1)
, ( L).
2)
.
§28 121

L x, L y.

, ,
Lz L x = L y = 0. ,
-
,
L.

§ 28.

I
. ,

(/?,
, .

.
Y/m(0, < ) :

J \ Y lm\2d o = l

(do = sin dQ dip — ).

,
2 lz
ip,

Yim = (< ) 1 (0), (28.1)

((f) — lz ,
(27.3).
(27.4), 0/
^

J |0 /m|2 sin6>d6> = 1. (28.2)

Yim I
:

JJ
27 7

Y i'm 'Y lm sine dedip = Sw Sm m i, (28.3)

0
122 . IV

,
.
(< ) ( . (27.4))
lz,
. ©/ (0)
-
; /,
.

!^,
( (26.16)). ' = 12 :
1 ( . \ , 1 2 , 1(1 , \ , _
_sin~ (\ Sm /) ^---sin “^ ^ —
(28.1),
0/
J _ A ( i e d®irn\ _ ^ ! _ © + + 1)0 = 0. (28.4)
sin \ d9 ) sin 6 lm V ’ lm V '

.
,
, I ^ | |,

P™(cos0) ( . § ).
(28.2), 1)

@1 = ( ~ 1 1 (cos0). (28.5)

, ^ 0.
0/
®1,-\ \ = ( - 1 @ 1 \ \, ( 28. 6)

. . 0/ < 0 (28.5),
\ \ (—1) .

) , ,
. , ,
:
il.
. . 278, 527, 533.
§28 123

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
:
1 1/2
\ \ cos0)eimip.
(28.7)
,
(28.8)

, , ,

(-1 = ; - (28.9)
I = 0 ( = 0)
. ,
, . .
—
§ 27 .
/, | |,
I2
.
(§21) ,
@im I —\ \
; ,
I —\ \ « » .
, ,
cos sin ^ ^ 1) ?
\ \ « »;
, , /.
, ,
0/ . ,
§ 23 .
(27.8) 1+ = 0.
(26.15) /+

“ = 7 * “* “ ’
) , lz
, , ,
dim.
124 . IV

@
dSu
I ctg 0 0// = ,

@ = const • sin^ .
,

® = > ^ sin' (28-10)

, (27.12),

^/,7 +1 = (J— = \ / (/ )(/ + + 1) Yim,'

(1- )! _ 1 jl - m v
(/ + )! (20!

(26.15)

T-[f(0)eimv] = sin1-m —- — ( /s in m ).
d cos

jl —m
l l - m il9 Q = < j -m g d (81 0 • © u ).
“ ( d c o s 6>)'-mV

, (28.10)
0//,

®1 {0) = (_ ) / 2 + 1 ( + )! 1--------- — sin2/^ (28.11)

> ’ \j 2 (I — ) \ 2 l\smm (dcosO) ’ V ’
(28.5).

§ 29.

1), /

, / — .
1)
- ( ,
).
§29 125

. /
, . . .
,

, ^ ^
{/> L} = 0. (29.1)
/ ,
/
L
. ,

,
, ,
( !L M \ f \ n L M ) (
, L ,
, ).
,
/ L+:

f L + - L + f = 0. (29.2)

n, L, — n ' , L , M + 1. , L+
n, L, — n , L , M + 1,
( ', L, + 1|/| , L, + 1)( , L, + l|L+|ra, L, ) =
= ( ', L, + l|L+|ra', L, )( ', L, |/| , L, ),

( ', L, + 1|/| , L, + 1) = ( ', L, |/| , L, ), (29.3)

, ( /, L, |/| , L, )
( )
.
,

, . . (2L + 1)-
.
, , —
, .
( , , . .
126 . IV

)
.
Li
Ai. —
, , ,
- , (26.4).
, :
{ L i , A k} = ieikiAi. (29.4)

( . ,
. , . , 1926).
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
(§107),

.
.

, L
:
L ^ L , L ± 1. (29.5)
, ,
L = 0;

. ,

:
— 1 A j^- — -\- ,
—>> —1 _ = Az — , (29.6)
A z.
,
.
,
,
(
) , § 107.
§29 127

Az
:
( 'LM\Az\nLM) = V L { l + ^ L + 1)(n'L\\A\\nL),

(n'LM\A,\n, L - l , M ) = ^ ^ £ ^ L—) {n'L\\A\\n,L- 1), (29.7)

(n',L - \,M\Aj\nLM) = 1|H||„L>.

(n'L'\\A\\\nL)

— , 1) .

( ' L'\\A\\nL) = (nL\\A\\nfL f)*, (29.8)

A z.

- +.
_

(n',L,M —l\A-\nLM) =

(n ',L ,M - l \ A - \ n , L - l , M ) =

(29-9)

+ ,

( L'M '\A + \nL M ) = ( n L M \ A - \ n L' ') *. (29.10)

1) (29.7), (29.9) L
, § 107.
, , ,
(29.12)
.

( ,
(11.17)).
128 . IV

. ,

= \( + - + - + ) + A ZB Z. (29.11)

( )
L . (29.7)-(29.9)
:

(n'LM\AB\nLM) = — — V {riL\\A\\ri'L")(n"L"\\B\\nL),
2L 1 ' ^
n",L"
(29.12)
L" L, L = 1.
, ,
L. (29.9) (27.12)

(L\\L\\L) = y / L ( L + l)(2L + l),

( L - 1 \ \ L \ \ L ) = ( L \ \ L \ \ L - 1 ) = 0. (29.13)

- ;
.
, , n z = cos#
: = 0.
7

(/ — 1, 0|n^|/0) = J @i_10 cos 6 • @ sin 6 d6

0/ (28.11).
1)
(/ - 1 , 0 |n J / 0 ) = il
’ I I / (2 / —1 )(2 / + 1 )
I— I (
,
— . (30.8)). (29.7)
(l-l\\n\\l) = - ( l\\ n \\ l - l ) = iV i, (Z||n||Z) = 0. (29.14)

1) (/ —1 )-
dcosO. — . (107.14).
§30 129

— ( 1 /3 )5ik ( —
- )
1 , ( . . lz ).
. ,
1.
_______2
'Tli'T^k Sik — CL Uh + hli — + 1)
1
.
U, (
). hi = [ ],
1% = 0. h h l k h = (I 2 ) 2
/2(/ + I ) 2, hlkhh
(26.7) :

hlk h h = h h h h — ieikihhh = (I2) 2 — - e i k i h ( k h — h k ) =

= (I2)2 + K M elkmTtim = (T2)2 -T 2 = f ( l + I)2 - 1(1 + 1)

( , eiu^mki = 2 dim)-

_________ 1
~ ( 2 / - 1)(2/ + 3 )'

§ 30.

(
)
,
. —
,
, . .
;
, .

1) .
-
1)
, - (
).
130 . IV

.
.
1),
( ) :

( ) = ). (30.1)
,

( ) = ( ). (30.2)
,
—
. , 2 = 2, = . . 2= 1,
= ±1. (30.3)
,
,
. (
) , — .

(. . ) ,
, :
(. .
), 2) .

: ,
, (26.2)
. ,
, ,

L .
, ,
, .

,
L+P — PL+ = 0 ,
(29.3) (29.2).

) parity — .
2) ,
. (
), .
§30 131

.
.
—
, — ,
(
). /
, , ,
/ , . .
g —)►g —)►
( g
).
P f = —f P \ / « ».
g g
Pgg fgg — fgg Pgg i
Pgg = 1, f gg = 0; ,
f uu = 0. ,
,
. ,
:
: g — g, — ,
(30.4)
: g —)► , —)►g,
,
. , ,
f ug = f */ g dq, ~ , ~
.
, / ;
, , ,

. , f ug = - f ug, . . f ug = 0.

. , ,
, ,
( , ,
—
). , :
: g — , — g,
(30.5)
: g — g, — .
/.
( — — , —>> — , z —>> —z) ,
132 . IV

,
— , # —)►7 — # , ( ^ ( + 7 . (30.6)

Y/m, ,
, Pj71(cos ) (.
(
( + 7 ^ (—1) ,
6 , — 6 PJ71(cos ) ^ m(—cos ) =
= (—l ) l~mPJ7l(cos ). ,
(—1)1 ( ,
), . . I
= (-1)*. (30.7)
, I , I
.
,
,
I — /, / dz 1 (§ 29). (30.7)

, ,
, ,
:
: / —)►/= 1,
1 1 (30 •8)
: I — I. 4 7

§ 31.

,
.

, L
Li L2 .
Li
L2 ,
Li L2 « » ,
.
, . . ,
, Li L2
L, .

. L
L\
§31 133

, : L z = L \z + L 2Z ,

= {+ 2. (31.1)

« »
.

L 2, L |, L \ z, L 2 Z1) ,
L i, L 2 , M i, 2.
L\ L2 M i, 2 (2L\ + 1)
(21/2 + 1) , (2L\ + l)(2Z/2 + 1)
L\, L 2 .
1 2 1 2-

L 2, L 2 , L 2, L z .

L i, 1/2, L, (
\ 2 )• L\ L2 , ,
- (2Li + l) (21/2 + 1) , . .
Li, 1/2 L, (2Li + l ) (21/2 + 1)
.
.

Mi 2 , :
Mi 2
L1 L2 L1 L2

L \l - 1 S " 1 } +
Li - 1 L2 - 1
L\ L 2 —2 > L i + Z/2 — 2
Li —2 Z/2 I

, =
= Li + 1/2, ( (
M i, 2 ).
, , L, Li + L 2 .
, ( = Li + L 2 —1-
, ;
1) ,
.
, ,
.
134 . IV

L = L\ + 2 ( = L — 1), —
L = Li +1/2 —1 ( = L). = L\ + L 2—2
. ,
L = L\ +1/2, ^ + L 2 —1
Z/ = Z/i + L 2 — 2 .
,
1 1
. ,
, \L\ — L 2\.

, 2L2 + 1 ( L 2 ^ L\). ,
\ \ — 1 /2 1 L.
, ,
L\ 2 L
L = L\ + Z/2, L\ + L 2 — 1 , . . . , \L\ — L 2\, (31.2)
21/2 + 1 ( , L2 ^ \) .
, (2L\ + 1)
(21/2 + 1) , L.
, ( 2L + 1
L) L
(31.2) .

. L i, h 2
L\ 1/2, L
L,
Li h 2] (Li + L 2) L
, [\L\ — 2\) — -
Li \ j 2.
L i, 2
L
L 1 L 2 , L L i, L L 2 .
. L 1L2 L = Li + L2 ,
,
2L iL 2 = L 2 —Z \ - .

= i{ L (L + 1) - L i (Li + 1) - L2(L2 + 1)}. (31.3)

L L i = -2 {L{L + 1) + L i ( L i + 1) - L 2(L2 + 1)}. (31.4)

§31 135

.
, ,
$2
. ,
(. .
),
. , 2
, .

= 2, (31.5)
— , ±, 2 —
. , ,
,
.
, ,
- (
),
_ ^ ^ ^ - ^2 ~I—
--* (31 )
( . (30.7)). ,
, ,
« » . . L .
(
),
.
,
.
, , ,
L = 0,

L = 0. ,
( , , ).
,

( = (—1)° = +1),
+
,
.
 V

§ 32. -

,— ,
. (
m i, m 2 ), U(r) ( —
),

(32.1)

A i, 2 — .
- 2
R :
1 1 + 2 2 / QO 0 n
r = r2- r i, R = ------- ;------- ; (32.2)
1 + 777/2

— , a R— -
. ;

(32.3)

( —
R ; mi + m 2 — ; =
= 2/ ( \ + m2)— ). ,
.
, ^ ( r i,^ )
< (R )^ (r), </?(R)
( + m 2 ),
( ) (
m - U = U(r)).

+^[ - ( )] = 0. (32.4)
§32 - 137

1 (
2 d r V^ ) +

+A [ - ^ ( Si n « f ) + - ^ 0 ] + ^ [ E - W W = O. (32.5)
L sin
(26.16) ,
1)
1 / 2

2 ( r2S ) + + {- ) = <32 6)
-
.
I .
I
. ,
(32.6)
ip = R{r)Ylm(e, ), (32.7)
Yim (0,(p) — . 2 ; =
= /(/ + 1) / , « » R(r)

L jL(, 2^ ) - ^ [ - u (r)\R = 0. (32.8)

2 dr V
lz = ,
(21 + 1)-
.

.
R(r) = ^ (32.9)

1)

= - --^-{ ) = - (^ - + ,
\ /

.
138 - . V

(32.8)
# ,
dr2 ^

U( ) ,
,
, , ,
R(r). , %( )
= 0 :
(0) = . (32.11)
( . § 35)
, 0 .
(32.10)

) = )+^- ^, (32.12)
Zm

U(r)
2 + 1) _ / 2!2
2 2

. ,
-
,
( = 0). «
» %,

j \ R \ 2r 2 dr = J \ \2 dr.

(§21).
,
(32.10), . . ,
. ,
I ,
, -
,
/, . , ,

.
§32 - 139

(§21). (
) I ,
,
= 0.

( = 0).
. I -

— .

I ;

:
/ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
s d f g h k (32.13)

- 5- ;
, I 0
,
.
, I
I.
,
h2l(l + l) /( 2 m r 2),
I.

. ,
lim U (r ) r 2 = 0. (32.14)
—0

R(r) ,
; , R(r)
R = const - 5.

(32.8) 2
— 0,
s(s + 1) — 1(1 + 1).

s = l s = —(/ + 1).
140 - . V

s = —(/ + 1)
; = 0 ( ,
I ^ 0). , s = /, . .
I
1:
Ri « const - . (32.15)

+ dr r 2\R2\
,
, I.

§ 33.

= const • ^ ^

,
( =
= 2/2 ).
, , ,
.

= - = (33.1)
v J
I

= Rkliv)Ylm(d, < ), (33.2)

/(/ - 1)
R'L + ' + - R kt = 0 (33.3)

( (32.8) U(r)). ■
( ) ,
:

I ' ' = 8W8mm, 8 ( * ^ ) .

/, V , '
.
§33 141

2R m Rkidr = = 2 8( ' - ). (33.4)

2'

« /2 », «
», . .
(X )

r 2R m R Ei dr = 5( ' — ),
/■

, (5.14),
1 d k\ V2 1
<3 3 5 »
I= 0 (33.3)
d2
r R k0) + k2r R k = 0;
dr2
, = 0
(33.4) ( . (21.9)),
R k0 = 2- ^ . (33.6)

(33.3) I 0 :
Rki = r lXki- (33.7)

' -^ ' + \
+ 2 = 0.
,

xZ + 2Jl±^xZ + ,2
tv
_ +\ 1 )
= 0-
' = / ,/+1
| 2(/ + 2) / | 72 _
/ +1 ~ / , -1 + Xfc,i+1 — 0,
, -
Xk,l+1 ,

Xk,l+1 = - X i k i (33-8)
142 - . V

(1 d \ l
Xkl = (\ r dr J
) ,
Xko = Rko (33.6) (
, ,
).
,
:

<3 3 -9 >

( ~1 — . ;
(—1)1— ). (33.9)
:

Rkl = ^ f - J i + i / 2 (kr) = 2k j t(kr); (33.10)

)= 1/2( ) (3 3.il)

1).

(33.9) , ,
—>> ,
/- .
, —d / d r , —7 / 2
, :
Rki ^sin(fcr - ). (33.12)

, §21.
(33.12)
Rk (33.6), , R^i (33.9)
.

1) ji:
sin . sin cos x . /3 1\ . 3 cos x
J0 = ------- , 31 = — 2 --------------- > J2 — ( ------) s m x --------- — .
X X X ^X X ' X

jf/,
(33.11) .
§33 143

( ) , sin
,
1):
/1 d sin ^ /1 d\ 1 , (/ )2 +1 _ (-1 )lk2l+1
\rdr) \rdr) (2 / + 1 )! (2 /+ 1 )!!
, R^i

(33.13)

(32.15).
( )
,
, ,
, , .
, I = ,
, (33.6)
( Rk0)
:
= _ ^ +/ (33.14)
1. — -
I
(33.3)
I „± ‘
(33.15)

(33.16)

( — + —).
(33.15)

(33.17)

(33.18)

1) !!
.
144 - . V

,
( )
. ,

j = *,
v = / — .
j>j df = 1,
, . . f j r 2 do = 1, do —
.
, , ,

= ^- = [ ^ . (33.19)
Vv V
, (33.12),

, ( )
, 1) .

, ,

+ 2 = 0
dr

Rkl « 2 sin(fcr-frr/ 2 + &)) (33_20)

6— ( ),
«
/ 2 » 2) . 5/
( R^i —>>0),
,
. Si , , /,

1. / = 0
: U( r) = —Uq < ,
U( ) = 0 > .

) § 124, , 1/ .
2) —/ 7 /2 ,
5i = 0. ,
Si ( 27 );
0 7 .
§33 145

. / = 0 .

~^( ) + 2 = 0, k= \^ 2m (U o-\E \).

, = ,
= (sin )/ .
>

-- ^( ) - = , X = i /2 \ \.

, ,
= ' -^/ .
=
ctg = —> = —\ / 2 m U o / h 2 — 2, (1)
sinfca = h2/ ( 2 m a 2Uo)ka. (2)
, ,
( , ctg < 0 ,
(1)). ( / = 0)
, . .
.
Uo
, « » .
(2 )
.
d= sin =
=
= d is in x ,
,
ctg < 0;
= d is in x .9 . 9
. ,
( Uo) .
, = .9 ,
. . = 2/7 , = /2. a = h / y / 2 m a 2Uo, = ,
,
,
Uo min = 7 2 2/ (8 2). (3)
, .
Ei = 7 /2 \ = 0,
.
\ . =
= Uo/Uom\n — 1
- = ( 2/16) 70 2. (4)
2.
/ (Uo h2/ 2)
(W. Elsasser, 1933).
146 - . V

. , Uo — ,
( . §22).
(33.10),
Ji+1/ 2(ka) = 0,

(Uo —\E\ = h2k 2/ 2 ) /. ,

, :
Is, 1 , I d , 2s, 1 /, 2 , 1g, 2d, l h, 3s, 2 / , . . .

/ 1) .
3. ,
/ Uo.
.
= 0. ,
— , Ri = c o n s t (
(33.3) = 0). Ri R[ ,
, ( rl+1 R i ) ' ,
:
(r l+1R i )' = 0 = .
2) Ri-i, ,
(33.10),

J i ~i / 2 ^ —V2mUo^j = 0;

/ = 0 J i- 1/2 cos.
Uo•
Is, 1 , 1d, 2s, 1 /, 2 , 1g , 2 d , 3s, l h, 2 f , . . .
,
.
4. (
U = (1 / 2 ) 2 2),
.
. U = (1 / 2 ) 2
( 2 -\- 2 + z 2) ,
.
= fyjo{ri\ 712 ~\~ 3 /2 ) = Hl u( t i 3 /2 ).

) (§ 118).
2) (3 3 .7 ),(3 3. 8 ) (r ~ lR i )' ~ r ~ lR i + 1 .
(33.3) / —/ — 1,
( r l+1R - i - i ) ' ~ r l+1R - i .
, R-i R i-i
,
( r ,+1R , y ~ '+1 _1,
.
§34 147

- ,
1);

( + 1 )( + 2 )
2

( 2 2\
iin 2 n3 = c o n st-e x p f ----- — 1 H n i ( a x ) H n2( a y ) H n3( a z ), (5)

; = / mu j / h ( — ).
( —1) . (5)
( —1 ) 1+ 2+ 3 — ( _ i ) n#
\ + 2+ = ,

1 = const ( - ) 1 ( , (f)F ( - ^, 2 2) , (6)

F— , \ \ = 0 , 1 ,...,/, /
0 ,2 ,..., 1 ,3 ,..., — ,
( —1) (5)
( —1)1 ( 6 ), .
,
.
(
, 2 , 3), , :
(Is), (1 ), (Id, 2s), (1/,2 ), (lg,2d, 3s),...,
2) .

§ 34.

,
= z.

= const -elkz.
1
.

= k 2fi?/2 , ,
. , elkz
2 :,

) , ,
.
2)
Z; . . . 164.
148 - . V

, (/?, . .
= 0. , :

&ikz _ = y ^ a i R kiYio,
1=0 1=0
/— . (28.8) (33.9)
/ i?&/,
°° , ,
e- = £ c , p , ( c o S« ^ ) (
1=0
/— .
, ( cos )
.
- ; I >
,
> I Pi (cos )
cos . cos1 /(cos#) (21)\/21(1\)2
( . ( .1)). (33.13),

(2l)!(fcr cos )1
' } 1 2 (Z! ) 2 1 • 3 . . . ( 2 / + 1 )*

(
exp(ikr cos ))
(■ikr cos )1
’
, / = (— )1(21 + 1).
,
°° , ,
= £(-< > > (2 ! + 1) ,( 8« )( ) ( i £ ) i t . (34.1)
1=0

elhz « ^ ^ i l(21 + l)P/(cos6>) sin (^kr — (34.2)

/=
(34.1) z
.
§34 149

,
.
( . ( . 11)),
P/(cos$)
( ):
I
^ =4 ^ £ 6 ) ^ ( |) ("). (34.3)
/= 0 ——1

ji(kr) ( (33.11))
,
(
— ).
elkz
, . .
( z),
.

= -±-eikz = x[ ^ e ikz (34.4)

Y /v
(v— ; . (19.7)).
(34.1) ^ /
± = ^( ) / ((9,^),

= ^ yfn(2l + 1 ) —( ~ ^ )-
/= 0

( ^ )
, ,
, (
) I(
). elkzjy/v
, «
» ;
« » (
\
, I.
/,
at = J ( 2 / + l). (34.5)
150 - . V

I
I I( , 1 1^1)

" / 4 - 2 / / = 27 ^ /.
^ 2 2
I
=
( — )

27 ,
.
: ,
I (§49).

.
. , , (
.
Qm{p)e'irnip ^ . ( z,

ikz ikp coso? \ / \ im ip

— — ^ CJ \ )£
= —

( = 0 ),
2
Qm( p) = — / exp[z(fcpcos( - m(p)]d(p = zmJ m(£p),
2i7t J
0
Jm( x) — . kp 1 Qm
:

Qm(p) ~ i™\ I - 7 - sin

7 kp

§ 35.

, , ,
,—
,
( ) U(r) ~ - /3 / 2
(/3 > 0);
. § 18, —
,
§35 151

, , « »
.

R" + - R ' + \ R = 0 (35.1)

(R(r) — ),
0
7 = ^ - ( ( 1 + 1) (35.2)

1/ ;
,
.
R R ~ 5; s

s(s + 1) + 7 =

Sl = “ 5 + V i “ 7 ’ S2 = “ 5 “ V 7' (353)

.
—7 / 2
—7 / .
« » , ,
0.
, 7 < 1/4. s1 52 —
, s1 > 52 . >
(
)
R = 51 + 32 (35.4)
( , — ). <

R" + - R! + ^ R = 0,
0

,
R = c = ^ (355)

= R R'
.
152 - . V

rR.

A ( s 1 + l)^ 1 + B ( s 2 + 1)tq
= ctg kro
A r s0 1 + 1 + B r s0 2 + 1

A ( Sl + l)rg 1 + B ( s 2 + l)rg a =
Ar^1 + B t q2 V1 V'
/ ,

^ = const -7 q1-52. (35.6)

—^ 0, , / —$>
( , si > 52 ). ,
(35.1)
,
:
R = A-j L (35.7)

7 > 1/4. s1 52 :

51 = - - 1 +, • / 7 - 1 52 = 51.

,
(35.6), 51 52

^ = const ^ 47-1. (35.8)

— 0
, —^ 0
. (35.8)
:

R = const • cos ( 4 / 7 — - In — + co n st). (35.9)

\/r VV 4 r0 J
,
t q. , ,
(35.9) (
) , ,
,
, ,
§35 153

« »
= — .
, , ,
> U. —)> —
, . .
« » .
« » / ,
, 7 = 1/4 .
—1 / 2 ,
I= 0 , . .
/ = - (35.10)
8 mr
(35.3) ( si) ,
( , U ~ 1 / 2)
— 0 1/ / .
— 0 1 / 2,

U( ) ,
, , . . ~ 1
( §33). ,
1 / 2 ( —l / r s s > 2 ),
5/ 4 - 1 ( . § 49).
= 0 .
,
, U -/ / 2
.
, 7 < 1/4. ,

1). , = 0
(35.1)
(35.4). (35.4) ( 0) ;

,
, . ,
= 0, , .
7 > 1/4,
. ,
= 0
(35.9) ,
.

) , ,
.
154 - . V

, U = —/ / r 2 .
7 > 1/4 . 7 < 1/4,
.
, = 0
(35.7);
, . . ( I)
.

§ 36.
( )

U= = -

( — ).
,
U= — / . ,

( ),
— .
(32.8)
d 2R 2 dR /(/ + 1 )
.2 + R + ^ ( e + ^ ) r = 0. (36.1)
dr r dr

,
.
, ,

,
. , ,

2 h3
, — , ----j.

; ,
2/1 ?.
( ) -

1) = 9,11 -1 0 28 , = 2 ( —
),
§36 ( ) 155

(36.1)

<?R
dr2
+, 2 dR
r dr
- 1(1r+z 1\ r + 2 ( e + ^ ) R = 0. (36.2)

.
:

= 7 ' » = %■ <36-3>

. (36.2)
(36.3)
1 /(/ + 1 )
R" + - R ' + R = (36.4)
~4 ~ 7 ~
( ).
,
, 1( . (32.15)).
R
(36.4) 1/ 1/ 2
R" = /4,
R = ± / 2.
, , , _ / 2.

R = ple~p/ 2uj(p)1 (36.5)

(36.4)
" + (21 + 2 - ) *+ ( - 1 - 1) ; = 0. (36.6)

, = 0

.
2/ = 0,529 • 10 “ 8

( ).
/ 2 = 4,36 • 10 - 1 1 = 27,21
( , R y).
= 4,80 • 10 “ 10 .- . .
, , = 1, = 1, ft = 1.
= Ze2 .
156 - . V

= F ( - n + 1 + 1,21 + 2 , ) (36.7)
( . §d )1). ,
,
( ) (— + 1 + 1),
(36.7) (n —l —1).
, ( . (d.14)).
, ,
, I
^ 1 + 1. (36.8)
(36.3) ,

= - ± , = 1,2,... (36.9)

. ,
\ =
= —1/2 .
;
= 0,
.
(36.9) 2) :

£ = - s ? - < 1 °>
.
, § 32,
— —I — 1 .
I

I = 0 , 1 , . . . , - 1, (36.11)
. (36.9)
. I,

1) (36.6) — 0, 21 1.
2) (36.10) . 1913 .
. .
1926 . , —
.
§36 ( ) 157

.
,
(
- ), /.
( ,
) .
I 21 + 1 ,
n-
—1
(36.12)
1=0

(36.5), (36.7).
,
,
( . §d ).

Rnl = const -ple p/ 2L%ll(p).

1):

2 I{ I !)• — / { j 2/+1 f \ _
2 [(n + /)!]3 V ) ^ V )

2 I ( + /)!
( + )’ (2r)le~r/ nF ( - n + l + l , 21+2, — ) (36.13)
/+2 (2 / + 1 )! ( ——I/ —
—11 )!
)! V /

1) R ni :
1 „~ /2 (1 „ 1 _
158 - . V

( . §f, (f.6 ) ) .
R ni

(36.14)

i?io
~ 1 , . . -
, ~ 2/ .

(f.7). (
):

= ^[ 2 —1(1 + 1)], 2 = ~-[5 2 + 1 —31(1 + 1)],

(36.16)

.
;
/,
0 ( ,
/, ).
(36.3)
:

= — (36.17)

1) ,
(d.13) (
( .8 ) ).
§36 ( ) 159

= /2 1).

Rkl = + 1 + ! ’ 21 + 2) 2 ik r ) ’ (36 8)
Cki — .
( . § d)

R kl = Cki(2kr)le~ikr . J L * « ( l - ^ 2 i“ 4 , (36.19)

, . 102).
£ = 2 ikr(t + 1 / 2 )

Rkl = f e2ikrt (^+ ^ ) 11 ~l_1dt (36.20)

(
t = ± 1 / 2 ).
, £ = 2 ikr
.
*= 0 )
(d.14) 5
. 10
R^.
(d.14) R^i
,
~ /2
Rkl = — ---- X

xRe expH(fcr-(7r/2)a + l) + (l/fc)ln2fcr)]^ + 1+ 1 ) i _ ^ _

I (/ + 1 ^/ ) I
(36.21)
« /2 » ( . .
(33.4)),
CM = 2keK,2k\V(l + l - i / k ) \ . (36.22)
1)
= i/ , = —2ikr\ Rki
, , .
2)
, £ = 0 £ = 2 ikr
. / V (£) = £ - n - z (£ —2i k r ) n~ l ( . § d)
.
160 - . V

, R^i
( (36.21))

Rkl ~ ~ sin ( + - In 2 ——I + 5/Y

\ 2 /
(36.23)

(33.20)
-
. (36.23) (33.20)
; , ,
In ,
,
, .
- , (36.22)
,
.
-
(z + 1) = zT(z), ( ) (1 - z ) =
S in 7T Z

8 11/2
= [ *2 + ( 3 6 -24)

( I= 0 1 ).
§36 ( ) 161

0
.

F ( ^ + 1 + 1,21 + 2 , 2ikr) -+ F ^ , 2 l + 2,2ikr) =

= i _ 2 + (2 )2
(2 /+ 1 )1 ! (2 Z+ 2 )(2 / + 3 )2 !
= (21 + l ) ! ( 2 r ) _/_1/ 2J2/+1(v /8r),
J 2/+1 — . (36.24)
0

« /87 £ +1/ 2.

= J — Ju+xW&r). (36.25)
/jfe / —^0 V

1)

Rki
v/SM = (? ) (36.26)

/ «
», . . R^i Rei (33.5);
Rei —»>0.
(U = / )

.
(36.18)
.

Rkl = j £ f ^ ( 2kr)leikrF( { + l + h 2 l + 2, - 2 ik r ) ,

= + 1+ 1 ) I- •
5—1
(36.27)

1) ,
(§ 4 9 ), (/ + 1 / 2 ) 2 < < ~ 2.
162 - . V

Rkl ~ - sin ( — - In 2 — — + 5/
, ' 2 (36.28)
6t = arg yl + 1 + - J .

= - — [pi] = const (36.29)

( . I, § 15). -

= £ - ;([ 1] - [1 ]), (36.30)

2
, ,
= 2/ 2 - 1/ .

{ :

{ , } = ieikiAh {Ai iA k} — —2iHeikih- (36.31)

Ai ,
, , Az
.
, A z,
lz ,
2. ,
,
(§ 1 0 ) ,—
« »
.

),
( . . , 1935).
,

(36.31)
Ai = A i / /—2 .
§36 ( ) 163

{ , Uk] = ieikiui, { , Uk} = (36.32)

{U^lk} — ieikih

1).
2).
(36.32)
3) .
, 1

ji = I + ), j2 = i(l-u ). (36.33)

{ j u , j i k } = izikljih {j2i,j2k} = ieiklj2h {jii,j2k} = 0. (36.34)

.
j2
ji(ji + 1) j 2(j2 + 1 ), ji,j2 = , 1 /2 , 3 / 2 , . . . 4) .
, 1 = [ ],
:
lu = u l = 0 ,
+ 2 = —1 — ——
2

( + 2 ).

Ji = J 2 = - J ( i + = j { j + 1)

( j = j i = j'2 ) = —^ (2j + I ) 2.

2j + 1 = , = 1,2,3,..., (36.35)
1) / , / , lz
z, x z ,
, , z, , , , —
, , .
2)
: . . . // . : ., 1935.
2 . . 169; Zs. f. Physik. 1935. V. 98, 145.
3) (1926).
4) ,
§ 54 ( -
j).
164 - . V

= ---- -. -
2
, : (2ji + l) ( 2 j 2 + 1 ) =
= (2 j + l ) 2 = n 2. , 1= ji + j2 ,
j i = j *2 = (n — l ) / 2 l
0 2 j = n — 1 x) .

1.
.
2) .

= = ~^ •
V*-
-

( ) —J ( ) ~ 1 dV
( . (15.10)).
;

“( ) = ( I T 7 P
- | ( )|2/(27 )3.
2. ,
.

1) « »
I -
U = 2 2/ 2 ( , . 4 §33).
.
, =
= 2 /2 + racj2 r 2 / 2 pi,
.
_ rnuoxi + ipi _L muoxi — ipi
di = ---- , a j = ---- ,
y 2 mh u j \2mfvjj

H =

af aj, ( )
, (
- ).
,
( )
, ( )
.
2) 1 2 .
§36 ( ) 165

. ( , «
» , -
-
= - 2: ^
1 -2

dr =4 "
, , < (0)
, < ( ) = 0 ,

(f = 1 / + (fe(r) = (1 / + 1 ) -2 .
1 ? « 1/ ( ), 1
?~ _2 ( ).
3. ,
-
U = / 2— / ( . 11 ).
.
, — ;
.
:
d R ^ 2 dR ^
dr2 dr
2

2
-
2 + !) 4 - R = 0 . (1 )

2 \ J-
= -------
:
2
+ 1{1 + 1 ) — s (s + 1 ), (2 )

(3)
- 2

(1)

R + 2 '+ ( + . - £(£+ 1 )
V 4
(36.4). ,

R = ^ F ( —n + s + 1, 2s + 2, ),
—s — 1 = (
), s ( 2 ).
(3) , ,
2
2 8
-E v = 2 + 1 + */ (21 + I ) 2 +
2 2
4. U = 4 + 2 ( . 1 2 ).

. .
:
d 2R 2dR 2 / 21{1 + 1) _ . _
2 = 0.
dr dr 2V 2
166 - . V

/2 2
£ = — z—
:
1(1 + 1 ) + = 2 s(2 s + 1 ),

I2 .
' — — — 4 (n + s) + 3,

3 £ s (s + 1 / 2 )
£R" + - ' + n + sH------- ----------^ R = 0.
2 4 4 i
£ , ^/2,
£ s

1
s = - -1 + ,, ( 2 , + ! ) > + * ! £
4

R = e" ?/2£2w

£w" + (2s + 3 /2 — £) «/ + n w = 0,

w = F ( —n, 2s + 3 /2 , £),
.
, ,

= 4n + 2 + 1 /( 2 Z+ l )2 + ^ = 0 , 1 , 2 ,...

§ 37.
( )

,
,
- .

,
, ,
( )
(§ 77).
§ 37 ( ) 167

], (

= ] ( , y= y/^sm ip, z= -(£-r]),

(37.1)
= / 2 + 2 + z 2 = -(£ + 77 )

:
£= + z, ]= — z, ( = arctg - ; (37.2)

£ rj 0 , — 0 2 .
£ = const rj = const
z .
.

^j2 _ i±ZZ ^ 2 + i ± H drf + ^rjdip2, (37.3)

:
dv = + r})d£drid<p. (37.4)

(37.3)

=
4
£ + V - $, \ £/ + drj V )})/ . - (3 7 -5 )

= - - = ---- —
£+ ]

4
— ( ^ — ) + — ( v — ) ] + — ^ 4 + 2 ( e + — ) ^ = 0. (37.6)
V d£ J drj \ drj) \ £rj dtp V £+??/

= /1 (0 /2 ^) ^, (37.7)
— .
(37.6), (%+ ))/4,
£ 77 , /1 /2

| { - ^ + = ,
) + (37.8)
| -^ + =,
168 - . V

« » /? , / ?2
_ _ „
/ ?1 + /3 2 = 1. (37.9)
( < 0).
, £, rj

n = -± = t pi = ^ \ / —2 = 2 = ^, (37.10)

:
d 2f 1 1 dfi | [~ 1 , 1 ^| | + 1

dp2 pi dpi

/2,

ni = 1 1^-----
+ 1 Ib n/3i,
Q n 2 = - JN +1 ,
—^----- /
2- (37.12)
/0 7 1 0 \

(36.4),
, /1 pi, - ^1/ 2,
pi — ]771^ 2. ,
(37.11)

fi( pi ) = e~pi/2p Jl nl/2w 1(p1)

( / 2) w\
p iw '{ + (\m\ + 1 - pi)w[ + n iw i = 0 .
—
. , ,

w 1 = F ( - n 1 , \m\ + l, pi) ,
ni .
,

: « » \
2 . («
») (37.9) (37.12)
= \ + 2 + \ \ + 1. (37.13)
, ,
(36.9).
\ \
0 — 1. \ \ \
§ 37 ( ) 169

—\ \ 0 — \ \ — 1. ,
\ \ = ±| |,
,
71 — 1

2 ( — ) + ( —0 ) = 2
=1
§ 36
.
^ nin2m

J JJJ
27

mn2m\2dV = i \^n1n2m\2{C + v)d^d^dr] = 1 . (37.14)

0 0 0

< / W n = 4 / n i m ( % n 2m ( - ) ^ , (37.15)
\ / \ / \Z2t v

= -L |™| + (37. i6)

\m\\ p\
,
,
z = 0. \ > 2
z > 0 ,
z < 0 , \ < 2 — .
( > 0)
/? , / ?2
(37.8) ( , -
(37.9));
. (37.8),
« » /? , /?2 ,
( > 0) .
§ 135,

.
\n 1 n 2 m)
(36.29).
, ,
lz = A z.
A z, ,
A z = n i ~ n\ (37.17)
170 - . V

uz = \ — 2 , « » ji fc.
+ 1- 2 . - 1+ 2 ( \
Jlz = ------ ------- = Ml, J2z = ------ ------- = 2 . (37.18)

\n1 n 2 m) ( , , {n fi i^ ) )

|nlm).
1 = ji + j 2 ,

( , § 106).
« » ji j 2 |nlm) \n 1 n 2 m)
\j 1 j 2 lm) |J iJ 2 M1 M2 ) ? , (36.35) (37.13),
1 1 + 2 + | | /971
31=32 = — = ------- 2 ------- • (37.19)

(106.9)—(106.11)

1 = ^ ^ (Z?T11/ ^ 1 / ^ 2 ) 5
1+ 2=
-1 (37.20)
/XI112 ^ ^ ( / , / i l + f^l>21 1 /-^2) ' nlm
1=0

(D. Park, 1960).

 VI

§ 38. ,

,
. , ,
;
,
, .

, —
,
, .
.
,

= 0 + V,
V ( ) «
» Hq. §38, 39
V, (
). ,
, V «
» Hq, .

.
, ^
Hq , . .

(0) = - (0)^ (0). (38.1)

= ( + ) = , (38.2)
172 . VI

. .
.
,
$ . ,
,
.

. -
/( 0 )
= ^2 ' ( >- (38-3)

(38.2),

™( ™ + =

( - ^) = ^2 - (38.4)

Vkm V,
$\

vkm=J ^V^dq. (38.5)

= (°) + W + (2) + . . . , = + $ + ...,

^1\ — ,
V, ^2\ $ — , . .
n-
, : = 1 ,
® = 0, .
(38.4) = ^ + \ - — 4°^ + ^\
. =

4 1} = Vnn = J *v dq. (38.6)

§38 , 173

,
( 0 J)
'
)J.
(38.4)
(1 ) _
" ~ (°) _ (°) ’ ^^ , (38.7)

^ ,
=
.
^ = 0. ,

11 = £ '
-C/n J-^m <38-8)
7
( ,
= ) ®, -
I / (°) . I ( 1 ) 12
\ + \
.
(38.8)
. , , ,
. ,

|ymn| « | 4 ° ) - j 4 ° ) | , (38.9)
. .

^\ (38.4) = ^ +
, ( 1 ) , (2) (0) , (1) , (2)
+ + , = ck + ck ^~ck
e i

. =
(2)0_^' (1)
— / ; vn m L"m >

J! I38-!»)
/ /
( £} (38.7) ,
V: Vmn = V*n
174 . VI

,
. ,
(0 J) ,
(38.10) .

Hq
( -
).

.
v,
; v
,
( ,
,
)1). , , (38.8)

- ]= + 1 ^ ( 3 8 ' )

- /,

= $ + ^ (38.8).
:
___ I j?(0 ) ___ / (0 )
£ _ / (0 ) I \ V n k J I \ VkmJnfc / -i \
Jnm ~ Jnm " F (o) _ „ ( ) F (o) _ F (o) *
n ^

, .

1.
.
. ( ) (38.4)
, ,
!2) , = ^ + ^ + ^

1) ^ (5-
is.
§38 , 175

( )
I 2 V m kV kn j 0 ( ) V nnV m n , 0 ( ) (°) -__/ \Vr
/ I|2
Vn — 2m^ 2-^ *2 , , , , Z_^ rfci 2 U ,2n r n V™
m
9
Z
Z_^
m
fc2
n ^ n m

IJ —
—A, fV^n
/?(°) _ ■ ' )•
2.
.
. (38.4) =
,

1 7 ,( 3 ) _ V ^ ' V ^ ' V nm V m kV kn V ^ ' |K im |2

n _ / v/ v fe2 ^nn / v fe2 2 •
k m m ™ ^ m n

3.

+
2 2
. 3 4
,
(23.4) .
3 „

{ ) —3, —{ ) , —3 —

(X ) —1 , —(X )n,n —1 —
,
3 (
) .
— ,
/ 4. 4

( ) , = ( -----------^ • ~ (^ + + 1 ).
\ / 4
(38.6) (38.10)

, = ’ ( „ 4 „ + l i ) + 5^ f - 5 - V .
V 2 / 4 \ J \ 3 0 / 2 \ mu J \ 2 /
4.
( ),
=
.
( . . , 1959).
176 . VI

.
2 , 2 2
+ , = 1
2 "" 2

—> a x / R , > ay/R , z — c z / R

.R: 2 + 2 + z 2 = .R2.
= 2/ 2 = —h2A / 2 M ( — ;
) = # + V,

h
0= - — , V = — * - 1 + ^ - 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 dz2
,
.
R = ( 2 )1//3, V .
« » f3(\f3\ 1),

V = - @ - { 2 - 3f z ).
3
,
:

A E nim = E nim - $ = (nlm\V\nlm)

(/ — ;
/;
). , 2 —3 2 zz-
( ) 5ik 2 — 3PiPk,
(107.2) (107.6), , (nlm\V\nlm) -
( - 1) [_ q ) ,

(■n l m\ V \ nl m > = ( l - ^ )( | | )

( 3^- . 530).

(nl0\V\nl0) = - / ^ + /3^ ) =
dz2

dr do
dz

( ^ = {0)- 1
nl
, ).
§39 177

= R ni(r)Yio(6,(p) ,
Yio (28.11),
;in \
— = [C O S ~ -------
OZ V or =

,(! + 4 ( , - - S , i ) l l Bl0+
[4(7 + I ) 2 - 1 ]1 /2

1/2
[4/ 2 - 1 ]

J RniR'nirdr = J Rnidr,
J R'nir2dr = - 1(1 + 1) J Rh dr,

(33.3)
" | 2 „// 1(1 + 1 ) _ 2 ()
1 -------- J ^ n l ------------------- -------- 1 — --------- - nl •

R 21 ,

/(/ + 1 )
- ' / —4/3 (0 )
(21 - 1)(2/ + 3) !_/(/ + 1 )
,

Enlm — — (0)
21 + 1 J = —1
. . « » .

§ 39.

,
0 .
,

\ , , —
s (s —

. , , ,
,
.
178 . VI

^, ^ ) , . . .
.
—

,
,
.
(38.4) =
= ^+ ^ \ /~
( )
= , <=
= <°>,. . . ; = 0 , ', ...

‘ 0) = £ ^ ! ?
'

Y,(Vnn' - ^8 /) {^ = 0, (39.1)
'
, ! , ,

(°) ^
,
. ,
\Vnn, - E ^ 5nn'\ = 0. (39.2)
—5 - , , s
.

. (39.2) 1) . ,

Vnn, Vn'ri, • • • — E ^ s~1

.
(39.2)
(39.1) , ^

.
1) ( siecle — );
.
§39 179

, ,
( (39.2), , );
, « » .
, (

, ).
,

, ' , .. . (
).
Vnn>
Vnm ( , ', . . . )
.
Vmn .
(38.4) =
= ^+ ^ (
), £\
, $) = 0 , ', . . . ,

(1 0) = + >$. (39.3)
'

(38.4) = , ' , .. . ,
,

(4°> - = J 2 V™n'C(n’\
'

( 1) '

^ / -J 171(0 )
/ _ '( ) ^
'
(39.3),

(39.1);
,
(39.2)

V„„. V„„. + V
m -C/n
" * ™ ' .,.
J-^m
(39.4)
180 . VI

1.

.
. (39.2)

Vu - £ (1> V 21
=
Vi2 V 22 - E w

( 1 , 2

^ ^ ).
,
(1) = ^[V11 + V 2 2 ± h w (1)], (1)

(1) = / ( V\ i — V2 2 ) 2 + 4| V1 2 12
^\ , , (39.1)
^\ -
</>(0) = + ^ ^ 0)
1/2
Vl2
1±
Vii - V22
<°> =
I 2 |Vi2
1/2 (2)
JO) = ± / J i Vn - F22
1=F
I 2 |Vi
2.
.
. , ^
.
Vnnf, , , (
),
Vnn, Vnfnf
( \1 (1!, \5
/ 0)',
= \ ^ = 1, = 0 .
= ^ + Vnn, = 1+ \ = ^.
(38.4) , ', . . . ,
:
( i 0) - E f ) c ^ = Vknc i0) = Vk n ,

Vkn _______ 7
ck
C (1 )
—
- n, n ,
E (n0) - £<0)
, = /,
:
= Vn . v+£ 4 ' m ^m
§39 181

( = , ', . . ^ =
(1 ) \ ' /
(1 ) 1 ' / 9

(V
Vv n n ~V
* / ) ^ 7 (°) ~ J ^ m(°)
tL/n '
( ^ ). (1), (2)
^ = ^ )
1) .
, (38.4) = ,

771 ( 2 ) ___ \ / /0\

- 2 ^ 771 0 ()_ 771 0 ( )’ W
■C j 'm

(38.10).
3. t = 0
^ , .
, t -
/2( ) ~
;
.
. :
= -1 + 2 2 , ' = 1 1 + 2 2 ,
ci,c2 \, *2 — , (2 )
1 ( (0 ) ).
:
, 2 - 2 '
! / /
\ 2 — \ 2

' -\- ^
+ ^ , ^\ ^ — (1) 1.
, , :

= 6 (7 ( /? *) \ 2 (-^ {1 ) - c 2i p ' e x p ( - ^ E W ' t )

\ 2 — 2 L V ' V /_
( t = 0 1 = \). , , ' \, 2 ,
1 \, 2 ,
. 2
W2 1 . (1 ) (2 )
1

w 21 = 2 ( ^ 1(i) ) 2 ^1 _ cos(a;(1)t)]-
, / 1) .
£, ,

) , (1 ) (2 ) (

) - (38.9)
, .
,
,
.
182 . VI

, w 2i t 2:

W21 = —^ |V^_212^2;
h

( (40.4)).

§ 40. ,

,
.
,
(
= 0 + V(t)) ,
.

.
,

( . . . Dirac, 1926).
— ( )
.

= ^2 ^^'

^ = ( 0 + ?) (40.1)

= £ * ( * ) £ 0), (40.2)

.
(40.2) (40.1) , ^ -

dt

-f (0 ) d a k T > ,T r( 0 )
§40 , 183

* ,

i n ^ = ^ V m k ( t ) ak, (40.3)

Vmk(t) = J dq = ^ \ = ~^

— ,
( , , ,
V Vmk
).

n- ,
(40.2): ^ = 1, = 0
. .
= (40.3) (
Vmk) = ^.
(1)

^ = Vkn{t)• (4 4)
,
,
&,
= 5> (* )* 1 0)-

,
(40.4)

4 n = ~ { f Vkn{t) dt = ~ i f V k n e ^ d t . (40.5)

,
V = F e~ ilJjt + , (40.6)
F G— , . -
V
Fe ~ iujt + Geiujt = F +eiu;t +
184 . VI

G = F +, . .
= F ^ n. (40.7)
,
vkn(t) = VkneiuJknt = ^ ~ ) + F*kei{-Ukn+U)t. (40.8)
(40.5) ,

m Fu * “ + w )t
}1) = _ _________^ (40.9)
^(^fcn ^) ^(^fcn + )
,
1) , . . ( )
# (°) _ () ± ' (40>10)

/,
.
fnm(t) =

/$ ( * ) = / ^ f ^ d q = f £ l e iuJnmt,

f & ( t ) = J ( ^ 0 )* M } + ^1 )* )) dq-

aj^,’ (40.9),

f(l) (4-\ _ _ j u j nrnt V ^ f ffnkFkm

n{ ^ km , f™Fnk
fnm[ ^ { - ) + fo{Wkn + W
f(0 ) jt>
/r( 771* j?(0 ) 771*
J nk mk J km nk
+
_ |_
(40.11)
foi^^km + ^) C(j)
,
, . . .
uj = 0 (38.12).

) — ,
.
§40 , 185

. , ,
( -
),

. , (40.9),
(40.11)
,
. , ,
,
, , (40.10)
E {± - E ^ > h w , (40.12)

- 7^ — -
.

1. - -
( (40.6)) cj ,
— ^ = H(uj + ), £— .
. ,
^ (40.9) .
(40.3) Vmk(t) (40.8). ,
(40.3),
— .
,
d O m _ F i(u m n -u )t _ F iet _ F * -iet
in — ± mn e u,n — ± mn e an , in — ± rnn e .
at at

iet 7
Qjn6 — bn

iKam — Fmnbn, i^bn ) = Frnna rn.

a m,
bn - iebn + ( l / h 2)\Frnn\2bn = 0 .

= Aeiait, a m = - A ^ e ia2t (1 )
■

a n = B e ~ ia2\ a m = B ^ e ~ ia' \ (2)

■

, — (
186 . VI

)
*1 = - /2 + , 2 = /2 + , Q = / 2 / 4 + |^|2, rj = Fmn/H.
, °\
a n ^ l 0) + \1>£? , (1 ) ( 2 ).
(t = 0)

,
t = 0

— £* / 2 f cos — — sin Q t ) — tH—e - t£t/ 2 sin Q t . \j/°) (3)

V 2 /

^ [ 1 - 8(2 )]. (4)

t
. , 2Q,
0 \r]\2/ Q 2.
£= 0 ( ) (4)
(l/2)[l-cos(2|q|i)].
0 1 ; ,
^.

§ 41. ,

, V(t)
( ,
V(t) t = .
( t — — )
- (
).

= ^ <!0),

=4 = “ 7 [ VknelWkntdt, ,
-°° t (41.1)

’ = 1 + = 1 ^ J dt;
—
§41 187

(40.5) ,
t — — .
( t )
^ ( ),

= J 2 akni ° ° ) ‘

^ ( )
^\ . . -
.
,

. ( - )
(/- ) 1)
+

Wf i - 2
J Vfie^dt (41.2)

, , ,
( ,
, ). ,
t — — , ,
t — . (41.2) ,
. ,
,
. , :

4 = + JT dt.
dt' “ fajjfi
—oo
,

(38.8) (
, —
) , (
)
i /. ,
fi, ,
.
188 . VI

, a Cfi §38 —
). ,
t
|°^ «
» V (+oo) , ,
.

wfi = (41.3)
J dt
,

. ,
( - )
, Vf ( .
§38) Vf Vf + d v f , , , (41.2)

dwi} = dt dv'/• (41.4)

V(t)
~ 1/ujfi, (41.2) (41.3)
.

(. . ujfi)
. , ( )
,
,
( . §53).
,
, d V fi /d t
dV fi Cicjf i t
« ».
dt
- -

. ,
wfi = IV/.-1
-
2
2 2 ‘ (41.5)
ft wfi

, .
§41 189

,
^ Hq.
(. .
, 1 /ujfi
),
, .
, ,
, . . ^
. Wfi -
,
,
^ $
:
wfi J ^i°4}dq (41.6)

,
(41.5), V = H —H q
.

(0) = (0 (0), ' ) = Ef r f

^ ^\ dq
.
,

( Ef - E \ 0)) J r f 4 0)dq = J r f v 4 0)dq.

V ,
E f, ^\
$ ( )—
^ •

J } d4 = -f^~. J ^* \0)< ,
(41.6) (41.5).

1. , ,
.

.
190 . VI

.
( F)

U( x ) = (^ 2 —F x = (^ ( — ) 2 + const,

( = F / m o j 2), . . (
).

( — ), ( )— -
(23.12); ( ) (23.13).
(23.11)
+

£ = y/muj/H.
-

(41.6)

Wk0 = —
- ,
- = — =
\ ’ 2 2 mthu3 '

.
F
, 1.
. w\o ~ .
F ( 1)
:
w = ~ .
2. , ,
, v,

, a/v, — .
« »
( . . , 1939).
. ',
. /v
,
'
. '
mv
' = t / > o e x p ( - i q ^ r 0) , q =
IT ’
— ,
Z .
§41 191

-
, (41.6),

Wkn = | ( f c | e x p ( - i q ^ r o) |0 } |

, qa 1, ,
,
,
■ _ I2
wk0 = ( f c | q ^ r a |0) .

3.
« » ( . ).
.

1 —w = 1— 1 ~ dV
/
Woo — ( =
= ( 3) ~ 1/ 2 ~ / — ;
— ). ,
1
1 — Woo = 1 —

1
1 — Woo ~ Q2a 2, q a ^> 1 — 1 — woo ~ 1 — (2/ q a ) 8.
4. if -
Z /3- . /3-
if-
( . . , 1941; . . , 1939).
1). /3-
if-
, .
V = 1/
(1 Z) . (41.5)
if- = —Z 2/ 2 2)
= 2 /2 d E = dk

dw= 2 dk-
( + Z )
, Vofc,
('■'■' 1 / Z ) ,

.
/ = 0 ( ).
Rio /2 Rko, §36,

) 4 5 .
2) if-
( . §74).
192 . VI

(f.3) 1)

l + k 2/ Z ‘
,
|/-1 | • \ / \2 ( ) c lF C tg QL \
|( 1 + ) ' | = ( — 2 ----------- ,
V a J

/( ):
/ = -4 1, / = /2 1.
if-
dw .
w = 0 , 6 5 Z ~ 2.
5. if-
Z - . -
if- ,
( . . , 1941; J. Levinger, 1953).
. -
.
,
« » , - ,
, ,
if- . V, ,
-
Z /r. 4
—4 2 Z —2, vt
( ;— - ),
2 ( — 4) — ( Z — 2)4 2 ( - 2Z)
—-------------------------— v t = —----------- -vt ,

- 2)

z v.
z:
z = —Z ^ /r 3 ,

) ,
.
2) — 2Z ,
, .
§42 193

if-
, (41.2),

8 (A - 2Z ) 2 >dk
dw = 2 Vo/ i(E o-E )t
dt dk = \Z0k\
/ A2Z2 2

(
~ ( > 0),
—> 0).
z = cos 0 ,
/ = 0, cos
/ = 1;

1( 56»)oi |2 = |20 \ = ^ \ 2.
Roo Rk i ,

° u ( A - 2 Z ) 2v 2
dw = ,/ ,\ ) dk
3 A 2Z 6 (l + k 2/ Z 2f Z )

( / 4).

§ 42.

,
. ,
t = 0
- . uj
,
, > E min - E f \ (42.1)
E m[n — ,
.
§ 40 ,

Ef « »
^ + , . . , Ufi~ .
(40.8)
(
Ufi — ). (40.5) ,

= <422)
194 . VI

,
t = 0 a ji = 0
.
afi

4 sm
• 2 —--------
Ldfi t

W 2 - '*>•' 2 ^ - <4 2 -3 >

, t
t.
, :

= 5(a). (42.4)
t —^oo

, 0 ,
~ sin2 a t , ^
= (J ---- = t , .
ta
da — + (
a t = £),
+ 00 + 00
1 f sin2 a t 1 1 f sin2 £ 7/_
j — i a =~, j — d (= i-
—oo —oo
, ,
(42.4), ,
^- .

\ 2 = ^ 1^ 12 7 ( ^ ^ )

, fujfi
fvu = E f — ® ,
5( ) = 5( )/ :

= Y \F f ( E f - E l 0) -hw )t.

\afi\2dvf
,
dvf. , t
t = 0
§42 195

. dwfi
1)
d w f . = 2 ?- -\Ff i \2 6 (Ef - ™ - ) dvf . (42.5)
, ,
Ef = ® + .
,
Vj ,
« » dvf
= ® + ,

WEi = ^r\FEi \2 • (42.6)

(42.5),
t = 0,
t = —
eXt ,
( ).
= 0 t = — .

Vf i = ^ * -»)*+ ,

(42.2)

f
t
= _± {t) dt _ .. [»(^/ - u )t + At]

—OO

lo f l2 — — \Ff - \ 2 ------ — -------

|0/ | h2 ^ fA (wfi - w)2 + A2 '

— \a fi\ = 2 | ^| .

I™ . 2 , \ 2\ =
—^0 7 ( . + A j
(42.8)

) , (40.8)
, , t,
t —> + .
196 . VI

, (42.4).
, —^ 0:

(42.5).

§ 43.

( )
. ,
.
,
,
: ,
;

.
Vj Vf + dvf
(42.5) ( uj = 0 )

(43.1)

, ,
Ef = {:
.
,
dwfi
;
(1/ ). (43.1)
,

1).
,

) , , ,
, ;
,
.
(43.1)
( . §126).
§43 197

^ -
,
eAt 4 0.
(42.7) ( = 0 )

exp { l ( Ef ~ Ei)t + \t}

1) - /_____ ______
“ >• = <‘ ' . - ^1+ , • 2>

1) . (43.2),

*= ™+f W?' , _b' + J eXP( - i £ i f ) ' (43'3)

—)►0 eXt .
+ 0 (
)
E f, dvf
( ,
).
(43.3) Ef = {,
. i\
Ef.
—)►0
, ,
:

--------- *-------- ------ '--------- (43-4)

(43.3) ,
, , {,
. ,

* = i ’- " + / E , - E l + i / l ] dV> ( 4 3 ' 5 )

) ,

.
198 . VI

( + ) = E ^i.
,
(38.8)1) .

.
.
,
§ 38 ( , «
» ).

1 0) +
/ [ W Ei —
V)„Ki
-
-dv v4°)rft//
Ei —E f +
exp
(44
(43.3),
( ,
) (43.1):

7 27 VfvVvi
dwfi = — dv 8{Ei — E f ) dvf. (43.6)
v> - 4 Ei —E v +

, Vfi
.
(43.6)

, 27 VfvVui
awfj = — [ - dv S ( E f — Ei) d v f , (43.7)
- Ev J
E v = Ei
;
dE v
.
v, Vfv Vvi ,
, /.
,
: v v —)►/ ( , ,
). ,
%— / ,
. (43.7)

) (43.5) ,
, ipi
, ( . § 136).
§44 199

. ,
,
7 2
awfi = —
J
/»
— v,v,vv,„v
(Ei - E v, )( Ei -
vi—
)
vdv, 2
S(Ef — Ei) duj. (43.8)

, ,
(43.4),
_ ^ _ = + iirf(a) (439)
J — — J —
,
= . ,
= ( ), ,

— + (
in) .
— 0
,
(
), (43.9).

1 = —----- \-i 7rS(x — ); (43.10)

— —

,
f(x)/(x — ) .

§ 44.

, -
. ,
,
, .
At
; \ s',
, , s. ,
' + 1 — — ,
.
(42.3) ( = 0)
( t)
'
200 . VI

, '—
ft/t.

(
),
\ + - ' -e '\k t~ . (44.1)
, At,
. ,
/A t .
(44.1)

.
.
,

H/At, A t—
.
(44.1) ,
. , , ,

~ .
—
; ,

.
, £, ,
. ( + )—
—( E f+ef) (44.1)
+ ,

.
,
— « »,
,
/At. , A s ,. ..
.
, £, (As = A s' = 0),

( - ')~ . (44.2)

.
( )
§44 201

(« ») ,
1).
,
(
) —
.

« »
. , ,
(
), ,

.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
/A t , At —
.

,
« »
; ,
.

'+ ' — — = 0, (44.3)

'+ ' - - \ ~ -—
-- (44.4)
At
( , — ; , —
;
). , ', £, 7,
« »,
, . . .

= ', | ’- \ ~ -—
--
At

= —
<3D = vAP ,’

) ,
« » .
202 . VI

v— ( ),
' = v ' A P ' = v'AP.

(44.5)
,
,
.
. ,
( )
(. .
).
,
.
A t —)► , ,
,
.

« »
—
,
1).
,
,
, ,
- . $
,
.
, . . ,
.
,
\Eq — — \ ~ / , (44.6)
, £— , .
+ £
. ,

/ .
. ,
- / . (44.7)
) (44.5),
, . (1928).
§45 203

§ 45.

-----
^ (0) + 2 ^ = 0, = = v- (45.1)
.
,
.
,
.
^
:
^ (1 )+ ^ ( 1 ) = 2 ^ , ( 0 ) (452)

(U — ). ,
, «
», . . 1)

( , , ) = ~ J <°> ( ', ', ') “- ^ ,

1 ^
d V f = dx' dy' dz' , 2 = (x — x ' ) 2 + ( — 1) 2 + (z — z ') 2.
, U
, .

^ < ^.
,
. ,
, .
(45.3)
, ^ \U\a2,
^ ~ ( 2 \ \/ 2 ) (°\

\U\ < < 1. (45.4)

1) (45.2),
( . .
(45.1)).
204 . VI

, 2 / 2
— ,
,
( ,
, ~ / ).
, ,
, (45.4). ,

(.R . Peierls, 1929); § 33

- . ,
= 0 ,
: ^ = 1.
^ < ^\ ,
, = 1 + ^\ ;
, ,
, = 0
.
, ,
— « -
» . ,
—

.
,
. - (. .
)
( .
). , -

( ) 1) .
, ^ 1,
,
. (45.3)
) ^ (
) (45.3) ,
^
----- dx dy d z m H ^ \ k r ) d x ' dy (H ^ — ),

= / ( ' — ) 2 + ( ' — ) 2. — 0 ,
.
, ,
^ikr
^\ 27 ----- dx ( = \ ' — \) — 0 ^

, 1/ .
§45 205

,
, ,
(45.2).
\
= (
).
(1 ) + 2 (1 ) = ^

= /,
,
( ) .
/
df _ 2mU
2ik -

^(1)= eikxf = ~^eikxJ dx. (45.5)

\ ^ \ ~ m\U\a/H 2 k,

\ \ < -^ = —, & » 1 (45.6)

(v = kh/ — ). ,
— , (45.4). ,
,
,
, , 1) .
-
. U = /
, U
, .
, (45.6)
;

f « 1. (45.7)
nv

1)
(45.6) . (45.4),
,
. . 204
^.
206 . VI

,
1).
, ,
,
U ( -
).
,
(
). ,
_ ^ ,
( , , ,
, , ).
, F

= W UF’ <45'«)

= eiktF = const ■eikx (“ JudX). (45.9)

. , , ,
.
(45.8) A F,
F. d 2 F / d x 2,
dF/dx, .
, z ,
< 2.

1.
; , (45.4) .
. , ,
\ \ |?7|.
2 , , . .
= -( ( )- )
dx
, ,
:
d2 _ 2
dx^ ~ lF

) , (45.5) U = / (
) / / 2 + z 2.

.
§45 207

dx ± \ ,
1 1/ , — , = 2 \ \/1%.
U( x)
— + :
+
dip X1 2 [ . .
= ? 1 Udx- (1)
= . (1),

+
2 [ . .
- 2 —
= ^ / Udx \ \ = —_ J U dx^j .
2 J 1 2 2
— —

, ,
( ) ,
.
2. U(r)
( — ) ; ,
f r U dr .

. , ,

ld_ f d ± \ = 2 v
dr \ dr / 2
dr 0 ( < < 1 / ),

J
CXJ
d^> 2
r U ( r ) dr. ( 1)
dr 2 \

1 d ( d'ip\ 2
dr V dr J h
( ) ^=c o n s t ( )\

In . , ~
, ( (1))
,
1 2
) dr,
a In ¥ -a J
0

\\ \ --------2 2
2
[ U r dr
J
0
,
.
 VII

§ 46.

L,
,
. ( ,
.)

V +( - ) = 0
2171

= (^ ). (46.1)

< 4 6 -2 >

,
,

= ( 0 + -ai + (-) 2 + ..., (46.3)

V /
.
—
. (46.2)

— '2 - — " = — U(x) (46.4)

2 2 v ' v '
( ).
=
, :
— ag = — U(x).
2 v }
§46 209

(j{) = = J /2 [ — U ( )] dx.

,
( ) ,
. ( ) +
,

= = J pdx, = /2 ( — [/), (46.5)

(6.1) 1) .
(46.4)
,
, . . h \ a n/ '2 \< 1

< 1.
dx

, (46.5), ' = £>,

dk
dx

= /27 , ( ) = 2 irh/p(x) —
,
( ). ,
—

.
, .
(46.6) , ,
dp d rz— t t z ----- m dU rriF
f = — y / 2 m ( E - U ) = -----— = -----,
dx dx p dx p

F = —dU/dx ,
. ,

< 1. (46.7)

) , f pdx .
S S = —E t d= f p d x .
—E t ,
.
210 . V II

,
.
, , . .
, ,
, ,
.
( ) = 0, . . = U(x). —>►0
,
.
, , (46.6) (46.7)
-
. ,

(46.4),
.

,
. , ( )
, ,
,
,
« » . ,
, ,
L,
( .
(46.11));

(46.3). (46.4)
'0 [ + <
7 ^ / 2 = 0,
// /
= = ——
1 2< 2 *
,
<71 = In (46.8)
( ).
(46.1), (46.3)

= — (- f pdx ) + — [ —- f p d x ). (46.9)

1/ /
.
§46 211

+ dx \ \2, . .
1 / . ,
« »,
, dx,
( ) .
,
< U(x), ( )— ,
.

^= (“i dx) +7 ' 0 / |p|dx) ' (46 0)

, , , -

« »
,
(46.10), , .

,
(46.3),
, -
.
h2 (46.4)
2 + (1 /2) 1 + (1/2 ) 1 = 0?
( (46.5) (46.8) \)
/ _ V 3 '2
2 4 2 8 3 '
( )
F = '/ ,
mF , 2 [ F2 ,
2 = — + — / — dx.
4 3 8 J 5

= exp [(i/H)a\ = [( / ) + cri] (1 —iHcr2 )

, const imh F 2
= J ^ 5 -dx exp J pdx^j . (46.11)
Vp 4~j? 8
-

(. .
212 . V II

^ f pdx ).
, . . A/L.
(46.11)
1.
(46.7),
(46.7), F2
~ L.

§ 47.

= ( U( ) = ),
U > > ,
.
.

pdx > , (47.1)

^ = ( 4 /
(46.10).

(46.9)
:
X X
= ^ J dx^j + ^J dx^j < . (47.2)

— ( (47.1)) — .
, ,
,

. \ — \

E - U { x ) ^ F 0(x-a), F0 = <0; (47.3)

=
,
.
§ 24,
(47.1) (47.2)
(24.5) (24.6)
§47 213

.
, (47.3) ( ) = y^2mFo(x — ),
^

i J p d x = ^ y / 2 mFo(x - a f / 2

sin (24.5)
(24.6). ,
(47.3)
:
( ),
\ — | , (47.3),
,
(24.5), (24.6) ) .
, , ,

. ( )

— ,
= ,

(A. Zwaan, 1929).

\ — |,
(47.3), (47.1)

^ W = 2 ( 2 m |F ,|) ''‘ ( „ - ! ) ■ / . ^ { 4 / ^ 2" > 1 * (* ~ °)< 4 < « .4 )

— (
) .
^

— = 1, J / — a dx = ( cos ^ i sin ,

< 0 7.
(47.4) ( 0 < < 27 /3)
) , (47.3) \ — \ < L, L—
U(x).
(46.7) \ — \3^2 / y/m\Fo\ . ,
( . .
\ — \ ~ L) , L 3/ 2 hj^m\Fo\.
214 . V II

, 1.
,

^ J y / 2 m\F0\(a - x ) d x = J ( )) dx.

(47.4)

( — )-1 /4 —>►( —- ^)~- V 4e- W 4.

, (47.4)
(47.2) 2 = (1/2) ~ /4.
,
2 (47.2),
.
(47.2)
( ), ,

« » ,
« » (47.2) .
\

. ,
(47.4) (47.2)
\ = (1/2 ) /4.
, (47.1) >
<

'p = $ cai{ i l p d x + i i

,
,

X
: — cos <; - (47.5)
2V ¥ \ { ~ ! Vp W pdx
U(x) > U(x) < E

( . A. Kramers, 1926).
§48 - 215

,
, ,

. , (47.5)
—>>0

( (47.5) )1) .
( = )
,
= = 0 ( . §18).

< ,
(47.6)
= > .

§ 48. —

, , -
—
. ,
( . §21).

.
,
.
,
.
;
b ^ ^
2) .
) ,
(47.5)
.
2)
( )

(v — ).
216 . V II

(47.5) = b
( )

'P = $ ms( l l pdx-'i)- (481 )

= ,

,
( )
:

dx — ~ = 7

( = (—1)nC f).

(48.2)

§ pdx = 2 f pdx -
. ,

. - -

I = — § pdx
( . I, §49), (48.2)

1(E) = { + 1/2).
§ 41 , ,
« »,
,
. ,

.
§48 - 217

,
,
. , (48.1)
—7 /4 = b ( + 1 /4 )7 = ,
(
b< < ,
)1).

. , , 1/2
(48.2) :

(48.2) ~ /L ,
1( . § 46)2) .

\ \2 b ^ ^ , ( )
. (48.1)
,
, . . 1/2.

/ > = 5 = = 1'

= 2 / —
. ,

, — ,
, .
(48.2)
. §pdx ,

) ,
.
.
2) ( ) (
),
, , ;

. , (48.2),
, ( ) ,
.
218 . V II

(. .
, — ).
27 ,
. ,
(
). ,
,

27 . , ,
,
/(2 ). (48.4)
= /fi,
, /2 . ,
,
( . II, §52).
(48.2)
.
,
. .
. ( )
, (48.2)

< — dx = 2 .
J

/ = v,

= = . (48.5)
,
. (
)

. ,

, . ,
, ,
,
,
.
§48 - 219

,
-
/. , /

.
( . §6),
.

= ^ ,

— ,
1 < < ;
.
/ , ,

/ = f */ dx = am anfm ne ?

, ,
s= — ,

7 = E E < + * a» w iwrt.
S

ujmn = cos (48.5).

/ , -
,
— ,
( — ).

7 = a> n f seiu)st = £ 2 £ f seiu}st,

S s

fs =

—
. \ \2 = 1;

7 = / ^ -
220 . V II

.
/ /(£),
, f mn
/ _
/(£) .
,

f(t) .
^-
, .

,
, ( )

- ( - ,
. I, §52).

(48.6)

qi 7^ — ,
1).
( -
)
2).
« »
( )
.
.
s

) , -

( = — I — 1— ).
, ^ ^- , .
2) . J. . K e l l e r / / Ann. Phys. 1958. V. 4. P. 180.
§49 - 221

A N = A q 1 . . . A q sA p 1 . . . A p s ^4g ^
(27t H)s

1).

1. ( )
, U ( ),
.
. , « »
, 0 ^ ^
dV,
(4 ' /3 )
(2 )3
(
) , = ( 2/ 2 ) + U(r) ^ 0.
= V —2 m U ( r ) ,

,
U < 0. ( ), U
, r~s s < 2 § 18.
2. - U( )
( . . ).
. -

. , ,
(
)
U3 = U( ) + 2/ ( 2 2).
^ 0 pr = /—2 £7 .
( . . )

r d r d f r = y/2 f l _ u _ M ^ dr_
J 2 2 J 2

dM/ (
Z)
J i / ( - U)rdr.

1) , d 3p / (27 )3 ,
d 3p
.
(15.8), . . 68.
222 . V II

§ 49.
-

-
, ,
. .
( (
) ,

. #, ,
, ,
I (
).

( = )1).
P/(cos$)
( . (28.8))
d2Pi , , „dPi
(49.1)

/( cos (9) = )_ (49.2)

/s in

2
"+ (1+\)e i + 4 sin
X= , (49.3)

.
(49.3) « »

=
+ ^ 1/2

1) , = Z,
,
= 7 /2. ,
/ (cos ) = const • sinZ0 ;
I —» ( IV^2) 7 /2.
§49 223

dk/dx ( (46.6))

61 > 1 , (7 —6)1 > 1 (49.4)

( ).
I
, ,
7 .
(49.4) (49.3)
:

X = /sin 6 Pi (cos 6 ) = A sin ^l + ^ j e + a (49.5)

( , — ).
6 < 1 (49.1) ctg 6 ~
~ 1/6; /(/ + 1) (Z+ 1 /2)2,

(49.6)

,
6 = 0 / = 1. (49.6)
Pi 6 < 1. ,
1/I < 6 < 1,
(49.5), 6 1/1.
61 ^ 1
,

( 1/2 /). -
(49.5), , = /2/ i /, = 7 /4. -
, P/(cos 6 ),
224 . V II

1):

(49.7)

/
( . (28.8))

(49.8)

. § 32
, x (r ) = rR(r) ,

,
Ui(r).
1 = 0 .
, U( )
(46.6), -
. = 0 %= ,
%( )
(47.6).
I 0, (46.6)
. ,
,
= h/p ~ /l (46.6) I 1.
, I ,
.
,
( )>
,
7/ ( ) 1(1 + 1)

) , 1(1 + 1)
(I + 1 /2 ) 2 , ( —1)1
7 — 0, Pi(cosO).
§49 225

(I + 1/2)2 ) :

Ul(r) = U(r) + Y
zm~ il + \ / 2 ) 2 • (49.9)

U= = / .
,
, \U\ ~ \ \, . . ~ /\ \.

~ / /2 \ \
ol /\E\ ;

\ \ « (49.10)

. .
.
(49.10)

I » <4 9 1>

v ~ /\ \/ — . ,
(45.7)
.
(| 7( )| >> £?),

, U >
.
I ,
\U\ \ \,
.
(46.7),
^ dU a rz 777 /
F = - — = —j, ppaV 2m \U \~ J — .

2 / 2, (49.12)
. . , « »
.
1) , (U = 0) ,
(48.1) Ui (49.9), ,
, (33.12).
226 . V II

,
— 0 , = a/rs s > 2.
.
h h r s/ 2
^1 -- - ^1 --
y/m\U\ / ’

dk / 2-1 „
— - ~^= ' < 1;
dr /
.
Ui — — — 0.
~ 1/ /
r s/4 _ 1 .
.
— 0 .
,

J dr |
2 2
(s — 2 )h
_ (s/ 2- i )

§ 50.

,
. 13,
,— , U(pc)
.
U{x)
;
,
I r^JII
/ 1
1
1
1 ^ , « » (
1 ,
b
. 13 U(x)
,

. , , ,
,
.
,
.
= b (

) 2 4 § 25.
§50 227

U( ) < ) :
X

( ~ n fpdx + ? ) ‘ ^5 0 ' ^

< .
, § 47.

E - U ( x ) t t F0(x - ), F 0 > 0,
(50.1)

( ) = ( - V ' 4 e x p { i <2 m F »>1/4 /

— = , iJ / — bdx = sin ^ + cos ,

< 0 7.
( ) , ,

{ ) = / ( a m ^ V F ^ + f

, 1) :
X X
_^
^
Vp e x p { i / < + } ^ ^ {) / } - (50-2)
>b <b
1)
( ) , ,
(< — —7 ) ,
« » (50.2) .
, ( ) , -
,
( —» —7
, .
228 . V II

,
( )

.
I . III
,
;

= j P dx + j (50.3)

v = p/m — , aD— .
(50.2)
II :

j J pdx ) .
X

/ D
' = \ 71
( 1
IVh
I pdx pdx - i

(50.4)
, (47.5), I
:
6

V- = 2 , / - e x p -1 J H<Jx)coS( i I
,

D— ( —^ / dx (50.5)

X
2 ( i f
=
Vv VJ
cos - / p d x + — ) =

1exp(i f pdx+7 + j =v e* p ( - U p d x ~ ’i
§50 229

( — —
~ ewx/h^ , —
.
, D—
—
. ,
, ,
D 1).
, U(x)
(

). ,

,
. D
, (50.5), -
( (50.5) ) .

1. ,
. 14: U( x) = 0 < 0, U(x) = Uo — F x > 0;
.
.

- S ) 3/2
SHF .
2. ( )
- : U( r) = —Uo < ,
U ( ) = ot/r > ( . 15) 2) .
. - ,
.
/
2
/ ^ 2 m ( ~ E ) dr

1) D ,
I ;

.
2) . . (1928)
(R . W. Gurney, . U. Condon, 1929)
- .
230 . V II

_ /

\ V ( )

— 0

7 ' 2 \
=
h hv )

, , . . /Hv 1.
, , (49.11)
.
3. U(x)
(7 77, . 16), .
,
,
,
.

, ,

.
( U( x) -
).
.
. 16 U(x),

,
{ ), ( )
( , 7), . .
; ( ) ,
7 .
\ 7^2-
, ,

( ) (- ):

) = + (- )], 2( ) = - (- )]. (1)

§50 231

I (— ) ( ),
II — . ( ) (— )
, (1) ,
I II.

■ +^( 0- ) 0 = 0,
h
2 ,
, ^ ( 1 - ) 1 =0,
\, ,
dx 0 . , = 0 \ = \/2 , [ = 0

J 0 1 dx « ~^=
V2 J
J 1 dx = -^=
/2'

1- 0= - — (0) ' (0).

2 —
. ,
2/?2
2- 1= — (0) ' (0).
(47.1) (48.3) ,
/------
(0) = J ^^exp(“^/lpld:r)’ ^ (0) = 1^ (0),
'
vo = / 2(Uo — )/ . ,

2 - Ex = — J
—
\ \ dx

( — , — . . 16).
4. D (
) U( x ) =
= — 2/ 2 ( . . , 1935) ) .
.
\ \,

\ 1

= const .£± £-1/ 2 (± £ 2/2 ) ,

1)
U(x),
.
232 . V II

£= ( * V /4 = . I™
\h 2) ’ ft Y '
, +
, . . .
= _ £ £_1/ 2 ( £2/2 ) —» , (1)
= ( —£ )- -1 / 2 (— £2/2 ) + (—£ ) £_1//2 ( £2/2 ) — . (2)
(2) , —
( ,
). , ,

£.
(1)
£:
£ = *, £2 = 2 (—sin 2^ + cos 2 ) ,
< 0 7. (1)
(2)
= B(e")is~1/2 = — ~ £; (3)
( /2 < ( < ), | ( £2/2 ) |
, ,
(2) ) .
(2)

|2 + | |2 = 1. (4)
(3) (4)
D = \ \2 = 1 /(1 + ~ 2 £).
.
, D ~ -27 1£1
(50.5). > 0
R = l - D = 1/ ( 1 + 2 )
.

§ 51.

-
/
.
, ,
1)
, (—7 < ( < —7 /2),
( (2)), ( £2/2 )
(— £2/2 ) .
§51 233

, ,
/
(§48). ,
(
)
,

( U ( ))
,
/
. >2 . 17
,
\ E<i ( E<i > \,
. 17); , ^2 .

/1 2 ip i f f o d x . (51.1)
- I

(47.5)
= \ ( )

(51.2)
/ 1 > \

>2 ( 1 2).
(51.1)

. , ,
,
,
.
, , .
.
>2 >2 = 2 + ' 2 > _
( > 0 ,2 )
234 . V II

. (50.2)

/+ —1 2 X < CL2 ,
/—
2 /
(51.3)
2
V>2+ = X > CL2 ]
2 2

^ 2 = (V^)*]-
(51.1)
, /1 2 = + / 12>
. ,
+

/1 2 = J V'l/V,2 _

. , < 2
, < ±
(
< 2 \ ±\ > \ 2 \)-

.
, ( > \)
, ,
> \ 2 > \.
.

= a i,a 2 ,
.
,
.

1 '
± J y/2m(U - E j d x l
\
=
2 [ 2 m( U — i? i)]1/4
4 ai '
(51.4)

2
-iC 2
= 2[2m { U - E 2 ) ] 1 / 4 -~ j y/2m{U - E 2 ) d x \
a2
§51 235

,
< .

= i S r / ( ; /
'

2 '

, , ,
. ,
U(x) = ( \ 2

).

>
U(x)\ - ^
- ____ —___ ^
( ).
- - 18
U(x). , U(x)
= ,

. 18 .
,
/1 2 = 2 Re fy 2
,
/

/1 2 ~
I
j V2 ( 2 —U)dx — J / 2 ( 1 - U ) dx

(51.6)
(JI. . , 1932) ) .

; , ,
1) (51.5), (51.6)
,
, . 18 ,
,

.
236 . V II

. U(x)
, xq (51.6)
,
1).
(51.6) , \ 2
, ,
§ 48,
f[x(t)\. i?2 ,i = =

_______ \
( - w 2ilm J J ™ dx j = ex p (-w 2ilm ). (51.6 a)

XQ ___________ XQ
dx
= ! ^ ‘ = ! v( x)
,
$ . (
v(x) = yj{2{U — { ) ) ) / «
».) , (51.6 )
f[x(t)\
UJ2 1 Im 1.

-
. /( )
(
), I
.
,
, U\(r)
/2 ( ).
(51.5)
, U\(r) /2 ( )
, ,
2 ( )- 1 ( ) = 2 - 1. (51.7)
) , f(x) .
, (51.6)
« » .
, , ,
. f ( x ) = const.
- ,
(51.6).
§51 237

<
j ^2 ( 2 - U2 ) d r - J / 2 ( 1 - ) dr

(51.8)

U\(r) /2 ( ), (51.7).
- ,
dr (51.1)
( — ) + :

0
.
,
—
+ ,
. , U\(r) /2 ( )—
[U(— ) = U ( )]. X i(r)
( )— , ( . § 21) ) ,
/( ) , 1/ 2
.

( , /( )
),
= 0, (51.8)
= 0.

1. (
) U = Uoe~ a x .
. U( x ) — — .
, (51.6) = — .
+ .
— . —
+ — .

/1 2 ~ ----- —{V2 - V - 1) ,

) U( ) R(r) ( )
( ) /, (
R ~ r l).
238 . V II

Vi = y / 2 E i / m , V2 = / / —
( — ), ,
2. U = /
/ = 0.
. U( r)
= 0. 2 § 50.
(51.8)
„ 7 ( 1 1
~ — I -----------
\V2 Vi,
3.

U{x) = 7^ 2 + [3 4

< & 1: 2 < (1)

.
, (51.6) - .
— = ,
.

J
/ — — \
/1 2 ~ ( - i / s/2m(U — 2 ) dx — y / 2 m ( U — E i ) dx 1 j.
a 2 al

(1)

mcj mcj 1 « /^ (2)

^ 2» , 2, 4.

(Ei^/U) (
) / 4,
( 2 [ d\x\ fd\x\\

(2), . . ~ ^/ ( 2) / /3 ~ 0,2 ~ / 2/ ( 2) ,
~ ai ~ y j \ / ( 2) .
/ 2 , 2 4 Ei 2 4
/1 2 ~ - —— In —— -----h —— In
2 f3E2 2

rii « Ei/ , 2 ~ E2 /fiw,

n”2/2 / 4 (n2“ni)/2
/l2 ~ n ? l/2 \m w 3
§52 239

,
/( ), . f(x)
,
( 2 - ).

§ 52.

,
.
.
.
-
,
« » , ,
,
. , ,
, « » qo,

;
. , S i(gi, qo) + £ 2 ( 2 )

qi « » qo
qo ^2-

w ~ e x p |- |l m [ 5 i ( g i ,g o ) + S 2 (qo, 9 2 )]}- (52.1)

« » ,
, (52.1)
( ,
,
, (52.1) ) ).
(52.1)
-
. , , ,

.
(52.1)

{ . . ,
1) ,
qo.
240 . V II

1932). ,
, (
) (52.1) (50.5)
.
. (52.1)
—
, . qo
xq «
» ,
, . . U( ) = .
,
—
.
( § 50)
( )
( + ).
, § 47,
50, /j .

( \— - )

, ( )
xq ( . 19);

,
( -
)

.
xq -
. 19 yjE —U( )

, ,
, . . 1) .

, R

) , ( ,
), + .
§52 241

_ .
. 2
R = = ^ —~ Im J p d x ^ j . (52.2)
+

, ,
;
. 19 C f,
\ xq

R = -4 ( °)/^ ( i,xo)=Im J ( ) dx; (52.3)

XI

( ) ,
\ 1) . , -
(52.3)
( . . , . . , . . , 1958)2) .
, xq
, (52.3)
,

. ( , ,
> 0, . . ,
.) ,
U(x) ,
cr(xi, $) 3) .
,
,
(52.3).
, U(x) -
) ,
.
,
§ 25 /3.
, ,

/ \
X!
1
( (— )
, . §47.)
2) . . (1961).
3) , . 19
U(x).
242 . V II

: , ,
U = , ,
U= ,
( ( 00, x q ) ^ 1) (52.3)
. , ,
,
( . 2) ) .

1.

, ( . .
, 1939).
.
.
—« » ,
.
— , —
; —
( ).
q = r / ( Z e 2/ ) ( Z e — ), ( ,
) « », . . « » ,
qo. , ,

= ^ /2, = Vp/2 1 / qo, = - 1 / qo] (1)

v n , vp , Vd— « » ,
/ / ( — ); v n
, a vp Vd .

- = 1, Vp “ v n = 2Vdi (2)
2
v p = 2i + v n , vd = i + vn, l / q 0 = E + 1 - v n + 2 i vn .

) . . . . -
( . 1961. . 40. . 1713).
§52 243

J J
j--- CXD CXD j
Im S 2 = Z e 2 J — l m l v n dq + J 2 ^E p J dq > —
' ^rtn an

= Z e 2 J — Im < - v nq0 - vpq0 + J —- Arch / q o E p > . (4)

(52.1)

2Ze2 2 ___ 2
1exp — Im — Arch / q o E p ----- — Arch y / q 0E (5)
Ev E

Arch
(4) (3)
Im vp Im Vd (
(2) , Im ( S 1 + S 2 ) > 0).
w
( = —1 — )
( )
. ,
— 0. qo = 1 / ( + 1) (5)

2Ze2 - 1 2 /
• arccos / --------
- 1 +1 \/ + 1

(
) .
S = Si + S 2
,
. = 0 1)

Im S ( E n ) - Im 5 (0 ) (
V dEn
:

dw 2Ze2 3-
dEn (£-1)(£+1)2
- 1
+
V 4 E -1 )5 + 1
2.
, .
(43.1),
— ,

) = 0 Im S ( E n ) ,
— ( < 0
).
244 . V II

^- , 27 h.
d v = dp'/27 , '— . (43.1)
dp ( ^- ),

R =
h2 p2
J U ( x ) e°2ipx/hdx
2
2

. (1)

,
: U a / h v < 1, — ( . . . 205),
/ < 1.
( );
(1) .
3. -
, U( x ) = .
. U( ) -
,

,
; .
(1) 2 ,
( ) = .
= 0,
:
U = —F \ x > 0, U = —F 2 X < 0
F\ F2 . dx
± (
— 0).
2 fc2
\ 2

16 §
= ( 0).

§ 53.

§41,

.
,
(
) (J1. . , 1961).

,
t ±00. , , ipn (q,t) E n (t) —
( ,
),
( ) = E n^ n ]
§53 245

.
W2 1 t —^ +
2 , t —
\.

« »,
( —f E ( t) d t) .

t = to,
^i(^o) = ^ 2 (^0 ) (53.1)
« »
( . §52); , ,
,
(53.1).

t
t = to,
.
, \,
2 t.
(
Lp\, (^2 ),

(53.2)

( t). Lp\, (f 2
t = to-

= «1^1 + 2^2* (53.3)

,
« » t H{t) ( (17.4))
- ( = ),
( *),
U(t) U(t)*.
(53.3) ,
Lp\, 2 , dq.

(53.4)
246 . V II

, \2 = 21
, :
\ + J?i2a 2 = E d 2 ,
(53.5)
12 + J?22a 2 = \.
( \2 — )2 =
= \\ 22

= \2 = / 22. (53.6)
(53.5)

a 2/ a i = ± / # n / t f 22. (53.7)
(53.6) , t = to
22 ;
.
, , t — to-

E{t) — E(to) = =t const -y/t — to, (53.8)

. e. E{t) t = to . 2 ~
~ y/t — to, t = to
, ( \.
,
§ 52 -
. «
» (£) (
§52),
2 2 (—i E 2 t/ti) t +00,
t — — (t) = ± (—iE it / h ) (
—
+ );
W2 1 = | 2|2. S = —f E(t) dt
,
( ,
( ) f pd x).

t (
), ,
§ 52 ,
.
, 2 > \]
§53 247

t ( ^/ / ^/
). (
(52.2))

W2 1 = [ - Im [ E ( t ) dt ], (53.9)
" 7

. 19
, .
= \, = 2 .
(53.9)

W 21 = f —2 Im J Lo2i ( t ) d t j , (53.10)
' tl '

UJ2 1 = { 2 —Ei)/h] t — £,
to
(53.1),
(53.10)
1). , 1
2 « »
,
. ,
« » 1—^3—^2 (53.10)
(3 1 ) (23)
Lo Lo

J W3 1 (t)dt+ J u>23(t)dt,
« »
E \ ( t ), E 3 (t) E 2 (t), E$(t)\
,

^ + U2 (t)x = 0 (1)

1) to
, E(t) ( -
(53.10) ).
2) ,
, .
248 . V II

u(t) cji t — — 2
t — ( . . , 1960),
. (1)

— , — t\ p(x)/h = ( ) — uo(t),

, § 25.

.
(1) t — =
= ’ 1* + A { e ~ iwi t , -s-- ,
= 2 2* + ^ - ^ 2*, —> .
(25.6)
2= 1+ 1 (2)
/ ,
h = muJiX2 = 2 m u i \ A i \2, I2 = 2 2 \ 2 \2,
, (2):
I2 = 2 2[(\ \2 + \/3\2 \ \2 + 2 R e ( / 2)].
(25.7), \ \2 =
= |/312 + \/ 2,
12 - h = 4: 2[\/3\2 \ \2 + Re ( / * 2)]. (3)
u(t)

. (3 , \ \2 « \/ 2.
( , u 2(t)
t.)
12 — 1\

A I = 12 — Ii ~ \/3\ ~ | —2 Im J u ( t ) d t \ ,
' '
to — t,
I. §51 ( . . I)
. , u 2(t)
,
. ( . . . 241.)
, — — (3)
. ,
7 « 2 /1,

R « — 1/3|2 — « ».
ui
 VIII

§ 54.

.
,
, ,
[ ]

- .
§ 28, I
,
— .

.
1) (
L )
2.
, 2, ,
2
. ,
, , (
) 2L + 1 ,
( L) . ,
2L + 1
2) . , . .
(

) .
2) ,
.

, ,
- .
250 . V III

),
L. , ,

,
;

, .
( , ),

.
L ,
;
2L + 1 .
,
, ,
—
.

,
« »
,
, « » « ».
,
« » ,
.
(
—>> 0)
1).
,
, ,
2) .
, ,
,
( ,
). ( , ,
h) s.

)
« »
« ».
2)
( G . Uhlenbeck, S. Goudsmi t , 1925).
( W . Pauli, 1927).
§54 251

, ,

,
. ,

— ,
,
( z)
(
).
( , , ; )— .

, ;

.
dV,
,
dV 1' ’ > ; )12-

. , -
.
. ,
, ,
'Sz ,
.

. § 26

.
,
,
.

, .
,
,
,
252 . V III

2 ( ,
).
,

, , ,
:
sz} = isX) {sz-) = isy, = is z (54.1)
.
(54.1)

. , § 27 ( (27.7)-
(27.9)),
; L
s. (27.7) ,

, . , ,
,
, Lz
( § 27 ,
(26.14) /^,
).
, sz
,
,
±5. 25
sz . ,
s 0 ,1 /2 ,1 ,3 /2 ,...
,
s 2 = s(s + l), (54.2)
s ( ),
. s sz
5, s — 1 , . . . , —s — 25 + 1 .
, s
25 + 1 1) .
, —
, , , , /i-
) s ,
(h — 0) hs
.
, I .
h /
, .
§54 253

( , , S) — 1/2. ,
—7 - if- ,—
0.

1 s. ,
, ,
.

j = 1+ s (54.3)
« »,
(§31).
, I s
I + s ,1 + s — 1 , . . . , |/ —s\. , ( 1/2)
I
j — I - 1/2; I= 0 j , ,
j = 1/2.
J
j ,
. J

J = L + S, L = J ] l e, S = ^ s a, (54.4)

S , a L—
.
, — (
),
, . ,
,
,
.
j (
J) ,
,
,
.
(27.13)
,

. (
) (29.7)-(29.10)
.
254 . V III

1 /2
s z = 1 /2 .
z , z.
. s , , z
1 /2 . z , ,
z ~sz> = (1 /2 ) cos . ,
s zf = ( 1 /2 )(w + — W- ), w± — s z> = d=l/2.
, + + w~ = 1,
w+ = cos2(#/2), w- = sin2(#/2).

§ 55.

, ,
. , ,
( , , ; ) ,
,
,

.
(
) .
, ,

(55.1)

— ; ftp ,
,
^, ,
/. , f a(7/
,
(11.5)1).
(11.5)
,

(55.2)

1) ,
(55.1) ,
(11.11).
§55 255

1 ( ) 2 ( )— 5Z,
sz = \ sz = ;
,
sz , . .
1):
(< ) = $(7(71, ( 2 ^ ) = $ (72• (55.3)
(55.1)

( )( ) = '^ 2 1 ’' 1( ') = ^ facr'$ ' = facr

, 2 ( ), (55.2)
,
.
, , ,
(2s + 1)- .
, , ,
, (55.1),

( { ) = < ' ( ')- (55.4)

'
( §54) 5 , 5 , 5Z
§ 27 1/ , Ly, Lz,
L 5 :

($ ) , —1 = ($ ) —1,(7 = ~ / (5 O’) ( 5 + 1),

(Sy)cr,cr-1 = -{S y)a-l,a = ~ | \ / (« + -) ^ - + 1), ( 5 5 ‘5 )

(^z)aa = *
.
1/2 (5 = 1/2, = ± 1 /2 )
.

s = i<i, (55.6)

) : 1( ) = z) 5 a i a ; (55.3)
.

sz (ai <7 2 ) <!

(11.11) (55.1).
256 . V III

1)

° “ (l
1 \
)’ ° ~ (?
^ /0 -
*) ’ ° ~~ ( )• (55-7)
(55.7) . s~z = ^
, ,
sz 2).
.
(55.7),

GyGz — &-> Gz®x —

J l=,3 =dl =\„ ®® —
(55.8)

(54.1), ,

“ = 2$ik-> (55.9)
. . .

:
2 = 3, (oa)(ob) = ab + [ ], (55.10)
b— 3).
,
,
; ,
( .
1). , (
) :
Sp<Ti = 0, S p d id k = 2 Sik. (55.11)

) (55.7)
, , —
.
+ 1 / 2 , —1 /2 . , (55.4),
- ,

/ )) ■
1 2

2)
:
.
3) (55 .8 )-(5 5 .1 0 ) ,
, ,
.
§55 257

, .
—
z.
5(
z.
( — ) 1 + iS(ps'z .
' ( ) ' ( )+ 6 ( ),
6 ( ) = i5(ps'z'ip((j) =
d'ip/dip = ,
, ( )

( = ^ ( a ) e l(T(f. (55.12)
, 2
2? , (—I) 25 ( 2
, 2s). ,
z

,
.

1.
+ .
.
/( + ) = +
, z b
+ = 6,
/( + ) /( = ).

= ^ U( a + b) + / ( « - 6)]> = ^[/( + ) -
2. S1 S2 (1 /2 )
, S = Si + S2
(0 1).
. (31.3),
,
S1 S2 = 1 /4 S = 1, S1 S2 = —3 /4 S = 0.
3. s s
?
.
(s z — s ) ( s z — s + 1 ) . . . (s z + s),
'Sz sz,
,
258 . V III

. , (s^ )2s+1
s~z ,
1 2s.

§ 56.

: (0).
: = 0. s
, ,
,
. . .
1/2
: ^ (1 /2 ) ^ ( —1/2).
1 2,
;

= ) ^( (S8.1)
.

1 = + 2, 2 = + 1 2. (56.2)

' = )\ = (“ J), (56.3)

U— 1) . ,
,
.
, ,
, .

1 ( 2 — 2 ( 1, (56.4)
( — .
1 ( 2 — 2 Lp1 = (ad — )( 1 ( 2 — 2 ( 1),
. . (56.4)
.
,
) 11 U .
§56 259

, ,
, . .
.
ad — be = 1; (56.5)
1).
,

1 1* + 2 2* , (56.6)

. ,
,
, . . 7+ = /-1 ( . § 12).
(56.5)

~ 1 = (\ —
d ~ )) .

= cf, = — *. (56.7)
(56.5) (56.7)
, , , d
, ,
.
(56.4) (56.6), ,
/?1*, 2* 2 , — 1]
, (56.5) (56.7)
2) .
,
. , -
1, 2 ( ),
1) .
2)
. ( . § 18)
.
. ,
1 = ( 1 /2 ) 2 = ( —1 /2 ),
,
-1 /2 1 /2 .
260 . V III

( )

\ — 2 2 = — 1- (56.8)
(56.4)

( = ( 1 + 2 ( 2 = \ 2 ~ 2^ 1] (56.9)
( )
,
. ,
. ( \ = 1 ( \+ 2 ( 2 =
= - 2 2 ~ 1, - -
< = ~ \< - (56.10)
,
:

= . (56.11)
\, 2

*, 2*, . .
' = * ) . (56.12)

* *
U*. U
7* = /- 1 , ' = ( ~ 1)\ 1)

= ( ' • (56.13)

, .
,
^,
( ).
^
\^ \^ ,
^ ^ \( ^.
.

) ( U)
(^ 1 , ^ 2 ) U.
§56 261

=g x^, = (56.14)

(gA„) = ( = ( J) (56.15)
—
1) . , ,
\ = gXvi’1'*1, = g X u g ^ P,
ip\ 2 = — 11 = ~ 21, = \ 2 = 22 - .
gx/jb
. ,

gXvg^v = 5$, (56.16)

8 \= 8 l = 1, §1 = §1 = 0.
,
— (
) .
; ,
\/ <
. (. .
-
)
. , ^< /i v
^ (\ ^
- ,
(56.10): (
) , ,
(. . —~ \)- ,
, , -
,
. ,
= 0.
n- ,
.
—
,
.
) , (56.15) .
262 . V III

(
) .
( )
,
. ,
,
,
.

, g\^.
, , :
\ + g'/u'V’ + gv = 0, (56.17)
\— ;
,
( )
.
, \^
, ,
; ,
^ = ~ ^-

. ,

,
/ = - ( 1 /2 ) - (56.18)
^ ,
'", -
( 9 ^‘“, .
, ,
.

§ 57.
,
—
.
,
1/2.
^- /2, ,
sz = 1/2 (
— z). ,
S /2.
§57 263

( 1 ,<
7 2 , • • •, & )
, —
/> (1 /2 ,1 /2 ,...,1 /2 ).
...,
,
, / i , . .. = 1. ,
1 ( 1 . ..

n- , .
( ,
z),
n- , - .
,
,
s = 25
1/2, ,
5. ,
5
= 25 .
,
25- , ,
25 + 1. , ,
25 0 , 25 —1
. . 0 25 .
,

. 25 + 1
,
(
), ,

25.
,
,
( )
1).
, n- >...
, — 2, —4 , . . .

. ^... ,
n- . ,

) ,
( . §98).
264 . V III

' ... ,
( — 2)- V^Ai/...j
,
( — 2)- . ,
,
( —4)- , . .

2s-ro 2 s + 1 ( )
( = 5, s — 1 , . . . , —5 ).
s —a

11. . . 1 2 2 . . . 2
s+a ,
1 (s + cr) , 2
(s — ) , 2 .
, = 2s
1/2 s,

5+ s —a

^V 1 • • • x V •••;
, (s + )
, + 1 /2 (s — ) — ,
—1/2, (l / 2)(s + cr) —
— (1/2) (s — ) = . ,
( ) ,

> |2 = l ^ - f (5 7 .1 )
<J=~S A,yLi,... —1

( , ,

).
(s + ) 1
(2 «)!
(s + Cr)KS — )-
. , ( )
§57 265

(57.2)
(57.1), , ,

^"'< ^... = (57.3)

(7
^--- — ,
( ), )— ,
(57.2) ( (—1)5_ ,

, ).
(55.5)
( ).
,
, 25- .
1/2 {+ 1 / 2 ), (—1 / 2 )
1, 2 . (55.6) (55.7)

( )1 = ( 1 / 2 ) 2, (syip) 1 = - ( i / 2 ) 2, ( )1 = ( 1 / 2 ) 1,
(% )2 = ( 1 / 2 ) 1, ( )2 = ( /2 ) ^ 1, (szV’)2 = -(1 /2 )V ’2-

25 1/2
25 .

,
,
(57.4).
, . .
5, :
s + s —cr S + CT— 1 s— + 1 s + cr + 1 s — — 1

s+ s— S + CT — 1 S— +1 s+ cr+ 1 s — — 1

/ \11 . . . 2 2 . . . + <7 /. 1 1 . . . 2 2 . . . , •s - , 11. . . 2 2 . ..

\Syw) = - —^ - +1^~
s+ s— s+ s—

= (57.5)

,
266 . V III

, .
,

jm
( ) j
( ).

^pjm

2 j.
, ,

( j).
,
,
.
§ 55,
6 5^,
sz = -

s = 1/2. ,
, 1-
, . . ,
, S°Q. ,
, .
, , :
jm
2j
, (57.2) ) :

= J r T ^ F ----- ^ 1 1 ...2 2 .... (57.6)

j + m j —m

j
Y jm . j = 1.

) .
j
i/jjm' = E m M jm ,
.
« » { )
, .
,
, . . Y ^ a rn jrn .
(57.3), ,
(-1 ~ ,,- .
§57 267

Y \m \
I I
Yio — — cos# = —n z,
47 47

Y i ,± i = e±iip = ± in y)

( — - ). ,

10 = ia z , = V’l -1 = ~ ^ ( ~ iay)- (57-7)

(57.6) ,

i , i / , . , i
= = ~~^( + 22 = ~^( ~ iay ) ’
(57.8)
/12 * /11 * / • \ /22 * / , • )\.
= ~^ ^ = ^ - 2/)> = -^ ( + ).
(57.9)
:

az = i^/2 12, = ~^{ 22 ~ 11), = ~^( + 22)- (57-10)

,

\< (1 = , (57.11)
b— ,
.
1)
^ + ^ 2[ ]. (57.12)
(57.10)

= -^ ^ %, £= (57.13)

) -
£>, ^ ^
268 . V III

(
^1)-
,
, ^
^1

*]

(
^), .
(57.8) (57.9)
: 2j
( j — )
(j),
(
). ,
( 2j + 1),
1).

(57.8)—(57.10),
,
— .

1. (57.4) 1 /2
s'.
. (57.9),
s' (57.4)

= + gXv)-
2. ,
1.
. \|/
(57.9), (57.5)
+ = ~ +, - = ~, % = 0
( ± = ± )
^ = - , ^ = , = 0.

, , z.
' = — -

) , 2j + 1 (j — )
j, 2j + 1 Y jm , 2 j + 1
2jf,
.
§58 269

\|/ \|/ = ( + iv),

v— ,
.
v , ,

= 1.

§ 58.

.
( ),
1 + iS(p • ns
, ;
1 /2, . .
, s = /2.

Un = ( <^ /2) (58.1)

( . (15.13)). ( . 1,
§55),

Un = cos(<p/2) + m o • sin(<^/2). (58.2)

, 2

{ ) = cos | + id z sin f = ( (^ /2 ) (_ ° ^ /2 )) . (58.3)

1' = 2' = ■ 1 ~ >1 2.

, 2
; , ,
( . §55).
,
( :

/ \ = ( ™s(<P/2) i sin(<^/2)\ ft , s= ( cos(<^/2) sin (p /2 )\

\^sin(<^/2) cos(</?/2) y ’ sin(<^/2) cos(<^/2)y
(58.4)
270 . V III

7 ,

1' = 2, 2' = - \
. .
1' = , 2' = 2 . (58.5)

, .
, , /3, 7 ,
: 1 ) (0 ^ ^ 2 )
2 , 2) /3 ( 0 ^ /3 ^ )
(O N
. 20 , ),
3) 7 (0 ^ 7 ^ 2 )

(z') Z 1) .
, , /3
<^, z*
xyz: = ( , /3 = 9.

,
. 20
(58.3), (58.4):
U(a,(3,1 ) = Uz (1 )Uy ((3)Uz (a).

( r \ —( cos(/3/2)e ^ a + 7 ) / 2 sin(/3/2)e_*(a_7)/2\
(a ) / 5 , 7 ) — s in (/3 /2 ) e * 0 - 7 ) /2 cos(/3/2)e-i(a+T')/2 J ' ^ ^
, ,
.
, ,
) x y z x'y'z ', ,— ,
,
.
(
) § 35 ( . . I) ,
, . , /5, 7
i p, , . I ( i p, \)

= /5 ,
/ ^
§58 271

,
'ijjjm•
( = j, j — 1 , . . . , —j)
xyz
j, —
x fy fz f; j z, :
! = j zi.
,

™= Pi ' ) jm'• (58.7)

!

D ^j (
' ) 2 j + 1 —
, /3, 7
x fy fz f xyz.

^ .
j = 1/2 1/ 2 ( — = /2)
. (56.13)
( x fy fz f xyz)
U (58.6), Z^1/ 2) = U 1) .

£,( 1 / 2 ) =
' ' v ) 1

7
1 /2 -1 /2
!/
1 /2 cos(/3/2) sin (/3 /2 ), (58.8)
-1 /2 - sin (/3/2) cos (/3/2).

j jm
2 j
(57.6).
2 j 2 j Z^1/ 2),

) , (58.7)
,

(58.7) /jjm = ( ^ - Z ) ^ ) m —
(56.13).
272 . V III

ft' ) = (5 8 .9 )

d^jj ((3) 1)

(j + m ' ) ! Q ' - m ' ) ! j 1/2 / \ '+

d(j),' V )) =
(j + m)\(j - )! _ V 2/
( . /3 \ ~ ^im ' — , ' + ) / / \
V 2 / i~ m' A008/3)- (58.10)

P ia,b)(cos/3) = ^ j - ( l - cos/3)_ a(l + cos f3)~bx

x ( —*—W l - cos/3)a+n(l + cos/3)6+n] (58.11)

Vd cos /3 J

— 2) . ,

^ ){~ cos/3) = ( - l ) nP ^ ’a)(cos/3). (58.12)

(j)
d ^ ,m ,
(58.11) (58.12),

. ,
( ,/3 , 7 ), (—7 , —/3, — )

= dm L (P )- (5 8 -1 3 )

) : A. R. Edmonds. Angular
m om entum in quantum m echanics. —Princeton, 1957 ( .
.: . — .: , 1958).
D^} , (58.9), (58.10),
7 (
), .
2) — . § (
( . 1 1 )).
§58 273

< (0 ) = < 1 ,- >(0 )> (58‘14)

= (~ 1 + 5 > , (58 5)
^ ' ( ~ 7 ) = (— $ ',- , ^ , (0) = Sm'm.
j = 1/2 (58.8),
j
.
—/3
—/3:

dm'mfa - /5) = = ( - 1
m"
, (58.13),

(“ - )

.
, —/3 7 .
(58.16),

= ( - 1 ) ' - ^ 1 .,_ „ ,(/3 ). (58.17)

(58.17), (58.14) (58.13) ,

<£L(« =(-1 '- 1‘(/3)=( - 1 '“ ?„(-/3)- (58.18)

(58.13)-(58.18)
D^Jm . ,
,

*> > .0 ,7 ) = = (-1 ' - ” 1>“ ,,_m( a , /3,7).

(58.19)
,

2 j + 1 ( . , §98).

/
(58.20)
duj = sin /3 da d/3 d j.
274 . V III

m !
{ ( + ! 7 )}. -
j (7 ) ,
d^,

(7 ( ) (
( \ ) (( 0 )-\ ± -
- 1
. „ ., 1 . •. (58.21)
/ 2 2 j\ + 1

, , , d ^ ,m
. j = 1

1 0 -1
/

1 i ( l + cos/3) ~^= sin/3 ^ (1 —cos/3),

V2
d{1 ' (/?) 1 (58.22)
v/= 0
1
-----— sin /3 cos/3
V2 71
-1 i( l-c o s /3 ) — sin /3 ^ (1 + cos/3).
/2

j = I ! = 0 (58.10) (58.11)

= (- 1 < & ) = ( - 1 ) m \ / f i i | p ‘’” (c o s '3 )' <5 8 -2 3 )

(58.7).
(58.7) z f, ( j = I)

Ylm,(n z,) = . (58.24)

'ipjm
/ (/3, ) = , 0 = /3 z 1.
(58.24) (58.7),

(/3,«) = (58.25)

(58.23).
§59 275

,
, !\

4 1 (/5) = ( - 1 =
(2 i V I 1/ 2 / #V+m/ \ ~
= 7---------------- ( cos ) ( sin — ) . 58.26
. (j + m)!(j —m)!J V 2 / V 2 /

§ 59.

2
( , 2)
— 1 /2.
,
( ), . .
(
2),
.
, 1/2 (
)
, ,
,
= 1 /2.
,
.
, , ,
.
,
, . . ( )
( . § 14).
( )

\ = \ + 22 = 1 (59.1)
« »
( \ = - (59.2)
(. . )
^
:
\ = \ . (59.3)
276 . V III

+ 1/2 —1 / 2
.

** = \ ( “ 22 )’
, (59.1),

11 = 2 +^ ’ 2 2 = 2 ~ ^ z' (59.4)
s± = sx ± isy

s+ = *8 + , S—= * - .
(55.6) (55.7),

- _ / 0 1\ - _ / 0\
s+ - ( oJ> - 1^1 oJ>

= 2, S- = ^ 1.

p1 2 = s - , p 2 1 = s+. (59.5)
(59.4) (59.5)

p \ = \ ( t \ + 2 3 \s ). (59.6)

. ,
s
1/2.
(
) 1/2, — .
.

0 ^ 4, 1 ,
= + s2 ) 1/ 2
,
.
§60 277

s
^ '" p(7mtm 4s, 2s
2 s

A 'V . . . = (59‘7)
( /" • > ... /'"' ” /, . , (59.8)

,
, / i , . .. ( , ,. . . ) 2 s+ 1

. , ^ '" p(7tmt
(59.7), ,
(2s + I ) 2 — 1 = 4s(s + 1).
,
(59.8)
,
, , 4s(s + l ) ) .
,
4s (2 s + 1

).
4s, p ^ ' " p(Ttmt
4s, 4s —2 , . . . , 0.

, ^ ' " p(7mtm

—
( ) , / i , ... , ,. ..
, ( 0) ,
(59.7) .

§ 60.

, « » (
6)

1)
s 2, 3 , . . . , 2s,
( . 3 § 55).
278 . V III

. § 18 , 1
*.

. .
s
( 2s).
^ -’* ,
, ,
.
^---
,

= ^'"*- (60.1)
, / i , . ..
-
.

^- , ,
.
(60.1):

- . = -1 (60.2)
, 3<7,
, 1)
3 ^ - 1 ~^ (60.3)

,- {~ ^ ~ V w ( - i r _<T( - l ) S+<T = < M - 1 )2S-

,
,
.

. ,
, ,
, . J.
,
(2j + l) .
, , .
, , . . ,
)
, (28.9), (60.3).
§60 279

.
.

1) .
.

,
( ).

,
( = 2 J ^ 5 a);
S . ,

.
, ,
, . .

. , ,
( - ) .
^ = , (60.1),
•0 V -* = ^ (60.4)
— .
,
^- = * %
,
. ,
ga\g(3 /i... , /i,...;
,

g«Ag^... = ( - l ) V “ ^ . . .

) . II, § 17; . §111.

280 . V III

, . .
)nCC* =
(—1 1 . \ \2
, , (. .
^ 2 s a). ( -
sa) ) (60.4) .
, ,

2) ( . A. Kramers, 1930).
.
(60.4)
, , ,

- ;
« » 3) .
(60.4)
,
. ,
(60.4) ,
. ,
,
(60.4) = 1 :

( (57.8), (57.9)).
, (60.4) = 1 « »
.

) ( ) ^ sa ( )
S .
2) ( ),
( . § 99
).
3)
,
.
 IX

§61.

( ,
), ,
« »:
, ,
« »
;

.
.
,

.
,
. ,

,
;

, ,
. ,

. ,
« ».

—
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
. ,
282 . IX

. ^ (^ 1 ^ 2 ) —
, £1 , £2
.
:
= (^ 2 , ^ 1 ),
— .
,
2 .
, 2 =1 = ±1. , (^\, £2 ) = ± ^ (£ 2 , £i)-
,
— (. .
),
(. . ). ,

;
,
, ,
.
,
.
, , -
, ,
,
.

(
),
.
, —
.
,
. ,
, ,
- , ,
,—
- 1) .
) ,
,
.
,
.
( . F e rm i) 1926 .,
(1926). (S. Bose)
(1924).
§61 283

( . IV, § 25), ,
, :
, —
.

.
,

.
, .
,
, ,
,— . ,
, :

,
.
, (. .
)
, — .
, ,
, ,
.
, N ,
.
, >2 , • • • —
,
.
,
. ,
\ , >2 , • • •
.
p i , 2 , . .. 1 Pn — ,
(
). ^ (^ 1 ,^ 2 , • • •, £n)

^ Pl (£ l )VV2 (6 )- -- VVj v( &v ) (61.1)

Pi , P 2 j***; , ,
. , ,
( \ 2 ) :

^ (6)6) = + V’pi (^2)V,P2 (€ 1 )] • (61-2)

284 . IX

1/ /2 (
, ^ 2 , •••
).
N

i ’N1 N2... = ( JVlJ^2|~ ) ^ )... ), (61-3)

p i , p 2 i . .. iPn •> N{ ,
( ^ N i = N ).
\ 2\ d ^ i d ^ • • • d^jy )
,
;
(61.3) , , iV! /(iVi!7V2 ! . . . ) ,
(61.3).

(61.1). ,

(£, 1 , 6 2 ) = ) - & ^)}- (61-4)

(£1 )
1 ) ■■■ )
^ 2 (6 ) 2( ) ■■■ 2{ )
' N \ N 2 ••• = (61.5)
' (£1 ) (^)
to

,
.
(61.5) :
,

.
, \, 2 ••• . ,

( ) .
— (W. Pauli, 1925).

) dt; ( § 64, 65)

.
§62 285

§ 62.

,
,
. ,

1).
,
(
)

; ,

^ (6 ,6 ) = ( 2 ,---)^( 2 ,---)>
< ,
%— ;
, —
.

(/?, % .
, , ,
, ,

, .
, ,
,

,
.
,
.
,

y?(ri,r 2 ).
, (
)
. ,
ri 2 ri,r2)

1) ,
.
.
286 . IX

;
, ,
±1 ).
, .
,

( ( \, 2 ), (
).
, ,
,
; ,
(/?,
.

(
, ). ,
<
(—1 ) \ I—
( . §30).
, ,

.
, 1/2
( , ).
(. . y?(ri,r 2 )
( 1 ? 2 ))
.

, .
, . . /,

.
(x v = ^
— (X » = - X )- ,

,
, .
, .
,
( ( 1*1 , 2 ) ,

1)
, ,
.
§62 287

, . .
« », .
,
2 ), , . .
« ».
,
.

, .
.
, ( )
.

.
:
1 .
, (§63),
. , ,
, , 1 /2.

s. 4s:
/03L ^ 2 s
\f l ...per .. .
A 4
(2 s) ,
— .
.
, , ...
, ,. .. .

S', 2 s —S
( , , . ..
, ,. . . ) ;
2 S.
, ,
,
.
(—l ) 2s~s .
,
(—I ) 25 ( . .
+ 1 s —1 ). ,

(—1 )^,
S.
288 . IX

, ,

, ,
( ) S
( ) .
,

, .
, ( )
,
( ) S.
,
S.
S 25+1 : 25,25 — 1 , . . . , 0 .
S 2 S + 1 ,
^- ( (25 + I ) 2 ).
5 — . 25 + 1 S 5 + 1
5 . S
! (25 + 1 ) — ( 2 s + l)(s + 1 );
5 = 0 , 2 , . ..,2s

5(25 + 1) S.
, s 5(25 + 1)
(5 + 1)(25 + 1) S.

1.
; .
. ( )
(f i ( r i ) (^2 ( 1 *2 ).
S = 0 S = 1
:

U ( r 2 — r i)
= J,

( J ).
, , ,
: - = J, - = —J ( S).
§62 289

1) ^
= —( 1 / 2 ) J ( 1 + 4 s i s 2) (1 )
( S1 S2 — . 2 §55).
, , ,
R
. ,
« » <^i(ri)
(^2 ( 1*2 );
( . ( 2 1 .6 )), ,

J ~ exp(-(xi + > c2 ) R ), xi = ^ / 2 \ , 2= \ y j 2 m \ E 2 \,

E i , 2 — .
2 . .
. (1) 1,

= — ' ^Ja b ( 1/2 + 2sasb), (1)

1 2 , 13 23.
s^sj,
< , (55.6)
(1 /2 , l / 2 | s as b| l / 2 , 1 /2 ) = 1 /4 , (1 /2 , - l / 2 | s as b|l / 2 , - 1 / 2 ) = - 1 / 4 ,
( 1 / 2 , — l / 2 | s a Sb| — 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ) = 1 / 2 .
,
M s = <J\ + <72 + <73 , . .
M s = 3 /2 ;
S = 3 /2 .
( 1 ),
3/2 = —(Jl2 + Jl3 + Z2 3 ) •
Ms = 1 /2. Ms
, , <ti,
(7 2 , <73 —1 /2 ( 1 /2 ).
.
, ,
S = 3 /2 ,
— . 3/2 ;

2) .
, ,

{ ) 3 + (J 12 + J 13 + J 2S) ( A E ) 2 +

+ [J12J13 + J1 2J2 3 + J 13 J23 — {J12 + J l 3 + ^ 2 )] -® + ••• = ,

+ J 1 2 + J 13 + J 2 3 , ,

1) .
2)
.
290 . IX

S = 1/2:

A E i / 2 = i \J 12 + ^13 + 1 23 — J 1 2 J 13 — J 1 2 J 23 — J 13 ^2 ]1///2 •
,
, 1 §63.
3. 8Be - ?
. - ,
- (
), .
8B e .

§ 63.
, ,
,
< (1*1 , 2 ) ,
.
(
)

,
( ).
,
.
,

,
, ,

. N N1
.
,
1, 2, 3 , . . .

1, 2, 3, . . .
.
,
.
N Sp, + 1,
, —1,
. < ,

Pip = ( ,
§63 291

,
Pip = 8 pip.
( ( , 2 , ..., )

, :

= const (63.1)

. (
)

(63.2)

<
1).
,
, , ,
.

. ,
( ,

2).

( ( , ,. . . , ) N (
)
.
,
, . .

,
.

1)
.
. : . .
. — .: , 1985; . .
. — .: , 1966; . . .
. — .: , 1969.
2)
,
.
292 . IX

,
:
.
.
N r i, 2 , ...,
( , , 1 , 2 ,3,..., N)
, iVi,iV2 , . . . ( ): N i +
+ N 2 + . .. = N .
( ),
N i, /2 , . .. ( ,
. 21 6 + 4+ 4+ 3+ 3+1 + 1
7+ 5 + 5+ 3 + 1+ 1 N = 22);
1, 2, 3 , . . .
( . 21 ),

, .

</?(i*i, 2 , ..., ) ,
.
______ I I _________ I I -
--------- ------------
, -
_ ;
— LJ ,
, , , -
- 21 .

, , ,
(

);
. ,
,
;

. ,
,
,
( , , ,
;

, ,
).
N
(
§63 293

), ,

1) . , , ,
; ,
,
;
2).
,
.
( N) ,
.
N
,
N ( , N = 4
: 4, 3 + 1 , 2 + 2, 2 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1).

;
, , ,
.
« »
,
( . §10, . 48). ,
, -
.
,
, —
,— (
)
.
(
N) ,
. ,
, — (

1)
—
, . , ,
,
.
2)
.
.
1 /2 1 .
294 . IX

N ,
— ).
x(cri, 02 ,..., ).

,
.
,
.
, .
/j
.
,

;
.
.

. ,
:

( , , , . 21 ).

1/2 ( , ).
<7 1 ,(7 2 , . . . ± 1/ 2 .
, -
, ,
, , %
;

,
.
,

(. . );

.
N , ,
N . N
N /2 + 1 ( 0 , 1 , . . . , 7V/2 ),
(N + 1)/2 ( 0 , 1 , . . . , (N — 1)/2
). , . 22
( ) N = 4.
, (. .
)
S .
§63 295

, . . -
iV-ro , (
) ,

.
,
, N± N 2
(iVi + N 2 = N , N 1 ^ N 2 ).
N
, 5 =2 5 = 1 5 =0
- 22
. ,
= N± — N 2
, . ,
, iV-ro
n- ,
, S = /2 .
, ,
, ,
S = /2 . N
0 N/2,
N — 1/2 N /2 ,
.
,

1 /2;
. N
s
N 25, . .
2 N s.
N ,

S.
1/2

, 5
25 + 1 .
N 25 + 1,

, 25 + 1 .
: S = 0 .
, ( )
,
296 . IX

2 s + l, S 1) .
,
,
.

( . . . 86) ,
,

.
.
( ),
,
;
- 1 , 2,
i*i = 2.
,
(
).
, ,
,
( ),
;

,
, , .
, s
25 + 1 .
, ,
.

1.
S N 1 /2 (F. Bloch, 1929).
.
Ms =
N\

1
) , , ( s = 1):

.
§63 297

(N /2 + M s = 1 /2 , =
= —1 /2 ). S
2S + 1 M s = S, S — 1 , . . . , —S.
, S

2 +<S + 1 ) ! ( 2
= ^2 n (S )
S

N\
= /(0 ) =

N,
N\
= t -
( N+ 1 \, [N - 1

V 2 J V 2
7V.
2. *S,
,
1.
. ,
,
, ( —l ) 2s_,s ( . §62).
s = 1 :
<* (1)
s = ,2 U
5 = 1

(1) .
:

= +
0,2 1
Y
, ,2,3
1 1

=
1
"V
0 , 1,2
S,
( )
( ) 1) .

1) 1
0 1,
— 2 1.
298 . IX

S
, , ( ) S' = 0;
( ) 1 2,
— ( ) 1 3:

5 = 1,3
S = 1, 2
s =

(2) ( ,
):

1,3 1
Y
0 , 1, 2 , 2, 3,4,

+ +
1, 2

0 , 1 1,2, 2, 3

— X =
1

0 1

1
; S = 0 ,2 , 1 .
S ,
— ;
:

«1 1 1 1 1 | 111
5 = 0,2,4 U
S = 1, 2,3 S — ,2 _

§ 64. .

,
, ,
.
,
§64 . 299

,
1).
^1(0? ^2 (0? ••• —
2) .
,
—
(
).
,
;

).

.
— iVi, N 2 , . . . , ,
, ^ 2 , •••
,
.

.
,
( )
.

( . § 1 1 ), iVi, iV2 , . . .
. ,
(61.3) (61.5), |iVi, N 2 , . . . ) .

.
,
(
)
.
,
.

1)
(1927 .)
( . W igner, P. Jordan, 1928).
2) §61, £
, d£
.
300 . IX

.
,

.
,
.
^(1 )
fa - ,
( - ) , . .
£ .

^ (1) = ^ 1) (64-1)

( )
(61.3).
,

^V"i ?^V*2j • • • ( ) ,
,
. , -
^ 1)
fa
1 (£1 ) ^ 2 (&)••• (£/v) 5
; , ,
, , —
.
; ,
.
.
( N i,N k - 1|F ^ \ N i - 1, N k) = (64.2)
,
, .
j>k1)' —

fit] = J (64.3)

f^
, , (64.3)
.
F^
§64 . 301

^ = 1)^ - (64.4)
i

,
. , ^,
|N ±, N 2 ,•••),
Ni, / 1) :
\ 2 ,..., ...} = (64.5)
, ai
, - ;
.
,
- 1 \ \ = ^ . (64.6)
,
( . (11.9)),
{ + - 1) = (Ni - l\ai\Ni}* = . (64.7)
, |N \ , N 2 , . . . )
Ni 1 :
+ = ^ N i + l \ N 1 , N 2 , . . . , N i + l , . . . ) . (64.8)
, ^ 1
- ; .
a^ai
,
N 2 ,... : ai
Ni 1, ^
. (64.6) (64.7)
, a^ai
, Nf.
^ = Ni. (64.9)

OjO+ = Ni + 1. (64.10)

) \ )
| ).
302 . IX

{ a f:
a ia f - a+Oi = 1. (64.11)
/,
(Ni /&), :
aiak - akai = 0, - a^ai = 0, . (64.12)
a^, ^*~, ,

^ (1) = ^ +^ (64-13)
i,k

(64.1). ,
, (64.6), (64.7),
(64.2) (64.4). .
(64.13) — . ,
,
, ,
— Ni.

.
f (2) = £ 2 ’. <64-14>
>
^(2 )
f^ bJ — ,
£
,
^,

-F(2) = \ (ifcl / (2 )llrn )a fa £ a mai, (64.15)

{i k \ f i2)\lm) = j j V’**(6)V ’f c ( 6 ) / 1'2)V’/ ( 6 ) V ’m ( & ) ^ id& 2.

(F ® . .) .

a^, a f
N .
, , .
1)
) .
§64 . 303

:
= ^ ( 1) + ^ / ( 2 )( , )+ £ C/(3 )(ra,r b,r c) + ... (64.16)
> > >

,
( - ) :

= - ^ - A a + u V ( r fl). (64.17)

C/^^(ra) —
. (64.16)
,
, , . .
.

(64.13), (64.15)
. ,

= £ ^ + * + IJ 2 { ^^ + + . .. (64.18)
i,k i,k,l,m

, .

(64.18) :
H = ^ H ^ a f a k. (64.19)
i,k

^
W ,
—
,
=
(64.9),

E = Y 1 £iNi

— , .
304 . IX

, - 1)

) = +( = (6 4 2 °)

£ .
a*, a f ,
, +
.
, ^ + (^ ) ,
£- ,
af V^(0 *
, (^ )

^ ( < = < ^ -
i
( (5.12),
2)).
^-
*, :

- ( ') (0 = , (64.21)
+ - = ) ') = - - (6 4 .2 2 )
i
- F^
^-

F (1) = J (64.23)

( , /W (£)
£). ,
+ (64.20) (64.3),

) (64.20)
= > ^
. ,
— .
2) —£ )
5 ( - x 0)S (y - yo )S (z - z 0 )Sa a o .
§65 . 305

(64.13). (64.15)

F {2) = \ j j $ + +( ' ) ( % < % '. (64.24)

, ,
^- ,

=J { -^ + ( + +( {1)^ }^+

+ 2 / / ^ + ( 0 ^ + ( 0 ^ (2 )( , ' , ^ ^ , + --- (64.25)

V;+ (0V;(0^ ^-

,
.

N=j (64.26)

. ,
^- (64.20) -
,
N =
- — (64.9)
iV
1).
, ,
,
, + .
, , ,
, .

§ 65. .

,
.
*, , .
1) (
(64.19))
. , ,
, ( . IV, §11).
306 . IX

(61.5).

.
, ,
,
.
(61.5) ,
.
^
. (61.5)
,
Pi < 2 < < • • • < PN, (65.1)

£i, £2 , • • •, \, 2 , . ..
,
. , Ni
0 1 .
(64.1):
, § 64,

, (N{)
(
), (N^) (
). , <

(1 OfclF^lOi, l fc) = / £ )( - l ) E(i+1,fe“ 1). (65.2)

0j, 1i N± = 0, Ni = 1, a
XXM) —
- /- 1) :
I

(64.4)
^ = f i P N i- (65-3)
i
F ^
(64.13), *

) i > (65.2) XX ^ + 1, i — 1). i = ± 1

.
§65 . 307

:
(0 ;| ;| 1 ;) = ( li|a + | 0 ;) = ( - l) E ( M - l) . (g5>4)
, ( > )

Ifc) = |0 ?Ofc) (0j, OfclttfclOj, lfc) =

= ( _ i ) E ( 1 >i- 1 ) ( _ i ) E ( 1 >i- 1 )+E(i+ 1 >fe-i)

( ,0 \ + \0 ^ 1 ) = ( _ 1 ) « + 1 , - 1 ). (65.5)
i = fc, af ai ,
Ni = 1 Ni = 0 ;
o+ S i = N i. ( 6 5 .6 )
(64.13)
(65.2), (65.3).
af, ,

(1 ? ® \^k^i 10 ? lfc) = (1 ? 0/- 11^, 1&) (1 ? Ifc 10 ? 1 / ) =

_ ^_^ ( 1 ^ - 1 )+ (^+ 1 ^ - 1 )+ (1^ - 1) + 1

( l i , 0fc|afca+| 0i , l fe) = - ( - l ) ^ i+1’fc- 1). (65.7)

(65.7) (65.5), ,
,
O' djk®ji — ^

a ia f = 1 - N i . (65.8)
(65.6),
{ \ + a f ai = 1 .

aid£ + = 8 ik. (65.9)

,
*, --------------
didk + akCLi = 0 (65.10)
( , = 0 ).
308 . IX

, , ( £)
,
.
.
a>i ;
ai Ni,

.
Ni,
,
(65.4).
ai, .
, af
, (64.13)-(64.18)
. (64.23)-(64.25),
^"
, (64.20).
(64.21) (64.22)
(65.11)
(65.12)
,

(
). , ,
. ,
,

, ;

.
, ,
,
,
.
,

.
 X

A TO M

§ 66.

,
;
. ,
-
L, .

L .
,

. § 63,

(. . )
.

S .
S L

S L .
L S 2 L + 1 2S + 1. ,
, L
S (2 L + 1)(25 + 1 ) .
, ,
,
. ,
L
S, . ,
L
S .
J = L + S,
,
.

J .
310 A TO M . X

( ),
.
L S « » (
) ,
J.
( )
(§39),
( )

L S.
, , -

( )
L S.
,
L S
J.
( )
. , J L + S |L — 5|;
L S 25 + 1 (
L > S) 2 L+ 1 ( L < S) .

J; 2 J + 1. ,
2J + 1 J
, , (2 L + 1)(25 + 1 ).
( , ,
) ,
,
(§32).
,
L
:
£ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...
S P D F G H I K L M N ...
25+1,
( , , ,

L ^ S ) 1) .

) 2*S+1 = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , ,
.
§67 311

J. , 2 P \/ 2 i 2^ 3 / 2
L = 1, S = 1 / 2 , J = 1 / 2 , 3/2.

§ 67.

, . ,
, .
, , ,
,

- ,
.
, , ,
,
.
.
-
,
I.
I (
) ,
= / + 1,/ + 2 , . . . ;
,
.
I ,
, .
/,
.
, , = 5, I = 0
= 4, I = 2 ( . § 73).
I
, ,
, ,
I 1) . , 4d = 4, I = 2.
,
L, S, J ,
. , l s2p^P$ ,
L = l , S = l , J = 0, a

) ,
= 1, 2, 3, .. .
- , L-, - , . .. ( . § 74).
312 A TO M . X

Is 2 .
I ,
; , 3 2
3 .
Z, ,
.
I
( )
( ) z. I 21 + 1
; ± 1/ 2 .
2(21 + 1)
n, Z; .
, ,
. ,
n, I 2 21( + 1 ) .
, ,
I .
,
L, S 1) ,
.
—

.
, L, S
(F.H und, 1925):

S
( S) L 2) .
,
.
, L, S
.
, , ' ( , !)

)
.
2) S
. , , .
S = 0 5 = 1, 1
y ? (ri,r 2 ). ri = 2
; , S = 1
.
,
. ,
« »
.
§67 313

L 2, 1, 0,
S = 0 ,1; , X/ 3 S,
V 3 , V 3 D.
,
, .
, ,
^- . I= 1( - )
= 1 , 0 , —1 ,
, :
) 1 , 1/ 2 , ) 0,1/2 ) - 1,1/2
') 1 , —1 / 2 ') 0 , - 1/2 ') — 1 , —1 / 2 .

.
Mj J = m, M s =
:
+ ' + ) 2, 1/2, + ' + ) 1, 1/2, + b + ) 0, 3/2,
+ b + b') 1 , 1 / 2 , + b + ') 0 , 1 / 2 ,
+ t/ + ) 0 , 1 / 2 ,
' + b + ) 0 , 1/2
( ^, M s
, ).
Ml = 2 , Ms = 1/2 ,
2 D]
( 1 , 1 / 2 ), (0 , 1 / 2 ). ,
( 1 , 1 / 2 ), 2 ;
(0 , 1 / 2 ). ,
(0,3/2) (0 , 1 / 2 ), 4S.
, -
2 D, 2 , 4 S'.
.1
- ?- .
,
,
.
(s2, £>6, ?10, . . . )
XS. ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
314 A TO M . X

. , ,
?- . ?- -
: 0, ±1, ±2.
=
= 1/ 2 ,
S = 2.
,
Ml = ^2 ] 2 , 1 , 0 , —1 , Ml = 2 . ,
S = 2 L 2 ( 5 D).
1

Ip
,
2, p4, 1S D 3P
3 2P D 4S

d, d9 2d
d\ d8 1S D G 3p F
d 3, d7 2P D F G H 4P F
d\ d6 1S D F G I 3P D F G H 5d
22 2 A2 2
2S P D F G H I 4p d f g 6S
3 2 2

- .
. 4 S
, .
(61.5), , \, -1 (
).
2D
M l = 2. 1, 0.
2 ,3 = + 1 /2 , 1: = —1 /2 (
S = 1 / 2 ).
, ,

= ■^ 1(1)[ 0(2) 1(3) - (3) 1(2)}

( ,
).
2 M l = In , ,
.
§68 315

= - in + ,
"0—111 = "01 (1 ) [" 0 -1 (2)"01 ( 3 ) - "0—1 ( 3 ) 0 1 ( 2 ) ] ,
= "00 ( 1 ) ["01 ( 2 ) '0 ( 3 ) - V >i(3)V >o(2)].

L+ = ( ^ + ^) + ' +^ = ,
Ml = L ( .(27.8)).
(27.12) ,
i+ 1 = 0 , i+ -1 = /2 , i+ = /~2 \
^
L+ = /2 ( - ) = 0.
—b = 0; , = b= 1 /2.
Ml < L
L _.

§ 68.

,
,
— . ,
+ , Li+ + , . . ., ,
(36.10):

= ~ ^ ) ? - (68 )
Ze — ; — ; — .
, .
(68.1)
.
( ) ,
§ 36:
I.
,
.
,

.
, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
316 A TO M . X

,
.
.

- (48.6).
( « »)

= 0 .
7
.
, ,
,
, , ,
+ /, /— (
):
4

= < 8-2>
(
) , , ,
I (
), L S
. L S / I.
/,
,
1).

s- .
. , U = —1 / (
), ( )

" + - ' — 2 + - = 0 ,

1)
.
S = 0 ,1, L
/ (
Is ). :
S = 0
= - 0 ,1 4 0 , Ai = + 0 ,0 1 2 , 2 = - 0 ,0022,
5 = 1

= - 0 , 296, = - 0 , 068, 2 = - 0 , 0029.

§69 317

= /2\ . = const - ;
, , /r,
1 _
= const - ™ ~^ .

§ 69.

,
, .

.
.
,
,
.
,
,
5 - ( );
S'- . ^ i( r i)
^ 2 (7 2 ) — ; 5-
7*1 , 2 .
^( 2) -

■ = 1 ( 1) 2 ( 2) + \{ 2 ) 2 { \) (69.1)

= 1 { 1) 2 { 2) ~ \{ 2 ) 2 { \) (69.2)
,
S = 0 S = 1 1).
; ^2
2).

(69.2),
.
1) S = 0 ,
S = 1 — .
2) \, 2 , ... ,
, ,
, ,
. (69.2) ,
, 2 '2 + const - \\
, , \ '2
.
318 A TO M . X

,
(69.2) (
. . , 1930).
,

ip*HipdVidV 2 = min
/ /

\iP\2 dVl d,V2 = 1

//'
(
).

*( - ) dV1 dV 2 = 0, (69.3)
/ /
,
.
(69.3) (69.2)
^ ^ .
,
(69.2); ,
,
, ,
.
1)

= + 2+ — , 1 = -^ - - (69.4)
12 2 1
(ri 2 — ). (69.2)
(69.3),
(5^1 ^2 ,
:

^ + ^ + £ 7- 22 - 22 ( ) 1^ 1( ) + [ 12 + 12 ( ) ] ^ ( ) = 0,

1 2 1 (69'5)
LA + - + E - H u - G u ( r ) ^ 2( ) + [ 12+ 12( ) ] ^ 1( ) = 0,
Z J

) .
§69 319

(69.6)

,
; , ,
1).

. ,
,

.
, , - ,
S
, - ,
L 2) .
,
,

. (
) ,
, L
(D. R. Hartree, 1928).
, , ,

= 1,2, (69.7)

Va ,

:
(69.8)

1)

5% ( ).
, ,

.
2)
. 291
. . .
320 A TO M . X

( V2 ).
, , \ + 2

,
, , ^ ( 7*2 ).
\+ /2
, . .

= + 2- JJ dV 1 dV2. (69.9)

,
,
L .

1.
( Z ),
.
.
'- . (
) :
(0) = 2 ( —Z 2/2 ) = - Z 2 .

= 1( 1) 2( 2) = — e ~ z (r i + r ^ (1 )
7

( / = 0).

Ew = [f i>2 — dV1 dV2

JJ 12

J J
2
{1) = 2 dV2 - p 2 — pi d V dVl = i n r i d n , dV2 = 47rr|dr 2
2
( 2= \ 2 \2 -
pi = |^ i |2; dV2
2{ 2) < 2\ 2
, > 2).
, ^ = 5Z / 8 , ,

= £ (0) + {1) = - Z 2 + - Z .
8
— = 1 1 /4 = 2, 75 (
— = 2,90 . .=
= 78,9 ).
2. , ,

.
§70 - 321

dVi dVi, = - - ( 1 + 2) - — —
/ / 2 2 12

(1 ) , ,

Z. ----2 , 1 ; ±
12

——, ,
1

2 / 2

d\ 1 <iV2 — ^ —2 ^ ^ — -
/ /
5
, , , = ^ -------• -
16

— = 2,85.
, (1) , ,
( 1 ),
, + 2 .

§ 70. —

,
.
,
; ,
,
.
( . Fermi, L. Thomas, 1927)
,

.
.
«
» (§48).
,
, , ,
dV , -irp^dV.
3
322 A TO M . X

^ 1), . .
,

2 (2 )3 d V = ^ 2d V
(
).
, dV,
( ) ,
$.

.
dV, ndV ( —
), ,

_= .
2

, , , ,
pi = -( 2 )2/3. (70.1)

, , ( )— ,
.
2 /2 —( . ,
;
.
—( $,
— (
,
( ).
,

f = ¥>-¥> - (70.2)
(70.1) (70.2),

= [ 2 ( ^ - ^ 0)]3/2^ (70.3)
— ,
.
) .
§70 - 323

ip = ( ; ,
, , <<< ,
(70.2)
.
, =
. -
.
< = 0.
, <
. , <
.

< = 0.
< = 47 ; (70.3),
-

= ^ V /2. (70.4)
07

- ,
: — 0
, . . < — Z\
— ( — 0.

r = xb Z ~ 1/3, = ^ ( y ) 2/3 = ° ’885, (70.5)

< %:

< ™ >

1,21 ? = 3/2 < 7>

%= 1 = 0 %= 0 = .

, , ( ). . 2
,
(70.7).

) :
Ze f r Z 1/3m e2'
>{?) = — (
V 0,885 h
324 A TO M . X

( ) ,
1) . , -
,
. '( ) = 7(0) =
= —1,59. — 0 ( ) %^1 —1,59
( ):
<() Z / r - 1,80 • Z 4/ 3. (70.8)

2
( )

X ) X ) X )
0 ,0 0 1 ,0 0 0 1, 4 0,333 6 0,0594
0 ,0 2 0,972 1 ,6 0,298 7 0,0461
0,04 0,947 1 ,8 0,268 8 0,0366
0,06 0,924 2 ,0 0,243 9 0,0296
0,08 0,902 2 ,2 0 ,2 2 1 10 0,0243
0 ,1 0 0,882 2,4 0 ,2 0 2 11 0 ,0 2 0 2

0 ,2 0,793 2 ,6 0,185 12 0,0171

0,3 0,721 2 ,8 0,170 13 0,0145
0,4 0,660 3,0 0,157 14 0,0125
0,5 0,607 3,2 0,145 15 0,0108
0 ,6 0,561 3,4 0,134 20 0,0058
0,7 0,521 3,6 0,125 25 0,0035
0 ,8 0,485 3,8 0,116 30 0,0023
0,9 0,453 4,0 0,108 40 0 ,0 0 1 1

1 ,0 0,424 4,5 0,0919 50 0,00063

1 ,2 0,374 5,0 0,0788 60 0,00039

, ,
. (70.6)
(70.3),

, -
,
) (70.7) ( ) — 144 _ 3 ,
,
= 0.
( ) .
,
-
( . ).
§70 - 325

Z /3
( : 2 /( 2 Z x/ 3), . . Z 1/ 3 -
).
, , , ,
, Z.
,
Z
Z -1 / 3. ,
1,33 Z -1 / 3.
,
(
, ) Z 2/ 3.
-
, .

(49.12);
.
(49.12) = Z,
1/Z.
.
, , ~ 1

, .
(70.2),
(70.4); , , ,
(70.4) Z.
, -
, 1 /Z
1.
.
, « »
- ~ 1, . .
Z.
Z , . .
1).
-
, . . ,
.

) , ,
Z,
. ,

Z.
326 A TO M . X

-
;
,
, ,
( — . I, §10)
.
Z
: Z
Z, Z -1 / 3
, Z • Z /Z -1 / 3 = Z 7/ 3.
: = 20,8 Z 7/ 3 .
Z
;
16.
,
($ .
% —( = Z x /r ,
(70.7). , ,
, ,
, =
xq. = xq
,
.
$
. , ,

z , = xq:
{ ) = 0,
Zx '( ). (70.10)
. 23 — { )
, —
. z/Z
,
= xq.
(70.7) ,
; .

(fQ. . 23
X= ( ); .
= \,
X f a ) - x i x ' i x i ) = 0, (70.11)
§70 - 327

, < \,
( , , ,
).
, ,
( ) ,
.
« » ,
1).

. 23
-
. —
Z -2 / 3.
-
2).

- .
. ( , ,
( Z/ .

Uee = [ <pen d V = ^ j - dV - ^ [ y n c v =

2 J 4 J

1)
.
2) . . . . ( . 1956. . 31.
. 427) . . ( . 1957. . 32. . 115).
328 A TO M . X

( ip (70.3)). ,
Uen

U „ = - z f 2 d v, = = ,
J J J 2 (2 )3 10 J
,

U
V —
— - - U^ —- -1- ■
2 6
, ( . I, § 10), ,
, 2 = —U = —Uen — Uee-

U — ~Uen•
7

§ 71.

( - ),
( Z)
^ 1 1) . ,
,
( § 72 120).

( )
( ^ 1) .
rsj 1
, U (r) ^ 1 /r ^ 1.
~ 1.
Z( 1 /Z)
: U = —Z /r .
, 1 /Z < < 1, \U\

d 1 d 1
---- ^ ------ -— 1
dr dr y/\U\

(p — ), .
- -
1 1 1
(71.1)

) .
§72 329

( ^ 1)
rsj 1 « » ~ 1 .
(71.1) r^ l/Z
( U = —Z j v \
1)

(71.2)

(§32)
( ) (
5- ), ( I 0).
< 1/Z:

(71.3)

, (71.2), (71.3)
Z,

§ 72.

( . IV, §33, 83).

.
,
—
,
.
;
- .
(
- ).
( ) v/c—
. , ,
-
1) (
~ 1 )
< 1/Z (36.25).
330 A TO M . X

- . , -
,
- Z ( .
).
-

Vsl = J 2 ^ a S a (72.1)

( ), sa —
, — « »
, . . , .

Ia
, Vsi

VsI = ^ ^ Q^qlgSq- (72.2)

U( )
:
<_ = « (72 3)
2 ra dra
\U(r)\ , > 0.
(72.2) ,
, ,
.
—
( ^ H2 / Z m e 2)
Ze.

\ U ( r ) \ ~ Z je ~ Z 2T^ - ,

h2U r? 4 ( 2\ 4
r ^J ----------- r ^J Y j I — I ------
m 2c2r 2 \H c) 2

w . (71.3)
w ^ Z ~ 2, , - -
§72 331

. .
m e4jf? ) (Z e 2 / )2.

.
(72.2)

.
L S
, .
Vsi , , ,
,
( ).
L S.
- -
Vs l - ,
S,
VSL = A S L , (72.4)
— , ( )
, . . 5 L, J
1).

,
(72.4). ,
,
, Vs l . —
J.
SL
, , (31.3),

LS = i [ J ( J + 1) - L (L + 1) - S ( S + 1)].

) ,

.
,
, . ,
(72.2)
(nM'LM's \Vsi \u M l M s ) Ml , ' Ms,
M's (
). S L
(M's \ S \ Ms ) ,
(27.13).
.
332 A TO M . X

L S
,
,
(72.5)

(
J J — 1) , ,
= AJ. (72.6)

(A .Lande, 1923).
,
. > 0 -
J,
. . J = |L —S\] .
< 0, J = L +S
(■ ).
,
,
.
, , (§ 67),
,
S = /2 .
(72.2) sa = S /n (
) ,

. . = / 2 S > 0.
, (72.2)
, —
.
Vsi = 0, Vsi
Vsi = — ,
S = —
L = —J^la. , ,
= — / 2 5, . . < 0.
,
J
.
,
J = |L — S\. ,
J = L + S.
§72 333

, - ,
- , Z.
,
,
.
-
, (72.4), ,
S. S
S2 (LS)2. ,
J, .

= -B(SL)2 (72.7)
— .
, J, ,
J ( J + 1), , , , J 2(j + I ) 2.
,
(72.5),
. ,

- J 2( J + l ) 2. (72.8)
4
§ 66, 67
,
L ,
— S. ,

; ,
L, S.
- ( . Russel,
F. Sounders, 1925); LS-m une .
, ,
. L S'- ,

-
1). ,
, ,
,

) , ,
,
,
( ).
334 A TO M . X

(§68).

; «
» .

(
, ,
L S).
,
.
j,
J. :
, jj-m u n e .
;
L S- jj-
1).

.
- , . .
L, S\
jj- (
).

;
( . IV, § 34).
,
j . ,
;
j
I = j = 1/2 ( j
j = — 1/2). , = 3
,
$!/ 2 , P i/2, — 3/2, d3/2 — d5/2.

§ 73.

. .
(1869) ,
,
,
(N. Bohr, 1922).
) . :
. , . . .— .: , 1949.
§73 335

.
,

.
, , .

Is. —
— Is.
Is- , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
+:
, Z = 2 + ,
Z = 1.
(Z = 3)
25, Is
. Z
2s Is;
.
Z = 2 Z = 3
,
Li
. , Be (Z = 4) Ne (Z = 10)
25- ,
2 - .
, ,
. Na
(Z = 11) 3s\

,
.

:
,

.
. 24
;
,
.
336 . X

. 24
,
§73 337

:
Is 2 ,
2 s, 2p 8
3S, 3p 8
4 5, 3d, 4p . 18
5s, 4d, 5p . 18
6 s, 4 /, 5d, 6p 32 ,
7s, 6d, 5 / . ..
;
( )
, 8 .
18 ,
32
.
( )
.

d- /- , s .
-
(
)
, ,
,
, . s- -

. ,
.
d- , , /-
;
, s- -
. ,
?- /-
, s- - .
(
— . §81)
.
d- /- . ,
4/ ( — . )
,
.
338 A TO M . X

.
, d- /- (
),
,
, .
.
.
:

iH : 1 s 2 S 1 / 2 , 2 : 215 0

(
).
. 3.

S s2 s 2p s 2p 2 s 2p 3 s 2p 4 s 2p 5 s 2p 6
= 2 4B e 5B 6c 7N sO sF io N e Is2
3 uN a 12-M-g 13AI wSi ib P ieS 17CI is A r 2 s 22p6
4 19 2oCa 3 s 23p 6
4 29 Cl! 30Z11 3 iG a 32G e 33 A s 34 Se 35 B r 36 Kr 3 d 10
5 37 ) 4 s 24p 6
5-4
00
00 000

5 47 A g 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 53I 54 X e 4 d 10
6 55CS 56 B a 5 s 2 5p 6
6 79AU 8oHg 81 T l 83 B i
cr

85 A t
43

84P0 86 R n
to
00

7 87Fr 6 s 26p 6
00
00

2S l/2 x5 0 2P l/2 3P 0 4s 3/2 3P 2 2 /2 50

,
,
.
,
,
.
. , 1
l s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3 p 2 P1/2.
L S
( )
§73 339

(§ 67), J ,
§ 72.
( , Ne, Ar, , , Rn)
—
(73.1) .
(
— ).
.
,
—
s-, p-
.
( ,
d- /- )—
, . ,
Mg+ Na, Mg++ —
Ne.
, .
3d, 4 ?, 5d ,
, .
. 4
,
. ,
?- ,
s- - .
« » s-
?- . ,
d ps 2

d pJrls d p+2. ,
3d 5 4s, 3d4 As2] Ni ?-
?-
( ).

—
. , V+
3d4 ( 3d2 4s2, Ti), Fe+ —
3d2As ( 3d^4s 2 ).
, ,
,
d- ( s- -) . ,
Fe++ Fe+++,
3 3 d5.
340 A TO M . X

21 Sc 23 V 24 Cr 25 M 11 26 Fe 27 C0 2e N i

4
to
to
+

Sd4s 2 3d 2 4 s 2 3d 3 4 s 2 3d 6 4s 3d 5 4 s 2 3d 6 4 s 2 3d 7 4 s 2 3d 8 4 s 2
2 D 3/2 3 f 2 4 F3 / 2 7S 3 es 5 / 2 6d 4 *Fe / 2 3f 4

Y 40 Zr Ru 4e Rd
cr

cr
£CO
39 42M 0 44
K r+

4d5s2 4d 2 5 s 2 4d 4 5s 4d 5 5s 4d 5 5 s 2 4d 7 5s 4ds 5s 4 d 10
2 F>3/2 3 f 2 6 -Di/ 2 7 S3 6 s5/2 5f 5 4 f 9/2 50

57La
X e+

5d6s 2
2 F>3/2
71 Lu 72Hf 73 74 W 75 Re 76Os 77lr 78?

shHb^
VO + 5d6s 2 5d 2 6 s 2 5d 3 6 s 2 5d46 s2 5d56 s2 5d66 s 2 5d76 s2 5d96s
2 F>3/2 sf 2 4F3/2 5D 0 6 s5/2 5d 4 4 f 9/2 SD 3

4/- , ,
( . 5 )1) . 4/-
,
4 /-, 5d- - .

. 6d- 5/- ,
( . 6).
1) Lu
. , , , 4/ ;
Lu , . 4.
§73 341

59 eoNd e iP m 62Sm Eu

4 /5 d 6 s 2 4 / 36 s 2 4 / 46 s 2 4 / 5 6s2 4 / 66 s 2 4 / 76 s 2

1G i *h/2 5h 6H 6/2 7f 0 8S t / 2
+

64 Gd 65 Tb eeD y 67 H0 68 Er roYb

4 / 75 d 6 s 2 4 / 96 s 2 4 / 106 s 2 4 / n 6 s2 4 / 126 s 2 4 / 136 s 2 4 / 146 s 2

9d 2 6# 15/2 5Is 4/l5 /2 2f v 2 x5o

8 9oTh 9 iP a 92 U 93Np 94 Pu 96 Cm
R n+

6d7s2 6 d 27 s2 5 / 26 d 7s2 5 / 36d 7s2 5 f * 6 d 7 s 2 5 / 67 s2 5 / 77 s 2 5 / 76d 7s2

3f 2 6T
2F>3/2 4^ n / 2 5be 11/2 7Jb SSf/2 9£>2

- . ,
- ( ),
?- Z = 21 (Sc), /- —
Z — 58 ( ). Z
- .
I
, « », 1)
7' f \ ( \ I V 2)2
) = -< ( ) + ----— ----.
,
- < ( ).
, (/ + 1/2)2
) § 70, .
342 A TO M . X

1(1 + 1) .
, ,
( Z I) Ui(r) > 0 ,

I. -
I Z, , Z
7/ ( ) > 0. Z
, [7/ = 7/ ( ) ,
Z , 7/ ( ) < 0.
, I
[7/ ( ) , . .

( \ I ^ V ^ )2 1( \ 1( \ (I V ^ )2
) = -( + 2 = ( ) = -ip ( ) - J = 0.

(70.6) ,

^ 2/3* = / 4 \ 2/ 3 (I + 1 / 2 ) 2 ^
X \ 3 7 / X2
(73.2)
72/3 '( ) - ( ) = , ( 4 \ 2/ 3 ( + 1 / 2 ) 2
X \ 3 7 / X 2

( ) _ _ 1
( ) ’

(73.2) Z.

Z = 0,155(2/ + I ) 3.
Z,
I (
10%). ,
0,155 0,17:

Z = 0,17(2/ + 1)3. (73.3)

I = 1,2,3 ,
, 5, 21, 58.
I= 4 (73.3) Z = 124; , g-
124- .
§74 343

§74.

,
( ),
( )
,
.
,
, ,

. « » h/ ( . §44)
,

« » .
1) .

, , , ,
.
—
.
,
, .
j.
(n, I) j I = 1/2.
, ,
lS i/ 2 , 2siy2, %Pi/2 i 2 /2, • • • > j
,
. , ,
:

= 4, 5, 6
7V, , .
(
)
. , ,
, ,
,
.

) ,
.
344 A TO M . X

, , —Z 2 j 2 2 (
), . . .

j ( . § 72
), , , L\ \
\ 1 .
.
I j (
L\ 1/ , \ ) ,
, ,
. . .
.
« »
,
; (Z 4/ 3 ( . (70.8)).
, /,
.

.
^ 1 /Z
( Z),
^ 1/ ^ Z.
, ,
—{Z — 8 ) 2 /2 2, 8 = 8 { , I) — ( Z)
,
.

.
- ,
jj- .

(. .
), .
« » ,
, — Z 4—
, (
Z)
.
( )
, ,
§75 345

, ,
,

( );
.
,
( 1/Z ), ( .
)1) .

-
.
. -

= j j ^ ^ d V Ld V 2 ,

[ , '2 —
, V = 2/ \2 — .
Z

). , -
( = Z e 2, . §36),
Z V = 1/Zri2, ~ 1 / Z.
, -
Z ~ 2. (
Z 2m e 4:/ 2), , Z.

§ 75.

, .

, .

( ;
, , ).

) , - - 1 ,
10 .
346 A TO M . X

— ( . §30) —

. , ,
. ,

( , ) 1) .
, , 2^-
I.
(/- )
, — —
;
.

Qik — ^ ( 3 ) (^*1)
.
( ,
) (75.1)
.
( . § 72).
Q^ ,

J ( M j ).

,
. «
» J.

Qik = 2J(23^ _ (Ji Jk + ~ \ * 2 5ik), (75.2)

,
, ;
( Q . ). -

) ,
, -
. , « »,
,
.
, (« »)
,
.
,
,
.
§75 347

Ji (§27, 54)
M j;
J2 , ,
J ( J + 1).
J
,
Qik. Qzz

J 2 = J ( J + 1) Jz = M j
Qzz:

<7 5 -3 >

Mj = J ( « » z)
Qzz = Q; -
.
J = 0 ,
(75.2).
J = 1/2. ,
(55.7),
, 1/2.
,
: 2/- ( I)

(75.4)
2^- I
( . II, §41), (75.4)
—
,
(§ 107). ,
, I
.
,
« » (
). -
, L
S , -

J, L.
348 A TO M . X

1.
,
( . . J L
S).
. L S
, ,
L (75.2) J
L ( Q). (75.2)
J:

^ ^ 2
- 3<2J J%Jk ~\~JkJi “ </(</ ~\~1)^
2 J ( J — 1)
_ 3Q l
Li Lk + LkLi — —L ( L + 1 )Sik ( 1)
2L ( L - 1)
Qj Ql -
(1) J (
) .
_____ __ __ 2
JiLiLfcJfc — ( J L ) ,
, (31.4),
2 J L = J ( J + 1) + L(L + 1) - S(S + 1).

Ji L k L i Jk

= iCiklLli {JiLi }= iCUmLm,

§ 29,

JiLkUJk = ( J L ) 2 - (J L ) .

j i j J k % = ( j2)2, J M i J k = j 2( j2 - 1).
(1) :
3 ( J L ) ( 2 J L — 1 ) — 2 J ( J + 1) L ( L + 1 )
(J+ 1)(2J + 3)L (2L -1) ' U
, 5 = 1 /2

Qj = Ql J = L +

= J =L-\- (3)
2. ( — | |)
I .
.
Qzz = —|e |r 2(3 cos2 — 1) = —|e |r 2(3 n 2 — 1)
§76 349

I = I.

§ 29 ( /),

Q, = (1)
,
: , ,
z, z = 0 cos2 < 1 /3 .
j = / ± 1 /2
(3)
Qj = | ^ — ^ (2)
2j + 2
3. ( ),
v
I.
.
,

= 3| | 2 _______2
h h + Ikh — ^ )$ ik
( 2 1 - 1)(2/ + 3) ^
v ( (4)).
, v ^ 21 + 1, . .
. (§ 67) v
( S = v/2). ,
,
. ,
, Ml
( L)

1
L = (M L) m a x = ^2 = - (21 - v + 1).
m = l —v - \- l

Ql Q zz M l = L.
i
= 6| | 2 ^ 2 1(1 + 1)
------------
(2l-l)(21 + 3 )m=t i +1
, ,

= 21(21 - + 1)
(2 -1)(2 + )
Ql Qj (2).

; (6)
( + | |) , v
, .
350 A TO M . X

§ 76.

,
;
.
,
, ,
- ( ).
, ,
; M j
J .
M j , . .

. , , : ,
M j, - .
,
,
( ,
; z).
,
, .
, ,
(

).

— ,

,
.
,
§ 38, 39.
£,
V = —d £ = - £ d z , (76.1)
d— .
(
); ,
,
.
, dz ( ^-
)
M j ( . §29), ,
M j,
.
§76 351

.
(§75).

1) . ,

= - \ c $ £ i £ k, (76.2)

— ; z
,
= -\ ^ £ 2. (76.3)

. ,
(11.16)
= H q — E{d{, ,

~i{n) _
1 ~ dSi
(76.2),

4 )= ^£ . (76.4)

.
(38.10)
= -2 V ' )nm(t4)mn. (76.5)
- !

( )
, M j.
.
Mj

\ ~ a n$ik + Pn{JiJk + JkJi ~ (76.6)

) , -
( . ).
,
( , . § 68) .
352 A TO M . X

,
J ( . §75). (76.3) (76.6)

= - {« + 2/ [ } - \ J { J + 1)] }. (76.7)
Mj
,
« »
. , , (76.7),
J = 1/2 -
(§60).
(
),
,

.
,
( . II, §42):

V = \ ^ - Q ik, (76.8)
( — (
).

1.
J.
. ,
;
, - .
,
L
(76.2) ^*.,
L , (76.6) J:
_ / ----- -------- - 2 - 2
OLik = aSik + [ L i L k + L k Li — — Sik^

( n ). —
J.
ctik J (
M j) ,
1 § 75. (76.6), (76.7)
, /5, ,
_ _ 3(JL)[2(JL) - 1] - 2 J ( J + 1 )L (L + 1)
= , = —---- — -— —--------------- ------- ------------- -.
J ( J + 1 ) ( 2 J - l ) ( 2 J + 3)
J ( , ,
L S, — —
, ).
§76 353

2. ( S = 1 /2 )
( ) .
.
,
— , . .
:

V = ASL- —
- ££
1 ^2 {< + 2
2 I
( . (72.4) ).
, ( . (29.11))

V = J [,S + L _ + S - L + + 2 S z L z ] ~ b £ 2 L 2z .

= Mj
,
|M l M s ) =
= | 1 /2 , ± 1 /2 ) . (27.12)

< - 1/2,1/2 \ V \ M - 1/2,1/2} = | ( - i) - £2 ( - ^) ,

2
( + 1 /2 , —1 / 2 \ V \ M + 1 /2 , - 1 / 2 } = - j [ + - £2 \ + ^

1/2
( - 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 \ V \ M + 1 /2 , - 1 / 2 } = j

( . 1 § 39)

= - £2 2± (l+ i) + b £ 2(b£2 + ) 2; (1)

,
. ( )
\ \ ^ L — 1 /2 . \ \ = L — 1 /2
|M l M s ) ,
.
, (1),

= ( | + ^ ) ( £ + 1 ) - ^ ( 1 + 1)' (2)

( , (1)
).
3. -
1) .
. , z,
d2tp 2 2
= —- = , = -2 ,
dz

) — . 6, § 103.
354 A TO M . X

. (76.8)

+ Qyy ~ 2Q zz) = 2 J (2 ^ _ ( 5 2 - 3J ! ) .

= -------^ -------[ J ( J + 1) -
2 J (2 J — 1) V ' J
4. .
. s-
( = 8 ), ,
(76.5),

= -2 2
0-
( d z = ez\ E q — ).

_ db
h dt
( — ). zok = (i m / h 2)(Eo — Ek)bok
2i m e 2 2ime2
^ 2 , Z 0hbkO = 2 (zb) 0 0 - (1)
2 V fi

( ).
(9.2)

= 1 -^ - ) 0.
dt
( ) ,
= , = —h2 / 2 + /( ), 6( )

(1/ 2) + V&Vt/’o = .
= cos Of ( ) ( 6—
, z = cos )
+£
2 2
f o
4 (X).
= (— / )/ / ( , =
= ft2/ 2— ). (2),
, / = —1 ( + /2 ). (1)
1)
2 / 2 /}\ „ 9
OL = — ( / cos 6») = - — (rf )oo = - .
6 £

) .
§77 355

5. ,
s- ,
< 1, = y/2m\Eo\/h, \ \— .
. > 1
(zb)

(
< 1; . § 133). (2)

, : / = — 2/ 2 .
(1) :
2
OL = — — - .
4 2 4

§ 77.

,
,
, (
).
,
I ( )
. -

,
1).

, -

. ,
.
Vviin2ra
(37.15),
(37.16).
1)
. (
), , -
.
— . 1 . IV, §52.
356 A TO M . X

( S)
S z = £(£ — 7 7 ) / 2 ( ,
—
z ) 1) .
\ 2 - ^ ^ ', (. .
) . ,

27

j ^|V;nin2 m| S z d V = —J^ j j *(£ Tf )\ 2 \ dt; drj =

0 0 0
00 00

= f / f fni m(pi)fn2m(p2)(pi - p\) dPl dp2 (77.1)

0 0
( £ = npi, ] = np 2 ).
;
\, 2 ,
f nim
\ ( . ). dpi
dp 2 (77.1) ;
§f ( (f.6)).

2)
E i 1) — ^ S n ( n i — 2 ) (77.2)

= -n (n i — 2 )| |£-^ .
2

\ = — 1, 2 = 0 \ = 0, = — 1.
2
, (77.2),
3S n (n — 1),
. .
2.
:
, .
) .
2) ( . Shfwarz-
schild, P. Epst ei n, 1916)
(1926) .
§77 357

(77.3)
, ,
,
z = 0( . § 37).
, \ > 2
2,
( !).
,

—
,
( — ,
= ). (77.2) ,
-
,— ( \ — 2 )
2 -
;
,
\ = 2 .

,
.

£ = 0,
. (37.7),
§ 37,

(77.4)

(37.8) £.
,
, /? , /? 2 —
358 A TO M . X

( ,
).
£,
/?1 + /?2 = 1
.
(77.4)
, £, .
(£ = 0)

/i = \ / (& ), h = y/sfn 2 m(v£), (77.5)

f nirn , (37.16),

£= /- 2 . (77.6)
/?i, /?2 (
(37.12), 1/ )
< = („ , + H ± i ) e , = („ 2 + M ± i ) £. (7 7 .7 )

/1 \
,
(
); (77.5)

J f ? d £ = 1, J f l d - = 1.
0 0
(3\ /?2

= f / £2/ i = - f / V2f l d V.

/ 3 ^ = -^-(6 \ + 6 ni\m\ + 2 + 6ni + 3| | + 2).

(3 ^ \ 2
.
,
,
(2 ) _ 8 2 l« 2)m„i|2
1 “ 16 2 ^ ^ 0)( n i ) - ^ 0)K ) ‘
\ \
§77 359

, (^2) 1 '1,
§f .

(£ 2) , -1 = (£ 2) n i - i,n i = - ^ ( 2 + \ m \ ) ^ / n i { n i + \m\),

(£ 2 ) n i,n i- 2 = (£ 2 ) n i-2 ,n i = ~ ^ V n i ( n i - l ) ( m + \m \)(ni + \m\ - 1).

/3 i° V i) - /5i0)K ) = e(ni - n i).

/ 3 ^ = —^ (1 1+ + l)[4m 2 + 1 7(2|m |ni+

-2 - |? | - 2? / ) - 18]
( (32 \ 2).
/3\ + (32 = 1,

— -^ [1 7 2 + 51(ni — 2)2 —9 2 + 19] + - £ ^ ( \ — 2) = 1.

,
= — 2/2
= — + - £ ( \ — 2) —— n 4[17n2 —3(ni — 2)2 —9 2 +19].
2 2 16
(77.8)

, —
(G. Wentzel, I. Waller, P. Epstein, 1926). ,
, . .
.
(77.8) ;
\ = 2

dz = (n4/8)(17n2 - 9 2 + 19)5. (77.9)

,
(n = 1, = 0) 9/2 ( . 4 § 76).

,
.
-
,
360 A TO M . X

1) . ,
.

fi = X i/^ A , f 2 = X 2 / yfn (77.10)

(77.4)
d XI . ( 01 - 1 £ _
W ( 2 + J ~ ^ ~ i 4 x i - 0’
(77.11)
+ C | + A _ m !^ i £ \ „
dr] V 22
V ]) 4 ] 4 7

, / 4,
—

=-§ +^
( ) =-&] +2? ] 1, - -8 -
2 8
(77'12>

25 26
( m > 1). - -
(48.2)
s2
^ [ / - ^ = ( + 1/2) ,
/
6 (77.13)
m/2
^ / 2 [ E / 4 - U 2 (v)\dv = ( 2 + 1/2)
/
m
(ni, 2 — )2) .
/? , /? 2 .

1)
(
), . ,
(
) ,
,
; .
2) ,
, [ , U2 2 —1 2.
, 2 .
§77 361

/?1 + /?2 = 1 ™ , ,
. (77.13)
;
.
-
— ( . Lanczos,
1931).
Ez 2 —)►
—

.
,
,
(
) ,
,
.
,
.

,
.
. , ,
1).

1. ( )
( ) ,
8 < 1 (8 < 2\ \ / ).

) ,
. 8
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
: ,
, « ». ,
,
.

, :
( ,
) , .
362 A TO M . X

« )» ( . 26);
z —> — ).

] ( £; , ,
,
£). (
)

= (1)
£
, ( 1 ), ]

i^ + H + i + i^ + ? ) x=0’ {2)
% = / ] ( — (77.11),
= —1 /2 , = 0, /32 = 1 /2 ). 770 — ] (
) , 1< 1/8. )> )
. , , (2)
,
(50.2). , ,
(1 ) )= 770 ,

^obol V /2 ( + , •[ J , 7
X= — ) “ |-— +
V0

( }) = \ 1~ - + — + — 2 + — •
| 4 2) 4i f 4
| |2.
. p(rj) = 0,
/ m \
Ixl2 = ^ ! ^ ( - £ - 2/ * ? - 7?0)- (3)
' »70 '
] 1

|« , \ ^ £ri~ 1;
-
p(ij):
/ V I VI \

| |1 = J ^ t = r “ (~ { " / '/ * / - » ) •

) .
§77 363

]1 = 1/8. ,
, )8 ,

lx|1 % £ v 7 ^ T " P ( ~ { _ i ) ' <4)

, z,
. . w,

2v z • 2 n p d p
I
( — ). )
£

dp =

w = J \ \2^ ~

w=r ^ v h ) (5)
, ,
4 3 | |9 ( 2 2\ \'
w = -------=—
8 7 *V 38 4
2.
,
s- .
, \ \8 < ft2x 3/ra , = /2 1 \ / , \ \ —
, — ( . . , . . , 1964).
. 1,
(>cr 1).
( 8)

^[ _
= —-— > —

— , 1) .
= (£ + 77) /2 , ) £

2 AyJ~>c
« ------— (6 )

1) , , . < 1, = (27 ) 1//2; .

§ 133.
364 A TO M . X

,
, 1/ / 2.
(6) £ ].
£ (
1) , (6). ]
.
( ), ,

.
(77.11), = —1 /2 ,
= 0,
Pi + 02 = 0.
/ 1 /2 ( , -^2
(77.11) — , ££);
= —1 /2 rj

0 + ( 4 " i + 3 ? + f ’,) x = o’ =
, (2), (3)
/ VI \
1 |2 = 4 ^ ( —£ ~ 2 [ *7-»7 ),
Vo \ J J

, (4)
, ,2 £ ( , 2
1x1 = /0
/Sri - 1 V S
, , (5)
w = 7 2£ (——
\ 3^
, ,
| | 2 ( 2 2
w = — ------ --------------
> | |£ ,
3.

S = So cos ut \ ,

< \ \, \e\So < 2 3/ ,

= /2 \ \/ , \ \— (J1. . ,
1964 ).

) , ,
;
.
\ \
.
§77 365

. w
.
( )
— , z.
,
: Az = = —(cEo/u) s m u t .

> 1 / | |£ . \ 2
= ---- I —i n ------ —— s m u t I
2 V dz )
( . (111.3)) z.

_ 2m u hu \e\mSo
= ------1, = 2 ycz, VI = ----- — = ---- , F =
2 ’ ’ 2 | \' 2>? ’

id / , iF . _ V
------- = — ------- 1------ sin f t r .
4 \ ] Q
,
rj —> 0 ( , )
( = —|. |) :
— ] —> 0. (7)
(
) = expz*S, S ( t j , t )— .
, =
,

S = - J ( , ) dr + ] + , ( , ) = 4 ^ sin , (8)

, — . ,
( . I, §4 3 ), ,
rj , . . rj ,
d S / d p = const, . .

]= 2 , (9)
J

( , rj = 0 = ). (8), (9)
, : . ,
(1), (
- — . I, § 47) , —
,

1^=0. (10)
, ( ) = ; ] = 0 =
S = , . . S = (7). (10)

( , ) + 1 = 0. (11)
366 A TO M . X

(9) (11) ( ], ) ( ], ),
( ( 8 )) ( 7 , ).
w z.
t>z |\I/|2.
, lm S.
(<9Im S/ d r ] ) T = 0 , d S/ d r ] = , lm = 0 ; (9), ( 1 1 )
, Re = 0. :
(1 1 ) = 0 ,
4F2
— 2 - sin Q t 0 = - 1 ,
Q

Q _ y/2m\E\
Qtq = zArsh7 , 7 = — =
2F ~ \e\So
( « »
).

f 4F 4 2 11
' exp< —2 lm I sin2 f i r dr' + to >,

(
). ,

- ) / = ( 1 + -^2 ) Arsh 7 — ( 12)

27
/ ( 7 ):

/(7 ) « 7 « 1 , /(7 ) : In 2 7 — — 7 1 .

w 7 —^ 0
.
(1 2 ) , .
fojo « \ \.
 XI

§ 78.

,
.

,
. Un ,
, , .
,
,
, —
. Un
,
Un
.
—
,
.
—
.

L.
,

.
, ,
,
.
,
.

; 0,1, 2 ,...

,
368 . XI

L. , = 0 ,1 ,2
-, -, - ;
.
,
S .
S
2 S + 1 1) . 25+1, ,

; , 3 = 1, S = 1.
,

, .
, .
, ,
. , ,
, (
!) . ,
,
—
,
.
= 0,
, - .
-
.

, ±1. ,
- ,
, ,
. +, -.
,
,
. ,

, ,
( )2) .

) , ,
( . §83, 84).
2) ,
.
,
.
§78 369

). 1)
,

:
(g)
, ( )— . , g,
,
: ^, n g . .
,

S. , +,
, 1S^T.
2
( 3S~) NO ( 2 ).

J, .
.
:
+ 2( + 1/ + 1 / 2) =
( ). £, rj

£ = ( + r 2) / R , rj = (r2 - ri)/R, 1^ ^ , - 1 ^ ] ^ 1,
ip ,
, R ( . I, §48).

1 2
R ^ e - m - r i 2) v '

= (0 ¥ ( ^ ,
X Y :

1)
( . §86)!
370 . XI

— . E(R)
: «
» £, (£ ) Y(rj).

§ 79.

,
.
,
.
E/i(r), /2 ( )— .
,
/1 , U2 .

.
, E/i(r), /2 ( )
, (
Bi 2 ), , U\ /2
, Sr. \ 2

Hq —
,
. 5 ,
+ V, V = /
; /1 , /2 t q + St
.

C/i(r), /2 ( ) + Sr ,
V Hq.
, ,
, \, 2
,
, (
(38.9) ).
2 — \
,
, § 39.
, 2 —
0, \, 2 .
^2

< = + 2 2. (79.1)
§79 371

( 0 + 9) = , (79.2)

ci(E \ + V — ) 1 + 2 ( 2 + V — ) 2 = 0.
\ %
,
\( \ + Vn - ) + C2 V1 2 = 0,
(79.3)
CiVai + 2 ( 2 + V22 — ) = 0.
V Vn V2 2
, a V1 2 = V^.
:
\ + Vn — V±2 _ n
V2 1 2 + V22 — ’

= ~{ \ + 2 + V n + ^22)=

.
+ Sr
( ), ,
, (79.4), .
, (79.4)
. ,

\ — 2 + V n — V2 2 = 0, Vi 2 = 0. (79.5)

, V—
Sr . ( , \,
2 ; Vi 2 )
(79.5) , ,
.
, , , Vi 2
;
372 . XI

(79.5),
Sr. ,
.

— ,
, ,
. ,
,
, - — + _.
,
( )
—
, ,
. § 29, 30 ,
,
,

. , ,
§ 97 ,
.
, ,

,
(E.W igner, J. von Neumann, 1929).
-
,
,
. 27 .
,
,
, ,
,

.
( . § 96) ,
, ,

1).

1)
^~.
n^, v ( . §78).
, ,
§79 373

, —
.
s ;
iV- (N > 2 )
s = 3N — 6.
C/n ( r i , . . . , r s) ,
,
5+ 1 ,

— 0 ( ) s — 1.

,
V
, a s — 8 \ , . . . , Srs.
(79.5) , ,
. ,
,
.
, (79.5),
,
, ,
s — 2. —
, ,
s —1
.
, s = 2
. 28
.
(s — 1 = 1),
— (s — 2 = 0).
,
.
(79.4).
Vn, V2 2 , V1 2
Sr 1 , $ 2 ,

, , E ( R ),
^, ^ ,

. , ,
,
, ;
,
^, ^, .
374 . XI

, 7*2 .
, ,
. ,

( . 28).

§ 80.

, (
).
,
( . Wigner, . Witmer, 1928).
: ,
,
.
,
.
Lx, L 2 Si, S 2 ,
L \ ^ 1/2-
\ = —L \ , —L \ + l , . . . , L x 2 =
= —1/2, —1/2 + 1, • • •, ^2- \ + 2
, .
\ 2 , ,
= \ \ + M2 I
:
= L\ + L 2 2 ,
L \ + Z/2 — 1 4 ,

L \ —L2 2(21,2 + 1) ,
L \ —L2 — 1 2(21,2 + 1) ,

1 2(21,2 + 1) ,
21,2 + 1 .
, / 0 ,
= 0— , , :
1 A = L i+ Z ,2 ,
2 = L \ + L2 — 1,

2L2 + I = L\ —1,2, (80.1)

2L2 + I = L\ L2 I,

21,2+ 1 = 0;
(21/2 + 1)(^1 + 1) 0 L\ + L2 .
S i, S2
,
§80 375

S:
S = S 1 + S2, Sr + S2 - 1, . . . , ISi - s 2\. (80.2)

(80.1),
.
- .
, , —>>
(
) . = 0

\ = — 2, \ = 2 = 0.
^ 2'
= \ \\ = \ 2\ 0 -

+= - + - > = - - - -
( )
, /(!) ,
^ ^ .
+ , ~— ;
, , +, — -.
,
+- - . 2
( = 1 , . . . , 2), 2

+ £ -.
Mi = 2 = 0,
= ^ ^\
^ ,
z
,
xz
180°
. ^ P i,
\ = ±1 — . ,

( )
.

I ( ^-
= 0); L /,
376 . XI

.
= 0 ,
, P/(cos0) ( . (28.8)). 180°
—, , z —z ,
, ^ , ^ —6 , ( ^ —( .
cos —>>—cos 0, P/(cos0) (—I) 1.
,
(—1)LlPi-
, ^ (—1 )L2P 2 ,
= ^ ^ (—1 )Li+L2 P iP 2 . +
_, , +1 —1.
, ,
(2 1 / 2 + 1) - ( -
) 1/2 + 1 +- , 1/2 _-
( (—1 )Li+I/2 P iP 2 = + 1 ), ( (—1 )Li+L2 P iP 2 =
= -!)•
,
.
S' ,
, . ,
.
: ,
.
1),
( ,
). ,
( ,
) .

, (
S'), ,
. ,
.
,
,
. ,
(
)2) .

1) ,
.
2) . . Wigner, . Wi t m e r/ /Z s. Physik. 1928. V. 51 S. 850.
§80 377

N g, N u —
S'. :
, N g = N u,
S (S = 0 , 2 , 4 , .. .) , Ng = Nu + 1 ,
, a S (S = 1 , 3 , .. .) , Nu = Ng + 1 .
, - + _.
:
S , JV+ = JV- + 1 = L + 1 ,
S , N+ = N ~ + 1 = L + 1
( Li = 1/2 = L). + (—1 )^,
- — (—1)^+1.

,
— ,
« »,
—>> 0 , . . (
, 2 ).
.
« » S,
L
, S,
, = 0 , 1 , . . . , L,
.

(g = +1 = —1).
= 0 +- , ( — 1 )LP = + 1 , -- ,
(—1)LP = —1.

1. 2, N2 , 2, CI2 ,
.
.
:
lyi+ 3yi+.
2 ( 2S): ^ g? u1
N2 ( » » » 4S): ^g 1 3 y i + 5 y^i +g ?7 y i + . 1
l y +

12 ( » » » 2 ) 2XE + , 1E “ , , , X ,
23E + , 3E “ , 3n g, 3 ,3 ;
0 2 ( » » » 3 P): 21E j , JE-,
Z 1 3 ^g
o3y+ V _
5 3 TT 3 iJ-gtt
? 3 A Ui
Z Zjg. , 5 Zju
o5y+ yi-
, 5 llg, 5 llu, 5 LAg
tt tt

( ,
).
2. 1, .
378 . XI

.
. (31.6) ,
, , , 1— (
— . . 3).
1 ( 2S g, 2P U):1,3E + , 1,3 ;
» ( » » » 3Pg3Pg)- 21,3,5 + , 1’3’5S " ,
21 , 3 , 5 ? 1,3,5

§ 81.

,
, .

,
. .
. , 4

.
, —
2 .
,
(2 S). ,
3£+ . -

, — .
, ,
, 3 . ,
2 .
, ^ ( r i , r 2) ( , 2 —
- )
( = 1*2 ),
.
, 1
,
2 . 3
U( )
,
1) ( . 29).

1) - -
( . §89).
§81 379

,
, S = 0 . ,

2 ( 3 ) N0 ( 2 )
NO 2 , 2 (
S = 1 / 2 ).
,
,
,

, ,
(W. Heitler, . London, 1927).
,
.

— . 29
.
. ,

, .

. (
. 3, )
S = 1 /2,
.

. ,
,
1).
( . 3,
)
S = 0.
.

( ) U{r) 3 .
, , 1
. 29 .
) , Ag, — . .
380 . XI

,
sp s2 S = 1.
2 ;
.

s2p S = 1/ 2 .
5-
sp 2
S = 3/2, .
, ,
.
( , 1) .
1
, 1
( , 1 1 TICI3 ).
,

(
) .

s2p2 1 ,
— sp 3 2 .
2 4. ,
( , Si)
( , ,
),
.

52 3 S = 3/2,
.

.
sp 3 sf 5 = 5/2 ( sf
5- ,
, s).
,
.
, -
( , NH 3 , HNO 3 —
).
(
s 2 p4) 1, .
- s 2 p^sf
2 , 5 -
§81 381

sp^s'p' 3.
,
4 6 .
( ) 2 ,

( , H 2 S, SO 2 , SO 3 -, -
).
( )
( s 2 p5, S = 1 /2) .
, ,
s 2 p 4 sf, s 2 p 3 sfpf, sp 3 sfp f 2
, 3/2, 5/2, 7/2,
3, 5, 7.
(F) ,
( , 1 , 2 , 3 ,
4 -, -, - ).
,

( S = 0 ), .
,
1).

. ,
,
, ,

. ,
,

. ,
,
.

) ( ,
). ,

/- ( d~) .
,

. ,
,
( . § 80).
,
. 2.
,
( , ^).
382 . XI

, ,
, (
) .
—
, .
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. , CsF
Cs+ F- , NaF
Na F (
,
).
-

. , -
,
. -
,
.
.

.
,
?-
.
«
» ,
( 1/2).
,
, ,
(
-
,
).

/- . /-
§81 383

?-
. ,
s- -
1) . , , ,
/- s- - ,
.
,
( - ).

. Th /- ,
?- ;

, . ,
U /- ,
/- . ,
Np, Pu, Am, Cm /-
,
s- ?- . .
« » s- ?- -
1 5;
(
,
s- - , 1 + 3 = 4).

.
?-

. , ,
.
( , FeCl2 , 1 ),
.
,
.

.
,
,
, , ( , ^ 0 4 ,
Fe(CN)6" K 4 Fe(CN)g).

) /- ,
, ,
,
/- .
384 . XI

,
, ?-
. ,

.
, , , Ag, ,
§ 73 ,
.
, ,
?- - ( ,
3d 4 ).
?- ( —
Fe, a Ag, — Pd Pt).

^,
+,
( ) R
( . . , 1961; . Herring, 1961) ) .
. , , 3 § 50:

( )
, . = —1/2 (
)2) Ug(R) UU(R) ( 2 + 2£ + ),

ipg , n ( x , y , z ) = - ^ = [ i p o ( x , y , z ) ± 4 > o ( - x , y , z ) ] ,

= 0,
( = ±R/2
). ( , , )—
. , 3
§ 50,
U g ,u { R ) - 0 = J J ^ -dydz, (1)

= 0 3) .

) 2— . . . ,
. . // . 1963. . 151. . 822; . Herring, . Flicker/ /
Phys. Rev. 1964. V. 134 . P. 362 (
).
2) .
3) , , ,
,
.
§82 385

( , , 1,
= R / 2)

= -^ = - 1, (2)
V^r
— ( = 1).

2 \ 2 R
+ r2J =° (3)
( ri, r 2 — 1 2);
— 1/ R,
1/R .
,
(1) ( R) , z.
,z < R (2) (3)
^ —
R/2 + R
(
2 ~ R/2 + ). ,
R/2 ( . . 1),
2R ( 1
= ---------- ----------
R + 2x \R 2
(1)

U g ,u - 0 = — [ e “ 2ri • 2 n d n = =f2R e ~ R ~ \
J
R /2

1)
Ug - U u = - 4 R e ~ R- \ (4)

-
+.
9 /2 ( . (77.9)), +
S = 1/-R2, —9 /(4 R 4)

U g ,u ( ) - = =F2 - * - 1 - . (5)

R = 10,8. ,
UU(R) R = 12,6 , —5,8 • 105 . .
( - 1 ,6 -1 3 ) 2) .

1) ( . ):
Ug — Uu = - 1 ,6 4 R 5/2e ~ 2R.
2) , - - , -
Ug( R ),
^;
R = 2,0 —0,60 . . ( —16,3 ).
386 . XI

§ 82.

( ).
;
, ,
/ ( ), Un —
.

.
, , ,
.

, S ( -
).
( ), /( ),
(
) - U[r). ( U(r)
.)
- U(r)

, U( )
.
,
L
.

B(r)( K - L ) 2,

( ) = (82.1)
v ’ 2 M r v ’

.
( ),
,
Uk (t )- ,
UK (r) = U(r) + B(r)( K - L ) 2, (82.2)
.
§82 387

2 = ( + 1) ( — )
( z): L z = .
(82.2),
UK (r) = U ( ) + B ( r ) K ( K + 1 )- 2 B(r)LK + ( ) L 2. (82.3)

;
U ( ). ,
.
, -
,
( .
§27). z:
L = . ,
( ) [ ], = — -
, —
; .

: ( — L )n = 0 K n = Ln.
, ,
, nL = L z = ,
= . (82.4)
, (82.3) LK =
= = 2, . . .
U( )

UK (r) = U ( ) + B ( r ) K ( K + 1). (82.5)

, Kz = ,

^ . (82.6)

(82.5), .
( )
>, >=0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ;
v = 0 . ,

,
v.
388 . XI

( )
, .
,
,
U( ) ( Uk (^))
[/( ) (
) , 1 / 2 ( . §89).
( . §18); , ,
.
,
( >),

, ,
.
— ,
U ( ) —U ( )
(~ 1/ ).
,
U ( ). ,
;

, 1) .

v.
,
.

. , U( )
£ = — , — ,
U( ) . Uf(re) = 0, ,
, U(r) = Ue + Muj 2 ^ 2 / 2 ,
Ue = U[re), — .
(82.5) — — = ,
( + 1).
,
( ) = + ( + 1) + 2, (82.7)
) ,
.
§82 389

= 2 / (2 2) = 2/2 7 —
(I = M r 2— ).
(82.7)— ,
.

E = Ue + B eK ( K + l) + fkoe (v + ^J. (82.8)

,
:
E = E el + E r + E v. (82.9)
(E el = Ue) — ( -
= ).
Er = ( + 1) (82.10)
— ( ) ,
1). ,

° = ( + ^) (82.11)

— . v ,
,
;
( ) .
U( )
/ .
Ev
1/ / .
7, . .
1/ . A E el ,
) ,
( )
(§ 103). ,
( = ( , /3 = 0), .
(103.8)
e%kl I /27 , . (82.4)
( £
§ 103), J, , —» , , ( = K z ).
,

) = ^ ± ! ) ( * , 0).
390 . XI

, . /
( — )
, ,
A E el > A E V > A E r . (82.12)

1).

; - ,
v.
,
v.
(82.8) .
U(r) £
( .
§38).
£2.

UK (r) = Ue + + 5 ( + l ) - a f + b(4-

- i k K { K + l ) i + l k K ( K + l ) e - (8213)
(82.8),
(82.13)
. £2 £4
,
£ £3 ,
£ £3 .

) Ue, TkJe ( - )
:
2 n2 2
~Ue 4,7 7,5 5,2
Hoje 0,54 0,29 0,20
7,6 0,25 0,18
§82 391

§ 23 3 § 38.
,

= ^ ^ — ^

+ B vK ( K + l ) - D eK 2( K + l ) 2, (82.14)

B v = B v — a e (v + = B{) — a ev. (82.15)

, , , De ,
(82.14), :

= —, DP= 4 3

= - ----- l ) , (82.16)
\ 2 \ ) v !

( \ 2 /5 2
=
2 / \ 2 Mwe2 /
v E el.

,
.
. =
= T r + iiez, Tr = 2/ 2 —
( = —i h d / d ; — ;
— ). H ei
,
,
1) .
= ( + 1) = (1)

= ^2xm{r)<Pm{q,r), (2 )

) ,
( + = 0, —
, — ). , ,
,
: P 2 /2 (M i + 2) = p 2 /2 (M i + 2 ).
/ .
392 . XI

(pm(q,r) —
= Um(?”)^m (<JS?”) (3)
(q ); Um{r) —
H ei , .
(2) (1), <£n(g,r) dq,

-2
^ + "„ + Un (r) - ( )=- + v:m)Xm(r), (4)

/ _ 1 ^ XrU _ 1 / 2\
V — P n m P , v ~ ^ n m ’

a Pnm = / ( dq ( 2) —
;
.
<
;
/ ( — ). Vnn ?
, Un (r) /
. (4)
, %n (R )

(5)
Un {r) { —
).
\{nv'\V nm + V"m \m v) \ < IE n vi - E m v |.
,
; —
/ .
. Vnm / .
Vnm , \m v,
. ,
~ / ;
/ , ( nvr\Vnm\mv) —
( / )3/4.

§ 83. .

S.
, ,
, ,
( « »),
§83 , 393

(2S' + 1)- .
,

- . ( )
1).

,
, ,
— .
.

. -
, —
. (
) , — (F.Hund, 1933).
.
- , 6 ,
- ( . )2) .
b
, -
,
( ).
, b
. ,

.
,

- ( 6 ),
.

.
,
. . ;

1) — —

. ,
5 = 1/2 ( . §81).
2)
2 ( 3 ). ,
( . 3 §84).
394 . XI

;
1) , S, S — 1 , —S.
,

( ,
).
:
0 = + ; (83.1)
+ S, + S —1 , . . . , —S.

2 S + 1 , (
, ,

).
; , = 1 ,S = 1 /2 2 ] 2, 2 ^ / 2 -

J— ,

2) . ,
101 :
J ^ \ \ (83.2)
( (82.6)).
,
.
.
§ 72 (72.4),
-

. ,
- (
)
,

U(r) + A(r) S,

) = !
2) , ,
. ,
.
§83 , 395

U( ) — ( ) ,
( )— ;
( , ), .
, ,
;
, U(r). ,

( ) + ( ) . (83.3)
,
—
( ,
) ( ) .
, -
.
. ,
,

. ( )
, , ,
, ( ) . 0 ,

( ), ,
. = 0 ,
, ( ) ,
, . ,
- -
; (
2)
-
.
, -
.
,

,
.
.

B( r ) ( J —L —S)2.

(83.3),
396 . XI

Uj(r):

U j( r ) = U(r) + ( ) + ( )(3 —L —S ) 2 =
= U( ) + ( ) + B(r)[J 2 - 2 J (L + S) + L 2 + 2 LS + S2].
J2 J ( J + 1 ). ,
, § 82,
L= , S= , (83.4)
(J — L — S )n = 0 ,

J n = (L + S )n = + = . (83.5)
,
Uj(r) = U ( ) + ( ) + B ( r ) [ J ( J + 1) - 2 2 + L2 + 2LS + .

1) .
; S2 = S(S+1).

; L S
,
LS = AnS = .
, L2

( )
. , ,
J , U ( ), ,
( , , ),
A(r)Q. ,

Uj(r) = U ( ) + { ) + B ( r ) [ J ( J + 1) - 2 2]. (83.6)

, §82 (82.5). U(r)

{ ) £ U( )
,
— ,

E = Ue + + ftwe (v + i ) + B e[J(J + 1) - 2tt2}, (83.7)

x) ,
- .
§84 . 397

= ( ), — ,
( ) .
,
; .

§ 84. . b
.
.
,
- ,
.
« »
J,
, J
J = K + S. (84.1)

,
.
U k {?) ,
, (82.5), S = 0 :
UK (r) = U ( ) + B ( r ) K ( K + 1), (84.2)
, + 1 ,...
-
, , 25 + 1 (
2 + 1, < S),
J 1). J
( ) +S | — S\:
\ K - S \ ^ J ^ K + S. (84.3)
(
)
-
( ) .

, ( ).
T4(r)nS,
.
1) b nS
, ( Q) .
398 . XI

, ,
;
nS = nS. ,
,
« » — ,
. ,
n = const - .
,
,
= ( . (82.4)), 2 = ( + 1). ,

nS = ---- ----- K S.
( + 1)
, K S,
(31.3),

K S = i [ J ( J + 1) - ( + 1) - S ( S + 1)]. (84.4)

- :

{ > + i ) |J ( J + 4 “ S{S + 11 “ { + 1)1 =

(84.2).
(1/2) 4( ) , J,
U ( ),

UK (r) = U ( ) + B ( r ) K ( K + 1) + ^ ( r ) A ( J ~ ^ + * + 1). (84.5)

£= —
b:

= Ue + fioJe(v + 1 /2 ) + ( +1) + {j ~2^ ++1) 1] ■ (84'6)

, -
-

- ,
§84 . 399

.
,
,
- .
,

, . .
a ( r ) ( S n ) 2, (84.7)
( )—
(
, S2; , ,
,
).
,
(84.7); 1
- .
- .
(§ 60)
S' = 1 /2

. 2 -
( ) - ,
- .

;
.
, , 7K S,
(84.4),
S = 1 /2, J = ±1/2. 2 -

E = Ue + tuje(v + 1 / 2 ) + ( + 1) ± (7 /2 ){ + 1 /2) (84.8)

( Ue — 7 / 4 ).

1. 3 - b ( . Kra
mers, 1929).
. (84.7),
.
a eniTikSiSki = ( * ). S—
, -
, § 29,
___ __ K i K k + K kKi ,
TljTlb — -------------------------------- “ . . . I
{2 -1){2 + )
400 . XI

( Sik),
, J
. ,

- S i S k ( K i K k + K kKi).
(2 — 1){2 + 3)
S ,
S t S kK i K k = S tK i S kK k = (S K )2,
SK (84.4). ,

SiSkKkKi = SiSkKiKk + iSiSk^kuKi =

= (S K )2 - ( l / 2 ) ( S i S k ~ S kS i ) ieiklK, =
= (S K )2 + (1 /2 )eikleikmS mK, = (S K )2 + S K .
3£ ( S = 1) J = , ± 1.

+1
+1 — = — ' -- -------------- --- ■ r jK - 1 — = —OLe
2 + 3 2 -1
2. ( / 0) ,
b ( . Hill, J. van Vleck, 1928).
.
- ,
,
1)
V = 2+ » §.

,
J ( . . ).
S = 1/2, J
= J - 1/2.
( n S K J \ V \ n S K ' J ) (n
, ), , '
. 2 (
( + 1)). (nS)
(109.5) ( ji,j2,J S,K,J)\
(87.4).

B e ( J + l / 2 ) { J + 3 / 2 ) - A e — -------£ (1) - ^ ^ ( J + l / 2)2 - 2

2J + 1 2J+ 1
= 0.
i / ( J + 1/2)2 — 2 B e( J + 1 / 2 ) { J - 1 / 2 ) + — --------- -( 1 )

1)
. (
£) ( ) ( ) , .
: (0) = Ue + f k v e(v + l / 2 ) .
§85 . d 401

^ ,
= Ue + fiiOeiy ~\~ 1/2) - 5 eJ ( J + 1) d= (</ + 1/2 ) 2 —A eB eA -b /4
( £7 B e/4). 5 eJ , a
6— .
3. 3
, .
. 2,
- .

V = 2 + Q e(nS)2.

. (.K’lnSl-K’7) ( ,
, ) (109.5)
(87.4), = 0, S = 1.

J = J , J = 1.
(K\V\K')

(J\V\J) = B eJ( J + 1) + « , {J - l \ v \ J - 1) = B e{ J - 1)J +

( J + 1\ V\ J + 1) = B e( J + 1 )(J + 2) +

( J - 1 \ V \ J + 1} = ( J + 1 \ V \ J - 1} = ^ ± ^-.

, = J = J = 1
. \ = ( J |V |J ) .
( 2 , ) -
,
J = 1.
, £ ,2 , .

E i = B eJ { J + 1),

2,3 = B e{ J 2 + J + 1) — Y ± V -B K 2J + l ) 2 - + ( a l/4 ) .

6 ( ),
J = , = 1), , 1.

§ 85. . d

b ,
.
.
402 . XI

, ,
,
(
,
).
.

,
,
.
, , ,

; , ,
, ,
, .

- , .
, .
/-
;
/-
.
, .

,
d. ( J)

( 2 , 2 ).
,
( , , «
» ) ,
(
).

- .
,
.

,
— .
§ 80 ,
- .

J\ J2
§85 . d 403

ft .
, ,
§ 80.
,
f t 1),
J\ J 2 (J\ ^ J 2 ), (80.1),
Li, L 2 J i, J 2 ,
\ft\. , + J2
\ft\ , ,
1 /2. J\ + J 2 , 2 J2 + 1 ft = 0,
( -
) . J\ J2 —
, (2 J 2 + I) ,
, 0+ -. J\
J2 — , J2 + 1 0+ , a J 2 - (
( _ 1 )Ji+J 2 P 1 P 2 = 1 ), ( (—1 )Jl+J<2 PiP 2 = —1 ).
,
,
, ,
, ,
, — .
, ,
( J\ = J 2 = J),
,
, ,
J , ft : Ng = N u + 1,
» J », ft : Ng = N u,
» J , ft : Nu = iVg,
» J », ft : Nu = N g + 1.
0+- , 0- - .

2).
.
, = 0 b;
,
ft (
= 0) .
1) Ji J2
Q, , .
2)
.

(§79).
404 . XI

,
.
, ,

.
= 0 ,
/ 0 (
= — );
, 0+ - (
)
1).

§ 86.

§ 78
.
,
. ,
, ,
+- - ;
(
)2)
.

,
.
, (
— . §30)
—
.

—
, —
3) .
0

) - ( . §88).
2) ,
.
3) . ,

, .
- , ,
+ —, !
§86 405

.
,
( !),
.
,
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. / 0
( . § 8 8 ),
.
-
. ,
;
,
.
. ,
if , J 1) .

. § 82
, -
-
U ( ). ,

(—1) ( . (30.7)).

,
,
. xyz
, £ ]( —
, .
, £
, , , 1 2 ,
^rjC,
, xyz ( . .
xyz — , £ )-
xyz ,
.
. £,
, ;

) , - 6,
J.
406 . XI

- £ ) .
,
,
.
+- , --
.
, +-
(—1)^;
, — . -
(—1 ) + 1
, —
.
1),

.
,
, —
.
.

( )
. ,
( ) ( ),
. ( )
( ),
.
§ 62 ,

.
, ,
/,
.
I 2) .
, ( = 0),
/;
. ,
,

) ,
,
2) , ,
, I
, ; I— .
§87 407

( )
.

. § 62
/,
. ,
I (2 + 1), : ( + 1)(2 + 1).
, g5, ga
1)

gs/ga = /( + 1) (8 6 .1 )
,
g s / g a = ( + 1)/ . (8 6 .2 )

, +
(—1)^. , ,
+
, ,
, .
, ,
+
(8 6 . 1 ) (8 6 .2 ).
+, “, “.
, = 0
+, “
+, “. ,
+, “ ,
+, “
.

I
. ,
I
,
.
, , - ;
— 1 /2 (/ = 1 ),
— (I = 0 ).

) ,
. (86.1), (86.2)
.
408 . XI

§ 87.

.
.
— ,
( ,
).

, £
.
(. . L) ,
(^- .
= (
§ 29). ,

( ' | | ), ( ' \ ^ + i A v \n, — 1),

( ', —1| 4.£ —iAn\nh)
( ).
- ,
,
,
. (^- ( )
, .
, £
+ —)► +
_ —)► - , — + —)► - .
Ag, A v ,
.
,
.
.

( —
). ,
.
(87.1)

xyz , ( §1 10)
- .

(^-
§87 409

)
(n'K'K'W \\ ). (87.1)
(110.7) k = kf = 1 (
)
( , (82.4)
(^- ).
(107.1)

3j - . 9 ( . 530),
:

(87.2)

:
( \\ \\ , —1) =
, o r +■ 1) (
(2 +■ A)V( i r — +, 11)\ 1 / 2
( ' \ ^ + iAr)\n, — 1 ), (87.3)
4 ( + 1)

( ' \\ \\ , - 1 , —1 )
"I 1 / 2
( + )( + — 1)
(nfA\A^ + i A ^ n , — 1 ),

( ', - 1, \\ \\ , - 1) =
1 1 /2
( — )( — + 1)
( ' | ^+ ^ , — 1 ).

:
( ' ' ') = (nfK fAf\\A\\nKA)*

( | ^ —iA^n'A') = ( / ^ ^- + ^| )*,
( | ( | ' '> = (nfAf\Ac\ n A ) \
410 . XI

= — .
£ = = 0 , Aq = 1 , £rjC,
: ( \ ^\ ) = 1 .

, ; ,

( K \ \ n \ \ K ) = A ]J ^ ^ [-y ( K - l \ \ n \ \ K ) = i ^ j I^ 1^ - (87.4)

( . Honl, F. London, 1925). A= 0

( \ \ \\ ) = 0, { -1\\ \\ ) = iV K ,
, ,
-
( . (29.14)).
,

. ,
.
,
.
, J
^- Mj. , S = + ,

(nfJ fS fQfAf\\A\\nJSQA).
— - (. .
) . S,
S
= , = +
( . . Q' — Q = ' — ). (87.2)-(87.4)
,
, , J, .
, (87.2)

(n 'JftA ||A ||n J fiA ) = ^ ^ ( ’ \ (\ )

( S ).
= S.
, ,
, . , , S
( ). ^ £
§87 411

5, £ — 5' , S ' (27.13),

S, £ L, .
xyz (87.2), (87.3)
, J, . , ,
I 1 /2
(2 J 1)(*/ r2)(t7 — 2 1)
x
_ 4 J(J+ 1 )
(Q\S^ + iS-q| 2 —1 ) =
I 1/2
(2 j + 1 ) ( j + a ) ( j - n + i )( s + s )( g - + 1)
(87.5)
4 J ( J + 1)

( n, S, ).
, 6 , —
.
.
S ; -
S (87.2),
(87.3). S
J
(109.3) ( j\ , j 2 , J
, 5, J). , J,
,

( n 'J ^ A p ||n J K A ) =
= ( _ 1)K +J+ 5+l J S
(2 J + 1) { J 1 I (n’KA\\A\\nKA)
, ^- . 10 ( . 542)
(87.2),

"I 1 / 2
^2 J T
+ ±l
[ J ( J + 1)

, ,
6 , ;
.

1.
, ;
.
412 . XI

. d £ —d £.
,
: d = dn (d — ).
z, —d n zE.
nz
, ,
1)
= —S d M j ----- —
J ( J +
2. , , b ( 0).
.
=- , AJ (J + 1 ) - s ( s + 1) + * (* + 1) .
2 ( + 1 ) J ( J + 1)
3. 1 .
. = 0 ,
.
(38.10) ,

( ).
,
= d2S2 { \{ \ \ -\, )\2 \( \ \ + 1, )\2 )
I — -1 — +1 J ’
= ( + 1 ).
d2S2 [ { +\)- 2]
2 ( + 1) (2 — 1) (2 + 3 )'

§ 88. -

0 ( .§78)
.
,
(
- ),
.

0 . -
( . Hill, J. van Vleck, R. Kronig, 1928).

) ,
( . § 76) .
, , ,

, 0; ,

- ( . § 88).
§88 - 413

(S = 0 ).
§ 82
, (
)
( )( - £ ) 2.

. 2

L2 ,
2S K L .
KL
(29.12),
= , = L; L, , ^,
, ,
( ), .
, ,
L
( . § 87
), , (87.3),

( r i A K M K \KL\n, - 1 , )=

= ^{n'A\L 6 + iLrj\n, - 1 ) /( + )( + 1 - ). (8 8 . 1 )

, , .
— —1

= 2 - .
, 52 , . .
( / )2 ( — ; — ). > 1
,
. , -
- ( = 1 ), .
= 1 .

(38.10).
^, —
— En' A-i - , ,
,
( ) ( + 1)
414 . XI

.
1 0 0 - 1 ;
, (8 8 . 1 ), ,
, -
= const - ( + 1), (8 8 .2 )
( ) const ~ 2 / ,
.
(2 -
3 - ; S
). 6 ,
-
, - (8 8 .2 ).
, , .
, ,
ft. — ,
ft = + , .
, ft — , —ft.

,
- . ,
ft (
)
- ; ,
, (. .
) , ft
.
- (
) - .
2 . 2 /2 ( = 1,
= —1, ft = 1/2)
- - (
— ). ,
= 1 , = —1 / 2 —>► = , = 1 /2,
= , = 1 /2 = —1 ,
= 1 /2,
ft. -
J,
- (8 8 . 1 ),
( ) J ft.
§89 - 415

, - 2 /2

1/2 = const -(J + 1/2), (88.3)

const ~ / . 2 3/ 2
,
/2 =
, 3 - . 3 ( = 1, = —1 )

- ( = 1 , = —1
— = 0 , = 0 — = —1 , = 1 ). -
J:
A E q = const, (88.4)
const ~ 2 / . 3 - = 0 ,
,
(8 8 .2 ) , J:
\ = const •J ( J + 1). (88.5)
3 2 ,
2 = 0 .
, -
, , ;
§6 .

.
1). ,
J
, J + 1
— . .;

(
;
).

- 1 .
.
.
(88.1) : 2 —» 1,
1 — 0, 0 — —1, —1 — —2.
= c o n s t-( - 1) { + 1) { + 2),
const ~ 4/ 3.

) . . 376 .
416 . XI

§ 89.

, (
) ,
. ,

.
,

,
. ( . II, §41, 42),
,
,
1 / ,
, -
, . . .
.
- ( ^ 1 / 3);
- ( ^ 1 / 4), -
( - ) ( ^ 1 / 5) . .
, S'-
. ,
.
,

,
(
)1) . S'-
, . . ,
. . , ,

.
1 /
2).

1)
( . 1 § 62 § 81) .
2) , , ,
.
, . . 1/ ,
. ,

,
.
( )
.
§89 417

-
,
, . .
Y = d i d 2 - 3(din)(d2n) ^8g -g

(n — 1 2 ).

, , ,

, , V, 1 / 6.

( . §38).
,
,
( ) = —S2E5*, (89.2)

const — 1) (F. London, 1928).

, S'- ,
,
(—dU/ dr ),
.
- - .

,
. , , (
-
), ,
, .
S- ,
(89.2),

. . .
(89.2)
, , . .
ft .

, .
,
( . §75).
( L , J 0 ,1/2)
1) ( )
: — 6,5, — 1,5, — 68, — 130.
418 . XI

. -

,
, :
U(r) = (89.3)

,
, . . ,
. ,
,
.

, .
( )
,
. ,

, , -
.
L,
± 1 0 , (
J ),
,
, .

. ,
1 / 3:

( )= (89.4)

.
, ,
,
( , ,
).

(89.2) ) .
) , ,
,
§89 419

(76.8) — -
.
<~ 1 / ,
1 / 3. , ,
.

J.
1 / , ,

(76.1).
~ l / ^ 2,
1 / 4. ( S'-
) ,
' U= — /2 . (89.5)
,
(
) , . .
1).

, '- ,
, - -
.
.
(38.10), (89.1).
^- ,

di ch , ,
, .

6 (n\dz \0)2(n'\dz \0)2

^ ) =- 4 £
, > + ' ~ °

.
c /u j , ujQn —
.
. IV, § 85.
1)
.
, (
- ). , ,
. , ,
1/ 4 ( 1 / 3), (
) , ,
.
420 . XI

, —
. , ,
L = 0, (dz )on
P- (L = 1). (29.7) U (r )
:
=- - 00» ' 1!!^ 00)2
6 1 + , - 2 ’
nL
L,
, .

§ 90.

( ,
) .

,
.
,
,
.
,
.
. 30
( ,
Uj ).
Ef

2.
1
. ,
2
1
; -
3 Q 1). -
,
2 ,
. ,

) 1 ,
.
§90 421

—
( . §44).

,
.
, 1^2 ,

(
1 2 ; [/2 (0 0 ) —Ui(oo)
).
-
.
,
§ 52.
,
,
1).
( )
, « »
: Uj\{r) = Uj 2 (r).

,
:
Ui(r) = U2 (r), (90.1)
.
(90.1)
( , > U j \ , U j 2 ),
, §52, 2) .
,

( . 30).
(52.1) (
, , ),

( ). (90.1)
) = 0,
.
2)
,
( . §85), . .
.
;
— . . . , . . // . 1968.
. 25. . 803.
422 . XI

.
( )
. (90.1)
1 = 2, 1 = 2 , (90.2)
— ,
1 2 .
, ,
(
- ). ,

« »
.

.
.
J ( ,
. §8 6 ) . ,

—
( ) .
, ,
( )
. ,
.
,

,
( . §79). ,
(
, ,
). , ,
,— ,
- .
, - .
,
(. .
), — ;
, ,
S L.
, S'
0 , ± 1.
§90 423

, AS = = 0 ( 0 ),
,
.
- , +- , -
— - (
+ _, . §87).
,
,
JL .
= ± 1 (
= 0 (^- , . . Lq
).

, ,
( )
, ,
, .
,
.
,

.
. (43.1)

(90.3)

= —
), a V { r ) — ( Vf
(43.1)
). 2
5- .
(47.5)

2 (90.1)

( ,
§ 2 1 ).
424 . XI

1 = ° 8 { 1 / P l d T ~ 4 I' ( 9 0 ' 5)
' CL1

,
,
(90.5); v\ v^ —
.
(90.3) w.

= (
); , (90.5)

, ,
.
V( ),
(90.4), (90.5),
,
.
= , :
(
4
w ~ 2 \ S n i r ~ l S
11 C
/ L2

.
£ = — d£
— + (
= ). ,
\ = 2 ,

f p i d r - j K dr»S„+
ai a,2
So — = .
F = —d U /d r ;
p\/2(i + U\ = p^/^fi + U2 (^ —
),
dpi dp2 _ 7- -
Vi—-----V2 ~— — \ — 2 -
dr dr
§90 425

JP idr - J 2 dr Sq + Fl 2 vF4 2

ai CL2

(v — v\ v2 ).

+
J cos(a + /?£2)d£= y^cos(a+ ^),
—

S7TV2 2 f So 7 \ / « \
w = —---------- - c o s -----h - . (90.6)
hv\F2 — Fi | \ 4 V J

S q /H
.

.
4 1/2
W = ---- ;------------- - (90.7)
Hv |F 2 — Fi j

{JI. . , 1932).
.

.
2 • /2
=
w ( )
/2 , . .
__ 2 V
(90.8)
HvIF2

. ,
« »
,
V, .
,
,
( . 31). §79,
.
426 . XI

Uji(r) UJ2 ( )—
0 ( ).
, Uj\[r) C/j2 (r),
U( )
$ + V
§ 79 ,

Ub,a{r) = \ + Uj 2 + Vu + V22) ±

± - Uj 2 + Vu - V2 2 ) 2 + V?2,

— ;
Ub(r) ( ) ( I 7 2 ),
Ua(r) — (2 ' 1 ) . 31.
Vu V2 2
Uji [7 / 2 , Vi2
V[r).
Ub,a(r) = \ { U n + Uj2) ± \ V ( U j i - U j 2 ) 2 + 4 V 2. (90.9)

= /( ~ Uj 2 ) 2 + 4 V 2. (90.10)
,
(V 0), .
= , Uj\ = V 3 2 '-
( A U ) min = 2 \V(r0)\. (90.11)
Uj\ — Uj 2
£= — ,
U j 1 - U j 2 = Ul - U 2 ~ { i( F l - F l ),
F = —(dV/dr)ro.
AU = / (F2 — F \ ) 2 ^ 2 + 4 F 2 (r0). (90.12)
(90.11) (90.12),
, (AC/)min
.
(90.7)
(90.19),— ,
. , -
,
.
.
§90 427

, i— ,
dr/dt = v, . . £ = — q = vt.

, :
m ^ = [H0 (t) + v ( t) ] * . (90.13)
ot
— ,
ft;
( + V)lpafi = Ua,b(t)i>a,b,
t .
(90.13)
= ( ) + b(t)ipb■ (90.14)
= 1, ft = 0
t —)►— , | ( )|2 ,
=
, ft.
, | ( )|2 = 1 —| ( )|2
. ft
(
) :
—)►ft —)►ft ( 1 —)►I 7,
1 ' 2 ),
—)► —)► (1 2 f 2 f —)►2 ).

w = 2| ( ) |2[1 — | ( )|2] (90.15)

( ,
— , , ).
ft( ) § 53
, (90.13) ) .
) §53 ,
.

( v ).
§ 52, 53 ,
\t\
.
428 . XI

, Ua(t) Ub(t)

±) (90.16)
\F2 — Fi\v

t a(t) (90.14) «
»
t
dt

t ,
« » ;
Ua < U ,
, ( . §53). a(t)
b(t),
- 11

| ( )|2 = < - lm J Ua(t)dt + J l l b ( t ) d t

^1

J AUdt ,
= e x p i - f i Im

t\
, t\ = 0. (90.12)
A U = y/(F 2 - F i) 2 v 2 t 2 + 4 V 2 (90.17)
( t= )

nV2
i j ^ 4 V 2 - (F2 - F\)2v 2t 2 dr = i
IFa - F i |

,
:
2t t V 2
w= 2 - exp(-- (90.18)
hv\F2 — Fi | hv \F2 — Fi |
(C. Zener , 1932). ,
. V2 hv\F2 — Fi\
§90 429

( ),

V 2 < hv\F 2 - F i| (90.19)

(90.18) (90.7). (90.17) , ^
^ |V |/ 1F 2 — Fi\v « »
; ~ 1/ .

\V\.
,

. Ei 2,
,
,
.
(79.4)

Ei + 2
: |2 , (90.20)
2

\2 —
1 2 (
^ 22 , , \ 2).
, ,
( ,
— ). ,
\ \ — 2 1.
\2 ,

. ,
1 2
. (48.3)

2 - (90.3)-(90.5)
,
\2 w

(90.21)
430 . XI

1.
,
- [ . . , 1932).
.
( ,
)
da 2n pdp
w(p) ( . I, § 18).
.
- V( )
. v
=

-„ - .L\ = J i ( - „ - £
' /1 \ U 2 ,»•}) V U rS
U— ft , —
, = ppv (voo —
). ,

; = pv^/2. (90.7),
8 2! / 2 p dp
da = 2 dp • =
fi|F2“ Fl1 1 2 ( _ _ 1

dp ,
v .
_ 4 y / 2 j i n 2 V 2r 2
0 s j E - U
fi|F2 - F i |
2. ,
[ . . , 1932).
. V V ( ) = M D / p r 2,
D(r) — .
, 1,
_ 1 2 2- 2 { - U) s/2
~ 3Hh1/2\F2 - F i |
3. ,
Uj .
. — Uj (90.7)
, v
- ,
(90.7).
Uj i , U j 2
Uj i = Uj — F j i £, Uj2 = Uj — F j 2£, £ = r —ro.
1 2
( . §24).

. , (5- ,
§90 431

( . § 24)
1
2 = :
{I —
(E - U j ) p - %-
y j 2i7T f l \ F j 2 | hFn
A I H Fj2 6 ft. }■
a ,
, /27 :
1 = : (.E - U j ) p - f -
v/fF/i | I hFji 6/i.
( )
- ,
:

W =
2
V J a \ a 2dp

4 w V 2(2/ )2/3
n4/ 3( F j 1F j 2) 1/2(Fj2 - F j i )2/'3
1/3 2/3'
« -(E - U j ) Z jt\ f j ____ M (90.22)
2) \ F J2 Fj i )
(£) — ( . §b ).
— Uj (90.7).
4. (
1) —
( . . , 1951) ) .
. + +
( . §81).
\, , 2
.
;

, = -^={ 1 ± 2).
R : Ug:U(R).
(
),
, « -
»

J Ug,u (t) dt^j

( . §53). , t = — ,
t t
= t/)g exp -i Ugdt I + exp I — / Uu dt
V2 ' / ■ /

1) .
432 . XI

t —
+ 2 2, w = | 2 12-
00

W =
. 2 ,
s in v = l j ( u u-ug)dt.
(
v)
, . . R = \ / 2 + v 2t 2. Uu —Ug R 1
(4) §81.

4 f R 2e - R~ 1
= — — (IR.
v J ^/ R 2 -
p
p » 1 R
; R = {1 + ),

_ 2^2 2 - [ ~ J 2\/27 3/
~ ------ I ——- = -------- ' .
ev
 XII

§91.

, , .
,
.

, ;
, .

.
:
,
.
, ,
( ).
( , )
.

27 /n ,
- .
: = 2 , 3, . . . ; — 1
2 , , 0 , . .
.
27 / .
, , . .. ,
2(27 / ), 3(27 / ), . . . ,
; 2, ••• ,
,
= / . ( 91 . 1)

, ,
, . . ;
, . .
Cl = . (91.2)
434 . X II

,
.
. ,

<2 = . (91.3)
—
— - -
. - -
,

2 /
,
( . 32). ,

,
— . ,
— , - -
-

,
(
27 ,
).
, ,
-
n-
. — , -
-
.
-
Sn . ,
, ^, ,
Sn = cnah = a hCn (91.4)
( , ^, ,
).
-
. ,
,
, ,
7,
,
, OPf .
§91 435

, ,
, (
I):
I = S 2 = C 2 a h. (91.5)
, Ia^ = 2 , 1C 2 — (?h\ ,
,
—

.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.

; , ,
, ,
,
.
( (<£?), ,
, av ^1),

ava fv = C{ 2 >), (91-6)

— . ,
, ,
: crvcrfv
a'v ^,
. (91.6)
av,
a fv = avC( 2V); (91.7)
,
, ,
, ,
. , ,

:
.

) v ,
(« » ), h— ,
(« » ).
436 . X II

,
( ( . 33)
(
2 ,
(. 7 . 33). , ,
;
( ) 7, (
) . ,
7
, ,
.
,
,

!, 2 .

, , ,
, —
.
:
1) ;
2)
(
);
3)
(
);
4) ,
;
5) ( ) ,
( );
1) 4).

§ 92.

,
.
, .
, ,
§92 437

,
. ,

,
. ,
,
1).

,
.
,
(
). , ,
, .

.
( ,
). ;
( )
.
,
.
( ) = ( ), , , —
. , , ,
, ; .
-1
( ) , ~ = .

1)
, ,
, .
,
( ).
,
( §63).
;
.

.
,
, .
, , ,
.

, 1,
. ,
I § 30 ,
.
438 . X II

,
, ~ = . ,
-1 .
, ,
( )-1 = - 1 - 1

;
,
.
,
.
.
,
, . . ,

, 2, 3,..., = ,
.
G 1).
,
,
G.
.

,
( ).
, = ,
,
, 2, . . . , = — .
{^4}; , . .
, .
,
, ,

, . ,

, 71-1 ( — ),
( ~1 = = )\ , ,
.
.
,

) .
§92 439

. G,
G\ G,
. G\ ( , ),
( , , )
, H G \.
, , G.
; , -
, , , HaG\ = ,
G\ = ^ , . . G\
.
, G2 G,
#, ? 1, H G 2,
, H G \. ,

G.
( G)
, 2^ ^ ,
h , h—
. , G
g = hm, .
m — g fh G.
,
,
( ).
: ,
,
(
, ).
.
,
= -1 ,
(
~
= _1 ).
, , i ,
; , = -1 , = Q_1BQ (
, Q— ) , = (PQ )~ 1 A (P Q ).

, .

. -
; , ,
440 . X II

, GAG - 1 , G
( , ,
). ,
;
, , .
,
G EG -1 = . ,
;
, , ,

. , (
) ;
, .

. , (
= ), = 1
( -1 ) = ~1 = .
G, a G\ — G,
. ,
G iH G f 1 ,
. . G. G \H G j-1
;
. G\
, ,
.
, .
(
) G. , ,
, ,
.
, ' " ,...
5, ', " , ...,
( )
.
,
, . ,
• ' ' =
= 1 • ' = " ", . . .

.
, .
,

, 5,
§93 441

'— ', " = '

= 1. ,
, , , ,
.

§ 93.
,
( , ),
,
.
,
.
, -

, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,

. ,
. , , G
( ),
, ,
. , = GAG ~ 1
,
. ,
GAG -1 .
G-1 , G, ,
; ,
G . ,
,
.
, ; ,
.
, ,
,
,
.
,
, -
.
442 . X II

,
, .
,
. , ( =1, 2 , . . . , — 1)
n- , ~ = ™~ ,
. . ( — )( 2 / ) , ,
, 2 / .

(
), ,
, ~
. ^ ,
, ;
, .
~
. ^ , ,
, ,
~ = crvCk(jv,
~ .

, .
. G ,
/, {— : I
. G Ci ,
, G;
G,
I. I
, , G Ci
, G;
G G C j, : A I.
, I .

. ,
.

.
I.

n- .
n- . , , .
. \
§93 443

II.
—
S2n -
.

2 . 2 ,
, . , S2
: /; {.
, 2 =
= 4^9 + 2, ; ,
(5,4p+2)2p+1 = CW/i = 1-
: £ 4^+2 = 2 +\ Cf.

III.
C 2p+i,i-
Cnh -
.
C nh 2 :
- ^ ^ ( = 1, 2, 3 , . . . , )
( ^ ^ = ^).
, . . ;
. — ( = 2 ),
( 2 = 2 = /). C\h

Cs.
IV. C nv
:

n-
,
( — 1) ,
7 /n (
(91.7)1)).
C nv , , 2 :
n- av
. . 34
%v 4 V.
,

) ,
, 27 .

. ,
.
444 . X II

.
.

4 -

. 34

( = 2 + 1),
C*2p+i
2 ,

. 2 ,
,
, (C ^ + i ^ _ 1? = 1,
2, . . . , ); , .
, +2 .
( = 2 ),
2
;
. ,

( ) . ,
= % = 2 ,
2 —2 —1
. 2P,V ,
, + 3 .
V. Dn
n-
,
( — 1) ,
, /n .
Dn 2 :
n- 7
( /2,
2
§93 445

). . 34
Z >3 Z>4 .
,
, n- ,
, ,
, .
, D 2p + 3 : ,2
U2 , 2 ( — 1)
. D 2P+i
+2 : ,2 + 1 U2
.
Z>2-

. V.
VI. D nh
Dn
,
,
,
.
D nh 4 ; 2 Dn
ov -
. 35
D ^.

/•

&
D 2d

. 35

; D nh
D nh — D n s, s
Th. ,
—D 2 Ci.
, D nh
D n•
446 . X II

Dn ( ),
ov
( )
( ). -
^ ^1 ahC~k
.
VII. D nd

Dn . ,
n-
.

( — 1) .
D nd ( . 35
D 2d -^ *
D nd 4 . 2
Dn
( —« » )
G = U2 (Jd-
, , U2 , (91.6),
U2 = av —
, ;
G = ^ ( o v,
, , ).
av -
, ( /2 )( 2 + 1), = 1 , . . . , ( — 1) (
7 /2 ),
, (91.6), <Jv<Jd = C^ +1 . , -
, G = ahc ln +1 = S$n+1, . .
-
, , ,
n- , - 2 - .

;
(
, ). ,
. -
Sfri+1 $2 ~1 1) .

) ,
2 +1 ^ 2 / + 1 ^ 2 / + 1 / ^ —2 —1 0 -2 -1
^d^>2n ®d — & d& h'~/ 2 n ®d — & h& d'~/ 2n ®d — & h '-'2n — ^ 2n
§93 447

D 2p,d-> ,
2 +3 : , 2 -
, ( —1 )
, 2 /2, 2
- .
( = 2 + 1)
( ,
).
D 2p+i,d — -^ 2 +1
D 2p+i,d 2 +4 ,
+ 2 D 2p+i-
VIII. ( )

.
V
3
, 3
2
. 2

, — . 36

. . 36
( ).
.
,
2, .
, 12
: , 2, 3
\.
IX. Td

. ,
,
.
-
(
D 2 d)- ,
- ,
; ,
;
448 . X II

(
. 37
).

,
.
. 24
?4_
5 : ,
|, ,
- S4
S4 , 2 = S\.
X. Th

^ = {.
,
,
-
( . 38
).
24 ,
8 ,
.
XI. ( )

:
, —
—
( . 39).

2
I
/ s .

Vj .
9
Th
. 38 . 39
,
— . 24
5 : , 3 |,
4 |, \ -
§94 449

XII. Oh
1).
:
Oh = i.
- (
); ,
,
, ,
( . 40). 48 ,
10 ,
. , 5
, : /; -
S q 5 |; -
C^CThi C\&h ;
,
; ov ,
.
XIII, XIV. Y , Yh ( )

.
, Y 60
( 20- -
)
( 12- ),
6 , 10 — 15—
. Yh :
Yh = Y
.
,
.

, .
8 98.

§ 94.

- ,
(
).
, G

) , T d, T h, , Oh .
450 . X II

, .
g (g —
), g
.
, , - .
/ ( / ^ g) -
^ , ^ 2, • • •,
, ,
. ,
G ^ ( 2 = 1, 2 , . . . , / )

/
^ ' ')
=1
Gki — , G.
,
).
G
,

Grl>i = Y ,G k i* k - (94.1)

i ,
.

, § 11 :

Gik = J (94.2)

G
, G
( 11 . 12):

{GH)ik = Y , G u H lk. (94.3)

I
,
. . . . , ijjf,
, .
/ .
) ipi ,
.
§94 451

f i/j*ijjkdq.
, ,

. ,

, ( . § 12 ), G 1) .
,
.

' = , (94.4)
,...,
( . § 12)2) .
,
. ,

, ; , ,
.

: (12.7)
G
G' = S ~ l GS (94.5)
.
(. . ) ,
G , ;
x(G ). ,

( . ( 12 .11)).

;
.

.
S (94.5) ,
G G7, ,

) , (
i / ), ( = )
|V^|2-
2) ( . (12.12)), , ,
.
452 . X II

,
, .

.
,
. ( ) , ,

( ) = /• (94.6)
/.
,
(94.4)
/ / 2, • • • (/1 + /2 + . .. = / ) ,

,
. ,
.

,
.
, , .
,
,

- .
,
;
,
.

.
1).
,
.

; G
%^^(G), %(2) ( G) , . . . , >(G).

1)
.
§94 453

= (94-7 >
G
/3 ,
.

T . a t ' 0 {S l ‘ = f S u h m , (9 4 .8 )
G U
. .
\ ( )\2 = _
\ ik \
JOL

(94.7), (94.8)

> ‘ = (9 4 .9 )
G U
,
;
(94.9) , /, ,

5 > (q)(G)x(/3)(G0* = gSap. (94.10)

G
= /3
I > (Q)(G)|2 = g
G
—
. ,

—
g ( ng,
,
).
(94.10) ,
,
.
,
, (94.10)
,

Y,ScX(a){C)x(P\CT = gtap, (94.11)

454 . X II

(
), a g c — .

, f ac = \Jgc / ^ (G)
2 .

fot.cfpc ~ $ ( ^
: faCfaC' =
= Sec- (94.11)

J 2 x (a)( c ) x (a\ c r = — SCC'- (94.12)

g c

,
,
. ;
.
(94.10) (94.11) —
,

5 > (e)(G) = J ] g c x (a)(C) = 0, (94.13)

G
. .
.
(94.10)
,
.
x(G ) —
/, ^\ \ ..., ^
,
,

=f (94.14)
0=1

(/^ — ).
x(G )

X (G) = J 2 ^ )x m (G). (94.15)

/3=1
§94 455

X ^ (G )* G,
(94.10)
^ = -^ (0 ) { )( 0 . (94.16)
8 G
/ = g,
g Gijj,
( g Gxjj
);
. ,
,
, ;
x(G) = 0 G ( ) = g.
, , (94.16),
^ = (1 / g ) g f OL= f^a\ . .
, . (94.14),

/i2 + / ! + ... + / r2 = g; (94.17)

1).
, , (
= g) ( = / 2 = . ..
... = / = 1).
, ,

4 ) = (94-18)
8 G

, ( = 1 , 2, . . . , / ), -
,

# 1= £ < “'
i
) , (94.17) g
f i ,... , f r
.
456 . X II

. . - .
, , , /
\°^
, ,

/ .

,
.

^ = We)> 4 }=j G
(94.19)

,
,

^ = i E f a X (a>(G)G4>. (94.20)

, / ^ \
,
(94.12), , ^2a fa X ^* {G )
( g ), G—
. (94.20)
.
^ * \..., ^
I( ) ,( )
, ,
. \°^ ^\
faf/ ,
f af/3•
( )
; , /
fp . ,

. ,

< °> = • £ = Y

1,
§94 457

, ( ^ X ^ )(G ),

(*<»> x«4)(G, = £ 6 ' “^ =

i,k

( {) xil3))(G) = x{a\G)x^\G). (94.21)

,
, ;

,
/2 VWfc?
( X x){G) = [x{G)]2.
( , ,
). / ( / + 1)/2 -
+ , / ( / - 1)/2 - ipkipi
[ k) ( ,
).
(
[x2](G)), —
(
{x 2}(G)).

Gi'lpiifik + ( )= ^ GiiGmktylVm + ' )=

1,

= “ ' ^(GljGmk ” GmiGik)(^l(Pm V^n^/)*

1,

[x2]{G) = - ^ ^ ( GuGkk + GikGki)•

i,k

£ G u = X (G), Z G = X ( G 2);
,
,
[X2](G) = ~{[x{G)}2+ %(G2)}, (94.22)
458 . X II

.
1)

< 2}(<?) = i { [ x ( G ) ] 2 - (<?2)}. (04.23)

^ (fi ,
, , ,
2 'ipi'ipk (i ).
;
.

( ),

( , ,
). , ,
(94.21) , (
(94.16)) G(
g).
(94.10).
,
,
(
!). \°^
,
^ — , ^ \°^
/ /^- ,
.

( . (94.21));
=
( ) = ( )( ) ^ ( ) . (94.24)

) , 2
{ 2}(6 ) G,
.
§95 459

, ,
,
.

§ 95.

.
, ,
.
Y , Y h; , C nh, C nv, D n , D nh
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 , S2
D nd = 1 , 2 , 3.
. 7.

( . §93).
.
, , — ,
—F (

!)1).
, —
n- .

( ), g
.
, , z
; 2
. :
= 2™/3, = 2™/6 = - 4,
£ + £ 2 = —1, 2 — 0J = —1.

( , S n). ,
,
. G— (. . ,

). Gg = (g — ),

) ,
, § 96.
460 . X II

I
2 2 3 ci
Cs
A; z '; ; 1 -1 A; z 1 1 1
1 2
A u\ x ; y \ z ; ; A";z 1 -1 E ;x± iy |
1 2

c 2h E c2 CTh 1
c2v E c2 <J < jv
d 2 E ci cs ci
Ag Ai;z A 1 1 1 1
Bg B2;y \ 1 -1 -1 1
;z A2 Bi; z 1 1 -1 - 1
B u; x; Br,x B2W 1 -1 1 -1
C 3v E 2 C3 3 (J c 4 E c4 c2 ci
D3 E 2 C3 3 u 2 S4 E S4 c2 si

A i\z 1 1 1 A; z A 1 1 1 1

A2 A 2',z 1 1 -1 B; z ( 1 -1 1 - 1

E\ x, E \x,y 2 -1 0 E;x ± i y E ] x ± iy < 1 i -1 —i

1 —i -1 i
I
§95 461

7 ( )
De 2 2 3 2 6 2 3Ui
6v 2 2 3 2 6 v 3cr'v
D sh 2 3 253 3 2 v

Ai\ Z [ 1 1 1 1 1 1
2; z 2 '2 1 1 1 1 1 -1
2 ” 1 1 1 -1 1 -1
2 Bi A'2'; z 1 1 1 -1 1 1
2 2 '; , 2 2 -1 -1 0 0
\\ , Ei ; , " 2 2 -1 1 0 0
2 4 3 4Cl 8 3 3 2 6 2 6 4
Td 8 3 2 6(7d 6S 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1
1 1 £ £2 2 2 1 1 1 L -1
1
\ 1 1 £2 £ 2 -1 2 0 0
F;x,y,z 3 -1 0 0 2 3 0 -1 1 -1
-^1 1%5 3 0 -1 L 1

, G
^ 1, . .1)
Gip = e2wik/ gi>, k = l,2,...,g.
C 2h ( C 2v D 2) ,
,
±1 (
).
, C^v- *
av
( ). ,
(
),
crv. ,
£ 2(
),
2) . , %v
( ?)
,
) , ,
= 1 ( = 1, 2, . . . , ), ( — ,
,
2) , , \ = 1, 2 = ~ 1.
( .
462 . X II

. ,
, , , I2 + I2 +
+ 22 = 6 , . . .

( ^ , C qv).
D2 = V
.
, V
( ), 3
1, £ £2.
±, ^ 2, V
( , ,
, , , z).
,
(12 + 12 + 12 + 32 = 12).
, ^.
Td
,
.

(
), &.
, £ £2
(
), ,
, ,
.
, F
(
), —
. ,
, 1) .
,

, ,
{
( 3). ,
Csh = C ^ x C s, D 2 h = D 2 x C i , D ^d = D ^ x C i , 0 ^ = 0 x C j ,
C4h = C4:x C i , D ^ h = D ^ x C i , DQh = D Q x C i,
^ — ^ , S q = C ^ x C i, = .
) , (4-
5- ) .
§ 96 463

, ,
( g),
( )
.

±1 (
(94.24)). , D^d
:
E 2C3 3 U2 I 25 3crd
43

Aig 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 2g 1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Eg 2 -1 0 2 -1 0
Aiu 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
A 2u 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1
Eu 2 -1 0 -2 1 0

§ 96.

,
( , )
1).
,
,
( ),

. ,
,
,
, . . .
, . ,
,
,
;
,
(

1)
( . . Wi gner, 1926).
464 . X II

), ,
1).
,

.
, . .
.

—
.
,
, ,
(
).
,
( )
,
( . § 10).

. ( . § 18),
(
)
,

. ,

( )
,
«
» (
).
. ,
;

. (

,
2) .)

) . «
» , ,
,
, ( . §36).
2) , ( . .
)
§ 96 465

,
(
). ,
.
, , 1).
— 2),
,
= Hq + V
Hq. ,
.
,

V. ,
,

,
, .
,

.
T d.
,
2 ;

8 3 3 2 6 ad 6 S 4
3 0 - 1 1 - 1 '
,
C%v ( ,
T d).
C%v (

. ,
, ( « » — . §99).
) , , d- /-
,
. ( ) ,
.
2) G, ,
,
G. , ,
G, — ,
.
466 . X II

^),

. .
2 3 3av
3 0 1 '
.
^,
( (94.16)).
, , \
F2
, , \
.
2v (
^),
F2
2 <JV v'v
3 - 1 1 1 ’
, ,
Ai, B i , 2. ,
.

§ 97.

, .
.
— ( )
.
1) :

J 4 )dq = 0 . (97.1)

1)
.
§97 467

J 4 ) d4= j G4a) dq = dq.

.
g,

g f \ ) dq = J 2 [ ^ dq■
J J G

G = 0 ( —
(94.7),
). .
— ,
, f dq
,
. .
/

{(3k\f\ai) = J dq, (97.2)

, /3
, , ,
1).

, ^\
£>(«) Df
, /;
/. , / — ,
/
, D f— .
,
;
, Df — ,
. / — , Df —
,

) « »
,
(97.2)
.
468 . X II

; , ,
.
^ / \°^
, Df £>(«).
,
, , ,
£>(/3) £>(«) D f.
D D f;
,
( D
.
, Df —
, ,

( ,
D D ^
,

). ,
.

, . .
, (
,
).
( ) [ \ 2 \ . ..
/ .
,
= { \°^. /

7 = ^ * ( \/\ ).
,

*= £ *^ )
7 = '^2ckc*(ak \f\ai)'^ 2cic*k(ai\f\ak).
, ,
/
,
§97 469

,
/. { ,
(ak\f\ai) = (ai\f\ak).
,
D^ D^a\
[D ^ ];
, [£>(“ ) ] D f 1) .
/ ,
—>> * /.
,
(ak\f\ai) = —(ai\f\ak).

: {D }.

1. d
.
. ; (d)
( ,)
— F i. Fi
:
Fi A i = F 2 , Fi x A 2 = F i, Fi x E = F i + F 2 , , .
F\ x F\ = A \ + E + F\ + F 2 , F\ x F 2 = A 2 + E + F i + F 2 .
( )

Fi A i , , F i , F2 ; F2 2 , , F i , F2 .

[ \] = [ %\ = A i, [F72] = A i + , [F2] = [F |] = A i + + F2 ,
{ f ;2} = a 2, {Fi2} = { F 22} = F i.
F i; (
) d (
) . (
)
Fi FV
2.
. d \i D^d
:
dx, dy , dz A 2 U1
1 > ~ Eg, flz rv A2g

1) [D ^ ] ,
(
) .
470 . X II

( ~ «
»).
A ig = A 2g = , \ = 2 = Eg,
= Aig A 2g + Eg, Eg = -Ain - A.2 n - .
dx, dy
A \ g , A 2g, E g \ E g \ , 2 , .

dz: Aig A 2u", A 2g A i u\ E g \

fix , /1 \ Eg A i g , A 2g, Eg', E u A i u , A 2u, E u ",
fiz : Aig A 2g; A \ u A 2u; E g E g\ E u E u.

Dsd
[A \g\ = [A lu] = [A lg] = [A lu] = A ig,

[ E 2g] = [El] = E g + Aig, (4)

{ £ g2 } = { E l } = A 2g .

, ( )
d; ,
fiz ,
Eg .
3.
Qik .
. Qik (
Qn) :
Qxy1 Qxz1 Qyz ~ F2,
Qxx + zQyy + £ Qzz-, Qxx + £ Qyy + s Qz z ~ E (e = e 7 / 3).
F2 ,
:
Qxy, Qxz, Q y z • -^1 ^ A 2, E , F i , F 2", F2 A i , E , F i , F 2\
Q X X •) Qyy 1 Qzz • E ^ A i , A 2, E \ F i ^ F i , F 2\ F2 ^ F2.
( (2))
:
Qxy 1 Q X Z 1 Q y z : Fi, F2,
Qxxi Qyyi Q z z • E, F i , F2.
4 . To Dsd-
. Qik
D 3d:
Qzz ^ Aig', Qxx Qyyi Qxy ^ Eg', Qxz5 Qyz ^ Eg.
Q zz .
Eg ,
Qik:
Eg A i g , A 2g , E g * E u A i u , A 2u , E u .

( (4))
.
§98 471

§ 98.

, § 93,

. — .

, ( )
(
).
— . ,
C nh, C nv, D n , D nh
G oohl Coov-) -^ 0 0 5 D ooh.
, ,
.
, C oqV,
, , crv
, .
,
— G ood {. ^
^, D ,
.

,
, ,
; ( ^)
.

( ,
). ^
= {).
,
. ,
,
.
§ 92
( - : ,
, . .)
. , , ,
(
, ,
).
,
crv
472 . X II

; ,
,
(± ). D ^h
C o o V, D ^ h — CoqV C i.
;

\( \ .
Kh .
— —

.
,
( ) .
,
.
,
, . .
.

,
. (94.9)

/ G{i k Gf2* dTG = & SuSkm J drG, (98.1)

(94.10) —

I x {a) (G )x {0) {GY drG = Sa 0 J d r G. (98.2)

;
drc
, ,

1) . , drc =
= sin/3 da d/3 d'y, a , /3, 7 — ,
(§ 58); f drc = 8 2.

(
1)

(98.1), (98.2); , « » f drc•

(
, , ,
).
§98 473

),
.
(
) 1),

. j 2j + 1
i/jjrm
(2j + 1)-
.
, ,
, .
, j
,
j (2j + 1)- .
j ,
2j + 1
1, 2, 3, . . .

§ 56, 57 (
§ 58). j 2j + 1
2j (
2j + 1 'ipjm).
,
j,
. , 2
( )
. 2
, ,
j , , :
(
(9, 0 ^ ^ 27 )
,
2) .
, ,
Kh = Ci. , ,

1)
.
2) ,
,
; . § 99.
474 . X II

J
j) ( ) ).

, § 96.
(27+1)-
( V’Jm)
.
,
V’JM-
,
— 2.
< 2 ipjM
, , , —
. V’JM

/ \ / _ P~ iJV
X iJ4 v ) = ---- .
M =-J

2)
(J) = si..U + l / 2V {98 3)
sin(<p/2)
I ipjM
— +1
—1 , , .

) ,
.
,
, .

S ( . §63).

.
- ,

. ,
, ,
( J ).
2) ,
,
; (
. ,
, , (98.2) 2(1 — cos ip) dip do,
do— .
§99 475

X(J)(/) = ± ( 2 J + 1 ) . (98.4)
, ,
(/?,

= 1 2, S ((p) = 1 ( 7 + ( ).

C o q V.
,
, CoqV
( ). 0+ 0“ ( ft = 0)
:
\ 2,

ov.
ft = 1, 2 , . . . ,
\ , 2, . . .
(/?,
crv — .
:
OOV 2 00(7

1 1 1
2 1 1 -1
2 2 cos kip 0

Dooh = CoqV {
CoqV (

).
ft ,
oqV,
1).

) ,
Q -
, .
,
,
.
( ) (
), ,
.
476 . X II

§ 99.

(
)
.

, .

.
,
.
, , ,
§ 94, ( ,
(94.17)
) ,
,
.

( . A. Bethe, 1929).
( Q) — 2
— , ,
: Q2 = .
-
2 - ( n- ) :

= Q, C ln = E. (99.1)
I ,
, -
. Q,
:
2= Q, 4‘ = (99.2)
( ,
= / 2). ,

, ;

.
, , , . .
,
.
§ 99 477

,
( , , ). Q
1)
. ,

2 ~ = QC^~k .
, (
, 2
2-1).
, ,
, ,
. 24
/2) 7 : , Q,
2 C 2Q, 4 , 4 |, 4 C 3Q, 4CfQ.

, - , ,
(
Q, , ), , -
, ,
Q ;
.
C nf ( = 1 , 2 , 3, 4, 6 ) S 4,
,
3) .
, § 95.
D nf (
C nf v) ,
.
± 1, ip— -
, (
).

, ±2 /

. 24 Tf
) ;
,
.
2)
.
3) S2 = Sq = /,
, .
478 . X II

.
,
.
12 , ,
. 2 C2 Q
, { ) — x { ^ 2 Q) = — ( 2), ,
x i p 2 ) — 0. ,
,

.
, 3
( ai, <
12— ).
| = Q, af = \ = —1. ( ) = \ + 2
, \ = / 3, = -7 / 3.
, ( ) = 1, x ( C f ) = a i + 2 = —1* ,
.

,
.
,
, '.
. 8
( ,
).
.

.
, ,

.
,
. ( . § 60),

. ,
1) (
), *
,
, * . ,

) '
( ) =
§ 99 479

c i x) C(2y) C{2 :]Q

D '2 0
C<X)Q C(2V)Q C {2 ]Q
' 2 -2 0 0 0
<? C?
D'z 3u 2 3U2Q
ClQ CzQ
1 -1 -1 1 i —i
1 -1 -1 1 —i i
'2 2 -2 1 -1 0 0
Cl C6 Cl

£C
<?

C
2

O tS

O CO
D'e Q
c 2q ClQ CzQ ClQ C6Q

O*

O*
CO
[ 2 -2 0 1 -1 Vs -y/Z 0 0
2 -2 0 1 -1 -V s Vs 0 0
' 2 -2 0 -2 2 0 0 0 0
2 4 cf 2U2 2
d '4
c 2q ClQ 2U2Q 2 U’2Q

2 -2 0 /2 -x/2 0 0
2 -2 0 -7 2 V2 0 0
3C2
' 4(73 4 \ 4C3Q 4C\Q
3C2Q
' 2 -2 1 -1 -1 1 0
2 -2 £ -£2 —£ £2 0

' ( 2 -2 £2 -£ -£ 2 £ 0
4(73 4 ? | 4 | 6 2
'
4C|Q 4C3Q 3C|Q 3C|Q 3C4Q 6 C2Q

' 2 -2 1 -1 0 V 2 -y / 2 0
'2 2 -2 1 -1 0 -y / 2 V2 0
G' 4 -4 -1 1 0 0 0 0
480 . X II

,
,
,
.
§ 97
/
,
( )
. § 97
(60.2), (60.3), , /
,

{D } [D ]
£>(“ ) —
§ 97 ,
1).

, (
J ), ,
2) .
. J
Mj (2 J + 1)-
, (98.3).
(
J J ),
( . §96). ,
J:
J = 0 1 /2 1 3 /2 2 5 /2 3
[ fi G' + F2 E'2 + G' 2 + F i + F2

) ,
,
.
2 { D ( )2}
.
2) , , .
,
,
(
) J.
 XIII

§ 100.

, . . .

,
. , ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
, , ,
.

, ,
, .
.
,
.
(

) .

(
§ 78).
,
, . .
.

( . Wigner, 1930).
482 . X III

,
( ).
( . I, §23, 24), N
( ) 3N — 6
; 3N
—
1).
, ,
:

= —^ ^ + —^ ^ (100.1)
i,k i,k
rriik, kik — , —
(
, ,
).
( 100 . 1) ,
,
,
( 100 . 1) .
,
,

= \ ■
Q li + \ '“>« 'Qli- (100-2)
,a ol %
Qai ;
— .
,
( ,
);
, = 1, 2 , . . . , /
, (/ —
).
( 100 .2 )
.
, ,
, Qai,
= 1 2, . . . , / ( )
) ,
3N — 5 (
,
).
§100 483

, ,
. ,
,
,
;
.
, § 96
. ,
,
.
:
,

. (
) ,
( ,
);
, ,

. ,

; ,

,
.

,
.
,
G
, ( — )
.
,
G 1 ,
2, ,
G 1 2.
, (. .
) G^
. ,
484 . X III

G,
,
.
( )
. , , uz —
,
.
,
( ) , ( 2
)
v!x = cos ( + sin <£,
ufy = —ux sin ip + uy cos ip,
u'z = uz .
, . e.
, 1 + 2 cos ( .
Nc ,
N c ( l + 2 cos i p ) . (100.3)
3N
\ ,
(
) .
U ;
, , 1 + 2 cos .
Sfl
1).
Sfl ;

, . Sfl
, 1 + 2 cos ( . , ,
(100.3) 2(1 + 2 co s^).
, x(G ) (( )
:
( ) = (Nc - 2)(1 + 2 cos^). (100.4)
, ,
: { — —6
( (100.4) N c = N, = 0).
) ,
( ,
, .
5(1 , , .
§100 485

- -
S(cp) ( 2
).

' = cos + sin ip,

ufy = —ux sin (p + uy cos cp,
u'z = - u z ,
, (—1 + 2 co s^).
, 3N
, ._ .
N s (—1 + 2 cos ( ), (100.5)
N s~ , S((p) (
, , , ).
L
(—1 + 2 cos ). < , ,
, ;
, - S(cp)

S(<p) = C(cp)ah = C(<p)C2I = ( + < )1 ,

. . + .
S((p),
< , ( + ),
, . . 1 + 2 cos(7r + ( ) = 1 —2 cos .
(—1 + 2 cos (9) + (1 —2 coscp) = 0 ,
, (100.5)
x(S) - S((p)
:
X(S) = N s ( - 1 + 2 cos ip). ( 100 .6 )
, ( = 0)
( ) = Nv, ( = ) %(/) = —3Nj.
%
,
, (94.16)
, § 95 ( .
).

.
3N — 5.
, ,
486 . X III

, 1) .
N N;
. ,
, N — 1; ,
, N —1 .
(3N — 5) — (N — 1) = 2N — 4
, ;
N —2 (
,

)2).

1. NH2
( N
, . 41.)
. — .
(N ),
— (N
). (100.4), (100.6) -
:
2 3 crv

-
. . 4 1 , ,
\ . ,
, Ai,
( -
), ,
, .
2. 2 ( . 42).

. 42
. — C 2v 2
, crv ( )—
, cf ' v— .

2 &V &V
3 1 3 1

1) ,
,
. 10 .
2) ooV
(§ 98), , N —1 \ n iV -2
\.
§100 487

: 2 \, 1 \,
. . - ,
— ( . 42
).
3. CH 3 CI ( . 43 ).
. — .
, - Ai
.

F F
F /
Os

./F .

. 43

4. ( , —
; . 43 5 ).
. — d- 1 \ , I E , 2F2.
5. ( . 43 ).
. — D qh- :
2 A l g , l A 2g, 1 A 2u, l B i g , l B i u, 1 B 2g, 3B 2u, l E i g , 3 E l u , 4 E 2g, 2 E 2u.
6 . To OsFs ( Os — , F—
, . 43 ).
. — - :
lAig, 1 2 , 1 ,1 , 2 F i u , 2F2g, 2F2u.
. To UF6 , ( U— , F—
, . 43(9).
488 . X III

. — - :
l^ i g , 1 E g , 2 F i u , 1F2g, 1F2u.
8 . To 2 ( . 43 ).
. — Dsd- :
S A l g , l A l u , 2 A 2u, S E g, S E u.
9. 2 4 , ( . 43 / ; ).
. — D 2h• :
3^4ig , lA-iu, 2 B i g , 2 , l£> 2 g, 2 .8 2 ^
( , ).
10. N ,
.
.

. , N .
N (N = 2 ), .
,
— , ,
, ,
, (2 — 1) — = —1
. , 2
, .
,
2 ; , ,
. ,
—1 ,
, (( 2 —2 ) —( —1) = —1)—
.
D^h ( . §98), ,
A \g ( —1 ) \ , E i g, \ .
N ( N = 2 + 1 ), ,
: A \g, ± , ± ( —1 ) E \g.

§ 101.

^
h (v)=\ a i=l
(101 )
oii — ihd/dQ ai — ,
Qai-
(
),
= h ^ u a ^ [ v ai + i ) = ^2? ( + ) , ( 1 0 1 .2 )
a i
va = 'YhiVai, a fa — .
§101 489

= , (101.3)

= co n st- ( - \ c l Y ^ Q 2ai ) Y [ H Vai(caQai); (101.4)

i i

Hv v- , = ^/ / .
,
, , . ( 101 .2 )
va = vai .
,
va vai. va
1)
{ + foe - 1)!
* « ! ( / « - 1)! ‘

va + 1 , ( l / 2 )(va + l)(va + 2 ).
,
,
.
(
) , , ,
( . § 104).
(101.3),
,
( , )
. , ,
.
, (101.3),
, (101.4),
.
(101.4)
.
) , va fa
.
490 . X III

( ,
, ). , ,

, ,
U
(ca Qai) = const - Q a f Q ^ f ■■• Q ^ /j* + . ,
i=l
.
,
va = vai . ,
, va
Qai ; ,
( . § 94) va
, Qai (L. Tisza, 1933).
v 1):
Xv(G) = [x (G )]v .
-
2).

.
-
, —
( ), .
, , ,

( G)
.
.
x(G )
, x(G ) 0.
,
( 2 cos ( .

2 cos ip = x ( G ) , (101.6)
,
G .
v
v+1 x v, x v~l , yv-
) Xv(G) [ ^ ^ -
2) . . (1940).
§ 102 491

1)
= ,!„(„+ IV (101 7)
sin <

x(G ) = 0 ,
7 /2,
. x (G 2) = —2 ,
7 /2 Xv(G)
Xv( G) = (-1)^ /2 i ± ^ . (101.8)

x (G 2) = 2 , x(G )
(. . —)► , —)►— );
*„(<?) = (101.9)

.
( ),
,
. 7. ,
x(G ) ,
. ,
F\ Td
, F2— T d.
Xv(G).

§ 102.

, .
,

1)
( + iy)v, ( + i y ) v ~ 1(x - i y ) , . . . , ( - i y )v;
,

e iv(p _|_ ^ - 2)^ eiv(p

492 . X III

. (
), ,
, . ,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
.
— ,

. Hq
. ,
,
Qai-
Qai
= Hq + VaiQai + Wai,(3kQaiQ( + • • • ( 102 . 1)
a,i a,(3,i,k
V, W , . .. —
.
Qai . ( 102 . 1)
.

Qai . , , Vai (
)
,
Qai • , ,

, 1) .
(
) $. ,
, , ,
. ,
1) , Vai
, ,
Qai• , ,
,
.
.
§ 102 493

, -
,
( 102 . 1)
(102.2)

, — ,
(
).
, Q
, . .
, ,
Vpcr. , ,
,
, . . -
(
).
Qai , (102.2)
,

, a Da —
Vai ; , D a
,
Qai- §97
(102.3) ,
[£>( /)2] Da , ,
, [D ( /)2] Da.
.
, ,
[ D ^ 2] (
) Da,
.
,

.
, , ,
( ) , ( )—
. ^.
, Fi, F2
.
\ ( - ),
494 . X III

F2 ( . 4 §100).
, F2
[ 2] = + , [F2] = [F2] = A 1 + E + F2.
,
E , F 2, yl
.
,
- ( . A. Jahn,
. Teller, 1937):
(
) .
,
,
. , ,
( )
1).
, ,
.
. ,
, £-
^- ( £ ).
§ 87,

.
—
( ^ 1).
2, ,
. ,

( E.Ruch , 1957).
,
,
,
( ) -
(Sn) > 2.
) ,
, (1934).
(1937)

.
§ 102 495

(. .
D ,
= \ \2 = 2
;

.
( )
— ,
( S n). ,

,
.

. ,
( . Ruch, A. Schdnhofer, 1965) ) .
( ) - (
), « » (. .
)
, 2) .
,
;
G
\, s, , C nv.
G, , ,
', " , . . . ; s—
. , g/s, g —
G ( . . s—
G ) 3) .
s ^ 3,
D^
( )
, 2,
.

) . . Ruch, A. Schdnhofer / / Theoret. chim. acta (B erl.). 1965.

Bd. 3. S. 291.
2) ( -
) Sn > 2.
3) G s
G ', G " — ,
, " , . ..
496 . X III

D^ G
, , .
,
;
?( /). —
D^el\
d , = 2
, . .
.
( )
, Qa
— - ,
.
G,
( , )
; D q.
G, ”,
Qa s —1
', " , . . . , , ,
, D q s.
Qaj Qa • • • > D q,
,
:
.
G,
= 2]
Dp. Dp s,
,
, s , G'p, G"p , . . . .
, , , D p,
D q,
). , ,
2
G (
D ^).

) .
( /)
,
G
sf ( s— G).
, G,
, ,
.
.
§ 102 497

Dq
Dp . , Dq —
, a D p—
[D^6^ 2],
. , Dp D q, ,
, [£>( 0 2 ]
Da,
.
, , ,
D^
.
. ,
, = C i, 5, 2, C 2v, (
).
= C n, C nv > 2,
£> ) ( , nv
- ).

,
G = 0, ^,
= , ^.
G =
= 3 (
). \, 2
D^ = , —
d = 3. 3,
\, 2, 1 2, [ 2] = + .
3
Qa
. Dp
D p = [ D ^ 2] = \ + ;
2,
, ( )
. , Dp
( , ) Dq (
- ),
1).

1)
.
.
498 . X III

. , , -
- -
, , (
)
—
, § 60.

.
.
(102.3)
D^
, { D ^ 2} ( . §99).

2
, . . ,
- - .

§ 103.

.
,
. . « » ( ).
— ,
.

J^, J^,
:

(103.1)

7^4 , 1 — .
, J£
,

4 , Jyj J z . , ,
,
(J a )(J b ) - (J b )(J a ) = —iJ[ab], (103.2)
, b— ,
( ).
§103 499

,
xyz
.
b— £ ).
[ab] — (, (103.2)
J^Jrj — = — (103.3)
.
,

1). ,

J£
,
. ,
(
Jz = )
= —J , . . . , + J , J ( !) —
.
.
,
: 1 = 1 = Ic = I -
,
.
(103.1)

E = ^ J ( J + 1). (103.4)

2J + 1
(. .
Jc = k y ) .
) — ,
xyz

2)
(2 J + 1)-
.
(2 J + I ) 2.
500 . X III

.
,
: 1 = 1 1 •
,
. (103.1)

= — (J?
21a «
+Jl) +—J\ =
r}> 21c C
— J2 + —
2IA 2 \ l c
------ (103.5)
Ia ) C V ’

,
J

E- ^ J+1'>+K
i (rc- z ) k2’ (103 )
.
;,
, .
;,
,
.
0 .

, , :
J (J^ = )
z(Jz = );
. ,

1) , J2
Jz ,
= Jn (n — £).
,
.
, Jn

, ,
J 2, J^,

1) ( )
!
§103 501

. ,
(58.7)

V’JM = (103.7)

'ipjM
,
xyz, jk— ,
£ ](.
, ( ),
^ ,
; ^-
(103.7)
'ipjM- |J M )
£. ,
^ —
. (103.7)
:
\4 — 7).

\J Mk ) ,
.

J \^jMk\2sin/3dad(3dj = , 1

JMk= ( .8)
, =0 (103.8)
(
() J ,
. . ( ) ( . (58.25) )).

) (1 0 3 .8 ) ,
, . 1 .
( 1 0 3 .8 ) . § 110, 87
(
( ) — . .
. 3 8 9 ).
502 . X III

. 1 1 1
.

, J 2J + 1
. (
J) ,
( . Klein, 1929).
.

J (^- —
(103.8) ( ^- ,
, );

. ,
J^, . .
.

V’J = X I (103.9)

( , — -
).
H'ipj = Ej'ipj

Y,({Jk\H \Jk') - 5 ,) , = 0, (103.10)

'

\ ( J k \H \J k f) - 8 ' \ = 0. (103.11)
,
(103.10)
(103.9), , . .

J ( ).
-
, ,
. ^ ^
J£, J^
, a —
( . (27.13), J,
L, ). j | , J^, J^,
§103 503

, = 2 .

,
2J + 1
J J + 1 .

, — .

.
,
'i/’jfc,

V’jfc = - V’J-fc) ( ) (103.12)

v-jb = foo-
, + —,
(
, £),
. ,

+ —.
(103.1) (
(103.3)) —

J^, J^, J^.

Z>2 -

. ,
, , B i, S 2,
3 ( . . 7, . 460).
,
.

(103.12).
(103.8). , ,
, ,

V-Jfc ~ Y}k(9, < ) ~ e - ikv@Jk(e), (103.13)

504 . X III

,( — £77^, ~
« »; (103.13)

(103.3).
£(. . (
(103.13) (—1) :
( ).

^'
££;
/jjk (—1 )J , (
() .
®j,-k (28.6),

2^ : i ’j k (-1 )J+k^j,-k-
, - = Crp^Crf)

:( . V’jfc ( - 1

, ,
, (103.12),
:
J,J, - ,
— ,
J, - ,
J, — 2,
(103.14)
J, - ,
J, — 2,
J, - ,
J, - 3.

J. ,
\ , _?2 ^ :
, 2,

J
J - + i
J
2 2 (103.15)
J - 1 J + 1
J
2 2
§103 505

, 1 , _ ?2 1 ,
. ,
:
^\ .«
'.30?))> % [)
» A v: A ^ B ^'2 v>,> [^ )’ ^ ^ 1, (103.16)
'l\ ^)
2
(
,
+ 1 ).

1. |J M k )
J 2 , Jz , J£
(F. Reiche, . Rademacher, 1 9 2 6 ) .
. ijjjMk
, (3, 7 ,
, , z. -
— id/dip, ( — , ,

j? X —
_
I■ ? _— 1
, Jy ■
> , ? —
Jz _ ■
1> ,
^ UtPy d^Z
, , Lpz — .
, (3, 7 , ,
(
). 5 , 5(3, 57
, , . 20 ( . 2 7 0 ).
xyz,

5tpx = — s i n 5(3 + c o s a s i n /3 £ 7 ,
5< = cos 5(3 + s i n a s i n /3 £ 7 ,
5kpz = 5 + c o s /3 £ 7 .

5 = — c t g (3 c o s 5< — c t g (3 s i n 5 + 5<pz ,
5(3 = — s i n 5< + c o s a 5tpy ,
cos s in c e .
07 = -— 0< + — — 6< .
s i n (3 s in

' ® ~ ® I cos ®
506 . X III

ipjMk J z = —i d / J ( = —i d / d 7
(7 £ !) (
; 7
( + i'yk)).

J+ — Jx + iJy —

J = J x —i J y =

,
§ 28. J +i pj j k = 0 ,
= J.

( 5- ).
, ,

( . ( 5 8 .2 6 ) ) ;
( 1 0 3 .7 ) .
< J
/jjjk
= ^ { J - M ) { J + M + 1) 'JJMK
MK •

( 1 0 3 .8 ) , -
( 5 8 . 9 ) —( 5 8 . 1 1 ) (
( 5 8 .1 8 ) ) .
2. ( J k f\ H\ Jk)
.
. ( 2 7 .1 3 )

<fc|jf|fc} = <fc|j,2 |fc> = i [ j ( j + l ) - f c 2],

(k\Jl\k + 2) = ( + 2 | j | | f c ) = ~ { k \ J 2 \k + 2} = -( + 2 | J 2 |fc)

= J - k)(J - - 1) ( J + + 1) ( J + + 2)

( J, J
).
§103 507

1)

( \ \ ) = ^{ + b ) [ J{ J + 1 ) - 2] + y c f c 2 ,

( \ \ + 2) = { + 2\ \ ) =
ti1
= - ( a - b)y/{J - k ) ( J - k - 1) (J + + 1){J + + 2). ( 1)
8
(1 0 3 .1 2 )
( 1)
( ±\ \ ±) = ( \ \ ), \,
<1 ± | | 1 ±} = <1 | | 1 }±< 1 | # | - 1 >,
( ±\ \ + 2,±) = { \ \ + 2), ^ ,
< 0+ | |2 + ) = 2 (0 | |2 ) .
3. J = 1.
.
.

= (0 + | |0 +) = — ( + ). (3)

,
, , 6, .

£ 2 = ( + ), = ^( + ). (4 )

Ei, 2, \, 2,
2) .
= V’lO; -0 2 =Wi , = 1-
4. J = 2.
.
.

h2
= <2 - \ H \ 2 - ) = 2 2 + ( + 6) (5 )

( \ ). ,
( 2 ):
fi2 fy2
2= 2 2 + - j ( a + c), 3= 2 2 + (6 + ).

1) 2 -5 , , -

= 1/ / , =1/1 , =1/1 -

2) . ,
\ 6;
, £ ]
( \).
508 . X III

i>l = 22, -02 = 21, = -021-

:
< 0 + | |0 + } - < 2+ | |0 + ) =
< 2+ | |0 + ) {2+\ \2+ )- ' 1 j
,
£^ 4,5 = fi2{a + + ) ± 2[( + b + )2 — 3 (ab + + )]1/ 2. (7 )
. —
^0 ^ 22 -
5. J = 3.
.
.
1 = (2 - | | 2 - > = 2 2( + + ) (8)
( ). (6)
( J ).
.£/ 2,3 = ( 5 2/ 2 )( + )+ 2 ± 2[ - )2 + 2+ - - \1/2 (9 )
( \).
, 6, .
6. , -
, .
.
d 2t p/ dxi d x k ( . 3, § 7 6 ),

= A J l + B J l + c j I, + + = 0.

( 1 0 3 .1 )
, ,
+ + = 0,
.
, J
3 -5 .
J:
J = 1 : = - , - , - ,
J = 3 /2 : = ± 7 ( 3 / 2 ){ 2 + 2+ 2),
J = 2 : :, 3 , 3 , ±\/ ( 2+ 2+ 2).
J = 3 /2
(§ 6 0 ).

§ 104.

( . Teller, L. Tisza, . Placzek,

1932-1933).
§104 509

.
( .
§1 0 0 )—
.
.
, , ,
, .
1),
.

.
, -
.
va (va + 1)- .
va + 1

^vavca = const • ~ ^ c 2 a(Q2al + Q2

a2) H Val(caQa l )HVa2 (caQa2)

( vai + v a 2 = va ) -
. ( Qa\ Qa 2 ) ,
,
va . ,

^ V alV a2

VWc = const • - \ cl ( Q a2l + Qa 2 )

(Qai + iQa 2 ){Va+la]/2 (Qal - iQa 2 ) ( V a ~ l a ) / 2 + . .. ]. (104.1)

,
; 1 ,
va + 1 : la = va , va — 2 ,
va - 4 , . . . , - v a .
Qa 1 , Q a 2

.
( 1 )
• ( Va la \ • ( Va la \ 'I / *7 \
1 --- 2 --- / ---- 2 --- / / = ( ^ ^ )‘

) ,
7 /2
.
510 . X III

, (104.1)
1 .
, ,
, ( va )
; , (
),
(104.2)
, .
,
^ 1 .
, I
.
J (
) ,
. . J

, c J = 0 , l , . . . , | / | —1 .

va 1 .
( 1 ) .
, , :
, ,
1 /;
( )
1

,/5

(ga/ — ).
, -
.
,

. ( )
,
, ,
« ». ,
,
:

[ rv] = 0 (104.3)
§104 511

( ).

- .
,

. ,

« » « ».

^ m [ r 0 v] = 0, (104.4)
— - .
= + , — ,
v = = . (104.4) ,

^ m [ r 0 u] = 0. (104.5)

,
(104.5), 1) .

m [r 0v] + [ u v ],
, , (104.4)
,
^ m [u v ]. , , ,
, ,
.

.
,
,
. — (

).
.
( . §26). ,

1)
, .
512 . X III

,
.
, .
.

( )
. (103.5)

( ) J
J^:

. (104.6),
J,
, (103.6). ,

; . ,
J J^,
;
(
).
, (£, rf)
.

= - ^ k k v, (104.7)
J-C

( ) , § 103, -
7 =
, a kv
,
; kv, ;,
.
, .
-
. -, -
( ,
-, -
). , ,
§105 513

;
, , -
.
.
,

,
. ,
. ,
,
,
.

.
, ,
,
.

, ,

. ^
£1 , I— ,
( 2/ + 1 = 3), ^—
.

. = | ( 5 - J » '» )2

£ = ^ J 2 + | J W 7 - C J I . ( 1 0 4 . 8 )

—
(103.4),
, .
(104.8)
.
;
( J) (
I + J, J + 1, J — 1, J):

4 £ 1} = - £ 1} = (./ + 1 ), 4 5 = - ( 4.9)
514 . X III

§ 105.

,
.

.
, . .
.
,

( )
.
, ,
1).
, , ,

, .
, ,

( « » « »
)2). ,
,

3) .
§8 6 ,

, ,
.
.

.
.
,
) , , ,
( . § 86).
2) ,
, (
, , - ).
3) ,
.
, , .
§105 515

( ),
,
- .
2%+ 1 ( —
); cri, 0 2 , . . . , cfn (N — )
, (2 i± + 1 )( 2&2 + 1 ) . . . (2 + 1)
.
( )
,
« »,
.

, , , (
, )
. ,
.
Xcn(G) ,
, .
,
,
;
.
, 2% + 1 , ,

X cn(G ) — J J ( 2 i a + 1), (105.1)

,
G (
).
, ,
,
(
).
,

,
( ,
(—1 )2 , — ).
(105.1),
x(G ) ,
,
:

(105.2)
516 . X III

( — ,
).
,

(
) ).

(. . ,
- ).
:
, ,
.

— 12 2 4 ( . 43 / ,
D 2 h)•
, ;
,
. ,
12 .
.
, . 43 ( 2
,
). ( )
,
. (105.2)
:
( ) cr{xz) cr(yz) I C 2(z) c 2(y) C 2(x)
16 16 4 4 4 4 4 4

, ,

D 2 h'' 35ig, 2 ^ -
,
;
2) .

) ,
( . . . 4 0 7 ).
2)
— . 1.
§105 517

( ) ,
,
. , ,
. ,
,
, (
)
.
, ,
( )
,
(
).

.
, , , ,
\ ( .
§ 103) 7 3,
2 %
3.
( . § 8 6 ),

,
.
, ,
, 12 21 4 ,
7, 3,
3, 3. ,
(

).
,
,
.
14NXH 3
( . 41, C s v). 14N 1 ,
— . (105.2)
C^v'-
2 3 3crv
24 6 -1 2 *
518 . X III

^: 12 2, 6 £7. , ;
12 6 1) .

( J) .
, ,

NH 3 ( . .
).

,
.

(
). ,
, %v
D%.
= d=|fc|
Cs
± 27 /35 U2
,
D 3. |fc|,
, — .
^,
, (^) + 1 —1 ,
,
. ( ^ ) = 0,
(
^, D 3 ).
, , ,
|fc|, , ,

, 6 (
). |fc|, (
),
( D 3)
2 3 3U2
2 2 0 '

) 2 ,
3 /2 , — 1 /2 .
,

. — ,
§ 63.
§105 519

Ai, 2.
2 ^,
\ , 2— .
, |fc|
,
, 12 ( 2).
= 0
,
1)
2 3 3U2
1 1 (-i)J '

2 , ,
, — ,
= 0 ( ) J
( );
12 ( 2).
,

14 NxH 3 (+ —
):

(+ ) (-)
\ \ 6 6
\ | 12 2 12 2
„ [J — 12 2
= 0 <
12 2 —

J NH 3
, , ( .
ND 3 3).
,
.

,
,
( . 44). ,

1) 7 J
( — 1) J .
520 . X III

( , ,
3 §50).

« »,

. ,
N
. 44 ,
,
(1 • 1 0 - 4 ).
5 .

1. 12
.
1).
7 = 2 ,1 , 0 , Mi 2 —2.
, ,
M i, .
Mi = 2 ,
+ 1/ 2 . Mi = 1 4
, ,
— 1/ 2 . , Mi = 0
, ,
— 1 /2 .
:

cr(xy) cr(xz) <r(yz) 7 C 2(z) C 2(y) C 2[x)

Mi = 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mi = 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mi = 0 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2

A g;
Mi = 2 7 = 2,
, 7 = 2 Ag.
Mi = 1 7 = 1 , 7 = 2.

, , 7 = 1
B i g , 7>2u, 3 .
, \ = 0 ,
Mi = 1 , , 7 = 0.
, Ag,
7 = 0.
2. ( )

) ,
. . 291 77. . , . V I, § 2.
§105 521

12 22 4 , 13 21 4 , 14N 2 16 C >4 ( );
(2 ) = 1, ( 13 ) = 1 / 2 , j ( 14N ) = 1) .
. ,
12 2 4, (
, ):

(+ ) ( - )

12 1- -
v ^2 .4 27A g, 18B ig 18- 2 , 18-
1 3 /~i 1
v^2 .4 16 A g , 1 2 B lg 1 2 B 2u, 24^2n
14n 2 16o 4 6 A g ,

3. 14N 2 H 3
.
14 N xH 3 : , 2, 24 .

(+ ) (-)
\k\ 24 24
\ | 30^ 4i ,3 ^ 2 1, 2
k = Q (J 30^1 2
3 2 1

4. 12 2 ( . . 43 , D^d)-
. : 7 A i g , 1 \ , 3 ^ 2g ,
13 2 , 9-E /g , 1 1 .

(+ ) (-)
\ 9
| \ l A \ g , Z A 2g 1 Al u, 13^2u
„ [J 7 \ 1 ^ 4 iu
= 0 <
3 ^ 2g 13^2u

5. 12 4 ( , —
).
.
d- , ,
: 5 2, 1 , 3F\ ( ,
2 , 0 , 1 ).
J . (2 J + 1 ) ,
J, (2 J + 1 )-
, ^,
522 . X III

. ( 9 8 .3 ) .
, , J = 3
8 3 6 2 6 4 3 \
7 1 -1 -1 -1 '
: 2,
.F i , F2.
, , J = 3
2
, F\ — ,
. J
(
):

(+ ) (-)
J = 0 - 5 2
J = 1 3 -F i -
J = 2 IE 1 ,
J = 3 5 2 , 3 .F i ,
J = 4 1 , 3Fi 5 2, 1 ,
 XIV

§ 106. ^-

§ 31
,
( ),
j\ j2 )•

.
j\ j2
2ji 2j 2 ,

,
2 (ji + j 2),
j \ + j 2. , (106.1)
,
^\ — ^ ( );
, ^ (2\
, A, / i , . . . , , ,. ..

2 (ji + J 2 — 1 ), j \ + j 2 — 1 2) .

) , ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
( ),

- .
2) .

2( j 1 + j ’2 ) , , 2 jf, j — .
, ,
. , j 1 = j 2 = 1 /2
; j = 0,
. j
:
2j .
524 . X IV

,
, j j\ + j 2
Ij i —J*21, .
,
D^
( 2 j\ + 1
2 j 2 + 1) .

£)( ) = £) ?1+-?2) + £) 0 'i+J2 -i) E)(\h-h\)a

. , ,
j1 = j2, m i = —m 2 . —

j m ( ).

= VWTT ^ (106-2)
171= ~j

(j — j\ j 2).
. ,

— ,
.
(106.2)
. (106.2)
( !)
V’(1 ) v "V’£ ).., (106.3)

2 j. ,
(106.2) (57.3).
, , ,
, ,
(106.2),
§106 ^- 525

« » . ,
( j + j —
) ^ (2\ (106.3)
(—1 ) 2 ?, j .
,
, ji , J3
m i, m 2 , m 3 .
, m i + m 2 + m 3 = 0 , a ji , j'2 , js
,
, . . ji ,
j 2 , js ;
,
:
| —J21 < h < ji +ji --
, j i + J2 + J3
.

= V \( mj li h2
m j 3s )U ^ a)
m {2)
1 11 ^ 2 2 ^
() ’ ( 6 4)
771177127713
mj —j \ j\.
3j- .
,
\ + rri2 + m 3 = 0 .
1, 2, 3 (106.4)

. ^-
( . )
(
(106.2)). ,
3 j- ,
.

(106.4), ^’- ,
.
,
(2) ^“^ ( )
, .
, , 1 2,
^
, 2 3, — ^
526 . X IV

^ (3); , 3 1 ,— ^
^ ( ,
j i + j 2 - J 3 , 32 + ~ ji + ~ h
« »). .
,
1, 2 , 3 . ,
3 j-
. ( ) ,
,
ji + 32 + J3 . ,
(—1 )^1 +^2 +^ . , ^-

(m 2 m i 4 ) = ( - 1 ) + +* t , 4 ) " (11 5)
. . , j\ + 32 +
+ J3 — .
, ,
( «7*2 _ (_ 1 \ ji+j2+j3 ( Ji 32 J3 /1 6 ")
\ —m i —m 2 —m 3) J \mi 2 J * v ' J
, ^-

( . (58.5)).
(106.4) ,
jrn ,
j .
1 2
. j
j3 3
, — j 3 , 771 = —m 3 . (106.2)

Vo = -^= £ ( - i r ” f e r f f „■ (106.7)

(106.4) (
j, —771 J 3 , m 3 ). , ,
, (106.7)
(106.3) (106.4):
(106.7) (106.4) , ,
,
§106 ^- 527

1 3;
(—i y i - t e + ' g 1)

. -- (I - U
Wjm ij h - h + / ^ —Tl
+ i 2V ^ \( mjl i j22 - jm W
m 1} yjj2m2-
) VJhrni ^ (2) ’
mi ,1712
(106.8)
no m \ ^
\ + 777-2 = .
(106.8)
,
j\ j 2.
^ (m i m ztim ) ^ h L i ^ h i i 2i m2 = m -m i. (106.9)
1 2

(m im 2 |jm ) = ( - l ) n ~n+m ^ 2 j + 1 (^ ^ _Jm ) (106.10)

-
(2 j i + I )( 2 j 2 + 1 )
1777/1777^2) |j m )
( ji , j 2).
- -
. (m \ m 2 \ j m )

(11.18).

ji , j 2;
: ( j i m i j 2 m 2 \j ij 2 j m ) 2) .
(106.9) ( . § 1 2 ).

31+32

m 2 )^j,mi+m2 (106.11)
j=\h-h\

(106.9). , ;
) , ( 6 0 .2 ) :
(“ I)J_m^i,-m.
,
( 1 0 6 .8 ) jm
.
2) ^ 2 C j ^ nij 2Tri2
- .
528 . X IV

(7711777,2|jm ) = (J 777177717 2) •

(106.11)
j, ( ji , 777,1 j 2, 777,2).
(106.9) ,

. (12.5), (12.6)
X {m±m 2 \ j m ) { m i m 2 \j'm') =
\ 2

= (2i + 1) X (m i m 2 —m ) (m i m 2 - m ') = (106-12)

m i , m 2
(mim21 jm ) (m^m^ |jm ) =
j
/n . , ^ / i i J2 j \(ji h J \-x x
\ j t ' \m i m 2 m '2 —m ) mim’i rmm'2-
j
(106.13)
^- .
1)
1/2
[ 32 \ _ ( i i + h ~ h ) !( i i - J 2 + ^ )! ( - j i + 3 2 + 3 ) !
i^mi m2 ,
(ii+ i 2 + i 3 +i)!
x [(<7 i+ m i) ! ( ji- m i) ! ( <72+m 2)!(j2-m 2)!(<7 3 + m 3 )!(j3 -m 3)!]1/2x
x ^ { [ { - l ) z+n~32~m'i \ [ z \ { j i + j 2 - j z - z ) \ { h - m i - z ) \ x
Z

x ( j2 + m 2 - ^ ) ! ( j 3 - <7 2 + m i+ z )!(j3 -<7 i - m 2+ z)!]_1}. (106.14)

z\
, ,
1) ( 1 0 6 .9 )
(1 9 3 1 ).
(1 0 6 .1 4 ) (G. Racah, 1 9 4 2 ) .
, ,
( )
( 1 0 6 .4 ) ( 5 7 .6 ) ( ,

.
E
. 2 7 2 ).
3^ - ). ( .
^- -
.
§106 ^- 529

.
1 , 2 , 3;

z.
(106.5), (106.6),
3 j- ,
, , ,
, .
, (3x3) ,
3 j- :
3 2 + h —j i + j i - h J 1+ J 2 - J 3
( 31 32 \ _ 31 - m i 32 - 2 h - (106.15)
\ m i 7712 )
ji+ m i j2+ m 2 h +
(
j\ + 32 + j 3 ). : 1)
^’- (—1 )^1+^2+^ (
(106.5)); 2 )
(
(106.6)); 3) ^’-
1).

.
3~ _ (106.16)
{ — ) - /2]~+1
(106.2).

( 32 J1 + J 2 _ /_
[mi 2 — 7 \ — 7712/ '

1/2
( 2 j 1) \ ( 2 j 2) \ ( j 1 + j 2 + m i + m 2 ) ! ( j i + 32 -m i - m 2)\
( 2j i + 2j 2 + l ) ! ( i i + m i ) \ ( j i - r r i i ) \ ( j 2 -\-m2) \ ( j 2 - m 2)\
(106.17)
(■3i 32 ^ = (_]_)-ii+J 2 +m3 x
ji ~ j i —m 3 m3
1 1/2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( 2 j i ) \ ( - j i + j 2 + j 3) ! ( j i + J 2 + m 3) ! ( i 3 - m 3 )!_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( j i + j 2 + j 3 + l ) ! ( j i - i 2 + i s ) ! ( i i + i 2 - <7 ) ! ( - <71 + <72 - 3 )!(<73 + 3)!

) . T. Regge/ / N u o v o C i m e n t o . 1 9 5 8 . V . 1 0 . P . 5 4 4 ; 1 9 5 9 . V . 1 1 . P . 1 1 6 .
( 1 0 6 .1 5 ) (
( 1 0 8 . 3 ) 6^ - ) .
. . . . // . 1972. . 106. . 3.
530 . X IV

(106.14).
1/2
(31 32 \ _
Vo (2p+l)!

(p-ji)Kp-h)Kp-hY

2P = j i + J 2 + J3
, 1)
( 2 3 j-
(106.6)).
. 9 , , 3 j-
j 3 = 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2. j%
^’- , (106.5), (106.6)
.
9
3^ -
1/2
j + 1/2 j 1/2 j - -1/ 2 j - - 1/2
= (- 1)
- - 1 /2 1/2 (2 j + l)( 2 j + 2 )J
Jl J 1
( - 1 )'
m —m —

3 = 0
2 m
[ 2 j ( 2 i + l ) ( 2 i + 2 ) ] 1/ 2

2 (j + m + l)(j - m + I ) 1 1/2
3+ 1
(2j + l ) ( 2 j + 2 )(2 j + 3 ) .

3 = 1
1/2

J
2i(2i + l)(2i + 2) .
1/2
(i - ^ )(i - m + 1 )
3+ 1 (2j + l)(2j + 2)(2j + 3)
jf—m+1/2 | J 1 3/2
( - 1)
— —

Jl = 1/2

x) . .
§106 ^- 531

9 ( )
1/2
j — + 1/ 2
—(j + 3 m + 3 / 2 )
U 7 4 2 i ( 2 i + l) ( 2 i + 2 )(2 i + 3 ).

3Q — + 1 /2 ) (j — m + 3 /2 ) (j + m + 3 /2 ) 1/2

• ( 2 j + 1 ) (2j + 2) (2j + 3 ) (2j + 4 ) .

m 3 = 3 /2

3 ( i - m - l / 2) ( j - m + 1 / 2 ) 0 + m + 3 / 2 ) 1 1/2
2 i(2 i + l) ( 2 i + 2 )(2 i + 3)

(j - t o - 1/ 2) (j - m + 1/ 2) (j - m + 3 / 2 ) 1 1/2

( 2 j + 1 ) (2j + 2) (2j + 3 ) (2j + 4 )

(-I)* J 2
m —m —m 3 m3
J1 m3 = 0

2 [3 m 2 - j ( j + l) ]
[(2j - l ) 2 j ( 2 j + l ) ( 2 j + 2 ) { 2 j + 3 )] 1/ 2

6 (j+ m + l)(j —m + 1 ) 1 1/2

i+i —2 m
2 j ( 2 j + l ) ( 2 j + 2 ) ( 2 j + 3 ) ( 2 j + 4 )J

6 O' + to + 2 )Q + m + 1 )Q - to + 2 )Q —m + 1 )] 1/2
i + 2
(2 j + l)(2 j + 2 ) (2 j + 3 )(2 j + 4 )(2 j + 5)
m3 = 1
1/2
+ m + 1 )0 - to )
60
3 (1 + 2 m)
(2j - 1)2j (2j + 1 ) ( 2 j + 2 ) ( 2 j + 3 )
1/2
0 - m + 1)0 - to )
3+ 1 —20 2?7i “t- 2)
2 i(2 i + l) ( 2 i + 2 )(2 i + 3 )(2 i + 4)

Q + m + 2)0 - to + 2 )0 - m + 1) Q - to ) 1 1/2
i + 2
(2 j + l ) ( 2j + 2 ) (2 j + 3 )(2 j + 4 )(2 j + 5)

3i m3 = 2

60 - m - 1)0 - m)(j + m + 1)0 + m + 2 ) 1 1/2

3
(2j - l ) 2 j ( 2 j + l ) ( 2 j + 2) { 2 j + 3 )

0 -- tTO
o -- 1 )Q
) 0 -- to) 0 -- TO
rn)(j to ++ 1 )Q
) 0 ++ TO
to + 2 ) 1 1/2
3+ 1 -2
2 j(2 j + l)(2 j + 2 )(2 j + 3 )(2 j + 4)

0 - TO - 1 ) 0 - t o ) 0 - t o + 1 ) 0 - TO + 2 ) ' 1/2
3+ 2
. (2 i + l) (2 j + 2 )(2 j + 3 )(2 j + 4 )(2 j + 5) .
532 . X IV

1/2 Z,
j .
. ( 1 0 6 .8 ) ,
^ ( . .
), ^— ( )
( = ± 1 / 2 ):

, = (-1 )l+m~1/2^ 2 j + 1 ^ ( _1 ^ ,, -„ -
Zj- ,

1+1/2, ~ ( “ ) Yl, -1/2 + J (“3 ) Yl’m+1/ 2'

1-1/2, - \ 2™
++2 ( 2) ¥1' - 1/2 + 3^™+2 * ( 2) Y(’m+1/2'

§ 107.

§ 29 ,

.
,
( . . 268)
1) .
2 + 1
( — )
2 +1 Y^q
(<q = —fc,. . . , fc) ( . . . 268). ,

,
Y^q. ,
fk q,
.
, = 1, f\q
:
/ = fi,±i = T { i / V 2 ) ( a x ± i a y) (107.1)
( . (57.7)).

) , § 1 0 7 -1 0 9 ,
(1 9 4 2 /1 9 4 3 ).
§107 533

/2 0 = — /3/2 CLZZ4 /2 ,± 1 = = (axz ^ ) (107 2)

/ 2 ,± 2 = (1/2)(0' i 2 iCLXy ) .
+ + azz = 1) .
(
) /& , fk2q2
, \, 2
« »,
. , \
2 = \ +
+ &2 , . . . , |fci — 2\

(fk 1gk2)KQ = ^2(<ll<l2\KQ) fk iqigk2q2 =

9192

= ( - l ) kl~k2+Q V 2 K T l J 2 { kq l ql - q ) fk iqigk2q2 ( 7.3)

(cp. (106.9)).
, ,
ifkgk) 0 0 = ^ { - t ) k~qfkqgk,-q, (107.4)
Q
(107.3) = Q= 0
/2 + 1 ( . (106.2))2).

( / )00 ^ ^ fkq§kq’>

, = (- * - ’ /* .- ,
( . (28.9)3).
) ,
, . .
.
2) — , ( 1 0 7 .1 )
fiq g ig ,
(figi)oo = .
3) , ( 1 0 6 .8 ) :
\ 2
( 1 0 7 .3 )
.
534 . X IV

,
.
,

fkq^njm ^ ^( j \fkq \7ljm) (107.5)

n fj fm r

ifjnjm —
, j,
.

(107.5))
(106.11). .
f^ q
j m —)►j fm f,
« » j' = j + ;
j \ ji, «
» (. . ),
a m! = + q. ,
2j ^ .
, ,
(107.5)
(106.11) ( - ).
, /,

( n' j'm '\f kq\njm) = i k( - i y ™*-“m' ( _ ^ kg I ) (n'j’WM nj) ,

(107.6)
j max — j j f; (nfj f\\fk\\nj) — ,
, /, qf;
.

,
fj^q 1).

) , , § 29
( 2 9 .7 ) - ( 2 9 .9 )
.
§107 535

f^q

fk q = ( " I )k~qf k , - r ( 7.7)

{ ' j ' m ' \ f kq\njm)* = (—l ) k~q( n j m \ f k _q\n'j'm'). (107.8)

(107.6) ^’- -
(106.5), (106.6),
« » )
(n'j'WfkWnj) = (nj\\fk \\ri j')*. (107.9)
(107.4) j .

( n ' j m \ ( f kgk)oo\njm) =
= ' ^ 2 ( - l ) k~4 ^ ( n ' j m \ f kq\ n " f m " ) { n " j " m " \ g k - q\njm}.
q n " j" m "

(107.6)
q " 3 j-
(106.12), :

( n ' j m \ ( f kgk)oo\njm) = j \ \ f k \\n"j")(n"j"\\gk \\nj).

3 7l"j"
(107.10)

J 2 \ ( n ' j ' m ' \ f kq\njm)\2 = ^ - ^ - |( n '/ ||/ f c ||n j ) |2, (107.11)

qm ' 3

\(n ' f m>\fkq\njm}\2 = j' \\ fk \\nj)\2. (107.12)

mm'

q mf
, — ' q (
! = + q).
, , ,
f^q Y^q,

) ( 1 0 7 .6 ) ,
.
536 . X IV

1\
12, . .

{ h m 1\Yim \l2m2) = j Y ^ Y ^ Y i ^ d o . (107.13)

,
(1 + I2 = l i ),
, I + 1\ + 12
. , -
( — 1 )^1 + ^2

(—1)1 -
( . §30).
(107.13)
, §110 ( .
. . 547).

( i i m . \Yl m \ h m 2 ) = ( \ 1 ^ ) ( ‘> ' £ )

1 /2
( 2 / + l ) ( 2 Z i + 1 ) (2 Z 2 + 1 ) ^ 0 7
47

, \ = 2= = 0

(107.15)
-1

§ 108. ^-

§ 106 3 j -
(106.4),
.

. , ^’- -
j\, j 2, js ( m i,
2, m 3 ) ,
, -
' —
.

, ^’- -
. j,
§108 ^- 537

m, . ,
.
« » 3j-

£ ( - i r m ( £ .) ( i . ) f108' 1)

( . (106.2)).
« » ,

3j- .
^- , ,
:

(h 32 js \ ( j l J2 js \ x
\mi m2 m s ) V— \ —m 2 —m s )
171117121713
X ^ _ ]_^ ji+ j2+ j 3 - m i - m 2 - m 3 _ ^ Jl 32 3 ^ = 1
msj
171117121713
( m i + m 2 + ms = 0
(106.6) (106.12)). ,
,
. ^’- j
. j
, « », 3j- , ,
^’- -
6 j,
( . 45);
^’- .

,
:

(jl J2 j $ \ = ST' / j1 j2 j3 \
U4 jb J6J ^ K ’ V -^ l ~m2 - m 3)

x ( jl jb J6 A ( J4 32 J6 A ( J4 jb j s \ /1 q o )
\mi - 5 m§) \ 4 m 2 — §) 7774 m§ m s ) * ^ ' ’

; , ,
3j- ,
538 . X IV

. ,
(108.2), Qj-
).
(108.2), ^- -
, , 6 j-
,

.
ji.-.je ^-
24 2) .
, 6j- ,
, ,
. 45
j:

j i h js 1 = 31 \ (32 + 3 + 3 ~ 36 ) \ ( + 36 + 32 - )
(108.3)
U4 36) 34
1
^(3 2 + + ~3 ) ^( + 36 + ~ 32)
( T.Regge, 1959)3) .
6 j- 3j- ,
(108.2):

4
31
m i -7715
36
)( 4
32 36
2 - §;

34 3 \ _ ( 31 32 J3 32 J 3 \ ( \
(■ -777/4 ) \777/1 2 777/ \ j 4 jb k ) ' ^ ‘ '
, ,
(108.2), ( ^’- -
). , (108.4)
( . 45) ;
. , -

1)

W ( j 1j 2j d 5 ' , j 3 j 6 ) = (-1y i + 3 *+3* +35

32 /3) .
is 76J

2) . 45
, 24 j
24 ( -
) .
) . . . 529.
§108 ^- 539

^- — (108.4),
.
( ^’- )
,

(31 32 js
\m i m2 ms)
m i, m 2 , m 3 .
^’-
,
.
j i , jf’2 , js
J. J ( )
, , ;
( , ,
).
, , : 1)
ji j2 J12,
j \2 js J; 2)
j2 js ^'2 3 , j '23 j\ — J.
, ( ji , jf’2 J 3 ,
J, ) j\2 \
ipj12jM ( , ,
jij2js)- ,

« » (j \ 2 ,7 2 3 )?
, , ( J, )
,
j \2 j\s-

^2{jl2\j23)^j12JM- (108.5)
j 12
,
—
.
,
j i j2 js 12 J 23 J 5 , . .
( ) .

.
540 . X IV

(106.9)

' J23JM = ^ ( ^ 1 ^ 2 3 1J ^ 23 23 =
( )

= ^ ( 1 2 |^ )( 2 2 3 » 2 )'0 1 ^ 2 2^ .
( )

i>h2JM = ^ { r n 3m i 2\ J M ) ( m i m 2\ji2rrii2)i>hm1^j2m2i,hrnz
( )
( ( ) ,
m i, m 2 , . . . ) .
'ij)jm,

O 1 2 U2 3 ) = J ]12j M ^ j 23 JM dq =

= ^ ( m 3mi21 J M ) (m im 231J M ) { m \ m 2\j i 2m i2) (m2m 31j 23m23) .

(m )

, (
) .
,
1/(2 J + 1 ) .
(m\nri 2 \j m ) ^- (106.10), :

( ji2 ' )= ( - 1 ) jl +h+js+J /(2ji2 + l) ( 2 j23 + 1) Jj f2l\ ■

(108.6)

6j- (108.5)

^- .
, (108.5) (
),

£ > + 1 )(2 / + 1){ % I /}= % »• ( .7 )

—
j i 2 , 22,
(108.6)
, ,
^ 0 ’l2|i23)0’23|i3l) = (il2|j3l)-
J23
§108 ^- 541

(108.6) ,

( _^\j+j3+j6 -L fh J*4 ,761 p 4 Jl J*6l _ fjl J2 ,731

v 7 vJ } u i j i \ j 2 h h i U4 h h i '
j
(108.8)
,
1)
6j - :

£ (-1 > (2 , + 1) % ?}{£ 5 j} { £ % f b

j
_ (jl J2 J 3 \ f J6 j l J5\ n\
U4 h h f ih h hi ( ' '
(L. C. Biedenharn, J. P. Elliott, 1953).
, ,
6j - . 6 j-
:

U4 jl %} = A (W2h)b(hj536)Atid2h)A(j4j533)x

£ ____________________________( ~
(« - ji ~ ji - is)!( - ji - is
1) ( +
- j e )!( -
1 )!_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

j i - j i - j e ) !(2 - J4 - is —is)!
x ( j l + J2 + J4 + J5 — ) ! (j 2 + J3 + J5 + J6 — !(j3 + jl + J6 + J4 — z ) !,
(108.10)

" (a + 6 — )! (a —b + )! (—a + b + )!
A(abc) =
(a + 6 + + 1 )!

z,

. . 10 6 j-
, 0 , 1 /2 1 .

3 j- .
3j- ,
3j-
. ^- 18 j,

) . .
542 . X IV

9
j. 9j -
( . Wigner, 1951)1):

311 312 3} 3
321 322 J23
' 311 312 321 322 : \
, \2 21 22 2)
hi 332 J33

3 31 J32 J33 3 11 321 3 31

0 )
( 3J 12 J 22 J32
/32 \ / 3 J23 J33 A f1 0 8
\ \2 22 ^32/ W l3
32 ^23 ^33) ' ' ' '

10
6^ -

(-1 s —
0 6 (2 6 + 1) ( 2 + 1)

1/2
(s -2 6 )(s -2 c + l)
( 2 6 + 1 )(2 6 + 2) 2 (2 + 1)

1/2
(s + l)(s —2 d )
2 6 (2 6 + 1) 2 (2 + 1)

1/2
6 s( s + l ) ( s — 2 — 1 )(s — 2 )
= ( - 1) (2 6 - 1 )2 6 (2 6 + 1) ( 2 - 1) 2 (2 + 1)
1 - 1
1/2
6 2 ( s + 1 )(s - 2 ) (s - 2b) (s - 2c + 1)
= (-1
1 - 1 2 6 (2 6 + 1 )(2 6 + 2) ( 2c - l ) 2c ( 2c + 1),

1/2
6 (s - 2 6 - l)(s - 2 6 ) (s - 2 + l)(s - 2c + 2)
= (-i)
1 - 1 >+1 (2 6 + 1 )(2 6 + 2 )(2 6 + 3 )(2 c - l) 2 c ( 2 c + 1)

6 2 [ 6(6 + 1) + c(c + 1) — a{a + 1 )]

= ( - i ) s+1 [2 6 (2 6 + 1 )(2 6 + 2) 2c ( 2c + l ) ( 2c + 2 ) ] 1/2
1 6

1) ( 1 0 8 .1 )
3^ -
( — 1) ^ ^ ' - ). , ,
( 1 0 6 .6 ) 3 j - , ,
, ^2 171 ,
( 1 0 8 .1 1 ) .
§109 543

6 j- :
311 312 3}
321 322 323
hi 332 J33 j
*12 322 j p \ (jl J23 \ 0 8 1 2)
*21 j j23) \ j j 11 jl2 J J
(108.11) (108.12) ,
(108.12) (108.2)
3j- .
9?- ,
(108.11)
3j- . ,
9?- (—l)^-7.
, 9?- , . .
.

j. ,
( - ).
. ,
> 3
3nj- . ,
12 ^- ).

§ 109.

, (
1 2 ), —
, .

, (107.6),

(n l 3 l m l\fkq* \n l j l m l ) =

= n j („ / ,). (109.1)

) 9 ;- ,
^ ’- . . 272 :
. . , . . , . . .
. — , 1960; . . ,
. . , . . . . —
.: , 1975.
544 . X IV

;
,
,
(109.1).

j i j 2 J M n i r i 2 (J, —
). 1,
2.
J2 5
2 . (j 2 ,
2 )

(107.6)

( n 'j J / M 'l / i J V u 'i J M ) =

= i‘ ( _ l ( n ' u l / l l / W l l m j i J ) . (109.2)

(109.1) (109.2) ,
:

= 2 ( - i y '. - * + M' - * V (2 J ' + 1 )( 2 J + 1 ) ( 4 _JM , \ x

mimj

x (m 1! rn 2 —m ) K i W i l / £ V m ^ i > -

(109.1), (109.2)
(108.4), ,
( (109.1), (109.2))
6j - .
§109 545

WtJ'Wf^WnijlJ) = ( - l ) i l max+^+Jmin+^(2 J+ 1 )(2 J/ + 1)

{ Jj % }< rte\\fP \\m h) (109.3)

( j 1 max — j i, J min— J , J ').

, :

( n ^ ' l l / f l l W ) = ( - 1 ) * + * — +-'"“ + V ( 2 J + 1)(2 J>+ 1)

* { 3j £ ( 0.4)

(109.3)
(109.4) ( —1)
.
,
.
,

( . (107.4))
,
( ).
(107.10)
(
)
:

{nW2flf2J M \ ( f k )f k ))00\n l n 2 j l h J M } =

= V J J)
2 2
J"

( , ,
,
). (109.3), (109.4)
(108.8), ,
546 . X IV

; \ J 2J

X <^i Ji 11/fci:>11”-1 J 1 >< ^ 2 J 2 11/fc2) 11” -2 J 2 >• ( 9.5)

§ 110.
-

,
,
D- .
(106.11)

Jimi ^ 2^2 m = mi + m2
j

. ^- (58.7),

V’jm'
(106.9)
V^'irau ^ j 2m2 5

J (110.1)
( = m i+m 2 , ! — ^+ ^ acj
, /3, 7 . 3 j- ,

X
j
( 110.2)

( D- (58.19)).
§110 - 547

(110.2) D^)m, _ ( )
duo
(58.20),

I[ D mjmiv
(i) ] { u j ) D (j2}
' 2 24( u j' ) D (h)3 v ' g,^2 =
_ ( Jl J2 J3 \ / J l J2 J3 A /1 in
Vm^ m '2 m '3 y \ m i m 2 ^ 3/ ^ '
(
). 1) .
fk qf — &,
x fy fz f = £
( £— ); , , -
.
fk q —
xyz.

,
, D- :

Vw = (110.5)

j — ; —
z\ /1 — ;
, j /i = 0
(110.5)
( . (103.8)).
(110.4) (110.3) (
D- (58.19)),
(j'v'm'lfkqljlJ'm) = i3~3' ^(2j + 1)(2j' + l)x
X ( V £ l ) (-m ' X m) ( 0.6)
( / = / / —(i. q = rn' — mn).
x) j 1 = / 1, j 2 = / 2 , J 3 = /3 m [ = m '2 = m'3 = 0
.D o m , ( 5 8 .2 5 ) , ,
( 1 1 0 .3 )
( 1 0 7 .1 4 ) .
548 . X IV

.
j, j f
m, !. /i,
//, , , :
« » ,
« » (/i'|/^ /|/i).
(110.6) , 7? /,
,
.
(107.6),

O V l l/ f c l b » = i y — - ^ V ( 2 j + 1)(2 j> + 1)

(4 1 ' > I) ( '1fkM- (HO-?)

(110.6),
! ( q= '— )
, ,
(107.11):

^ 2 \ ( f ^ m ' \ f kq\j ^m )\2 = ^ T ^ - | 0 V ||/fe |b » | 2 =

qm'

= ( 2 / + 1) ( _ ^ , kq, \(n'\fkq'\n)\2- ( 0.8)

(107.9)
x y z (110.7), ,
(107.8)

/ ' = ( - 1 )/ _< (^ 1// ,-< '1

^ ](.
- ,
( ),
( = ( , /3 = #),
.
(110.5) / 7 / /2 ( . .
. 389). , ,
: D ^ m(a ,/3 , 7 ) 7
§110 - 549

'7, (110.3)

"ra'O1, /[ D m\m
ij)] (a,/3,0)Dij2}
' (a,/3,0)D(if
2 2v ’ } ( a , ^/3,0)' sinadad1
7 m3msy 4^
3

= / jl J2 J3 \ f J l J2 J3
Vmi 2 m3 Vm'i m '2 m'3y
( mr = [ + m'2 + m'3)
.
(// — /i = (/),
( £)
.
(110.6), (110.7)

.
 XV

§ 111.

«
» |.

s, . .
= -8, ( . )
1 1
S
s— , a /i —
.
jiz — /s. , fi
(
) /iz,
= s.
/h s

( z). ,
( ) /(2 )
( . II, §44).

. — | |/ , . .
(
— . IV, §33).
( 1/ 2) ,
, — ,
= ML = , 927 • -20— . (111-2)
2
.

, / {2 ), —
.
2,79 ,
.
1,91
.
§111 551

, s,
( 1 1 1 . 1 ), ,
:
.
d (d = const -s)
:
1).

,
.

= ^ ( - ; ) 2+ ^
( — , — , —
( . II, § 16).
,
:
= —i h V , 2)

= ^ ( - ^ ) 2 + <. (111.3)

,
. ,
.

, ,
, .

( 111.3) — ,
| . ,

1) , (
)
:
d, ( , ,
: d
, — ).
2) ,
( II, § 1 6 ), ,
.
552 . XV

, , 1)

=— ( -- ) 2- + ev?. (111.4)
2 V /

( — ( / ) )2 ,
, , ,
.

= - ‘- 2 - ( + ) + ^ 2 - ^ sH + < . (111.5)
2 2 2 s
(16.4)

— = —iHdiv . (111.6)
, , div = 0. ,
, ,

= ( 1 / 2 ) [Hr]. (111.7)
?/ d t = (111.4)

. ,
,—
2s.

,
. ( . II, § 18),

—^ A + V /, ( —>►( ---- (111.8)

at
/— .
.
,
; ,
| |2.
, ,
( 1 1 1 .8 )

—> (^/)- (111.9)

1)
:
.
§112 553

(
).

mv = — / .
v , -
.

mv = —- , (111.10)

{vx, v y} = i - ^ - H z , {vy, v z} = i ^ H x,
(HI )
{%,%} = i - - ,
m
.
,
( ) .
,
.

( ).
( . § 18 60), =

.
(111.4), —sH,
. —

, s*
—s.
, , ,
^‘-^
^ ' ”*
( . §60). ^
(57.4), (57.5) (sH ^)*
^ , ,

,
554 . XV

§ 112.

{ . . , 1930).

(111.7), :
— —A z —0
( z ).

H = ^-(px + ^ y ) 2+ f + f - H s zH. ( 112.2 )

2 V / 2 2 s

, s'z
(
). , ^-

sz = .

1 , . -2
\ + — ) + P y + P z - — = . (112.3)
2

z.
pz ( z), . . - ^-
.

= ~( + pzz)\x(y)- (112.4)
pz —
. Az = 0 , ^-
m vz.
,
; ,
« ».
(112.4) (112.3),
{ )-
// ,
+
2m
+ — —
2 )
)
WH(y - yof = 0, (112.5)
§112 555

$= — /
|| ( 112.6 )
UJH

(112.5)
(23.6) ,
- ,
(112.5), ,
( + 1 /2) , = 0 , 1 , 2 ,...
,
:

= ( + -) + — - — . (112.7)
V 2/ 2 s

, ,
; .
/ s = —\ \ / , (112.7)

= (\ +-2 + )/ +—
2 777,
• (112.8)
( ),
(112.7), (23.12)
( = / )

= ( n 2 -e )

,
( ),
.
-
.
xq = ( / ) + ( ,
( 1 1 2 .2 )).
- 1).

) ,
c m v t / e H (vt — , . II, § 2 1 )
= — / = —{ c m / e H ) v x + .
, .

= (cm/eH)vy + = / + .
556 . XV

,
$ $
.
(112.7) ,
,
. , ,
, ,
S = L xL y. (
) ( /2 ) .
,
S (
Ly). 0 < < Ly =
= eH Ly/c. , (
pz) S /2 : .
z ( L z), pz
Apz ( /2 )

eHS Lz eH'V / -| » -| \
2 27
= V
47
T 7 T A Pz - 1 1 2 .1 0

:
( 1 1 2 .8 )
, = 1 /2 + 1 , = —1 / 2 .

1.
,
.
. , ip, z z
( 1 1 1 .7 )
= p/2, A z = = 0 1)

1±( ± ) + ^ +^ ]-^ ± + !& = ' ( 1)

2 V ) dz dtp 2 dtp 8

imip

^ = v r /PzZ/hR{p)
2
pz 2
-- ------- — pz R = 0.
2 \ 2 2 °

) = — | |,
.
.
§112 557

£ = ( / 2 ) 2,

£ "+ '+( - - + 0 - — ) = 0, /3 = — ( - - —.
V 4 4£/ V 2 ) 2
£ —» - ^ 2, £ —» 0
,
(0 = e“*/2£|m|/2w(0
(£ )
:

w = F j - (/? - 1) , \ \ + 1, £

, /3 — (\ \ + 1 ) / 2
.

\ \ + + 1\ pi
— ( + , /
V 2 J 2
( 1 1 2 .7 ) .

1+| |
\ \\ \? _ 1

= / / ; J R 2p d p = 1. -

.
2. ,
U( r) (\U\ < 2/ 2,
— ),
( . . , 1 9 6 0 ).
. U( r) (
) ;
( . § 4 5 ).
U( r)
, ( )
U .
— ( )
, . . — ;

.
,
( ( 1) , 11
) R( p ) ( 2 );
= = 0.
= Roo ( p ) x( z ) , Roo(p)
pdp, x(z )

- ~z~X + (z)x = sx, (3)

2
558 . XV

s = — Hu j h / 2 ,

U{z) = z 2 + p 2)Ro o ( p ) p dp

(a m — ).
U (z),
£— .
1 § 45,

J m , z 2 + p 2) R o o ( p ) p d p d z (4)
2 2 2 2
Roo(p) ~ •
, , dp
< , Roo(p) « .R o o (O ) = 1 / -
2

J ),) d V | (5 )

( d V = 2 7 p d p d z —> 47 2 dr). ,
, (4 ) < ,
/ #) U( z ) . dp
Roo 1,

/
,/ _ 2
2
dz (6 )
~W
, £ < -
3.
, , — (R. J. Elliott,
R. Loudon, 1 9 6 0 ) .
. , 4/ ? , -

.
2 , (3 ),

R qo(p )p
U(z) = — ' ( 7)
/ V p2+
-R o o ,
,
{ /2) .
, (^ ),
\z\ < , ( ,
z = 0 ).
, 1 §45,
(6).
« » \z\ ~ ,
— \z\ ~ ( \z\ ~ sj 2 + z2 \z\ (7 )
§113 559

).

2 4 . 2 cl b 4 . 2 /
£ = ------^ “ 1 ----- = — ^ 2 2 I |3 - (8 )
\ \
, , :
, / , ;
.

(3 ) U(z) « —e 2/z ( (7 )
z ~ ^ )- % = z<p(z)

h2 1 d ( 2 d<p\ 2 , .

s- .
(3 6 .1 0 )

4 \
= 2 (10)
= 1,2,3,...
—
1/ \ ( / )•
(9 ) z > 0;
z < 0 x ( ~ z ) = x(z ) x ( ~ z ) = ~ x ( z )-
, ( 10)
. , ,
/ -

§ 113.

,
.

= 2
- z
[ «+
' L J2 + + J^H S , (113.1)

(
—| |); U —
; S = ^ s a—
( ) .
(111.7),
, .
, (113.1)
Hq ,
560 . XV

(111.7),

[ ]
,
KL .
,
= 0 + M L + 2S)H + V [ H r a ]2 (113.2)
8 z—^
(//,# — ).
= “ 2S) (113.3)
« »
, .
,
(
).
,
J , L, S ( . .
LS- — . §72).
, /

,
. (113.2)
,
.
, ,
.

(
),
. z,

= fiBH ( L z + 2 S z) = /iBH ( J z + S z). (113.4)

Jz
Jz = Mj. Sz
« » ( . §72).
§113 561

S
S', L J, Mj.
S « » J—
« »,
.
S = const J.
, , ,
J
.
^-
S z = const -Jz = const *Mj

S J = const J 2 = const •J ( J + 1),

J.
J , S J = S J.
SJ

S3 = -2 [J{J + 1 ) - L ( L + 1 ) + S ( S + 1)],

L 2, S2, J 2 ( . (31.4)). const

, , ,

S2 = M j 3
-?. (113.5)

(113.4),

:
= fi Bg M jH , (113.6)

■ J( J + 1 ) - L ( L + 1) + S(S + 1) ( 7)

. , g = 1, (S = ,
J = L), g = 2 , L —0 ( J = S ) 1) .

) , ( 1 1 3 .6 ) , ( 1 1 3 .7 ) ,
.
,
, ( 1 1 3 .6 ) g = 1.
562 . XV

(113.6)
2J + 1 M j = —J, —J + 1 , . . . , J . ,

— ,
M j = ± \ M j \ (§ 76) ) .
, , ,
(113.6), , g = 0 (
J 0, , 4 -£?1 / 2)-
§ 76,

.
.
—|ll H , —
.
,
= 0- = 0 -^ .
(11.16) (
), ,

, = (113-8)

— .
(113.6), ,
Mj
z
:
JLZ = - H B g M j . (113.9)
,
(S' = L = 0), (113.2)
, (
L S ).
(113.2)

1) , § 76 ,
. , —
,
. ,
, .
§113 563

[H ra] = ra sin #, — ,
, : sin 2 = 1 —cos2 = 2/3 (
L = S = 0 -

). ,

= -^ 2 " 2. (113.11)
12 2 ^ v !
, (113.8),
( L = S = 0
, , ).
, %
.
(P. Langevin, 1905):

, . . 1) .
J = 0, S' = L 7 ^ 0,
,
—
(113.11)2). , ,
(38.10),
,
—
,
. § 38 ,

.
, . . ,
c J = 0, L = 5 / 0 , (J. . van
Vleck, 1928).
, iiq H
,
(113.6),
(113.7); - .
) ,
- .
f n r 2 dr — ( ) ,
,
.
2) S = L 0 Lz, Sz
S, L, J —» S, L, J = 1 , , .
564 . XV

, , , - ,

( (113.2) -
). ,

— 1).
.
, Ml Ms
,

= 1 ( + 2 M s ). (113.13)

.
A L S (72.4) ^, M s (
,
— ).
.
LS = M l M s ,

= ( + 2Ms) + AMl Ms . (113.14)

( L S) .
, ( )
Mj , . .
= n Bgnj H M j , (113.15)
gnj— ,
( ,
J, ). ,
, ,
,
,

.
,
g n j M j = (n J M j \ L z + 2 Sz \ n J M j ) .

) ,
— ,
( 5 = 1 /2 1).
§113 565

gsbjM j ( gsbj — (113.7),

LS- )

g S L j M j = (S L J M j \ L z + 2S z \ S L M j ),
.

(§ 1 2 ). ,

= , g s M ,
SL
, gnj gSLJ Mj ,

Y , gnJ = Y , g S L J . (113.16)
SL

J,
. .

1. S = 1 /2 - .
. -
, . .
1)
V = + h b ( L z + 2 S Z)H.

,
L . S = 1 /2 , M l , M s (L , M l = —L , . . . , L ; M s = ± 1 /2 ) .
= M j = M l + M s (V
J z ),
.
= ± (L + 1 /2 )
— \ M l M s ) = |L l/2 ) | — L, —1 /2 ).

(M l M s \ V \ M l M s ) |M l M s ) .
: \ — 1 /2 ,1 /2 )
| + 1 / 2 , —1 /2 ).
, ,
.

) V , (L S )2 (
- ). , , , 5 = 1/2
(L S )2, ( . § 55),
LS .
566 . XV

LS
( M l \L\M'l ) ( M s \S\M's )
{ M l M s \ L S \ M l M s ) = M LM s ,
( + 1 /2 , —1 /2 |L S |M - 1 /2 ,1 /2 ) = ( - 1 / 2 , 1 /2 |L S | + 1 /2 , - 1 / 2 ) =

= — (Z/ + + 1 /2 ) (Z/ — - 1 /2 ).

£ = A ( L + 1 /2 ) ( . (72.6)).
.

= ± !1 ( + 1) = ± (L + 1 /2 ),

[1/ 2 | 2 „2 , 1 } 1/2
± = | + ± -{ + ) + ^ ----------
4 2L + 1
= L - 1 / 2 , . . . , —(L - 1 /2 ).
/s < 1

+ = + 2< + ~ = ^ 21±-
2L + 1 2L + 1
(113.6), (113.7) ( S = 1 /2 ,
J = L ± 1 /2 ). /s 1

* = ( ± 1 /2 ) + - ±
2 2L + 1
(113.14).
2.
.
. , ,
.
,
, . . - V = /i s H ( L + 2 S ), L, S —
.
,
/1 ( + 2 ) = /1 ( 2Q — ).
nz

<JM|- |JM) = 7 (7 T T )’
= Mj (
, (87.4) , —» J, Q).
,

=„ ^ 2 ! - 1
J (J + 1 )
3. .
. (AKJ\V\AKJ),
,
, § 87.
.
,
jiB H { K n z + 2 S z )
§114 567

( ). ,
( nz
(87.4)):

, ;

J.
( . (113.5))

( = Mj)

= ( ------ — [ J ( J + 1) + ( + 1) - 5 ( 5 + 1)]+
J ( J + 1) [ 2 ( + 1)

+ [ J ( J + 1) - ( + 1) + 5 ( 5 + 1)] \ .

4. .
.
. S = L = 0
,
.
(
) (| |/ )
. 1)

( 1)

— . ,
,

( . (121.8)). (1)
,

,
-
3 2
(2)

(fie (0) — ,
.
- < (0) = —1 ,8 0 Z 4^3m e 3/ 2 ( . (70.8)),
2

- = -0 ,6 0 Z 4/3H = - 3 , 2 • 10“ 5Z 4/3H .

1) -
( . II, §45).
568 . XV

§ 114.

,
,
( ) .
( , ), ( )
. ,

.
s « » —
J
. ( 1 1 1 . 1 ).

= - ^ ( 4.1)
S

( ,
).

1).
.
;
. ,
s
1/2
( . Majorana). ,
§ 57. ,
s 25 « »
1/ 2 . s
^2 sa « », —
25 .
(114.1) 25
:
= 2 , = -^ , (114.2)
z ' S

) , -
( )
, .
, ,

.
§114 569

25 « »
. ,

25 25
.

1.
1 /2 , ,
, H(t).
. 1' ,

1 "= - 2 . ( 1)
z,

1 =— 1, 2 = 2 .

i, 2
l^ 1!2 + \ 2 \2 = 1.
2. , ,
, ( )
z, .
.
= sin # cos u t , = sin0 sm ut, Hz =H cosO ,
(1) :

1= * (cos 0 • 1 + sin # • 2),

2 = iuH(sinO • ^ 1 — cos • 2),

, ,
/1
=
—i i o t /
' ( \
2/ i Q. t /2
' +
.
2
—i Q t /
' ),
2\

1 ifit / 2 -in t/2

2= 2 s h i Q e ^ 1/ 2
Q 2 cos Q — —2 cos
570 . XV

§ 115.

.
1)

SH = -~ J j S A d V , (115.1)

2) .
:
2 //
- -H s dV. (115.2)
* = / * ’ f i ( p - ; A )
, 6 = rot 6 ,

6 = / -— ( + 6 ) + ASA dV-
/■ 2

| rot - *? dV. (115.3)

pSA , :

j * 5 dV = -ih J y*V(5AV)dV = iHJ SAW * dV

( , ,
).
(115.3),

a rot b = — d iv [a b ] + b rot .

1) j :
, .
2)
( e /c ) v , ,
(1 / ) f j A dV. ,
,
6L = — [ j S A d V .

( . I, §40).
§115 571

div ,

J ^sV rotSA dV = J 6 ( *& ) dV.

SH = - ^ ~ c J <5 ( *- * ),
I d V+

+ J <5 * dV — ^ y , (^Arot( !,!s ) dV.

(115.1),
:
j = !£^[( *) - * ] - — * + — rot ( *1 ). (115.4)
2 s
,
, , , .
, ,

, ( 1 1 1 .8 ),
(111.9).
, (115.4)
= | |2 , ,

I + d iv j = 0.
(115.4) ,
. c ro tm ,

= ^ * = * (115.5)
S
.
(115.4)
.
—
j.
, *
+ ( , , +
).
:
Jnm = ^[( ;) m - ^ ™] - — ^ + ^ ^ ;8 ).
Zm s
(115.6)
 XVI

§ 116.

— , -
( )
.

,
.
,
, ,
( ) , ( )
.
1 /2, (
1836,1, — 1838,6 ).
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
, .
1) .
,
, , ( )
( )
. , , ,
,
( ),

( 1 ,< 5 2 , &2 ) —
.

) , , ( ,
. .) , . . ,

.
§116 573

, ,

,
1) .

(
), ,
. ,
, ,
,

. , ,
,

2) ; ,
, (

).
, ,

.
, ,
;
, ,
3) .

.
, ,

-
, ,
.

,
.

1 /2. , ( . §63),
S
1)
.
2)
,
( O.Breit, . U. Condon, R. D. Present, 1936).
3) ,
.
574 . XVI

(/?, ,
(± 1 / 2 )
.
,

( ),
,
1 /2. ,
( ) ),
«
» £ ( , ,
).
£
= ± 1/ 2 . ± 1/2
, —1/2 — 2).

. ^-

. (. .
) Z, N = Z +N

Tc = E rc = ^ = ^ - f (116 )
. . , ,
. ,
.

« »
, , S
.
- (. . )
,
(. . )
: ,

, « » .

) (1932)
( . Cassen, . U. Condon,
1936).
2) .
§116 575

.
, ,

.
, (
),
. , —

,—
,

£, . .
180° , £ ).
,

:
, . . ^- ,
£
, , .
= 1 = 0.
= 1 = 1 ,0 ,—1.
, (116.1), 2 ,
1, 0, . . = 1 ,
. : = 1
( , S = 1
, . §62).
= 1
. = 0
Tq = 0 : ;
, ,
.
,
, ,
s .
,
£, Tj-j, Tf (55.7),
5 ^.
,
.

,
576 . XVI

,
. ,
~ ^ _ / 0\
_ _ — yi )
. ,

1 , - _ f1
2 ^ \0 )

; (
).
,
, 2
.
,
( \, a i\ r 2 , 0 2 )
, . . rx, <J\
12 *, 2 . ± 1

— — ^ * (116.2)
, ^
=
=1.
, ,

= CJo, 1 = —0 0 1 . (116.3)
1 — 2,
, ,
2, ( + 1).
, = + 2 , 2
( + 1) = 3/4,
1)

= 1 — 2 = —^ —2 tit2. (116.4)

) , ,
§62.
§117 577

(L. A. Radicati, 1952). F—

- ( ),
,
.

( , ). (116.5)
, —^- .

,
( . §29).

; ^-
= 0, ±1,
= 0
^ = 0 , . .
( ,
= 0 ^—
. (29.7)).
, fp
er, a f n = 0. (116.5)

. . -
;
, ^-
.
578 . XVI

§ 117.

,
,
; 10 _ 13 .
,

( 1/4
, . ). U
,
,
1).
, ,
.
,
.
,
U:
-
si S2 - 1/2
( . § 55).
, , ns
, ( — , a s—
). ,
n, Si, S2
: S1 S2 (n s i)(n s 2 ),
2).
,

^ = Ui(r) + U2(r)(sis2) + £/3 (r)[3 (sin)(s 2 n) - s i s 2], (1 1 7 .1 )

, .
,
;
.
(117.1) « »
,
)
, -
( ) .
2) ,
, . .
. ,
.
§117 579

.
,
. « »
(117.1)
(116.4):

^ = {U4( ) + [/5 ( )(sis2) + U q ( ) [3(sin) (§2 .) S1 &2]} ‘ (117.2)

U= / + 6 . (117.3)
,
.
, , 1) .
, (117.1) (117.2),
S.
, S = Si + S2 S n = s in + S2 iiH
, sj = = 3/4, (si_n) 2 = (S2 1 1 ) 2 = 1/4 ( . (55.10)),

S1S2 = i ( s 2 - (sin)(s 2 n) = i [(Sn) 2 - . (117.4)

S2 S,
, (117.1)
(117.2), .
(Sn)2,
S2, S.
,
.
S
0 1 .
.
,
S', .

) , , ,

[ < M r ) + (p2 ( r ) P ] L S ,
L = [ ]— ( —
), a S = S1 + S 2 ; .
Sn
.
580 . XVI

( ) ( S = 0 )
A(r) + S (r)[(S n ) 2 —2/3] ( S = 1 ),
(117.3) ( . I ) 1) .
S
J .
, = 0
, =1 —
. , , S

( S = 1
S = 0), , S,

, . . .
, = 0
(S = 1 )
(S = 0 );
= 1
.
, , , ,
, (
J = L + S). L
,
J, S ( J, S )
L (
, (—1)L). ,
S = 1, J = 1 L = 1, . .
^ \.
J, S
L, L . ,
S = 1, J = 2 L = 1 L = 3, . .
3 2 + 3^ 2-
,
( =
):

) ,
= 0, S = 1
(
( ), ( ) ) ’,
, (
), ( )
. , = 1,
S = 0 , ,
, .
§117 581

= 1: 3 0" , 3 P f , ( 2 + 2) - 5 3^- . i 5 + ) i D +} l G + ^
= 0: (3 5 i + 3 £ i) + , 3£ + ( 3£ 3 + 3 )+ , • • •; ...
, , .
,

. - , , . .

.
,

« »,
( ,

). ,
.

C/i,. . . , C/g,
. ,

;
.
- ( ),
,

, 2.
— , 5/ 3, . .
1) . ,

, . .
.

, 2
( . 2 ).

R = 0 1/3, (117.5)

) , ,
,
2/ 3 ( .(70.1)).
2/3.
582 . XVI

R .
( )
~ 1,1 • -13 .

( . §70). ,
,
^ > 4 $/3.
(27 / )3, « »,
.
,
^47 / _ \3_
3 V2tt ) V ’

— . (117.5),
f37r2A V / 3 fe (9 ) 1/3 , , 1 _ 14 _i
= ------ = -—------= 1,4 • 10 • • .
^ \ 2V ) 2 0

$/2 ( — )
^ 30 , / ~ /4.

1.
S' .
. U st
(117.1)—(117.3) (116.3) (117.4):

Uoo = U i - - U 2 + U4 - - U s ,
4 4

01 = - -U 2 -U i + - 6,
4 4

Uio = + h j 2 + U4 + h j 5 + i ( [ / 3 + f76)[3 (S n )2 - 2],

U u = U! + - U 2 - U a - - U b + | ( U s - Ue)[ 3 (S n )2 - 2].

2. ,
;
.
. (
)
, « »
.

: 5 = = /2 ( —
). S = = 1,
77 ^ ( \
§118 583

= / 2, S = 0.
= 1, sz.
, s z = 1 /2 sz =
= —1/2;
S = 0 S = 1 1 /2 3 /4 (
2S + 1 5 ).
1 „
- ^ , 1 + 7^11 > 0 . (2)
4 4
, = 0, 5 = /2

\u w + > 0. (3)
4 4
= ^ = 0 S = = 1
3 /4 - 3 /4 , = 1, 5 = 0 3 /4 - 1 /4 , . .

^ U u + j - i l h o + U o J + ^-Uoo > 0 . (4)

16 16 16

, /2 /2 ,

.
, . . = 1 /2 = —1/2;
= 0 1 /4 .
, — S z = 0. Sz
S = 0 S = 1. ,
= 0, S = 0 = 0, S = 1
1 /4 - 1 /2 = 1 /8 . = 1, S = 0,
5 /8 = S = 1. ,

- ( Uoo + Uoi + Uio) + - U u > 0 . (5)

8 8
(1 )-(5 )
.

§ 118.

,
,
.
,
(

, « » ).
,
.
584 . XVI

- ,
, ,
. , , .

( -
)
.
:
,

1).

^ ( r i , . . . , ^) . /( ^, )
- —
.
, ( {),
/
* ->• * - R, Pi Pi - (118.1)
R— - ; —
; — ;
(118.1) —V
V,
= \ (S . Gartenhaus, . Schwartz, 1957).
, d = ^ ,
.

XX —^ )-

R = i f e rp + E r« )
' '
( ).
Z,

e Z I r p ^ e ( 1 _ f ) Z I rp _ e f J 2 Tn- ( 1 1 8 -2 )

) ,

.
§118 585

« » (1 — Z / ),
— « » — eZ/A. ,

, (118.2),
1.
,
, ~ 1 / .

:
,
sn , —
- ;
, .
,
, ,
. ,
. s, v
: [n v ]s . - -

si = -< £> (r)[n v]s, (118.3)

<()— ( . . . 579).
[rv] ,
(118.3)

Val = - / ( ) Is, (118.4)

/ = hip/rmp. , —
/ , -
— (§72);
,
,
( )
.
-
, . . /( )
. ,

, ,
-
, .
(118.4)
I j =
586 . XVI

= I = 1/2.
Is = 1/2 j = I+ 1/ 2 ,
(118.5)
Is = —(/ + 1)/2 j = I—1 /2
( (31.3)),
= _ 1 /2 - 1 + 1 /2 = /( ) ( / + 1/2). (118.6)
, j = I+ 1/2 (
1 s) j = I —1/2; ,
/( ) > 0 .
-

. , ,

,
.

,
jj- :

j = 1 + s, ,
1 s
( . Goppert-Mayer, 1949; . Haxel,
J.H. Jensen, H .E. Su es s , 1949)x). j
J (
,
).

:
- , ,

,
LS- .

j . 1
s ,

. , j
I = j — 1/2, I = j + 1/2.
j ( )
(—I) 1, j
/.
) LS- .
§118 587

I j
( ) «
» , , c l 1).
lsiy 2> 1^1/2? 1^3/2 - ->
, s, ,
?, ... /,
— j. , /,
j 2 j + 1
.
(
) ,
J, + —,
(
I ).

.
,
I.
, I
, .
, I j = 1+ 1 /2 (. .
Ins) ,
j = 1 — 1/2.
- .
.
, £
( . (116.1)). £
,
| ^|.
, . .
TOCB = \Tc\ = ( l / 2 ) ( N - Z ) . (118.7)

,— ,
= 0 ( ) ,
= 1( . . . 580).
,
.
, j
.
, -
) ,
, / + 1.
588 . XVI

, ( ) « »
(
1-2 ).
, , ,
, ( -
- ),
, .

,
,
—

(
).
- ( Z N)
- ,
.

.
.
,
,

.
, -
:
2 ,
1^3/2, l P l / 2 6 ,
1^5/2> 1^3/2) 2s i /2 12 ,
1/7/2) 2 / 2) 1 / 5 / 2 ) 2^1/2) 1&9/2 30 ,
2^5/2) l g 7 / 2 , 1^11/2) 2^3/2) 3si/2 32 ,
2/7/2, 1 ^ 9 / 2 ) 1 * 1 3 / 2 ) 2/5/2 > . /2) 3 pi/2 44 .

.
- , Z
N :
2,8,20,50,82,126.
1) .
) I /7/2 8 ,
, 28
.
§118 589

, Z, N
.
,
1).
(118.8)
.

. , ,
( )
«
»;
.

.
, , ,
, .
\i , , J,

= /lo g j, (118.9)
/io — , a g— .
~pz = ji^gMj.
( . (111.1)) /i,
, . . /i = i^ogJ]
_ ^
|i = /i ( J / J ) . (118.10)

, ,

.
, : (
) , . . g5s + g/1.
( /io, ,
,
.)
: g/ = 1, gs = 5,585
gl = 0, gs = —3,826 .

) 2 2 , 18 0g, 2§ 2 , 282 P b i2 6 ; 4
( N
).
590 . XVI

,
j;
gjj,
^ ^ j. ^ 1 ~
g j j = gsS + gjl = - (gl + ge)j + ~(gl ~ ge)(l - s).
j = 1+ s
,
gjj(J + 1) = \ ( g l + gs)j{j + 1) + \{gl - g s ) W + 1) - s(s + 1)],
s = 1/2, j = I ± 1/2,

gj = gl± = 1± V 2- (118.11)

fip = g j j :

(118.12)

Mn = i,91
— J• j -= 17- 1 1/2.
/ 0
(118.13)
lin = -1,91 j = 1 + 1/2
( . Schmidt, 1937).
,
(118.12) (118.13)
.
( . 1).

,
J
( ., , 3);

( J, ) , ,
,
1) .
) , , « »
.
(118.12) (118.13) ,
.
§118 591

, -

( (118.9))
( . Goppert-Mayer, J.H. Jensen, 1952). ,

—( / ) .
(118.3)
(111.7) , ,

v (r)i ; [n A ls = /(r )s [ r [ H r l l® = / < r ) s [ r [ S r llH '

= - ^ / ( r ) [ r [ s r ] ] = - - £ - r 2/ ( r ) { s - (s n )n } . (118.14)

1. (
J = j i + J2 ),
fii (12 .
. (118.11)
= -( _|_ 1 ( Ml _ - h)(ji + + !)
2 Vi l h) 2 V ji j*) J(J + 1)
2.
j = 3 /2 ( ).
. , § 67

.
(rrij, ^):
( 3 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( 1 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( - 1 /2 ,1 /2 ) , (- 3 /2 ,1 /2 ) ,
(3 / 2 , - 1/ 2 ), (1/ 2 , - 1/ 2 ), ( - 1/ 2 , - 1/ 2 ), ( - 3/ 2 , - 1/ 2 ).
,
(M j , ^) :
( 7 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , 2 ( 5 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( 3 / 2 ,3 /2 ) , 4 ( 3 /2 ,1 /2 ) ,
(1/ 2, 3/ 2), 5(1/ 2, 1/ 2)
( ;
M j, £ ).
(J , ):
( 7 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( 5 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( 3 / 2 ,3 /2 ) , ( 3 / 2 ,1 /2 ) , ( 1 /2 ,1 /2 ) .
3.
/2 ( )
1) .

) ( ( l s i / 2)4)
7Li.
592 . XVI

. J = 3 /2 ,

= \ ^ \ = 1 /2 .
,
M j = 3 /2 . Mj
( )
rrij , , :
(3 /2 ,3 /2 ,-3 /2 ), (3 /2 ,1 /2 ,-1 /2 ), (1 /2 ,3 /2 ,-1 /2 ), (1 /2 ,3 /2 ,1 /2 ).
^ '7

[. . . ]
( . . (61.5))
.
(1)

?_ = £ * - > = ± '; '

= 1 i = l

( . §67). ( ) -
( — ).
, _ (1)
, . . ,
; + + d = 0. ,
j = 3 /2 rrij
( (27.12))
3+ 3/2 = , 3+ 1/2 = ^ 3V>3/2, 3+ ~1/2 = 2 112, + ~3/2 = V3V>-1/2.
, J+ (1)

^+ ?/2 -1 /2 = + ~ )[ /2 -1/2 - \ % \ + 2 ( “ d ) [^ -1 /2 2 V’J / j ]

(
).
+ — = 0, — d = 0.
(1)

= 3.— , = ----- 2 = = — 1
/ /15 /15
, (
) rrij (ipm j / j ( jinn nj / j ) , ,
,
(1),
_ 9 4 1 /1 \2 1 / 1 3 \ 1 / 10
— — + I ^ + ^ /1 5 V ~ ^ ( 13^ + ^ )-
(118.12), (118.13) , 3/ 2:
fin = —1, 91, lip = 3, 79. /i = 3,03.
§119 593

4. ,
,
.
. N = Z = 0,
-

-= ' ^gnjn + ^gpip

( . §116). (116.5),
,

^(gn +gp)X ^j = +gp)J.

n,p
( 1 /2 )(g n + gp)J-
5.
j, -
(118.6) ( . Goppert-Mayer, J. . Jensen, 1952).
. (118.14) (
(118.14); )
, § 29,
^ ^ 2^ (sT)T + T ( s T ) - ( 2 /3 ) /( / + l) s
S - (sn)n = -S + --- / v ) ; 7 J \ (2)
3 (2/ —1)(2/ + 3)
,
j, . . = ,
= ( o j ) /j 2. (2) j ( ,
j (Is))
Is, I2 . ., , ,
(
):

= f ( r ) mp f ^ ~j~ 1 j = 1 ± 1 /2 (3)
4 (j + 1)
(nip — ; R— ; 2/ 2
R2 /( ) ).
/ (3) -
(118.6).

§ 119.

, -
, ;

- .

-
594 . XVI

.
,

, ,
.

. , ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
-
, . . (
) .
, , ,
(
150 < <
< 190 > 220). ,
-
.
-
,
« » .
,
,
(. .
).

. (A. Bohr, . R. Mottelson, 1952—

1953).
,
. , , ,
,
« ».

;
, - , .
, .

2§ 2 ;
( )
,
.
§119 595

: « »
. -

« »
.

(
), ,
( )
.
, . X I 1) .
«
».
.

2) , ,
.

( ) (g )
( ).
, 0 = 0
—
,
( . §78).
-
Og ( ),

;
.
,
« »
- « » .

. , -
) ,
, .
, - ,
,
- .
2) , Q ^ 0 (
). , Q
,
Q + , (
)
, .
596 . XVI

( = \ = \).
,

.
, -

,
;

1).

.
- ;

( . § 83).
J, ,
. J ,
:

J = fi, 0 + 1, 0 + 2, . . . (119.1)

( . (83.2)).
J = 0: 0+ 0“
J , 0“
0+— ( . §86). ,
- (0+) J
0, 2, 4, . . .

E Bp = ^ J ( J + l), (119.2)

I— ( ,
);
(

1)
I
.
§119 597

J (83.6)).
J, . . J = .
(119.2)
,
( ) . ,
-
( J = 2,4, 6, 8 , . . . )
(J = 0) , 1:3,3:7:12...
(119.2), ,
= 1/2,
.
(119.2)
,
. J
.
( . I, §39),

,
.
26KS, b—
; — (
), 8— ;
(

), , 1/2,

± 1 /2 — = 1 /2 1).
= J - ,

2 =

J /2,
, ± b( J + 1 /2 ) J = = 1/2.
(—1)J_1/ 26 (J + 1/2),
, (
- ) . ,

1) Q = 1 /2
,

.
.
-
fi = 1 /2 ( . §88).
598 . XVI

= 1/2:

= | J ( J + 1) + ( - 1 )J~ 1 / 2 b ( j + (119.3)

(A. Bohr, . Mottelson, 1953). , b

, J = 3/2
J = 1/2, . .
,

J.

.
, ,
,

.
,
.
\l
« » ,
. (
) ;
//,
, // . ,
, ( )
J —On —
« » ).
,
\i = / i n + gr (J — On). (119.4)
gr .

,
& = J-p
~\ J-n> ( 9.5)
1 1 —
(
gr = 1). (119.5), ,
Zj .

) Q 1 /2 ( .
2).
§119 599

J:

= jJ = ( - ^gv)n + g r J.

, J
.
= J

H = (p' + gr ) j ^ . (119.6)

1. Q -
Qo [A. Bohr,
1951).
.
Qo

Qik — “ Qo ~^
,
, Q zz = Qo.

§ 29 , riiJi = fi,
(75.2)
3t f - W i l )
(2J + 3)(J + 1)
fi = J

Q = Qo .
(2J + 3)(J + 1)
J Q /Q 1, .
2. fi = —.

/2 = 2/ / + g r , = J — .
.
J = —( = J —— = 0),
3
fi = '. J = —(

^ = J7_+l -1 = ^
2), fi = -9g r - -3f i ' .
3.
- ,
.
600 . XVI

. -
« » , . .
, D 2. -
---- h i ( J) -------- ( J)

J. J = 2
§ 103 (7), J = 3— (8).

§ 120.

( , ,
),
,
.

—
.
, ,
, ,
.

, , ,
.

— , ^— 1).

( 120.1)

(M i, 2 — ).

1)
: + ^2 = 0.
§120 601

.
,
5- , 5- (
I 0)
— 0
« » .
1).
Lp(r) —
, Ze/r
Ze. ,
Z e /r,

= - j (< - y ) ^ 2 {r) dV, (120.2)

{ )— ( 5-
- ).
,

—Zejr .
, 5
— 0 ( . § 32),
.
2 - , ( )
= 0,
.

2= 6 (120.2)

= - | ^ 2(0) J ( y - ^ j A ^ d V = ~ 2 {0) j r 2 A ^p-^)dV

( ,

). - = —47 5( ), 2 5( ) = 0 .
= —47 ,
—
.
= y i / ’2 {0)Ze 2 r i , (120.3)

) ,
,
Z e 2/ < 1.
602 . XVI

2 = f 2 dV —
(
2 = 3i?2/5, R— ).

(120.3) .
§ 71 (0) ,
( )
\/~Z. (120.3)
r 2 z 2.

§ 121.

,
,

— .

,
.

.
(
, ) ,
J
. ( )
F = J + i.

. F

F = J + i, J + i - 1 , . . . , | J — |, (121.1)
J 2 + 1
( < J) 2J + 1 ( > J) .

R ,
-
.

( — . §75).
/ ^
^ ’ / , — .
(/ ^ / )
§121 603

/^ 6 ^ (1 2 1 2)

Q ~ ei?2;

eQ 2R 2 ( ,
^ ~ . (121.3)

(121.2) (121.3), ,
( )
( / c)(H/mcR) ~ 15
; / ,
h/mcR .

^
Vu = aiJ (121.4)
( -
(72.4)). F
, ,

-2 F { F + l) (121.5)

( . (72.5)).

Qik
J .

QikJiJk, - -
^ ^ 2 1^ ^
“ J{Jk\ (121.6)

, Qik
(75.2).
(121.6) (
1 §84), ,
F

F 2{F + I) 2 + ± F ( F + 1)[1 - 2J ( J + 1) - 2i(i + 1)]. (121.7)

604 . XVI

, ,
s- ,
.
,
5- ( . Fermi, 1930).
- ( )
-

— = fii/i
, ( ) .

( 121.8 )

j— ,
, = — -
d V 2) . (115.4)

j = - 2 / i Bcrot(V>2s) = - 2 fiBc
ar

( — ). dV = 2 dr do
,

Vis = - £ = ^ ^ 2( 0)is. (121.9)

61
J = S = 1/2,
(F = i zt 1/2);
(121.5) (121.9)

E i + l / 2 - Ei _ 1 /2 = »1 (2 + l)V-2(0). (121.10)

) Z e 1 j he 1
( . . . 601).
2) . II, §43, (43.7); , R
— dV ( ).
§122 605

(0) \[ Z ( . §71),

1. (
) ,
I ( . Fermi, 1930).
. ,
/i,

= 1 = [ ] -
2’ 3
(div = 0).

-^ - + ^ H s = + 3 (s n )n - s].

j
j.
_
% = 2 /jb (w )[U + 3 (s n )(n j) - s j ] -
j(j + 1)
I § 29.
, VI

w (ij) 21(1 + l) s j - 6 (sl)(jl)~

U+
(21- 1)(21 + )

+ 1) F ( F
1(1
+ l)r -3 ,
* j (j + !)
F = j + i, a ] = I ± 1 /2 . -3
.
2.
(S. A. Goudsmit, R. F. Bacher, 1930).
. (113.4) (
,
)
,
. = /iBgjJzH
g j (113.7). , (113.5),

. =^ ,.
F
,
F ( F + l ) + J(J + l ) - i ( i + l )
= jlBgFHMF, gF = g j -
2F ( F + 1)
606 . XVI

§ 122.

,
.

; , ,
, 0 1/2 —
.

, —
.
.

, -
Qik'ft'iTi'k'}

— ,
. ,
Qu = 0,
’ ( 122. 1)

£
b i2 — + 1) .
(122.1)

.
, § 29 (
1),

~ (2 -1)(2 + 3 )^ [k i k k + k k k i ~ 1 6* ( + !)] • ( 1 2 2 -2 )
,
(121.6).
(122.1) ,
,
^ik^i^k-) (122.3)
§122 607

bik — ,

.
J

bik = b JiJk + JkJi ~ ^-)^ • (122.4)

b

£, , ; ,
. ..
.
bikJiJk- (122.4)

bikJiJk = bJ ( J + 1) [ j J ( J + 1) - lj (122.5)

( § 29).
, £, , £,

bikJiJk — + bjjjjJ2 + b^J2. ( 122 .6 )

, J ^ , . ..
1) . j | , . ..

. ,

j i = k 2, j l = j i = 1- [ j ( j + l ) - k 2}.

1/2,
.

.
=
= /i 2 1 2 2

7 7
1 11 2
%Pii2 -3 (iin )(i2n)].

) , ,
J ( J^) , JrjJc
1;

ijjjk /, ( . § 103).
608 . XVI

,
.

, ,

. § 121
,
(Ze2//ic)2;
Z .
,

. ,
,
;
j = | |,
— ( )
, a ft — .

,
 XVII

§ 123.

( ,
).
,
,
.
,
( , , )
.
,
( )
.
,
,
U(r) 1) .
,
.
.
\ 02 « »
, ( )
:
^ «2 = 1 ^ , (1 2 3 .1 )
1 + m 2 cos 2

m i, m 2 — ( . I, § 17). ,
(m i = m 2 ),

01 = ~, 2 = (123.2)

1) - (
). - ,
, ,
, .
610 . X V II

01+ 02 = 7 /2, . . .
(
) , ,

.
,
z, ,
= elkz, . . ,
v.

f ( 0 )elkr/ , f{0 )—
0 ( z
); .
, ,
/7( ),

~ eikz + *. (123.3)

dS = 2 do (do—
) vr ~ 2 \f\2dS = v l f ^ d o 1).

da = \f(0)\ 2 do. (123.4)

( )
do. do = 27rsin 0d0,

dcr = 2 sm0\ f(0 )\ 2 d0 (123.5)

0 0 + d0 .
,
/7( ), , ,
z—
.

) ,
( ),
,
.
(123.3); l^ 2 ,
.
§123 611

2 2 /2
I ^- (
< z, . . -
). ,

AiPi(cos 6 ) R ki(r), (123.6)

1=0
Ai — , a R ui x) — ,

^ (\ 2 ^ )/ + I[*2 “ J = 0- (123.7)
Ai ,
(123.6)
(123.3). ,
{ = ± ( 2 l + l ) i l exp(iSi), (123.8)

Si — R^i.

.
R^i (33.20)

Rkl ^ sin(fcr - + Si) =

= —{ ( ~ i ) 1 [i(kr + <fy)] - il [—i(kr + 5;)]}.

, (123.8) (123.6),

^ * ^ k Y , ( 2 l + m ( c o s 6 ) [ ( - l ) l+1 e - ihr + s ieikr}, (123.9)

1 1=0

Si = exp( 2 iSt). (123.10)

, (34.2)

e ikz J _ Y ( 2 i + l) P i(c o se) [( -l) l+1 e - ikr + eikr\.

2i k r ^ '
/=0
612 . X V II

, — elkz ,
~ , , .
/ , . . ,

fW = ^ E ( 2Z + W 5 * - (123.11)
1 1=0

5/ ( . Faxen, J. Holtsmark, 1927) ) .

da ,
,
( )
. (123.11)
7

= 2 J \ f ( 6 ) |2 sin 6 d 6

, I
,

^
7

J P f (cos ) sin d 6 = ^ i,

= ^ ^ ( 2 Z + l) s in 2 <V (123.12)
1=0

ai

)
Si.
. . , . . . . .
, XJ(r) So ( )
/ = 0 / = ,
( —> )
Rno ~ ~" / ( = / 2 m \ E n \ / h)
, (
) , . XJ(r)

.
: . , . . . - .: , 1966.
§123 613

I. ,

^m ax = J f ( 2 l + 1). (123.13)

(34.5), , ,
/, 4
.
,
.

//,

f{0) = ^ ( 2 1 + l)/,fl(c o s 0 ). (123.14)

1=0
(123.11) Si

= - - < 5 >

<?1 = 47 (2/ + 1 )|/ |2. (123.16)

. U = U(p), = / 2 + z 2. z.
.

:
• eikp
= * *+ >)-?— . (1)
V-
( — z , f((p)—
, .
— = (— 7 /2)
. , ,

da = \f \ 2d<fi.
.

, Q m ( p ) e zrn(p.

§ 34
:

Qm( p) ~ ™\ ~~ ~ sin - —( - - \ +5,

7 L 2 V 2'
614 . X V II

5 = 5— •
§ 34, ,
(1)

= £ 5 { ) \
7 = —

/ = —= £ (e2iSm — l ) e im<p. (2)

2 =_
,
2 ^
4 . 2
CF — f \f \ d tp — ^ ^ m 7 6 crm — (J — — ^ sin Urn •
= —

1 /(0) = / ( 3 )
V8
( .
(125.9)).

§ 124.

U ( ), .

6 \.
Si
I , I -
( . § 49).

( >
).

j ^ - ( l ± ± p L dr + L

— ,
, , 5/. I
§124 615

;
U( ) ,

St = - [ mU(r)dr ■ (124.1)
J „9 /, {I + 1/2)2

( )
6i ^ ) _ (124 2)
kh
^ 1/ .
U( ) , ~
> 1, (124.1) Si .
, ^ 1 , Si
. /,
(124.1)
U(r) , (
U( ) )
I. (123.11), (123.12)
5/, .
(123.12),
. I Si ^ 1,
(124.1), , U( ) ,
1/ . sin2 Si ,
, (123.12) i

, ,
f ISf dl. (124.2) I ,

U 2 (r 0 )r%dr0.
/
U( ) , 71 > 2,
, . ,
U( ) , 1 / 2, ,
. ,

.
, ,
— , ,
, ,
, ,
616 . X V II

;
[ /( ) 1).

,
,
.
,
/
, . . ^ h /( m v A p ) .
,
/( ),
—
f(6 ) = 0 U ( ), 1 / 2.
(123.11) = 0,
,
,

J U{ro)rldro,

U(r) ~ ( ^ 3). ,
=
(n ^ 1) , 1/ 3 .
, , 8 i
, U( ) r~ n (n ^ 1).
,
,
6 = 0. , ,
/(# ) 0. ,
2) ^
] ( 2 1 + l)P,(cos0) = 45(1 - cos ). (124.3)
1=0
, 0 .
(123.11) 0

) f 2 irpdp,
.
2) ^-

sin Pi (cos ) d0. f S(x)dx

5( ) 1 /2 .
§125 617

fW = ^ E ( 2Z + I)^ (c o s 0 )e 2i5‘. (124.4)

1 1=0

(—2 ^ ), ,
|/( 0 ) |2, f(6 )
.
, Si —5 (124.1)
U( ) .
,

= ^ Y , ( 2 l + l) Pl(cose)e2i^ - So\ (124.5)

1 1=0

§ 125.

(
) ,

~ eibrnn' + 1 ) { .!)

(123.3) ,

— ( )
( 7),
.
(125.1)

. (125.1)
F(n)
( do),

F ( n ) e ikraa'do + F ( n ) f ( n , n ’)do. (125.2)

618 . X V II

, '

.
,
(n = i n 7).
F(n) « i ^ + n 7)
, 1)

2 m F ( - n f) — - 2 m F ( n f) — + —
kr kr r J[ /( n , n ')F (n ) do.

,
2 i / :

^ F ( - n ' ) - ^ S F ( n ') , (125.3)

5 = 1 + 2ikf, (125.4)
/ — :

/ > ( n') = ± - J f ( n , n ’)F(n)do. (125.5)

S ( ) ,
S- , .
(1943).
(125.3)
, — .

.
,
.
( . § 12), . .

SS+ = 1, (125.6)
, (125.4) :

f - f + = 2 i k f f +. (125.7)

1)
/i = co s# ( — ') /i ,
,
/i = ± 1 .
^ .
§125 619

, (125.5),

/( , ') - /* ( n ',n ) = ^ J f ( n , n " ) f* ( r i, r i ' ) d o " . (125.8)

= 7
,

= J 1 >n")\2do"-
/( , ). ,

° : h
lm / ( n, n ) = — a (125.9)
4:77
( ).

,
.
, -
, *
( . § 18).

ikr —i k r ^

- F * { - n') - ----- S*F*{n'),

(125.3),
.
—S*F*(nf) = (— 7).
5,

F*(n') = - 5 * -1 (- ;) = -5 (- ');
,
7,

F * ( - n 7)P F * (n 7) = - £ ( 7).
,

—i k r ikr

----- (- ') - — 5 ( ;).

620 . X V II

(125.3). ,

PSP = S , (125.10)

, (125.10)
.
7, .

S( , 7) = S ( — .7, - ), (125.11)
, :
/ ( , ') = / ( - ', - ) . (125.12)
( )
:
,
.

. / ( , 7)
7. (125.12)
. (125.8)

Im f ( 6 ) = * / ( 7 )/* ( 7 ' < (125.13)

7 , 7 7 — , 7 77
. f(6)
(123.14),
( .10) (125.13)
:

Im fi = k\fi\2. (125.14)

(123.15), \2ikfi + 1 | 2 = 1.
(125.9)
(123.11), (123.12).
§125 621

(125.14) I m ( l /// ) = —fc, ,

fi

fl = - , (125.15)
gi ~
gi = gi(k) — ; 5/

gl = ctg Si. (125.16)

.
— —

, § 123 .

,
. , S'- /-
. S
, . .
(2iSi) 5/. ,

, S'-
§ 123 S/ (123.10);
/ = (S — l ) / ( 2 ik)
(123.15). ,
( ) P/(cos$) ( F(— ) =
= /(—cos#) = (—1) /( 80)), (125.3)
,
(123.9); ,
SPi (cos ) = S/ /(cos#).
, z, F(n)
(125.3) 5- F = 45(1 —cos#), —
z, 5- , .
. 616, ,
(125.5)
/(# ) ( — 7 z).
5- (124.3)

F = 1 - cos ) = ^ ( 2 1 + l)P,(cos6>) (125.17)

1=0

/, , ,
(123.14).
622 . X V II

, .
, (125.8) ,
/( , 7)
- . ,
/(0 )
- . (125.13)

. f ( 6 ) = |/ | ,
|/ | (125.13)
,
( 6 ). ,
( | / | 2)
. , ,

f(9) -+ - ( ), (125.18)
(125.13) , ,
|/ |2 ( (125.18)
Si (123.11)).
, , ,
,
. (§ 128,129),

(125.18).

§ 126.

,
1). § 45 ,
:

\ \ « — 2 (126.1)

\U\<& — = ~ ^ , (126.2)
— U ( ), a U —
.
) § 123 ,
Si ; , ,
,
( . 4).
§126 623

. ,
.
§ 45 =
= ^ + ^\ ^ =
= /%. (45.3)

^ \x ,y ,z) = J U ( x ' , y ' , z ,)ei^ ' +kR^ . (126.3)

,
- Ro ^
7 Rq. -
dV7 7, R = Ro — 7.
Rq 7,
R = |Rq —r 7| « Ro — r 7n 7.
(126.3),
^:
{1) ^ [/( /) ( - ') '^ /
2 fx Ro j

( 7 = knf— ).
(123.3),

^ 2 h2

q = 7— (126.5)

g = 2fcsin^, (126.6)

— 7, . . .
, ,

do:
624 . X V II

, hq
U. (126.7)
( . , 1926);
.
,
/( , ') = /*( ', ) (126.8)
(
) , . . ,
,
, .
, (
(125.12)) .

(125.8),
, f 1) .
(126.7)
( , ,
). ,
(43.1),

dvfi = ^ \ U f i \26(Ef - Ei)dvf .

',
do'. dvf
d3pf/(27 )3.
E f — Ei = ( '2 —p 2)/2m ,

d w p/p = ^ \ ( ’2 - 2) ^ . (126.9)
—
. dvf
/(27 ),
5- /(27 ):
, = e*P'r/ft. (126.10)
) ,
.
§ 130 ( 1 3 0 .1 3 ) .
§126 625

= ^ e ipr^h. (126.11)

(126.9)
.
5- (126.9) , = ,
. . ,
. 5- ,

(. . d3pf pf2dpfdof = ( 1 /2 )pfd(pf2)dof)

d(pf2).
,

da= do'.
4 2 4 /
(126.10), (126.11),
(126.7).
(126.7)
U(x,y,z),
, . U(r)
.

U(r)e~i4rdV
/

, $, ( , q
( $
). $ ,

27 7
J j J U(r)etqrcos^r2 sin $ dfi dtp dr = J U(r ) smqrr dr. 47
0 0 0 0

(126.4),
- :

f = - -2 ^ l U ( r ) ^ r d r . (126.12)
626 . X V II

= 0 ( . . q = 0) ,
U( ) , 1/ 3,
( § 124).

. (126.12)
q. ,
p sin ( 0 / 2 ).
U ( , , z),
( < 1)
( 1) .
(126.4)
~ ~ ^

i = - ^ ? ! udv- <m i 3 >

U = U(r),

/ = -^ J U(r)r2dr. (126.14)

,
§ 132.

,
~ 1/ . ,
q , ~
U .
q
.
U( ) - = 0
- ,
(126.12)
.
, U( )
, —
= 0. U(r)
,
, . .
, ( U(r)
)
« »
.
q
§126 627

. , , ,
,
, ( . § 131).

~ 1/ , ,
,
( f da )
. ,
, ,
( #)2 ^ 1/ 2 2, . . .

, ,

(126.15)

. ,
, ,

1.
: U = — Uo < a, U = 0 > .
. (1 2 6 .1 2 ) :

( , -
q = 2ksm(0/2) do 2 n q d q / k 2)

27 ( mUoa2 \ 2 1 s in 4 fc a s in 2 2
° 2 \ 2 ) } (2 )2 + (2 )3 (2 )

2. U = Uoe r I .
. (1 2 6 .7 ) ,
q .
628 . X V II

7 2
„2\\
f m U 0a2 2. — 2fc2 a 2 \
" “ s n n H ( 1~ ’
( 1 2 6 .1 ) , ( 1 2 6 .2 )
Uo U. , da ,
1) .
3. U = — ~ ^ .

. ( 1 2 6 .1 2 )
7 . 2 / otrna \ 2 do
da = 4 a
h2 J ( g V + l)2'

1_ 2 ( ama\ 1
a = 167ra — ------ .
\ 2 J Ak a + 1
( 1 2 6 .1 ) , ( 1 2 6 .2 ) /
U: a m a / h 2 1 a/hv 1.
4. 5i -
, .
. = rR
U( )
( . ( 3 2 .1 0 ) )

2- ^ X = 0,
2
+ ^2 _ + 1) (0) = 0.
— ,
dr ( X = 0
= 0),

x ' ( r ) x {0) ( r ) - ( ) (0)/( ) = J U x x (0)dr.

U ,
X ~ (0 )- —
( 3 3 .1 2 ) , ( 3 3 .2 0 ) ,
( 3 3 .1 0 ) .

sinJj Si = ~ ^ J U (r)[J i+1/2(kr)]2rdr.

) ,
( . ( 1 3 0 .1 3 ) ) :

,
.
§127 629

( 1 2 6 .4 )
( 1 2 3 .1 1 ) ( 6i).
5.
U = /( 2 + 2) //2 > 2 ( 1).
. ,
I.
(1 2 3 .1 1 )
I ; 5i 1,

^ / 2 ISfdl. ( 1)

5i I ( 1 2 4 .1 ) :

j, _ am f dr
1~ J
i/k
( 2 + 2) ^2( 2 — I2/ 2) 1/ 2 '
2 + 2 = ( 2 + I2/ 2 ) / £

~2 (1 /2 ) (( -1 )/2 )_
2h2(a2k 2 + / 2)( -1)/2 ( /2 )
(1 ) I ~ 1,
. :
(( —1)/ 2) j 2
( 3)
-2 1 ( /2 ) 2
( 1 2 6 .2 )
m a / ( h 2k a n~ 1) 1.
~ ~ 2,
.
6.
( U = U(x,z); z).
. . . 204

^\ ) « / J?_ez(M_7r/4) (4)

( )
{ ) / ( ^ )

/-

2 /2 ,
( = (x,z) — - ; d2 = dx dz\ tp—
xz) .
, d a = \ f \ 2dtp — .
630 . X V II

§ 127.

,
.
#,
,
, (124.4)

^ E ( 2Z + l ) ^ ( c o s 0 )e2i5*. (127.1)
1=0
,
.
,
5/. (127.1)
/.
/(cos#) (49.7),

) « — 1 { i( l + - \ + -
' / 27tZ sin X . V 2) 4J

(127.1),

w > = i £^ \ / ^ ' ~ ('+ i ) 9 ■ 3 } -

I v
— | |^25/+ ^ / + - ^ # + - (127.2)

,
/, (
).
(127.2) .
/, ,
, . .

2— ± 0 = 0. (127.3)
dl
,

(
) .
§127 631

Si
( . § 124) , —)►

U(r)
, — 1/2 ( . § 33).
,

h2(l+1/2)2
d r + ^ ( l + ^ J - k r 0. (127.4)

(127.3).
,
/,
kdro/dl — $ 5/.
h(l + 1/ 2 ) .
m pv , —
, a v— .
, (127.3)

(127.5)

( )
, —
.
(127.5)
,
( . I, § 18). ,
.
(127.2)
V = I — / (#), 1() (127.3)-
(127.5).
(127.2) (127.3)
( ). , , (127.3),
d26i 1 de
dl2 I=l0 2 dlo ’
632 . X V II

dV ^2
2 Si
2 dl0

I (127.2)
dV V = 0. V
,

, . . 7 /4 — /4
, dO/dl .
, V= £ (± 7 / 4 )
£;
— :

1/ 2

/ e x p ( - ? I S ) d £ = ( 2,r

dlo 1/2 .
1 < 2 0- (/ + 1) 0 _ £ ] } (127.6)

dl0
dcr = | / | 2 • 27rsin d6 = 2 ^ d6, (127.7)
, = 1 / ,
da = 27xpdp.
,
, /,
(127.3),
Si I 1) . .

,
,
: < ,
< .
rsj / , — , —
. ~ / / ,
) 0 ( ( 1 2 7 .5 ) )
;
. f(6) ( 1 2 7 .6 )
/ - 0 ( ),
d p/ d O, da/do
; ,
, ( . 2).
§127 633

6 / ,

(127.8)
pmv

mpv , 61 ^ 1 ,
8\ 1 ( 8i ~ 16,
(127.3)).

«
» ^ pjv mv.
, U(r) ,
F = —dU(p)/dp , ^ Fp/v, 6 ~ p F / m v 2.
, 6 1,
6 ^ 1.
(127.8),

\F\p2 > hv. (127.9)

,
\U(p)\ < .
U( ) , 1/ , (127.9)

. 6; ,

. , 1/ ,
;
,
.
U= / (127.9) ,
Hv. ,
. , ,
-
,
.

1. ,
U = / > 2.
. , Si
Z, ( 1 2 4 .1 ) :

dr makn~2 (1 /2 ) (( — 1 )/2 )
6, = -
J
l/k
rnJ k
v
2 - / 2 2 ~1 ( / 2)
634 . X V II

( — . 5 § 1 2 6 ).
(1 2 3 .1 2 ) ,

(7 =^jj f 2Z s i n 2 Sidl.

Si = du
- .
2 2
—3 —3 (( -1)/2)1 —1 —1
- 2.'
= ~ 1
—1 —1 ( /2 )
(2)
( = 3 = 2 7 2a / h v ) .

, Si ~ 1 / ^> 1;

m a k n~ 2/ h 2 1.
, U( r)

~ l / k ~ ( m a / h 2k ) 1^ n~ 1^
(I ^ ~ 1) , ( 1) .
( —
),
/ ( t f k a l 1-1) 1,
. ,
( m a / f ^ k a 71-1
< 1) ~2 ( . 5 § 1 2 6 ).
2.
0( )
= 1/ .
. 0(1) I = /
, (1 2 7 .3 ) , Si

2 Si ~ 2Si0 + OqI -\— I ,

3
= (1 ), V = I—/ (
( 1 2 7 .3 ) ) ; < 0 > 0
0(1). ,
( 1 2 7 .6 ) :
1/2
1
2 s in t

0' = — . , ( . ),
1)
47 /
da =
2' 2 vV 3

) ,
.
§128 635

da/dO'
(O' > 0 < 0 ' < 0 > 0),
' = 0
.
6» ' 1/3 = 1, 02; 2 = 0 ,9 0 .
3.
,
= 1 / .
.
, Io » 1 > 1.
Z, / - I' = I — 1

8i « +|/ '2
( , (1 2 7 .3 ) , 0 = 0 I' = 0 ) .
( 1 2 7 .1 ) , P /(c o s $ ) (4 9 .6 ) .
I dV V= 0 1):

/ = — ( 2 & 0 ) [ Jo(W) exp(if3l'2)dl '.

J
I' ~ / - 1 / 2 . « V ?
Jo(W) - , / = / -
, .
2)

d a = ^ \ j l { l o0 )d o .
f3k
,
7 , 7
( ) .

§ 128.

,
.
U ( ),
,—
.
,
/ = 0.

) , ,
^ .
, , , .
2)
, .
636 . X V II

— I= 0
—

= = ( ) (— ) + ( ) ( ; (128.1)

;
/—
.
-
, , (0) = 1 .
( < 0)
(128.1)
; , —>> .
% , ( ) ( )
< 0; ,

,
:
( *) = *( ), ( *) = *( ). (128.2)

,
> 0

= A(E)eikr + B(E)e~ikr, = ^ ^ . (128.3)

X = A*{E)e~ikr + B*(E)eikr-
% , ,

( ) = *( ) >0 (128.4)
(
% > 0). ,
yj— (128.1), ( ) ( )
.
.
/—
( ) ( ).
( (128.3) ( )
( ) ).
§128 637

Re > 0. (128.5)
,
yj — - i V E 1).
(128.3) elkr ~ ,
X— ;
(128.3) .
(128.1)
, — ( (128.5)).
(128.1)
,
, —

. (128.1)

( U / E ),

. , U( )
: U( ) ,

Re /— ^ . (128.6)

Re /— > 0, . .
U( ) ,
~ (128.6 )
,
(128.1) .
,
. , ( )
( ) ,
= 0; , ,
.
)
. , ,
,
( . § 1 3 4 ).
Re < 0. (1 2 8 .5 )

, .
638 . X V II

U( )
, .
, (128.1) , . .
( ).
, ( )
( ).
( ) ( ) > 0
U ( ). ,
(128.3) %,
(33.20)
= const .[e*(fcr+5°) - ~^ +5°)], (128.7)
,
_ ) = e 2i60 (E)_ (128.8)
{ ) !
I = 0 ,
(123.15),

= ^ 2 - 1> = 5 4 ( 5 + 1) ; <1 2 8 9 >

.

, ,
. U(r )
(128.6 ), , ,
1).

, - =
= E q < 0. ,
% :
'' + f ^ - t ^ o , ( ||) ”+ - ( _ 0| = - | ! .

/ , — %,
dr ,

\ )
J x 2dr. (128.10)
0
) = 0,
( ) ( ). , ,
—> 0 ( . § 1 3 2 ). , ,
.
§128 639

= —>> .
,

f 2dr = 1. (128.1),
, =

( ) * ( ) = 0, ( ) ( +\ 0\ ) ^ = / 3 ( + \ 0\).
= 0

/3 = ---- —
Aoh 2\ \
, =
= (
1 = 0) :
fc 2 2 -I
/ = ---- ----- . (128.11)
J 2 + \ 0\ V '

= 0 ( - ^ ,) (128.12)

, , (128.6 )
. (128.1)

. , - ,
( ) .
( )
,
% ,
% . , ,
, ,
,
.

( )
; , ,
640 . X V II

.
- ( *) = *( ),
, , ,
.
.
, ,
, ( )
, (128.6 )
.
%
( ) .
,
( )
. ,
2 ,
(128.1) , . .
, > 0
, %

U ( ). , ( )
, U ( ) —>> 0 ,
, 2 > 0.
,
2> 0
. , , ( )
, U( ) 1)

U( ) 0, (128.13)

(JI. . , 1961).
(128.6 ) (128.13)
. ,
, ,
. (
)
,
;
.

) U{r )
U ( *) = U* ( )', (1 2 8 .1 3 )

.
§128 641

, ,
U = const -rne~rla (128.14)
( ). 0 < — < 2/(8 2)
(128.6),
, ,
.

(S. . , 1946). ,
(128.14) ,
, 2 > 0,
(. .
).
,
\ \ —>> . —»> + ,

- arg = const,
,
2 > 0. U —^ 0,
arg = —(1/2) arg
U( ) , -
-
. arg 0 7,
arg 0 —7 / 2 .
,

, U( )
.

I = 0,
.
, ±
%
(33.16)1) .

1) ( 3 3 .1 7 )
> 0; , %—
,
, , , ,
U .
642 . X V II

, I 0,
(128.9) (128.11). (128.7)

Xi = t R i = const -| i^kr —^ + S i ^ — —i^kr —^ + S i ^ j

(128.15)
// (
(123.15))

fl = (128.16)
2 /-2

= Eq
I , (128.11),

f (21 + l)fiPi(cos9) = ( - l ) l+lK' ° 1 (21 + 1)Pi(cos9).

2 + \
(128.17)

§ 129.

I. ,
« »
. , ,
,
. ,
, . ,
.

+ 2 = ^^- , (129.1)

, . .
.
, « »
7 R q ,
, , ( . II, § 66 ):
1 eikR° [ 2m U , _ ^ k V 7 /1 1
= ( -2)
§129 643

°/ R q
f( 0,E ). , 7= ( —
),
0:

/(0 , E) = - ^ l U'ipe~ikz dV (129.3)

( z ). , ,
,
.
, ,
f(0,E) 1) .

— .
,
elKr~z)
, (
) —\ / —2 / ,
Re /— > 0. ^ z,
Re [ ( — z)\ < 0
. ,
elkz,
,
.
(129.3)
,
, , (
—>> ) .
(129.2),
.
2).

) , , U( r) —>
, /(0 , ) ( > 0) ( . § 1 2 4 ).
2) ,
,

( . ( 1 2 3 .3 ) ) . (ipi)
, Z, xpi
- .
,
, 1 /Bi\ , ( 1 2 8 .3 ) I = 0
644 . X V II

, f(Q,E)
\ \ . \ \ (129.1)
/,
: ~ eikz. (129.2)

U dV,
, , (126.4)
0 (q = 0 ); / ( 0 ).
, ,
0 (
),

1).

J_
- [ f B dE', (129.4)
2 ii j E ' - E ’ v !

. 46 ,

.
,
/(0 , ) —/ — 0.

Im f ( 0 , E ' )
dE;
' -
0
, § 128
. 46
,
.
, (129.4)
f( 0 , E ) — / Rn
Ef = f ( 0 , E f) / ( E f — ),

C° n S ^ — [( + ) —2 i B s in ],
B i(E), . .
.
1) . . (1 9 5 8 ).
§130 645

— ;
(128.17)
Rn = dn = - ( - l ) ln{2ln + (129.5)
- 2
(1 — ).
,

, E) = f B + ± [ dE' + 5 ] (129.6)
77 0

f(0,E)
> 0 ( D. Wong, 1957; N. N. Khuri , 1957).
,
(129.6) ,
1= ;
( . 47),

. 47
(129.6)
ilmf(Q,E), 0
.

Re /(0 , E) = f B + ± [ dE' + £ (129.7)

0 71
E > 0
0 . ,
, (125.9),
.

§ 130.

. ,
646 . X V II

,
. ,
.

-£ ^ ( ) + [17( ) - ) = 0, (130.1)

, . .
-

( ) —J ( ) ~ (1 . (130.2)

( ) = I «( ;0 . (130,3)

(130.1) ~
dV.

J ~^ ( ) dV = j ^(r)Ae~iq-rdV = —q 2a(q).

, ( ) (130.3),

J U(r)'tp(r)e~icivdV = j j U{r)e~i(ira(c{)eiq!rd V -^ q' ~

(2 )

= J ^(q-qX q' , d 3q'

U (q) — - U( ) ) :

U{ q) = J U{r)e~icirdV.

_ ) „ ( ,) + / _ q > ( q -) 0 = 0. (130.4)

1) q -
.
§130 647

, — ,
.
,
,

V ’k ( r ) = + ( ), ( 1 3 0 .5 )

( )— , ( )
. -
«k(q) = (2 ) 3<5(q - k) + Xk(q), (130.6)
(130.4)
Xk(q) ) :

^( 2 ~ Q2)Xk(q) = U ( q - k ) + J U{q - q /) X k ( q ' ) ^ s - (130.7)

,
X k (q ) , ,

<13 8>

q2 = 2
(130.7)

, q ) = —U ( q - k) - ^
^ ) H2 J
f ^ (q - q,)J’(k ’q,) <*Y
q'2 — — iO ( 2t t )3
^
V
^
J

( i8 8 — +0)
(130.8)
(130.9): q'2 = 2
( . §43). ,

Xk(r) =2^ [ 2 J q2 - 2- 0 (2 )3
(130.10)
V )

d3q = q2dqdo4
c?oq — q
.

) ^- (q2 —k 2)S(q — ) ,
/( q) ( q = )
d3q , . (q2 — 2)
<5(q — ) = 0.
648 . X V II

(125.2); (
)
(X )

_ 2 2 F('k,qn,)ei q r - F { k , - q u ' ) e - i9r qdq

XkW _ 2 r J q2 — 2 — (2 )3

( ' = / )

im [ F(k,qn)etqrqdq
J
/
_ 2 2H2r q2 - 2 -
—
q =
= + iO q = — — ,
( q)
( . 48 ).
, ,
, , q=
( . 48 6 ).
(
(—r i m g)),
q= (
27 );
ikr

Xk(r) = — ^ ---- F ( kn ,k r i) (130.11)

2irh r
(n — ).
,

/ ( “ , n') = ^ F (kn, >)• (130.12)

,
q = F (k , q),
(130.9).

® -------.----- -
— ------- - --------------------- © ------

.48

(130.9) .
, ,
§131 649

F ( , q) = —E/(q — ).
F ( , q) ;
(130.12) (
)

(130.13)
= , ' = k n f.
(126.4) ,
1).
(130.13) § 126 ,

(126.8).
, (130.13)
.
, ,
,
(
).

§ 131.

2/ 2
( , , ),
, ,

\ \ ~^( ) 2, (131.1)

IU \ > - ^ k a = - ; (131.2)
, ,
f c a » 1. (131.3)
,
, , (
(126.1), (126.2)).
) , ,
: ,
U ( 7— )
( 1 3 0 .1 3 ) , (4 3 .1 ) ( 4 3 .6 ) .
650 . X V II

(45.9)

(131.4)
—

\U\ < .
§ 45 ,
z < 2; -
,
(123.3). , , :

z , z 2;
F( )
:
= eikzS{ ), (131.5)

(X )

(131.6)
— (X )

( — - ).
, .
1 ( fc), q
, . . .
(131.5) elkz (
(131.4) z = — ).
' = + q
1)

(d2 = d x d y ).
( . ).
1) ,
( . II, § 6 1 ).
,
( 1 3 1 .4 ) z > 2.
§131 651

,
.
(129.2),
(131.4). , , (45.8),

— UF = 2i k —
h2 dz ’

( elkR° / R q )

f = J ~ tqpdx dy dz = ^ —J [F(z = oo) —

—
F, 1)

f = h J [ “ l^ d2p- (13L7)

, 6 ~ \U\a/hv < 1,
. ,
S — 1 ~ 2iS, (131.7) (126.4)

(125.9),
(131.7) .
/ q = 0.

= J 2 Re (1 —S)d2p = J 4 sin2 S(p)d2p. (131.8)

d2p 2) .
) U(x,z),
§ 123,

^ = ~ (1 ' ( 1 3 1 .7

\ f \ 2dtp ,
, ( — xz ( .
6 § 1 2 6 ).
2) § 152 ( 1 3 1 .7 ) , ( 1 3 1 .8 )
.
652 . X V II

(131.7)
. , -

(123.11).
(131.1)—(131.3)
I.
,
Si (124.1).
~ l/ , 2 = z 2 + I2/ 2,
CXD (X )

5 - ™ [ U(r)dr = [ U ( /z2 + I2/ 2) dz,

J ■s/ki-P/r2 2 J VV ' ’ ’
l/
S( ) (131.6) = 1/ 1) .
, (0 < 1)
I (49.6)
27

Pi {cosff) a Jo(0l) = j e- i9lcos>fidip.

(123.11)
( I) ,
27

/ = ^ / / fiz~mc°stpd<p ■ldl = ^ J fie~iqpd2p, (131.9)

—q q=
= , = l/ . , // (123.15)
6i = (1/ ), (131.7).

1) 2 5( )
U
.
, 2£( )
I-----------------------

I ^ k 2 - 2f u d z - ! k d ^ - W k ! u d z -
— ' — —

2£( ) ,
.
. , ,

, , , 01 1, Si 1.
§131 653

, -
(131.7),
( (d2p = dp dip),

/ = —% J { [2 5( )] — 1} Jo(qp)pdp. (131.10)

§ 126 ,
,
.
.
-
, .

( . § 52,53)

« »
1).

U( )

7 = (

J
f , L
”d\_
-
, (131.11)

— ,

1- ^ - | = 0 (131.12)
( . (127.5)).
,
2) . ( )
(131.11) (
). ( )
mvp

S(9) = mv j (0) d0 (131.13)

1)
— . . 3. , . . , . . //
. 1963. . 45. . 989.
2) ,
.
654 . X V II

( v— ).

/ ~ (-^ 1 5 (0 )). (131.14)

(131.12) , ,
. (131.11)
,
Im S. , U( )
,
1).
(131.11) ~ *0.
U/
; ,

= cos (131.15)

U ( ),
, . S', (131.13),
,

/ ~ ex p (-^sin ^Im 0) . (131.16)

(131.12), .
,
= /0 “ ( / )2
( )

U - 2 .2
— = 1 — « sin -
2 " 2

~ ia
h i ( f si,i2 D ' <13 7)

(131.13)
(131.16) (131.17).

) ( . § 1 2 6 ), U( r)
,
.
§131 655

1.
Uo ( 1 3 1 . 1 ) : Uo
< h2k 2/ .
.

U d z = — 2Uo / 2 — 2.
/

( 1 3 1 .7 ) (q = 0)

( 2iUo
2— 2 - 1 2 dp =

2
= —i ka J [ ~ - 1) x d x = — --------- —j(e - 1)
7 ( 2 v 2v

v = Uod/hv— « ».
( 1 2 5 .9 )
s in 2v c o s 2 zy
= 2 1+ ■
2vl 2vl
( ) v 1 =
= 27 2 2 1 § 126. v 1
= 27 2, . . .
. v 1
< , . . .
« » ; ,
( . II, § 6 1 ),
« ».
2. U = Uo ( — 2/ 2).
.

U d z = ay/nUo ( — 2/ 2).
/

( 1 3 1 .7 ) ,

Vs/
/ ( 0) = [ ( e ~iu - 1) — ,

v = Uoa/hv.
^/
= 27 [ (1 — cos )— .
J
656 . X V II

v < 1 /2 =
= 7r a 2 z^2/ 2 2 § 126 ( ^> 1 ). v 1
(1 — ~ cos )/
, .

' /

J (1 — c o s ) — « \n(v^7r) — J In s i n u d u = \n(v^7r) +

( — ). ,

= 27 2 \ .( / ) v 1.

3.
,
(Y. Aharonov, D . B o h m , 1 9 5 9 ) .
. ,
,
z.
, xz.
= 0,

= ±V * (1)
Z7T

<— xz, — ;
, ( > ) ,
2-7

j dx d z = j ) A d\ = ( = .
2
(1 ) ( ) ;
( 1 1 1 .9 )

ikz ( ^ \ / r)\

*’ = ' ^ ' - (2)

, , z > ,
, ,
. ( 2)
( ( 2 7 ).
z > 0 ( ),
( 2 ); ( ,
27 , ^ 7 .
q ~
(qa < 1, < 1) : ^ 1/ >>
.
z \ \,
§132 657

z\ 1) .

> ,
V 2
= eikzF ( x ) , F(x) = < (3)
< 0.
\2 >
« » ( 1 3 1 .7 ) 2 )
q 0

%qxdx + . . >.

— 0.
, i 2 .
= - — s i n -- - - - .
q 7 2

(4)
/he 1

2 2 dO
da =
2 2 2 2’
.
(4 )
,
( 6 — 0), ;
— .

§ 132.

. ,
,
U( ) ( . .
1),
.
Si
.
) (3 ) ( ( 1 3 1 .4 ) )
z, .
2) , ( q 0) (
)
. (
( .)
658 . X V II

< (123.7)
2:
R" + ? / _ + = ^ ( ) . (132.1)

< < 1/ U(r),

(132.2)

Rl = Cir1 + -g j-. (132.3)

\ 2
(132.1)
U( )] , , I.
, ^ 1/ ;,
/( ),
2,

Ri + -rR \ + (132.4)

. . .
( c m . § 33)

(132.5)

,
kr ^ 1 (132.3);
« » (132.3) kr < 1
(132.5) kr ~ 1.
, kr ^ 1 (132.5)
( . § 33)

Rl « const •- sin (kr — + , (132.6)

§132 659

Si
tg Si Si = — ----------------- - k 2l+1 (132.7)
6 ci(2/ - 1)!!(2/ + 1)!! v 1
( Si ).
(123.15)

= - !•
, -
ft 21. (132.8)
, I 0
I =
( , , s- ). ,

f(0) « / = ^ = ^ = - , (132.9)

da = a 2d6,
=4 2. (132.10)

,
1). ;
, .
,
U( ) ( )
,
. ,
U(r).
Ri (132.3) .
,
(132.2) ^ 2/
+1 2
URi ~ Uc\r\
(132.1) (132.2). , U(r)

1) ,
1/ ( < 1) , ,
( h2/ 2).

- -
.
( ).
660 . X V II

, 1/ 2 +3,
(132.8) //. ,
/ , (132.9)

, 1/ 3, U(r) .
U( )
,
//
. § 128, //,
,
1).
gi(E )
(125.15)

( < 0 ). , gi(E )
( ) > 0. ,
gi(E )
, , . .
. fi(k) ,
, , \
,
. (132.8) fi(k)
^ Si/ 21]
gi(k) , ~21.

U« ( ~ ^ (132.9)
, , .
,
. ^ 1 ,

p\U(p)\ ^ Hv (132.11)

( . (127.9)).
1 < < 2 (132.11)
;
.

) ( 1 2 8 .6 ) U
- // .
§132 661

,
|[/( )| C h v , (132.12)
. .
( . (126.2)).
>2

\U\ < (132.13)

,
,
(

) 1). , ^
(132.13), 1/ .
^ ,
(126.12),

= - <1 3 2 ' 14>

qro

2 < < 3
( < 1)
, q~^~n\
. . .
, , ,
/ q~{S~n), 2< < 3. (132.15)

.
= 3 (132.14)
.
,

/ ^ , = 3. (132.16)

> 3 >> —>>

(132.9).
(132.14) ,

1) -
, (1 3 2 .1 1 )
\U(p)\ < .
662 . X V II

,
« ». « »
U(r )
f( k ) ,

. , (132.14)
( £ ),
, ,
qro —)►0 ,
~3, , , 1) .

1.
Uo .
.
1 ^ , = y/2mUo/fi.
So. ( 1 3 2 .1 ) I = 0
— r R 0 (r) " + ^ 2X = < - ,
= 0 ( / = 0),

X = A s in , < .
> % " + ^ —0 (
( 1 3 2 .4 ) / = 0 ),
X= s i n (kr + S o ), > .

/ =

> c tg = ctg ( + So) ~ ---------------,

+ So

So. 2)
j. _ tg > — >

> < 1 ( . . Uo < 2/ 2) = ( 4 / 9 ) 7r a 2 ( x a )4

( . 1 § 1 2 6 ).
2. «
» U o-
Uo
—U ( i>c).
j. _ th > — >

) — ( = 2 + 1 ), —3 = 2 —2
. (1 3 2 .1 4 ) « »
, , q2p~2 I n q.
2) ,
, > 7 /2.
>
, ( . 1 § 3 3 ),
, .
§132 663

^ 1
/ = — , = 47 2.

; , ,
( = 7 2 ).
3.
U = / , > 0 , > 3.
. (1 3 2 .1 ) / = 0
// 2 X \fb n o i
- 7 ^ = 0 , 7 = — -— •
rn h

( 27 " - ’>
X = v 'fr '

d 2(p 1 dip
i+ 1 (p = 0,
dx2 dx (n —2)2 2_
. e. 1 /( — 2)
ix. , = 0 ( . . = ), ,
,

(1) I 2»7 -( - 2)/2

X=
—2

H p 1) ( z ) = — — [ ~ J p ( z ) - J - P(z)\, Jp (z) « * , < 1 ,

sm p 7r 2 (1 + )
% (7 < < 1/
% = co n st -( + ) 2/ 1

= _ / 7 \ 2 / ( - 2) [( -3 )/( -2 )]
U - 2 / [( — 1) /( — 2)] '

4. ,
U = / ~ (2 < ^ 3 ).
.
( 1 3 2 .1 4 ) , .
:
j. / ~3 _
/ = — , 2 < < 3, (1 )
h ( — 1 ) c o s ( 7r n / 2 )
= 3
j. _ 2 m/3 ^ co n st
J -2 q
' v/
( 1) ,
( ( 1 2 3 .1 4 ) )
^ m / [( - 1)/2] [1 - ( - 3 ) / 2 ] /; _ 3

2 2 ( /2 ) [( + 1 ) / 2 + /]
664 . X V II

> 3 (1 ) « »
. (3 )
/, 21 > —3 ; ( 1 3 2 .8 )
fi ~ 3.
5. U( r) =
= —Uo ( — r / a ) , Uo > 0.
.
= 2a x e _ r /,2 a , = y/ 2mUo/ fi
( 1 3 2 .1 ) = ^
d2x 1
VT + + X = 0-
:
X = A Jo( x) + B N 0( x) ,
Jo TVo — .
= 0 = 0

/ = —No(2>ca)/Jo(2>ca).
a « r < l / i i 1 ( , ,
, : ( —1 / ) 1;

, „ 2 7 , 2 , v
X~ + —I n — = - - - - - - - I n ( > c a j ) -------- ,
7 2 7 7

7 = = 1 ,7 8 ... ((7 — ).
( 1 3 2 .3 ) \ 2

2
/ = — ( + 2\ (> ^) \ = ? No(2>ca)----- \n(>caj)Jo(2>ca)
) Jo(2>ca)
> 1: / = 2 3 2 (
( 1 2 6 .1 4 ) ) . > 1 / = —2 \n(>caj).
6 .
( . . , 1 9 4 8 ).
. —> 0 ( 1 3 0 .1 3 )

- J U~kk^ k" <? " = ~ f f f U ( r ) U ( r ' ) e i k " { T- r , ) ^ - d V d V ' =

= -2 2
JJ I

( — 7) 47 d 1

/■ 2 (2 7 )3 | — '|
( . II, § 5 1 ). ,

/ = - - ^ f u d V + ( ^ ) ff& ^ ld V d V '. (1)

7 2nh2 J \2 2; J J | — | V'
§132 665

2
f = -^ f J U r 2d r + J J U ( r ) U ( r ' ) r 2dr - ' dr'.
'
(1 ) (
- ). ,
(U > 0 )
, (U < 0) —
.
7.
.
.
(1 ) § 124. ,
, ,
= 0,
/ <.
, / yfp
,
. ( . . . 204 6 § 1 2 6 .) ,

= 2 + / • i H (Q ] . ( 1)

(1 ) < 1 // ,
^\ ) :

^( ) - - In— , | | « 1,
7 JX

7 = , — .

* (l + f - & . (2)
\ 7 7 ) 7
(2), , -
1 d (1 . 1 ^ ^
- ------------- — = 0, — , -
2 dp dp
U( x) :
« C l + 2 In .
( 1 3 2 .3 ) , ( 1 3 2 .9 ) \/ 2
= 0 ~ .
.
Ci/c2 = - l n r 0, (3)
— . (2) (3 ),

/ =-
2 1 [ 2 / (7 / )]
666 . X V II

, , ,
.
, -
(3 ) .

§ 133.

( < 1) ,
5-
, U
;
( < 0). ,
, £, . . , ,
. , ,
.

,
.
%= ( )
( I = 0)
x" + ^ [ E - U ( r ) ] x = 0,
« » ( < )
U:
x " ~ ^ U ( r ) x = 0, ~ . (133.1)

« » ( ), ,
U:
" + -2^ = , » . (133.2)

(133.2) « »
( , l/ \ )
(133.1), (0) = 0;
xVx?

.
,
~ ,
xV x ;
0,
= 0.
§133 667

(133.1) ~ ;
.
,

= - , (133.3)
—^0
— . ,
(133.3)
= —|s|,
. .
. = —\ \ (133.2)

= 0 (— (133. 4)

(Aq — ), (133.3)
, ,

* = ^ . (133.5)

(133.3)

% = const • sin ( + 5 ),
(133.2)
> 0. 5

ctg(So = - £ = - . (133.6)
./
< 1
( |s|),
5-
.
Si I > 0,
- .
-
5-

/ « — (e2i5° - 1) = - — ------ .
2 ik k(ctgSo — i)

(133.6),
668 . X V II

47 27 2 1 / 1Q Q Q \
G = —2—
+
= ----- — *
-\- \s\
(133.8)
, - ,
, ( ~ \ \)

2 ( 1/ ^ ). ,
(133.8)

1).
,
.
U( ) ;
(133.3).
U(r ) ,
.
(133.7)
(133.8) . , ,
\ \ = h2K2/2
U( ) , .
,
, ,
,
, .
(133.7)
ik
—\ / —2 / ( . § 128), ,
= —\ \
§128. , , ,

( = —\ \
— . . . 637).
(133.7)
, (125.15)

go { ) — ik
go ( )
.
) ( 1 3 3 .8 ) ( . Wi gner, 1 9 3 3 ) ;
( . A. Bethe,
R. Peierl s, 1 9 3 5 ) .
§133 669

,
/ = --------- — 5----------- (133.9)
- 0 + (1/2 ) 0 2 - 1
( . . , . . , 1944); ,
gi(k)
— . § 132. —
go(0 )>
(133.5), s.
— = ,
(133.9), . .
= 0 + (1/2 ) 0 2. (133.10)
2/ 2 (133.9) -
,
« » : tq ^
( — . 1).
,
,
I 0: /
,
I= 1 ( / )3.
— 0 / — —1/ , . . 1/
.

go(k) = ctg So = —1/ + (1/2 ) 0 2 (133.11)

1) .
(133.9)
47
( - ( l / 2 ) r o f c 2) 2 + 2'
~ /4 (
), (
)
.
( = 0) = 5 , 4 • 1 0 —1 3 , = 1 , 7 • 1 0 -1 3 ;
| | = 2 ,2 3 —
. -
( = 1) = —24 • 1 0 -1 3 ,
= 2 , 7 • 1 0 -1 3 ; | | =
0 ,0 6 7 .

( s-
).
670 . X V II

(133.10))
f f = M l + rox)= 4 !r f i _ l + r o X j ( 2)
+ > + \\

(133.4)
« »
.
(133.9) =
(128.11),
(133.13)
Al 2> 2 V J
,
~ < 1. Aq = 2 , . .

= = ^ = , / f — , (133.14)
/47 27

,
(133.14) .

.
gi(k) ~ ~2/;
,

J
= ------- (—
— -— ;----- ,
+ ) + ik
(133.15)
V '

b £— , b > 0 ( . ).

~1, . . s. , ,
~1 .
< 0, (133.15)
« —|s|,
( I) 1) .
5- (133.15)
;
I+ 1
,
I.

) s < 0 , | |,

f i ^ ( - l ) l+1\e\l / [ b ( E + \ e \ ) ] .
(1 2 8 .1 7 ) , > 0.
§133 671

> 0, (133.15)
~ £ 1/ , . .
. :
/£ ~ ( )21-1. ,
.
, I 0
,
:

,
« » ( . §134).

I 0 5- ,
.
(133.15) £> 0 =
0- /2,

0« , = (133.16)
bh
, , «
» . -
( . § 134).
, 5/,
.
Si(E)
, 0 7 ( . .
. 144). ,

5/(0) - Si( ) = /7 , (133.17)

— I
U( ) (N. Levinson, 1949).
, ,
\ \ < 2/ 2,
, Si(E) < 1 . Si ( ) = 0,
—»>
; 5/(0) = 0
§ 132.
( . §45), = 0.
5/( ) — 5/ ( ) ( —
)
U{ ).
, . . .
672 . X V II

8i( ) 1).
U(r) —$> 0 ,
(133.17).

1.
( = ) « » , ~
( . . , 1 9 4 8 ).
. — ~ ,
~ 1 ~ 00 •

2 2/ —2 , 2 \
X = 0( + 0-1)
( 2 ~ 2> xr > 1 « 1) .

J dr = = 1,

(1 3 3 .1 3 )

= 2 J 0- - )dr.

( 1 3 3 .1 ) U(r) < 0 ,
, , Xo(r ) < (°°) = 1 . > 0.
2. Si U(r).
. U( )
2 2 1(1 + 1)
XI + ~ - - U XI = 0 ,
J2 2m
„ 2m 2 1(1 + 1)
Sx,+W - - 8X1 = ^ XiSU.
2m
Sxh — Xh
dr,

(Xi&Xi - x ' l Sx i ) | - = xf SUdr .

Xi = s i n ^ - + Si

Sxi = < &)cos ( kr ~ l- f + Sl

) ( 1 3 3 .6 ) So 0 7 ,
>
—> > . I 0
ctg Si = — ~1( — ),
= £ —£ .
§133 673

( 1
% /),

Si, .
(
, 7 ) Si(oo) = 0 .
U = 0, Si = 0 , \U\, ,
(U > 0 ) Si < 0 , (U < 0 )
Si > 0 . £ /(0 ) = 0 , Si ;
, , : / « So/ < 0.
/
; Si
, ( . ( 1 3 3 .1 7 ) ) /
.
3.

Uo, ,
.
. , 1 § 132, , ,
= h2k 2 / 2
. £

c tg (£ o + ) = c tg , = ( 1/ft) \ / 2 m ( U o + ).
, ,

t/o = ^8 ( 1 + A)
< 1 ( . 1 § 3 3 ).
,
k c tg So ~ — ( 7 2 / 8 ) + / 2/ 2 ,

= 1/ = 8 /72 , = . > , ,
^2 \ \ \/h, \ — ( . 1 § 3 3 ).

4. f %2 / s-

So ( ) U(r),
( . Liiders, 1 9 5 5 ) .
. (1 2 8 .1 0 )

27
X dr = —
1 '> _ (
/ 2 \

( (1 2 8 .1 0 )
= \/2 / ). =
,
= 2 s in ( + £ ) (
674 . X V II

( 3 3 .2 0 ) ) .

[ 2dr = 2 ( + — —s i n [ 2 ( + £ )] > 0.
J \ d k J

%2 ,
1) .

§ 134.

, , , ,
.
;
,
.
, , ,
.
,
.

, - -
.

,
« »,

,
( ^ 1/ , w—
).
;
,
^ /r ( . (44.7)). -
.

,
. ,

; ,
. ,
, ,

) (1 9 5 5 ).
§134 675

. ,

,
= Eq — /2, (134.1)
Eq — ( . ) .
,
.

,
, ^ 1).
,
« ».
,
;
w = / . (134.2)

( )

— (
). f
. , ,
-
\ \2 ,
) ,
.

( . § 130)
. v
V.

( . ( 3 8 .1 0 ) ) . ( 4 3 .1 0 )

= - 21m {2) = 2 j\Vnu\ 2S ( E (° ] - E„)dv

( 4 3 .1 ) .
676 . X V II

,
. ,
,
.
§ 128, (
)
(128.1)

Ri = - A t(E) (—^ ~ 2™E r ) + B i ( E ) ( /~^ ) (134.3)

.

R t = - [ M E ) e ikr + B x(E)e~ib\ = (134.4)

[( ) = B f (E ) ( . (128.3), (128.4)); Bi(E)

,
.
,
,
(134.3) . ,
= — /2 Bi(E):
,( -± ) =0. (134.5)
, ,
, Bi(E).
, ,
, . ,
(134.5), ,

(134.3), (^ )
> 0 ( (134.4)). = — /2
.
( (134.4)),
,
= 0. , , /— ,
.
,
,
, , .

, ( ,
, ;
). B\(E)
§134 677

— (Eq — /2)
,

( )= ( E - E o + ^ b t , (134.6)

bi — . (134.4),
,
:

Ri = - ( - - ^ ) b\eikr + ( - 0 + ^ ) k e ~ ikr . (134.7)

8i

(2 ,) = - & \ ~ ( 7 /22 ^ 2 ‘|0|) =

1- ‘ (2 5® ), (134.8)
—Eq zT/ 2 .

(2 ^0)) = ( - 1 ) ,+ 1 | ,. (134.9)
\ — Eq\ Si
.
5/ .
(134.8)
-JX
( 2 arctg ) = = 1±
(- a r c tg ) 1—

S, = ,(0) - arctg 2(£ ), (134.10)

,
( < Eq Eq) .
= Eq — /2 (134.7)

R t = _* b?eikr.

\ \2 ,
, >| ^*|2,
(134.2).
2 = 1/(/ ). (134.11)
678 . X V II

,
,
.
(123.11) /,
, (134.8).

= /(°>(0) - 2 + 1 _ j /2 exp(2^(0))fl(coS ), (134.12)

/ ® ( 0) — ,
(
(123.11) Si = 5 ^ )1) .

, (134.12) —
. = $— /2,
, ,
2) .
(134.12)

. ,
| —Eq \
D
\ - 0\ < £ > . (134.13)
,
, . .

. 5- ;
, Eq I = 0.
— ( . § 132)3) .
I= 0 (2 5 0^) ,
1)
, ( 1 3 5 .1 1 ) .
2) , (1 3 3 .1 5 )
/ 0 , ,
( 1 3 4 .1 2 ) .
( 1 3 3 .1 6 ) , 5^ ,
( 2 ^ 0 ^) « 1.
3) ,
. § 145
.
§134 679

Sq = — < 1. ,

= - - + . / ,' <13414>
\ — $\ ~
.
.
,
$ ,
= 0.

, = 0,
( $ < D),
(134.6) ;
, (134.14) —)►0
, 5-
.

, ,
, 5-
.
Bi (E )
.
= 0 \( ),
B\ (E ) ^{ ). ,
\/— , .
$( )

0{ ) = { - + ^ / ) 0( ), (134.15)
£ 7— , $( ) —
, / ,
= 0 1) . = E^ —iY /2
— + \[ ,
;
E q

0- ^ - 0 + i-fy/Eo - /2 = 0 (134.16)

) ( ) , ( 1 3 4 .9 ) ,
. :
bo(E) = c o n s t - ( 1 + i a k) .
680 . X V II

( £q 7 ,
$ ). ,
< Eq £$ ^ 7 2
£ 7- (134.16) = , = 2/ /£$.
(134.15)
(134.6);
( $ £q
2' / ).
(134.14) :

f = - a - - = - ---- ^ (134. 17)

J V 2^ ( E - £0 + h V E ) v }
( = /2mEjft, —
). —)►0
, , (
(134.15)).
, (134.17)

,
£q 7- \s q \ < 7 2,
< 72
( ).
,
/ = —[ik — V/2m£o/^7]- \
(133.7) ( = — /2 £ / ' ).
= £q/ 7 2,

, .

§ 135.

.
,
.
( —
)

/, ( ( . §37).
§135 681

.
.
(37.6)
- = hiO hin) (135.1)
((37.7) = 0) , ,
(37.8) = 1) :

(135.2)
- /3 2 / 2 = 0 ,

01+02 = 1 -
, , ;
= 2/2. (135.2)
;
.
,
2
:
ikz < 2 < 0, ,

,
2. ,

(135.1) ( /5i, /?2)•

lY (£ - v) tj — £.

,
= 6/ 2? (135.3)
/ 2 (77)
f 2(j]) ~ e~lkril2 / . (135.4)
(135.3) (135.2),
,
, /3i = ik/2. (135.2) /?2 = 1 —/?1

) ( . . 154).
682 . X V II

/ 2 (7?) = e~lkri/2w(ri), (135.5)

w(rf) ]— .
w(rf)
r]wff + (1 —ikr])wf — w = 0, (135.6)
= ikr]

= — / , 7 = 1.
(135.6), , fi(^),
(. . ),
, .

w = const - F l —-
’ 1’ * 4 ) -
, ,
,
:

= e x p ( - ^ ) r ( l + ^) ( £ - ? 7) ^ ( ~ 1» W ) . (135.7)

( . ).

,
.
(d.14)
, ]

(-'- ) „ ^ (1 + -) + -
(1 + i/k) \ ik ]/ ( — / / ) ikr]
/2 , 1 , { (i /k)e'K/2k e ikr>
, , ri+^ ) e x p f i l n ^ - ^ ^ ^ e x p f - i l n ^ .
r(l + i/k )\ ik ]) ^ \k 7 ( 1 - i / ) ikr] 7

(135.7)
(£ — ] = 2z, rj = — z = r(l — cos )),
§135 683

= 1 ---- , 1-------- exr>\ikz + - \n\kr(l — cos 0)11 +

^ . ik r ( l — c o s ). F l / L V

+ j ikr — ^ 1 (2 : )|, (135.8)

/ ( ) = ----- 2 , / S 1 + ^ fc? ( - - I n sin-). (135.9)

JKJ 2/ 2 s in 2((9 /2 ) (1 - i / ) V 2J V '

(135.8) .
,

,
, 1/ 1) .

,
(135.8).
(123.3), , ,
, —>> .
, dcr=\f(6)\2do
j _ do
4/ 2 s in 4( 0 /2 ) ’

, ,

d a = ( ^ - T ) 2 ?° / (135.10)
\ 2 m v J s in ( 0/ 2)
(v = k h / m — ).
,
. ,

(.N. Mott, W. Gordon, 1928). ,

(126.12) (135.10).

1)
.
(
z),
(z —> — ) , ,
z = co n st, z -h ~ 2 In k ( r —z) = c o n s t .
( 1 3 5 .8 ) .
684 . X V II

(135.9),
. (124.5) (36.28) 1) :

(2 « ") = (135.11)
,

/ w = ^ B 2i + i >r ^ i - w p -(c° 5 # ) - (13512)

(135.9)
. (135.9)
.
/(#) (1 — / ),
. . , -
( lm > 0 rip
).

( . § 128).

§ 136.

-
.V ,
,
,
I .
(VVi/m) ( 2 2/2 )
,
.
, ,
. ,

:
( ik r ) ;
,
.
1) SfyJI ( )
, /.
§136 685

(123.6), (123.7) (
V’k ^ )

^ + |= ; , <2 ' + ‘ ’' * « ( ’- « ( ! ) • ( >

/=0
cos# =
= k r/ ,
- (
(123.6), z
). ,
, ,
,

J = (27 )35( ' — ). (136.2)

1) , ^* ^
I V ,

< ) -

/ £ ) * = * 5 7 1 * ( £ ) <1 3 6 -3 >

( . ( . 12) ),

/ +)dV =

7 ^ ( 2 1 + 1) [iSi(k) - iSi(k')]Pi(cos7 ) / R k4R kir2dr,

'
l=o

1)
• ,

( . § 2 1 ). ( 1 3 6 .2 ) ,
—> ^ ~ .
686 . X V II

7— '. R^i

J R k ' i R k i r 2 dr = 2' 8( ' - ).

= '] (124.3),

/
2 °°

- ) + l)^z(cos 7 ) =
/=
= 8 ( * — )8( 1 —C0 S7 ).
',
2 2 sin 7 d^y dk/(2 )3
- 1, (136.2).
^ ?
, ,
—
. , ^ \
^

^ _) = - *- (136.4)
,
( / ) ( ~ / ),
- .
( ), —,
(136.4). , /(—cos#) = (—I)1Pi (cos 0),
(136.1)

Wr* = S E i!(2' + 1) “ , « (^ )- (136.5)

/=0
. ^ (
^. ^) ,
(135.7).

“ (£ —v) = kz = k r, krj = k(r — z) = kr — kr.

§136 687

, 1)

= e- 7r/ 2fcr ( l + ^ ) e ikrF ( — l, i( kr — kr)), (136.6)

= ~ /2 {1 - ^ j e ikvF ^ , 1, —i(kr + k r ) ) . (136.7)

(+) = e V 2fcr ( l - ^ j ^ F ^ i i k r - )), (136.8)

^ = e 7r/ 2fcr ( l + ^ e ikrF ( - ^ , l , - i ( b + k r ) ) . (136.9)

^ ^. ^ = 0
= .

( i + M r f i - - ) = - r ( - ) r ( i - - ) = ---- —
V ) V ) \ ) V ) sh(7r/
sh(7r/fc)
:
|4 +>(0)|2 = IV’k (°)!2 = 2 (136.10)
iV’kl2 \ \3 2* / - 1)
:

1 4+ ) ( 0 ) 1 2 = IV’k W I 2 = 2
(136.11)
\ \2 \ \2 k ( l - e ~ 2ir/k)

^. ,

. ,
V
.

} { (1 . (136.12)
/
:
( ^) ( f)

) .
688 . X V II

! 1) . ,
= = ^L~] (136.13)
(A. Sommerfeld, 1931).
, ,
,
,
U ( ), .
( U) (136.12)

Vvk = [ e~ik'rVeikrdV.
( U)
,

^ klt/klk2 ...t/k„k _dsk l ' " dskn

/ (E k — + ) . . . (£ ic — E k n + )

( . §43, 130); (
)
,
.
,
(136.12) ^ $,
U. ,
,
, ,
,
, ^ ^.
,
,
( ) . ,
, ( U)
/* _ — '
= , } =
) : ,
, ,
; V
, — U,
^ ^ ^( . IV, §92, 96).
, ( .
4 § 148).
§137 689

V’k ^ ^- ' = ( ' ^)*5

((136.13)).
^

(
, ).

§ 137.

.
(N . Mott, 1930)1) .

,
( . § 62).
,
, -
.
-
. , ,
, ,
7 — ( z = cos —z).
(123.3)

= eikz ± e~ikz + - eikr[f(e) ± ( - )]. (137.1)

, , ,
, — .

: elkz e~lkz.
(137.1)
,
, do
- .

1) - -
.
690 . X V II

, . . -
/ (137.1).
,
,

das = |/(6>) + /(7 - ) \2do, (137.2)

,

d(Ta = 1/(0) - /( - 0)\2do. (137.3)

/ ( # ) / * ( — ) + /*(0)/(7 — ).
, ,
-
do
#, —
— ] ,

(
) ,
(§132). (137.3) , daa
, . .
.
(137.2), (137.3) ,
.

, ,
.
§62 , (2s + I ) 2
s
s(2s + l) , a (s + 1 ) (2s + 1) —
( s— ),
( s— ). , s — -
.
s( 2s + 1 ) s
^ ^ ^ ^ ^,

S
§137 691

(137.2), (137.3),

< 1/ ( 6012 + 1/ ( 7 - 6012-

“ ^ T I [ /w /( 7 r “ )* + - e)]} do■ (137-5)

s

dcr = {l/wi2+ l/C"- - 8 ) \ 2+

1— [ f { e ) f ^ - )* + f {$)*f ( - )]} do. (137.6)

2s

, (U =
= 2/ ). (135.9) (137.5)
5 = 1/2 ( )

da = +
l (0/ 2) cos (0/ 2) sin ( 0/ 2) cos ( 0/ 2)

x cos^^—ln tg 2 0 do (137.7)

( =
= /2 ). ,
, 2 < vH ( ,
).

da = ( 4 ~ 3s4m2 do. (137.8)

\rrioV J sin4 v ’
, 2 vH,
( . § 127).
(137.7) .
2 vH
.
(137.7) ,
, .

(137.7) ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
692 . X V II

(123.2), 2 . ,
(137.7)

2 i 1 1
i 4 . ' 4 . ~ 9,
. sin4 $ cos4 $ sin2 $ cos2 $

(137.9)

do
( 2 do
4 cos do, sin 6 d6 dtp = 4 cos i9 sin tid'd dtp).

1 /2 ,
Si S2 .
.
, SiS2- da a+ 6sis2.
( s i = S2 = 0 ) ,
(137.4), d a = = (d a s + 3d<Ta)/4 .
(S1S2 = 1 /4 ),
S = 1; , , d a = a + 6 /4 = d a a .
6,

§ 138.

( ,
),
,
.
, § 133.
,
( )
(133.2)

. -
, f c a < 1; 1/
= 2/ ( r a Z i ^ e 2) ( —
)
1).

1) . . . . -
(1944).
§138 693

I= 0
% = ri?o
" +( 2~1) =0 (138.1)

( ). § 36
,
/r = 0. ,
Fq , ( . (36.27), (36.28))

F0 = Aeikrk r F ^ + 1,2,- 2 i k r ) , 2= (138.2)

Fo « sin kr — ^ ln(2 kr) + 5 , 5 = a rg T ^ l + (138.3)

(kr < 1, < 1)

F0 = A kr (l + + ...). (138.4)
, ,

(138.1),
.

(138.2) ( 7 = 2),
, §d
.
(138.1),
F (138.2) -
, , (d.14),
.
,
(138.1) ( Go) 1)

G» = 2Im -1 -4 ' - < -5>

( Fq
).

Gq ~ cos ( — ^ In 2 kr + <*> ^ ? (138.6)

1) Fo Go (
Fi Gi / 0)
.
694 . X V II

(138.7)

= 0 ,5 7 7 ... — , a h(k)

(138.8)
( ( ) = ' (z) / (z) — - -
)1).
(138.1)
X = const i Fo ctg + G0) (138.9)
ctg 5 — .
,
X sin kr — ^ ln (2 kr) + SqYJI + <Sq . (138.10)

, 5
, .
,
( '/ ) | — — const,
. ,
( In )
'/ ~^ 0,
, ,
= . ( (138.4) (138.7))
'( ) / ( ) ,

kA 2 ctg <Sq + 2 [ln 2p + 2 + h(k)\ = c o n st.

21 2 + 4(7; const,
—.
ctg^cb :
ctg^o = —- ( e 2w/ ka° — 1) h(kac) + . (138.11)
7 L 2 J

) (138.7) (138.5) (d.17).

1
( 1 + z) = lj)(z) +

( (z + 1) = z F( z ) ) (1) = — , (2) =
=- + 1.
§138 695

1/ —>> 0, . .
, (138.11) ctg^o — — / ,
(133.6). . 49 h ( x ) 1) .
,
« » h( )
/
: 1,0
/
27rctg(5o . 2 ,
— -z—n---------- ---- \ )= — . (138.12) ,8 /
/
( / - 1) V >
/
« » /
0,6 /
, /
/
0,4 /
!
/
, /
. 0,2
, /
2 4 , 5
§ 133,
. . 49
(^ 2)
, « »
, . . (138.12) — 2)

- + \ rok2-
,
§ 133, ,
) h(k)
~ 1
h{k) = 2^2 - C + l n / c ,
^ ( 2+ 2)

z n=1 n (n
V
+ z)'
( . . . . . . II, § 12.16.
.: , 1963). h(k):
2
h(k) & — « 1, h(k) = — + In + » 1

( , < 4%, h( )
> 2,5).
2) = 1/
: = —7,8 • 10—13, = 2,8 • 10- 1 3 (
2 2/ 2 = 57,6 • 10-13 ). -
( ,
, s- ).
696 . X V II

. 1) ,
-
.
,
(138.10), ^ + 5/.

/( ) = ^ J ^ ( 2 1 + 1)[ (2i8fyjl + 2i5t) - l]P ;(cos 6»). (138.13)

1 1=0

(2 ^ + 2idi) —1 = [ (2 ^ ) — 1]+
+ [ (2 ^ )( 2 - 1)]. (138.14)

SfyJ1
/. 5/,
, I 0 (
). (138.14) (138.13)
;
(135.9)

f ™ (0) = lnsin 2 + 2 ) ■ (138 5)

(138.14) I = 0.
,

f(0) = / (0) + ^ ( 2 6° - 1) (2 <^ ). (138.16)

. , , ,
: (138.11),

, ,

. , 0
(138.16) (
(—27 / )) , . .
.

) . . . , . . // . 1944. . 14. . 269.

§ 139 697

:
da
sin4 (0 /2 )
4 . , / 2 , . ,
— , , sm cos — m sm - + So) + 4(fcacy sin d0 (138.17)
sin2 (61/2) \kac 2
, ;

-
( . § 137).

§ 139.

,
, ,
, .
' (126.7)
, — ,
$ . U( )
(126.7) .
§ 126 Uptp

.
,
.
. Up/p

,
. , U (126.7)

, .
( ), ( ( )— ,
.

( ),
( = —47 ( ).
698 . X V II

Up/p
U (. . ),
q = 7— .
,
A(v?qeiqr) = - g V qeiqr - 4W *qr,
v?q = 4iTf)4/q2, . e.

J ^ p e-^ d V = J J p e - ^ d V . (139.1)

p(r)
:
= —en(r) + ZeS( ),
( )— .
~ ,

J pe~i<iVdV = ~ e J ne~i<irdV + Ze.

Ue~icirdV = ^ j - [ Z - F(g)], (139.2)

/
F(q)

F(q) = J ne"*qiW (139.3)

.
, .
, (139.2) (126.7),

1):

d « = * 0 - [ Z - F ( q)?io, «— sin f. (139.4)

qao < 1, $—
. q
)
, . .
.
:
«
» ,
.
§ 139 699

: $ < vo/v, v$ ~ / —
.
F(q) q.
f ndV, . . Z .
f rn(r)dV, . .
;
( . §75).
,

Z - F(q) = £ J n r 2d V ;

(139.4),
2
da = / nr 2dV do. (139.5)
3ft2 -
,

.
q {qa$ 1, #
vq/ v ) ~
(139.3) ,
. , , F(q)
Z;

da = ( ——^ ) 2 ? °,,, (139.6)

\2 mv ) sin ($ /2 )

. . .

crtr = J (1 — cos'd) da. (139.7)

$ < vq/ v , (139.5),

da = const • sin $ dd « const dd,
const .

'd^d'd,
. 1 ‘ vo/v
da « const • ( ?'#/'#3),
d'd/'d, . .
(139.7) .
700 . X V II

.
vq/ v , 2/ ( 7 / ;), 7—
. :
atr = 4ir( ln ^. (139.8)
\m v J e
7
$ > v q / v
; crtr ,
,
Hv/ 2.
-
( ). , - ( )
n(r) = Z 2f ( r Z 1/3/b )
(
). , (139.3),
( ), q
Z: 1 /0
F(q) = Z(p(bqZ / ). (139.9)
. 11
( ( )1) .
11
—

X < ( ) X 4>( ) X Lp(x)

0 1,000 1,08 0,422 2,17 0,224

0,15 0,922 1,24 0,378 2,32 0,205
0,31 0,796 1,39 0,342 2,48 0,189
0,46 0,684 1,55 0,309 2,64 0,175
0,62 0,589 1,70 0,284 2,79 0,167
0,77 0,522 1,86 0,264 2,94 0,156
0,93 0,469 2,02 0,240

(139.9) (139.4)

da = ^ - [ 1 - (p(bqZ~1/3)]2do = z 2/ 3$ ( z “ 1/ 3<;sin^) do, (139.10)

) , q ,
, 2
- ( . . . 563). ,
- ,
.
§ 140 701

( )— .
.

da « Z 2^ ^ ( Z - l^v'd/2) • 2 xddd,
(I'd :
CXD (X )

a = 2irZ2/3 J ^ Z 4/3 J x$ (x )d x .
,
74/3
= const — (139. 11)
, 7
(139.8) Z -1 / 3.

.
.
= ~ / / ( ), = ~2 / .
(139.3) (126.12)

............. . 2 -2
F = — j n(r ) sin qr dr = ^1 +
Q
^
(139.4),
, 4(8 + q2) 2 j
‘to = 7IT 7rr ’
q = 2v s in ($ /2 ).
2
do = 27rsini9di9 = qdq
v
dq 0 2 >; , , v
, , .

7
= —
Sv2

^ =

, 4+ 2= , ,
du/u, ,

atI = ^ ( l n v + ± )
(139.8).
702 . X V II

§ 140. -

,
.
,
,
(§ 137).
§ 123
,
,
.
,
( ,
— ) 1/ 2 ,
( - )— 0.
( ) j
I = j = 1/ 2 ,
.
j
.
/ ( . § 125)
,
.
I2.
/ = + s, (140.1)
, b— , I2.
S'- , /

I j (
),
6 (123.15). I
j = 1+ 1/2 j = 1—1/2 Is
1/2 —(/ + 1)/2 ( . (118.5)).

b( ft/)

“' 4 b‘ = s < e2i<' - 1»' - ,Jr b‘= -

' <140-2>
6^ 6^ j = I + 1/2 j =
= 1-1/2.
, ,
/ I
§140 - 703

j,
. ,
—
, .
/ .
(140.1)
(125.17), ( z)
. ,
(X )

/ = ^ ( 2 / + l)(o i + bil s) Pi (cos ). (140.3)

1=0
Is
P/(cos$). ,

1 s = ~(l+s- + l - s+) + lzSz

( . (29.11)) (27.12)
1±;
(26.14), (26.15).

1s P /( c o s 0) = ivsP /^cos#),
Pi — , a v—
[ 7],
( — z, 7—
, 6, ).
/, / (140.2) (140.3) ,

/ = + 2Svs, (140.4)
(X )

A= ii1 £1= ‘+ - ' ) + '( - (« ® 0 )

(X )
(140.5)
= l k ^ ( e 2iS> - e2i5>) cosO).
1= 1

( ) ( 7) . ,
7
(
704 . X V II

).
do- = (f +f)aado ; (140.6)

/ +/ ,
1).
,
(
)
da = i S p ( /+ / ) do. (140.7)

(140.4) (140.6)
(vs)2 v 2s2/3 = 5(5 + 1)/3 = 1/4.

^ = | |2 + \ \2 + 2 Re (AB*)vP, (140.8)
do
= 2 s— ,

(1/2). ,
1/2 s
(§ 59).
,
:
vP (140.8)
0, < '
(
v, vP 0).

77+ —
,= (1 40 9 )
(/+ /)- v
, ( = 0),
, = 2 Re ( *) , .

| |2 + | |2 1 ' ’
) |/ |2 -
0 —> ,

l/o-l2 = X>n(/on)* = Y , M + )nO = ( f f + ) 0 0 .

, + (140.6)
/ , ,
'.
§140 - 705

, , ,
, .
, ,
: 6 ,
— , — ,
Re ( *) = 0.
, ' (140.10) v,
: ' , a v—
,
'.
,
,
1/2
( ) 1) .

,
, .

,
. , ,
,
, (60.3),
(—1)5_ . ,
2) :

/( 1, 2 , ; ^ 2 , ') =
= ( - 1)S(s_cr)/ ( - c ri, -02> - '; - !, -<72, - ) . (140.11)
f ( 1, (72, ; [, af2l ') —
ai, \
^, ^;
.
1)
. , s > 1 /2

.
2) (125.12).

(125.10)
K _ 1 S K = S, — , ,
(60.3).
706 . X V II

—
,
,
, ( . §126).
, ,

, .
,

. ,
,
tk k 'b ,
. , ,
1/2 0,
.

,
.
,
.

1/2 0 , , ,
j
(
).
( 6).
, ,
J
;
S
I. . ,

( + 1)/2 .
, S'-
(
) • .
,
, S S = exp(ii?),
, R—
( . (12.13)). S
, R ,
§140 - 707

, .
( + 1)/2 .
, 1/2
— 2. , J
: I= J S = 0
1 / = J =t 1 , S = 1. ,
(/ ) — ( /).
1/ 2 ,
,
, :
,
.
si S2
( ) '.
si S2 ,
1/2
. ,
,
/ = + B(siX)(s2X) + C (sin )(s 2^) + -D(siv)(s 2v) +
+ E(si + s 2,v) + F(si - s 2,v). (140.12)
A, B , . .. — ,
', . . (
); |ll, v —
, n + ', — '
[ '].
S i — S i, S2 — S2, n — . n — )► — n .

X — X, |LL —^ ILL, V — —V

(140.12) .
(
) (140.12) .
,
S,
Si — S2 S2 (
(140.12) , (117.4),
S S2).
( )
, ,. ..
,
( . 2 ).
708 . X V II

1. 1 /2 0
,
.
. (140.9)
, z v.
, = ( \ \ 2 - |- |2) + 2 |B |2v(vP) + 21m (AB*)[vP] + 2vRe { *)
\ \2 + \ \2 + 2 R e ( A B * ) v P
2. ,
6
(R. Oe hme , 1955).
. (140.12) ,
(S = 0)
(S = 1) :

/ = ( s i s 2 - 1 /4 ) + 6 ( s is 2 + 3 /4 ) + [1 /4 + (s iv )( s 2v)] +
+ d [ ( s i n ) ( s 2n ) + ( s m ' ) ( ( s 2n))] + e ( s i + s 2 ,v). (1)

(117.4) ,
S = 0, — S = 1.

S = 0 S = 1;
—> 7 — , ,
' ( . § 137).
:
(7 — ) = (0), ( 7 — ) = — ( ), ( — ) = — ( )
d(7T — 0) = d ( 0 ) , (7 — 0) = { ).

= 1. , , = 0;

, 6 ,... (1), (2).

§ 141.

§ 128
—
; I ,
.

, I
,
1) .

) ( . Re gge , 1958).
§141 709

§ 128,
( )

Xi=rRi = A(l, ) (- ^ r) +B(l, ) (^ ~ 2™- ) .

(141.1)

(32.8) ( I
),

Rl « const • 1 — 0. (141.2)
,
/.
, (32.8)

Rl « c\rl + 2 ~1~1
( . §32).
« »
, —)►0 1.
I Re I >
> Re (—I — 1), . .
Re + 0. (141.3)

I— I = —1/ 2 .
I ,
i?(r; /, ) ,
(141.3). ,
, (141.1),
A(l, ) B(l, ) /. ,
, , ( —>> )
(141.1) . > 0 ,
< 0— , U(r)
(128.6) (128.13). ,
( )
, /; I
.
(141.1) (128.15),
S'-

S(l, ) = [2iS(l, )] = (141.4)

710 . X V II

I( , ,
« » 6 ).
I > 0
(128.4): {1, ) = *(1, ).
, I
A(l*,E) = B*(l, ) > 0, (141.5)
S(l, )

S*(l,E)S(l*,E) = 1. (141.6)
A(l, ) B(l, )
I S(l,E) (
f (l , E)) ( )
{1, ).
I .
, , .
I= ( ),
,
, I
( , ,
).
,
, < 0 ( )— .

,1+ ^ . ( - ))-^ = 0, (141-7)

I = .
%* dr (
),
,12
J \ x f d r + ^ j ( E - U)\X\2dr - ( + 1) j - dr = 0.
0 0 0
, =0( ,
) rf ,
.
, .

Im [( + 1)] = Im = 2 R e ^ a + ^ j I m a = 0.
§141 711

,
(141.3), Re ( + 1/ 2 ) > 0 ,

Im ( ) = 0 < 0. (141.8)
, (141.7)
( (128.10)):
, %,
(141.7) — / ; ,

' _ ( )'' 2 2 , 2 d a ( a + 1) Q
\ ). h2 2 dE
dr 0 ,
% — .
,

~^ ( + 1) j ^ dr = J x 2dr. (141.9)

,
, (141.9)
. ,
— ( + 1) = 2 ( + > 0,
dE v ’ V 2 ) dE ’
+ 1/2
— > 0 < 0.
dE F
, <0 ( )
.
, ( )
« » (. . I = 0,
1, 2 , .. .), .
,
: ,
.

.
1)
= 1+ 1 - i/k) (141.10)
(/ + 1 + i/ ) V ’

) . (135.11), (
) .
712 . X V II

( — ). ,
(/ + 1 —i/k)
. < 0 = i \ / —2E,
( )= - _ 1+ < 0, (141.11)

= 0, 1, 2 ,... — , .
( ) I = 0, 1, 2 , . . . ,

= 1
2(nr 1 /)

,
. (. .
) ,
.
( ) > 0.
( . §128), (1, ) (1, ) (141.1)

.
I= ( )—
(1, ) = 0. ( )
;
Im > 0.
, ,
.
I
,
Ui = U + 1(1 + 1)/(2 2). § 19 ,
(19.6)
^| |2 + divj = 21 |2 Im Ui-

I = a, Im a > 0 Im Ui > 0;
,
.
(
= 0 (141.1))
;
— . (128.1)
(128.3).
> 0 ( ) ,
« » I = 0 , 1,
§141 713

2 , ... , , (
/) . ,
(
/) .
/ — , ( ).
, , $— ( )
, Re ( ) = 1$.

( ) ^ l 0 + ir] + ( - 0), (141.12)

rj = Im ( ) — .
( ) ;
rj > 0 ( ,
/ , ) < 1). , /3 ( . .
da /d E = $)
. , ( )
,
{ ', , ).
rj, %,
/3
(141.9) ) .
I= ( ) (1, ),
, —1.
(141.12)
B(I q , ) « const • [ ( — E q ) + irj\. (141.13)
(134.6),
Eq , = 2rj/ > 0 — -
. ,
) ,
( — ),
(141.1) ,
, rj. , I = ( )— (1, ),
( (141.5)) I = *— (1, ). ( , ) (
%( ; , ) )
~ rj1/ 2 ( . (134.11)). ,
( ) :
( \ , ) = ( , ) . iS (
S — + 0 ), ,
(141.9).
,
( . );
.
~ ,
.
714 . X V II

( > 0) I
.
,
;
.
I
( > 0), (123.11)

= i 1k ^
1=
{21+ ) ~ 1] ’ = cos^ (14L14)

P/(/i)
I ^ 0, /.
, P/(/i) ( .2 )
(1 - / )2 /'( ) - 2 / + 1(1 + 1) = 0 (141.15)
/( 1) = 1 .
P/(/i) I
1).
, (141.14)

= ! ^ l l S ^ E ) - 1]Pt(-fi)dl, (141.16)
4 J sm7r/

,
( ) I = 0 , 1, 2 , . . .
, :

—1/2 4^0

I = a i, 2, • • • S(l,E) (
>0 )
.
, (141.16) (
—27 )
I = 0, 1, 2 , ... — 1/ sin 7rZ,

) (141.15) ( .2), P /(/i)

1_--//>
2
§141 715

(—I)1/ . ,
l\\ Pi(—fi) = (—1) /(/ 1), (141.16) (141.14) ) .

, ,
/,
8 +1( ) - 8 ( ) < /2 .
. /
/ (32.10):
" —
2
( — \) -------+ 2---
( 1 )
^81 = (21+1)4-
%, — / 1
:

= (2/ + 1)^-.
dt dt
0 . = 0
, %
(33.20).
LXJ

d S i / dl < 7 /2. / / / + 1,
. (133.17), ,
/. ,
—» , ,
, Si( ) = 0.

+1 - = -[* + 1(0) - * ( 0)] < 1/ 2, m+1 - ^ 0.

7

1)
( )
. . 612 .
 XVIII

§ 142.

,
.
,
, . ,
,
. , ( , -
)
, .

,
.
, , ,
( , ).
,
( ,
).
;
.

,
.
,
§ 123. ,
Ri(r)
.
.

,
.
§ 142 717

(123.9)

^ = i : E ( 2Z + 1) p ^ c o s ^ [ ( - 1) m e “ ifcr + ^ fcr] (142.1)

1=0

, Si
(123.10), ( ,
) , .

(123.11)

fW = i ^ - 1) 80). (142.2)
1=0

(123.12)

7 = ^ ( 2 + 1 )11 - ^ | 2- (142-3)
/=0
, ,
, ,
Si. ,
I

\Si\2.
. ,

<7-' = ? E ( 2i + 1)(1 - i « i 2)- <142-4)

/=0

Ot = <* + = ^ ( 2 / + 1)(1 - R e S i ) . (142.5)

l=o
/,
(123.15),

= (142.6)
718 . X V III

(142.3) (142.4)
/:

a V = ^ ( 2 l + l ) \ l - S i \ 2,

4 l) = ^ l + m - \ S l \ 2), (142.7)

a ? = ^2 ( 2 l + l ) ( l - R e S l).

Si = 1
( /). Si = 0 «
» I ( (142.1)
/);
:

4 0 = 4 ° = J (2 * + l). (142.8)

,
( |5/| = 1), :

. ®

/° - V^o - vf* ^ ^ /° + V^o - \ (142.9)

= (21 + 1) / 2.
f(6) (142.2) = 0
(142.5),

Im /(0 ) = ^ (142.10)
47

(125.9).
/(0 ) -
, at
.
// -
\
(*)
Im fi = (142.11)
4 2/ -1 V '
(142.6) (142.7).
§ 142 719

, Si
,
§ 128

;
. ,
, ,
( < 0),
> 0
(

).

= 0 / , . .
( > 0)
. (142.1)
, S\
1/5/,
( Sf). //
fi(k)
fi (—k ) ( , ,
fl(k)\). (142.6)

fi(k) = f t i - k ) = - 1/Si~ 1.
Jly ' 2 ’ Jly ’ 2ik

Si , :
- - ) = 2ikfl(k)fl( - k ) (142.12)

( f ( —k ) = f*(k)
(142.12) (142.11) ).
(142.12)

1 1 = —2ik,
fi{k) fi(-k)
, 1/fi(k) + ik
. gi(k 2),
720 . X V III

g/(A;2), ,
, (125.15) ) .
,
,
,
.

, ( . ),
2).
/(0 , )—
. , /
d ^ (V / N ) / 3
;
.
U3 ,
, -

f(0,E) ( ,
/ ( 0, )
!). ,
, ( . (126.4))

fu ^d V = - — f( 0 ,E ), (142.14)
J
— . /
.
U3
(142.14)
3 ~ 2/ / . (142.15)
(142.14), , .
, U3
:
| 7 | 2/ 2 (142.16)
) , gi
,

= 0.
2) , ,
( ) ,
,
.
§142 721

( |/ | < ). ,

,
,

> = ^ J u 3li>dV = - £ 2 ^ / ( 0 , ), (142.17)

. . N
V. ,
,
,
(
(142.16)).

. ,

(142.17).
,
^ elkz

= ^2 ( - / ).

= /2 / ,
;

*= f - = <142-18>

. , ,
( !),
. > |[/ |, (142.18)
, ,

Im = — 7^ — Ini /(0 , ) = ——
V Jv ’ ' V 2k ’

at — (
(142.10));
:

\etkz\2 ~ (-^ ^ ).
722 . X V III

(142.18) ( )

1) .

,
( 1). ,
, / < = / ( . .
= Hl /mv = 1/ < ), , / > /
.
.
.
,
, -
.
-
2) :

= 7
2jf(ka0)
— 0
j
do.
7 0
(142.3).
Si = 0 / < / Si = 1 / > / -
1 <0
m = - ^2 ik
T j 2 ( 2l + w cose)-
t=u
/. ,
21 21 + 1, /(co s#)
(49.6) :
. 1°
) = ± f U 0 { 9l ) dl = J L i o J i ( W o ) = j J i { k a d ) ,

x) (142.17)
,
.
,
, .
, ~ ,

(142.17).
,
f(0,E) « — , — ( . (132.9)).
,
2 h2a v / m , — , a v—
( . Fermi, 1934).
2) . II, § 61, 3 (
,
).
.
§143 723

1) .

2 f Ji(ka6) Q 2
(je = / — 0 •2 =
J
0
(
); ( . (142.8)),
,
. at = 2 2.

§ 143.

§ 132

.
,
I = 0. , , § 132
, S-
So = e2i5° « 1 + 2iS0 = 1 - 2 ilea.
§ 132
,
( (142.1))

.
= — 2/ 1. \Sq \ ;
\So\ < 1 , = a f + ia"
( " < 0 ).
So (142.7),

= 47 | |2, (143.1)
= (4 / )\ \. (143.2)
, -
.
—
1)
« » .
/ ,
,
, . / < /
- Si = 0, / = 0 Si = e 2zSl , Si —
(135.11). . . . ,. .
. - .: , 1950, §22; J. P hysics USSR. 1945. V. 9. P. 471.
724 . X V III

1/v ( . A. Bethe, 1935). ,

1).
(143.1) (143.2) , ,
.
,
,
(143.1), (143.2) ( . . , 1958).
go ( 2)
(142.13) f o ( k ) = l / [ g o ( k 2) — ik]
(Z = 0). ,
, , go ~ —1/
^ 2. ,
fo(k) fo(k) « — {1 —i k a ) .
,
:
< = 47 | |2(1 —2 \ "\), (143.3)
= (4: \ "\/ )(1 —2 \ \). (143.4)

.
§ 132, —>>0
, U(r) , -3 .

(143.1) 2) .
1/v
: , -2 ,
.

« » ( ^ ).
, , ,
,
« » .
, -2 , ^
)
I.
^ 21~ .
^ - 4\ . . 0
, \ I.
2) (143.3),
, U , -4 .
§143 725

; ,
\ ( )/ ( )\2 0
( , Uip
).
\ \2 .
, ,
\ \2 ~ 1 >, . . .
,
,
.
.
1/v
( —>>0 );
(136.10), (136.11). ,
( )

" - (143'5)
,
— .
1/v]
( 1), ,
= Aj .

( < 1, . . ZiZze2/hv 1, Zie, Z^e —

),

= 2 / 2, (143.6)

= (2 A / k 2)e~27v/k. (143.7)
0.
, (143.7) (143.6),
;
(—2 ZiZze2/ hv).
, (143.6)
,
I 1) . , (136.1)
^ (
) (143.7).
726 . X V III

(136.10), (136.11)) R^i

. ,
0 ( )
(36.25) ~ / 1.

^ 21/ , . . ,
( / )21 [ = 2/ ( m Z i ^ e 2) —
).

§ 144.

§ 142,143

. ,
,
.

( ) .
( )
.
.
(
)

:
= (ikiz) + fu(6 ) ( ^ )/ . (144.1)
fa -
6^ dan = \fa\2do. (144.2)
( /)
.
, ,
1)

Vv = ffi{ 0) \Jm f /mi exp fr\ (144.3)

) ( . . . 187)
, — /.

.
, ,
.
§144 727

kf —
( /), — 2, mj —
.
do
|^ /|2 Vfr2do, —
, vf.
dvfi = \ffi\2 U dof , (144.4)
Pi

pi = pf = rrifff.
§ 125 S,
.

. « »
, —
;
.
.
§ 125,
/ , ffi, /^ , / ^ , -
: Sfi = 5fi + 2iy/ . (144.5)
,
S'- ,
. ,

, § 125:

= F (_ n, , (-, _ (1 + x b f u)Fin ' ) S 2 ^ =

rsJVi /
= F ( - n ' ) exp{~ikir) - SUF (n ') ^ £ ( i M (144.6)
VjVi VJVi
( , , vi
(125.3)). ,
, /

, = = s /jF (n - ) S ^ £ ) . (144.7)
V /Vi r \Jv f

;
,
728 . X V III

( ) ,
, .

y/v .

.
, , -
, , ,
.

ff i - / = 2* kn f f n f L (144.8)

(125.7); +
(
) .
S'-
/;
(/).
fa (125.17),

(X )

&= i E ( 2*+ ^ - 1 ^ ),
1=0 (144.9)
= E ( 2 Z + 1 ) 5 * N « » * ) -

(X ) (X )

(T- = ^ E ( 2Z+1)i1 - ^ ) i2’ ^ = J E ( 2Z+1) i 4 ? i 2- (1441°)

/= /=0
(142.3).
( ) = Y 2 f afi
f . S- Yl'f \&fi \2 =
= 1 — |S ^ |2, (142.4) .
( )
S fi = Si*r . (144.11)
, :
/ / ; = £*/*• (144.12)
§144 729

* /* ,
/
1);
/. (144.11), (144.12)
(125.11), (125.12),
2).
(144.12)
:
da f i/p2do f = dai*f*/p2doi*. (144.13)
.
§ 126,
,
,
( )
: / / — . ,
f fi = /* ( )
.
da f i/p2dof = daif /p 2doi. (144.14)
i — / * — /* ,
,
/,
s\f, 52/
i su, S2 i .
aff.

° Si ~ 4 (2 + 1 ) ( 2 24 + 1 ) ^ / d a f id ° ’
(ms)

;
, ,
,
, . (144.13)
p2dafidoi* = p2dai*f*dof
,
giPiVfi = gfPfVif, (144.15)
) ( , ) « »
, ,
.
2) —1,
, ( . (140.11)).
, , (144.13) .
730 . X V III

gi gf
gi = (2 su + l)(2s2i + 1), gf = (2si / + l)(2s2f + 1), (144.16)

;
/.
, /^ .
,
Pi ^ 0 a fi ^ 1/pi (
).
(144.4) , ^ const pi —>►0.
(144.12) , ff i
Pf 0.
§ 147.

§ 145.
§ 134
, , ,
.

,
1) .

, ,
, « » ,
,
.

. (
)
,
,
, ,
, .

.
,
2).
) . (1936).
2)
,
, 7 - . « »
.
§145 731

,
,
( . § 134);

.
, ,
.
,
= Eq — /2,
( —E q + i Y/2), -
( ) -
.
, ,
,
.
,

,
( , ,
, 6, ,...). ,
,
/,
1).

f S = ~ ( e 2i5a - 1)< U ------ - ^ e ^ a + h ) -------™« (145 ^

Jab 2ika ’ ab 2 y/ E - E 0 + (l/2)iT ’
( l 6a
). = ]

( 6
(134.12) 5 ^ ). (145.1)
.
,
( . ).

, . .
, ,
( )
, .
1)
.
732 . X V III

, -
( = ).
:

= <145-2)

( . (144.8)). (145.1),

* _________________ = i T J 2 c MacM;c
- - (1/2) - + (1/2) ( - 0)2 + (1 /4 ) 2 ‘

, \= *^,
(. . \ . ,
M ab = J 2 M acM bc, (145.3)

. . .

U
.
( ) ^ \

(3 5

^ ^U a cU(3c — (145.4)

=^ («). (145.5)

(145.3)
( “) = (M (Q))2, ,
0 1. ^
( W = 1), (145.5)
= UlaUlb, (145.6)
§145 733

. . \
Uia ( = 1, 2, . . . ) .
^ \ ,
U\a-> •• ,

, .
, -

1).
, . .
, , , ,

,
.

\Ula\ =
(145.6)
=± ^ (145.7)
( U\a £^16
). ^2UicUic = 1

«= (145.8)

.
(145.1), (145.7), (145.8)
.
,
2).
( ), ,
,— 1, 2,...

) = /<»> - ^ E _ Ecr; (1/2),r ^ ' WP-(cosO). (145.9)

) , ^ = 1. (145.4),
(145.5) , = 5 , . .
. ,
,
.
2) ( O. Brei t ,
. Wi gner, 1936).
734 . X V III

— , /® —
.
(134.12)
.
,
, . :

= ^ 7------- 2 . [P/(cosfl)]26?o, (145.10)

4 2 { — ) + (1 /4 ) V '
:
°v 0 = (21 + 1) ^ ( £ _ £ ) 2 + (1/ 4) 2 - (145.11)

= (21 + 1 ) ^ 7 -------- 2 / , ,, (145.12)

V Jk2 ( - ) 2 + (1 /4 ) 2 ’ v '
= — — « » .
,

= Eq.
, — $
— ,

ardE = (2Z + l ) ^ f — . (145.13)

/
(
) 5-

—. (134.14)
fe = - a ------;------- , , . (145.14)
J 2 ( - 0 + (1 /2 ) ) V ’

= W + ^ ; + 1 { ~ °1 (145.15)
( — ) 2 + (1 /4 ) v '
2
. ,
.
( — $ ~ )
( ,
\ \ < 1),

< = 4 -------- \ , s 2- (145.16)

( — ) + (1 /4 ) V '
§145 735

— ° + & — - -,(-------- ; , , , 2-
— ) 2 + (1 /4 )
(145.17)
v '
,
, ,
= *— , = at — .
at —
—
.
at
,

.
(
) ^ .
,
:

1).
§ 134,
,
\ —E q \ D
( ). , ,
,
—)►0, ,
= 0 .
$

7 / ] -
( . A. Bethe, G.Placzek , 1937)2).
1) , -\- =
= + , ( +
) . , ,
,
. (145.11)
.
2) , ,
( , ), = 0
. ,
, , ,
.
736 . X V III

(145.12)
—)►0 1/ \[
( . § 143).
,
, .
,
,
I = 0.
- s = 1/2 , . .
j = ± 1/2 ( , 0;
).

j.
(145.12) ( I = 0)
g(j) + j—
, .
,
. (2 + 1)
(25 + 1) = 2 ( 2 + 1) ins.
j
(2j + l) . ,
, j

<i4 5 -i8)

. ,
j.
g(j) ( j, )
(145.15), 2
g(j) • 4 ^ 2.
,
, -
,

. ,
,
.
(ft + ), .
, ,
,
± 1; , . . ,
, , .
( )
§145 737

# —)►7 — , ( 7 + ( ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.

7 — . . (
) ,
1).

.
, , -

.
,
,
.
,
— — «
» « »2).

I = 0.
(142.7)
= ^ \ s - 1|2, = ^ (1 - \s\2), at = ^ ■2(1 - Re S),
(145.19)
,
S( (0 )
).
, S ,
S
a t = ^ ' 2(1 - Re S) (145.20)
( ~2
). « »
1)
[P /(co s0 )]2 .
2) (
) ,
(V. F. Weisskopf, . . Porter, . Feshbach, 1954).
738 . X V III

°& = ( / k 2) \ S - 1 \ 2, (145.21)
, , .
, ,

Selkrjr.
; ,
(145.21) « » .
, ,

, , . « »
—opt — —opt
= &t ~ & , . .
= w * 2)( 1 - |3 |2)- (145.22)
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
( D ), S

,
S = (1 - /D) (2iS(0)), (145.23)
D— ( ,
)
; S^(E)
.
= { / 2)(2 / D), (145.24)
^ ( / D ) 1) .
(145.17),
, , .
) ,
.
§ 146 739

,
( ) ,
(

). S(E)
,
, (145.22)
(145.19). ,

;
,
, .
,
(S'),
.

.
,
.
, (145.22),
« »
.

§ 146.

,
- ,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
,
,
1).
—
, — .
, < , = 2/

1) . . (1950)
[ . . Wat son, 1952).
740 . X V III

( — )
Eq = ^/ . ,
Eq (
), .
, « »
, « ».

,
« », . .
( .
§143 ).

.
^ ( ) ,
-
<? ^ = ( )

§ 136,

\
( ), ,
; ^-
. , ^
( )
5
, . .
. (146.1)
, (146.1)
~\ , ,

.
~ ,

> 1/
( = p/ ] , < 1),
, , ^ 1).
1) , < 1/
, ,
.
« » ~ 1/ .
§ 146 741

(
1/ ).
/,
.
\ ( )\2
5- ,
I 0 . (133.7)
, ,

„ —^ — , (146.2)
> +

= / /h, ( )
1).
(146.1),

dwv = const • d . (146.3)

+\ \ V 7
,
( ) .

dwE — c o n st. (146.4)

+\ \ V '
,
( ~ |^|)2) .
( < )
.

,
.

1) -
, .
;
, § 138.
2) , (
)
(146.3), (146.4). , ,
—
(~ ),
. <
,
(146.4).
742 . X V III

pi 2— .

P0 = Pl + P2, P=^( P2~P1)

( ,
/2). ,
[pop] = [ 1 2]; <
2
0 1. =pi p2si n6> «

= 4 _\_/ , ±— (
) , —
pi 2. (146.3)
_ ^ 2irp±dp±dp\\
aw = const •— ——-5----- -— —
(l/m)(px + ) + | |
,
.
— ,

dwQ = const 0 (146.5)

do « 2 0 dQ
~ V W e ~.o

§ 147.

,
: ,
( )
, , .
.
,
( + = ' + ').
v'
.
, .
vf
(144.13)
, vf
§147 743

(§143).
, ' '
( , ,
), , ,
/ 2 ( 1/ /), . . )
v 1. (147.1)

: /,
— :
= / - . (147.2)

, ( . Wigner , 1948;
. . , 1957; G. Breit , 1957).
,
.
' '
I= 0 (
(147.2)). ,
,
+ 5- . (142.7)
I= 0 S'- ,
,

4 0) = J ( 1 - |So|2), (147.3)

— .
(147.2) (147.3), , ,
, \Sq \ / —

|5 0| = 1 - - / - , > , (147.4)
Z7T

= /2 / ( — ).
,
\S0\ = 1, < . (147.5)
) §144 ,
ffi pf 0, —
( 1 4 4 .4 ) pf .
744 . X V III

, So ,
.
, (147.4) (147.5)
,

So = e2iSo ( l - ^ / ~ ), (147.6)

5 — ( < / —
).
I 0 ,
St = e2iSl, I 0, (147.7)

= 1).
Si (142.2),

:
f(9,E) = UO) - ^ - . / - e2i5°, (147.8)
47
/ (0) — = .

^ = |/ (0 ) |2 + ^ / - I m { f n(e)e~2iSo} > ,
2

= \ )\2- ^ / - R e { f n(e)e~2iSo} < .

2

/ |/ | ^^,

S = IAWI, - S AIA(e)l’^ r ^ i { ^ I “>)'1 I (147.9)

<E eZ
, 2 — 1- ,
2- , 3- 4- ,
,
. 50 , \ . ,
.
(147.9) do
/ (0 ) —
) Si(E) > , <
< , — .
§147 745

5- : ( 2 5° —1)/(2 ).
:
, " (147.10)
[ sin do cos < .
. 50
sin cos •
,

.
, ,
,
1).
, ,
,
.
= ,
/\ — \
.

, (
' ')
.
vf — 0 ( . . — )

.
,

,
.

(143.6)

. , , v' — 0

or = const vf — 0, (147.11)
. . .

1) ' + s-
,
+ .
746 . X V III

,
( . . , 1959).
, ,
(147.11) ,
.

, ' + ' -
( < ) ,

. ,
, ,
-
.
( )
, - .

, .

,
;
(
) \ 2.
, ,
. ,
, 1, ' ,
= \ \ +( 2 2
;
+ —)►A f + B f. a i, 0 L2
,
\, 2
=0 .

,
. «
»
1) . R~ — SaaR + ,
b: —SabR ^ , R~ —
. rg,

) (147.11) ,
I ( . § 143).

. / = 0,
. 0
.
§147 747

1/ , ( )
« » ,
\ « ».

\ \ + = (R~ — SaaR ^ ) 1 , + 2^2 = —SabR^\r0,

OL\CL\ + ^2^2 = (-^ SaaR ^") | , (\ + OL2&2 = ^ abR5 |
, ^, \ , — ,
2;
, .
,
( \/ 2 Saa),
, « » —
;

= ( +
27 rRt =

. ,
Saa ( )
- .
,
Rt —
( -^ ,
= /2 ( 1 — )/ ).
\Saa\ = 1 . , -
Saa(ty
Saa = (147.12)
]— , /3 — .
.
,
+ ,
.
Go + iF$ Go Fq
(138.4) (138.7).
1).
1) .
.
748 . X V III

( . § 138),
1)
=
i - « P( 3 w S ) ~ + - - (147 )
, ,
. 0
(147.13) ,
( . . . 695). ,
= , > . (147.14)
.
(147.13) —)► 2)
= —ctg — , < . (147.15)
>
.

= Saa ~ 1 |2.

^ > ; (147.16)
1+
,
. , \S\aa ^ 1 ,
Im /3 > 0 .

Saa = e2i^ - tf * / *b) (147.17)

/3 -tg(7T / )

,
= .
Saa = —1, . .
Re ^/3 —tg — ^ = 0;

) , ,
(—In 2 —2(7),
/3
] (147.12).
2) (147.13) —(1 /2 ) ctg(7r/ ) + /2,
(7 /2 ) ctg(7r/ > ) + / 2.
( ) — ( — ) = —7rctg7rx — 1 / (
( ) (— ) =
= —7 / si mr x ) ( ) « In — 1/2 .
§148 749

(
tg ( 7 / ) = 0)
. -

/ 2,
. 51.
,
,

1) . . 51

§ 148.

, § 139
2).
- ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
, , ,

, , ,

) —
,
.
,
.
( G. H. Wanni er/ / Phys. Rev. 1953. V 90.
P. 817).
:
( — 1 ) ,

= (1 /4 )(^ /9 1 / 3 — 1) = 1,13,, —I —
.
2) , § 148—150,
(H . A . B e t h e , 1930).
750 . X V III

, ,
;
.

;
.
.
( § 126)
,
, .
, '— , a Eq, —
.
(126.9)

= f , ' |0 , ) |^ ( 2 ^ + - (148.1)

( — - , —
, ; — -
).
, /
(126.10), (126.11); dw
da.
, .
, ( )
.
,
5- v,
( , ,
,
).

,
v v + dv.
(148.1) '

ton = J ^ l ( « p ' l ^ 0p ) | 2do',

§148 751

2 /2
V -V = - 0. (148.2)
2

(126.10), (126.11),
2
dcrn = U ~ ^ d r d V do (148.3)
I I 4 h

(dr = dV\dV2 • • • dVz —

Z , do ) ). = 0
= (148.3)
.
/,
Ze2/ ,
?, , ,
2
m
d(Tn = n od dV do. (148.4)
47 2 4
?//■
dV
, § 139.

¥>q(r0) = J■ dV

,
,
= 6( — ). (139.1)
47 _ iqra (148.5)
«) =
(148.4),

:
7 ( 4 ! / I
do, (148.6)
” = ( ) V \ \^

, = / ,
) ,
,
,
, (
).
752 . X V III

' = p f/ . ,
do,
- . —
,
.

, dq
q. q q = '— ;

q2 = 2 + kf2 — 2kkf cos$. (148.7)

, , . .
,
qdq = kkr sin $ dfi = — do. (148.8)
(148.6)

dan=8ir(k) 7 l(nE e ~ i4ro|0 ) l • (148-9)

q
. $
—E q .
, ,
(# < 1) ,
= m v 2j 2 :
— ^ . — ( — ),

- 0 = — { 2- 12) « — ( - ') = hv(k - ').

2 777/

$ (148.7) q2 « ( — ')2 + ( )2 ,
,
= + ■ (148.10)
q:
Qmin = ^ ( 1 4 8 - )
nv

$
vo/v ( > — ).
£$
( — E q ~ £$ rsj $), (v q / v )2 < # 1

q = / = mv/fvd (148.12)
§148 753

( (148.10)
); , q
. $ < 1
q ,
1/ ( — ).

qao ~ 1 $~vo/v. (148.13)

(148.9)
q (qao < 1, . . $ < v q / v ).

q: ~ ~ 1 — iqra = 1 — (
q). (148.9)
1

dan = 8 ( ^ ) ^-\(n\dx \0)\2 = \{n\dx \0}\2^ , (148.14)

dx = ^2 — .
, ( q)
, 1) .
, , ,

( ).
(—iqra)
/ 2x2 / 1 \ 2
d(Tn = 2 i r \ ^ ) 0 / qdq. (148.15)

q (qao ^ 1). q ,
,
. ,

, —

. (148.9).
q
(—zqra)
,
1) dcFn ,

.
|(n\dx |0 )|2
.
754 . X V III

.
, — = — ',
,
.

( )
.
(148.9)
,
.
(137.9);
,
.
(137.9) .
Z ,

1
^ cos tido. (148.16)
sin2 •&cos2 •&

, .
, = m v 2/2

= sin 2 $, —£ = cos2 $.
, do d£
cos tido = 27 cos'# sin tid'd = ( /E)d£.
(148.16)
1 1 " ds
(148.17)
( - )2 ( - )\ ~
—£ ,
(
). ,

1).

( , , dq)
.

. ,
1)
, dcr£ = (irZe4 / ) de/ 2
q» 1 / 0.
§148 755

. q don
(148.14) ,
q dq .
q ( — $)
q
(148.9) . ,
dq q,
qmin (148.11) ^ 1/ -
2
=8 (^) \(n\dx \0}\2 ln(j3n^ p ) , (148.18)
/ — ,
1).

, dq
( (148.15)),
q.
q rsj 1/ -
, ,
:
= (148.19)
V

(148.9),
dcrn q ~ 1/ v ~2.
dar
,
.
(148.9) 0, . . (
, ),
. ,
, (vq / v )2 < $ 1.
, (148.12), q -

1) , — -
( — ^ ) (148.14) (148.18)
,

q.
2) (148.9) — £ ,
(148.12) .
,
. ^ 1 .
756 . X V III

, . .

— (
Vm
2 2 N2 '
v E <»£■- (148.20)

, /

XI = ^ / 0n ( / 0n)* = ^ / 0 ( / + ) 0 = ( / / + J)oo-

, — 0.

" l/on|2 = X |/ |2 - |/ |2 = ( / / + ) - |/ |2- (148.21)

/ = ^2 ~ ,
2 x2
- -
'
,-q ra (148-22)

(...)
(. . 00 ).
(Q ~2 ~ ) , ,
F(q) .

,~
| ' z + j 2 ei ~ ).
=1

- (^ 42
= & ) { 2 “ f 2 ( , ) + ( E eiq<r" " l ) ) } ^ <148-23)

q ,
q (v q / v < qao < 1,
(vq/v )2 < $ < vo/v).
(148.23),
§148 757

, don
(148.14). (148.21)
/ = dx , (dx) = 0 ,

^ <148'24)
(139.5)
;
$, do
$ 1/ $ 2.
Vo/v < $ < 1 ( qao 1)
(148.23) ,
dar = z ( (148.25)
. . Z (
). ,
(139.6) Z 2, Z.
, ,

. ,
(148.18),
— 8 ( ~~) ( 4 ) 1 ( / ? ^ ) . (148.26)

1)
1. ( v~2 1)
( ).
.
(148.23) , F(q)
§ 139. ,
4 / v 2' 2 \ ~4
d<Tr = 7 # [ 1 _ ( 1 + — ) ]d0•
2.
,
n- ( — ).
.
. z
q, = etqz — <?(£ ?)/2
= ~1^2 ~ ^ + ]^ 2.
m = 0.

1 2 = 1- 2 (( ----1 —
± F (( -- 1,
\) F F (( --
1, - ) ) F 22 , 1, -

) .
758 . X V III

( = \ + 2 + 1).

( 2 0 | |0 0 0 ) = JJ ^ |( £ - ?)^ ^ ^^-^ d£dr].

, §f
.

K n in 20 |e'qr|000}|2 = 2 V q 2 ^ ^ + t(n i “
[{ + 1) + (qn) ] +
ni + 2 = —1 .
\— 2
(148.9),
- 1 \ 2 [(n - I )2 + (gw)2]n~ 3 dj
dcrn = + (<2
3 [(n + lf + (qnfr+3 q
3.
.
.
_ 287 dq
~ " 2” 1(<?2 + 9 /4 )5
g gmin = ( 2 — E i ) / v = 3/8?; gmax = 2v,
v.
1)
2 18 ( 25\ 4 ncrcrcrl v2
( 2 = 1 9 In 4?;-------= —- • 0,555 I n ---------- .
3 XV V 24 / ^2 0,50
4. (
) ;
,
( . Massey, . Mo h r , 1933).
.
= 7 -1//2 - . ,
,
( 2/2 ) . ^ (136.9),
« » ( )
. £ ^
(5- /27 - ;
d 3>c/(2 )3 >c2d>cdo^/ (27 )3, do^ —
. ,
A h 'J 2
dcr = -— — —- 1(x |e - r |0)| d o d o ^ d x
(27t ) kq

x) .

: = ( 4 7 / » 2 ) 1 ( »2/ 0 , 160) .

= (4 / ^ 2 ) . 0 , 7 1 5 1 ( ;2 / 0 , 4 5 ) , < = (4 /^ 2 ) • 0 , 2 8 5 1 (^ 2 / 0 , 0 1 2 ).
§149 759

(do— ),

( x |e _iq r|0) = j {- > ~ ^ 0 =

I = ^— J ( —*qr — * — ) ( — , 1, i ( x r + )) ^

z
?, ( q , ):
S 27

/ = | 2 / / / ex p { _ (* /2 M £ _ ^ c o s ^ + ^ ^ ^ s in T'c o s ^ _
^
- ( /2)(£ + »7) - ri )}F( i/x, l,ix£)dipd£dri
) =1
(7 — q ). dtp dr]
y/rj cos ( = , ^/rjsiiKp = v ,
/
I _ I - q2 sin 2 7 + 2 + ( + qcos^f)2 A F ( i / ? c, l, i? c £) d£
2 I J 2 [ ( + g eo s7 ) — ] J [ ( + geos7 ) — ]
v ' =1
(f.3) 7 = 1, = 0.
,
:
^ _ 28kfx [ q 2 + 2 g x co s7 + ( 2 + 1 ) cos 2 7 ] ^
Trfcg2 [q2 + 2 q x cos 7 + 1 + x 2]4 [(q + x ) 2 + 1] [(q - x ) 2 + 1](1 - *
x exp { —( 2 / x ) a r c tg [ 2 x /(q2 — x 2 + 1)]} d o d o ^ d x .

> 2/ 2
2 10fc'x [g2 + (1 /3 )(1 + 2)] { —( 2 / ) a r c tg [2 x /(q 2 - 2 + 1)]}
% 2 [(9 + >f)2 + l]3[(g _ x)2 + 1]3(1_ e-2V -)
1 « ;
2 dxdo
=
37 4 [1 + (q- )2]3
do = 2 i r q d q / k 2 « (2ir>c/k2) d(q — x ) ,
87 d>c/k2>c3, , ,
(148.17).

§ 149.

1 = - E 0)d a n, (149.1)
760 . X V III

(
); , ,
, , dx
1).

dx = 8 (^ ) YS.En - ) |( | ^ - ^ | ^ | 2^ (149.2)

(do (148.9)). , (148.23),

,
(v q / v )2 < $ 1; q
.
,
.
/ ( )
/
(/) = ~( / )( - 0)/ . (149.3)

J 2 ( E n - E 0)\f0n\2 = ^ - E 0) f 0n(f0n)* =

= J 2 (E n ~ 0) / + ) 0 = i h J 2 ( f ) o n ( f + )n = / ( // Joo-

.
/ / = fn ,
(149.3) (f)on = ~( f) n0-

-* ^ ( / + )° (/) ° = 00.

- )|/ „ |2 = f ( / / + - / + / ) 0 0 - (149.4)

) ,
N d x (N —
) ,
, .
§149 761

/ = ^2 . (19.2)

^ = E [ e " iqr° ( (i v «) + ( q V a) e - iqr“j.

/ / + - / +/ = - ~ q 2Z.

(149.4),

- 0) | ( |^ > - ^ | ) | 2 = Z, (149.5)

1).
,

= = (149.6)
mv q mv $

(vo/v)2 < fi 1,
. . vo/v < aoq < v / v q .
, >c(qi)
,
, q\ , v q /v <
< a0qi < v / Vo'. qi

^ (9 i) = S / ( E n ~E o) da n; (149.7)
<?min

fein (148.11).
- , qmin .
— qm[n qo
qo qi, qo — q, v o /v qo^o ^ 1-
qmin qo
dcrn (148.14):
qo
* ( * ) = 8 ( ^ ) 2 ^ \ ( n \ d x \0)\2(En - 0) f
V r> J $
Qmin
1) ,
, 0, .
.
762 . X V III

^ (® ) = 8 (^ ) X ] I( 0 ) \ 2{ - 0) In • (149.8)

qo q\
, dx (149.6),
dq

x(gi) —x(go) = 47 ^ ^ - In —. (149.9)

mv qo

, (149.4),

J — ^ _— V
/ ,, J? —
— I V
/ o . -
z ' z '

/+ / (/+ /)
/ / + - / +/ = 1) .

^ N 0n = ^ o ) | ( n | ^ | 0 )|2 = Z. (149.10)

N 0n
.
I

1 /= " ~ ) = \ ^ ( - ). (149.11)

(149.10), (149.8)
~ J~ • (149.9),

x(qi) = ^ 4 - 1 — • (149.12)
mv I

2).

) ,
(149.5).
2) I = 0, 4/ 2 = 14,9 .
, I
- . , -
§149 763

q\ $ i, q\ = m v d i / h

(149.13)
qiao 1 ( . . $1 vq/v),
. ,
qao 1 ,
Hq .
fiq £ ,
, . . = 2 2/2 . (149.12) q\ = 2mei/fT?,
,
< \:
(149.14)
.

( ) ;
,
.

; — Z.
, ( )
, ,

(Z = 0 ,5 5 . );
.
.
,
.
e i ( l < £i V2) £max = / 2 = v 2/ 4 (
!) (148.17):

I Z.
.
vo/ ;
, I ~ Hvo/ao. -
Z, — Z 1/"3. -
, , I Z: I = const Z.
, const ~ 10 .
764 . X V III

(149.14), ( ) )
47 . ( v 2 /— , 47 . v 2
> = - In — y j /2 = — In -
i;2 V2I ) v2 0 ,9 4

§ 150.

,
, , : v vq .
(126.2)
, Uao/hv < 1 , ,
, a Uao/h
.
,
, (148.3)
(
). , ,
, ( )
. (148.1);
, ,
^- , ,

+ (150.1)
2 2 2 ’ v '
— , — ;

(
).

. ,
^-
, (148.3),

( !). ,

, « '; ,
,
1)
, (149.14)
= = v 2/ 2 \ : > = (47 / v 2 ) 1 ( >2/0 ,5 5 ).
§150 765

dan =
47 2
2
4
JJ Ue~i<iV^ Q
dTdV do. (150.2)

,
, ze2 2, ze
. ,
(148.9)

dcrn = 8 7 (^ -) ^ n | X e _zqr° 0^> (150.3)

. ,

,
v q.
,
, $ (
).
,
$ . ,
( )

;
( )
. ,

(
, , ,
).
,

q= +( vi))2, (150.4)

qhttMv'd (150.5)
, .
, ,
( )

q= n
,
, ,
766 . X V III

,
(
do = 27rsin tid'd « 2irrdd'd)\
(150.6)
m
v .
,
( ) / .
. (150.6)
(139.4) $ < 1,

^ = 8K 5 ? ) 2 [z - f ( ^ ) ] 2 ? - <150'7>

# ^ 1,
.

.
, ,
, , .
, ( ^ 1)
; # .

+ de (148.25),

H2q2/2 = ( Hq
).
( = ^< ' (150.8)
mv

(148.26).
(149.12) q\
qm .
. Hqm
Mv ,
§151 767

= v • hq.

22 * .
= ----- = nv q ^ nvq.
2

Hq ^ 2mv, . .
% = 2mv, £max = 2mv2. (150.9)
,

__ m ax __ 2
^ max “ ~ ~ '
(150.9) (149.12),
:
j f = 4![^ V l n W _ (150 0)

§ 151.

.
,
(1936),

. , ,
, ,
.

.
,
1).
,
. ,

1) ,
. ,
.
768 . X V III

,
.

.
,
, ; ,
. ,
, (
)
, . f a—
- ; |f a\2do —
(
).

,
« »

(151.1)

— .
(126.4) d-
, q.
« » U(r)
. ,
/.

'
, q; ,
,
q 1) .
(
, ),
(151.1) « »
, ,
/. « »
(126.1)
.

) ,
,
,
. , Uo,
Uo 3 = const ( —
), (126.1), (126.2) .
§151 769

{ ) = -2 2Y , - Ra), (151.2)

; Ra—
- ; — - .
(148.3) (
),

dan = 2 ?- { ( \ ~ 1 \0} do. (151.3)

l'*—'

Eq ,
'
2 /2
- _ -Esyi
— Z^_ •
-^0
2
(151.3) ,

( 0 —)► ).
:
( )

.
,
, fa
.
.

: j a = ia = 1/ 2 , — ;
/+ / “.
,
ja /+ / “.
^ ^
fa = & (151.4)
\ s— ,

= 2 -"—
+ 1 [{la + 1)fa + * /< ]> = —^
2 +—1 (fa ~ fa)- (151-5)
770 . X V III

, ,
j is
1
si = - j { j + 1) - ( + 1) -
2
(151.4)
(151.3) fa ,
.
,
.

1. (151.3),

. — .
.
, ; s ia = 0.
,
,

;
( s i i ) ( s i 2 ). (s i)2

(s i)2 = -1s i _
2.2 = s{s 1)*(* - 1) _ *(* “ 1)
3 3 4
:

d<Tn = Mi?-\ ■P"(| a ^(n|e-t4

a
R“|
0 }
|2+±Y,
a
ta{taM V
a
} b l \ ( n \ e - ^ \ 0 )\ 2 } d o .

2. (151.3)
- (J. Schwinger, . Teller, 1937).
.
(151.3) 2

d a n = ^ | a < n | e “ iqr/2 + eiqr/2|0) + & s (n |iie -'qr/2 + i2e'qr/2|0)| 2do, (1)

9p

a = J ( 3/ + + / “), b= f + - f ~
(d=r/2— -
).

, , v (
(1)). 2
7 = 0 ( ),
— 7=1 ( ) ( . § 86).
: 1)
, 7 ( -
- ), 2)
, 7 ( —
- ).
§151 771

( | _ //2|0) = (n |e zqr//2|0 )^ n |co s ^ | ^

( ,
( —1) ). (1)
2 + bsl, I = ii + i2. 7
. (2 + 6 sl)2 , 1,

4 2 + —1(1+1).
4

V
dtTn = 79»
9 r \ II(\\nlC
II 0S 22 1/1 + f~f + / (/ + X) ( / + - f ~ f } do■ (2)

(n |e'qr/2|0) = - < n |e 'qr/2|0) = i ( n | s i n ^ | o ) ,

(1) s^ii — i2);

I . ,
I'
, (
) ( s ,i i — i2) 2 ( . . . 704)

( s , i i - i 2) 2 =
1 3~.----
- • —( i i -
1 /«.2 , «.2
i2)2 = - ( 2 i i +
2\
2i2 - I
1
) = - [ 3 - 7 ( 7 + 1) ] .

dan = ( l ) ( 3 ) ^ | ( n | s i n ^ | o ) | 2( / + - r f d o , (3)
9p I \ I 2 1 /1
(1) - - ,
(3) — - - .
,
, (2)
(3) c o s(q r /2 ) = 1, sin (q r /2 ) = 0,
, 00;
, .

dae = |[ ( 3 / + + ) 2 + 7(7 + 1 ) ( / + - ) 2] do.

3. ,

( . Fermi, 1936).
.
, (151.3),
, = = /2 ( — ).
2

— — ") [ ( ) 1 2 3( ) d V do,
1 ^ J
772 . X V III

= 4 7 |/|2 — , ' 1 2 3—
,
= ( + 3 /2 );
, 712, \ + 2 + = . '

( . 4 §33).

1 ( ) dx
/ “ (- 2

( = y j M uj / ), ( ) ( .4)
n- .

d,a
_— 1 v’ 1 _ ~2_ do.
7 v Z ^ \\ 2 \ \ \ 2 2
,

*„ = ^ . / ^ \(2 4 J ~ ( -2 4 do.
7 ! \
, ( = , = ')
; 1 I ----------
4
dae = — (- - - ) do, (J —(Jq 1 —
7 V 2 1
/ 0, 4<tq.

§ 152.

, § 131
,
, (
)
—« » (R . J. Glauber, 1958).

.
, \U\ 1 , U—
, — .

: 1
\ q< .
, , ,
.
, , v
v$ :
V > VQ. (152.1)
§152 773

( . § 148,
150): v vo \U\a/Hv < 1;
, ,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
1) .
(152.1)
2).
, +

( , R i, R 2, . . . ) = ( ( ; R i, R 2, )$ ;(R i, R 2, . .. )• (152.2)
<3>^(Ri, R 2, . . . ) — (- )
(R i, R 2, . . . — -
). ; R i R 2, . . . ) —
( — - )
R i, R 2, . . .,

,2 2
.^ + ^ -R .)
* = (1 5 >
Ua( —R ) — -
, — 3) .
(152.3)

< = eikr + F(ri, n; R b R 2, . . . ) — (152.4)

(n' = r / r , n = k / ), (152.2)

^ = + (152.5)

, (
) - ; (152.5)
) - (152.1)
v.
,
.
2) ,
,
.
3) (152.3) ,
.
774 . X V III

^. (152.5)
.

, . .
;
« » (
(152.3)),
.

^ = < <+ 2 / / /, ) / ^ , (152.6)

/
;
f f i ( ', )
i f (
'). (152.6) (152.5), ,
// » = J $}F$idT, (152.7)

dr = d3R i d 3R 2 .. . —
. ,
/.
(152.4) (152.3)
§ 131 1) . (131.7)
F(n', n; R b R 2, . . . ) = [ S (p, R b R 2, . . . ) - 1] ~^2,
(152.8)

5 ( p ,R i ,R 2, • • •) = exp[2*<5(p,Ri,R2, •••)],

S(p, RbRa,...) =J] ^(P- (152-9)

a
oo
<5a(p - R-al) = J Ua(r - R a)dz.
—oo
X) B §131 ,
(131.4) 2.
§ 131.
( )
. , (131.4)
, . . Ro < 2, Ro —
( — U).
§152 775

, — - ,
k (R a^ — -
R a); hq = 7— —
, (152.8) .
6

/(a) = h / { exp[2i,5“(p) - ^ ~ iqpd 2p- (152.10)

i —f (152.7), (152.8)
:

f u ( r i , n ) = 7 ^ f [Sip) ~ 1}e ~ iqs>d 2p, (152.11)

:

S( ) = J S ( p , R 1, R 2 , . . . ) \ M n 1, R 2 , . . . ) \ 2d r . (152.12)

(131.7).
(152.11) 7=
(142.10),

at = 2 J ( 1 - Re S ) d 2p. (152.13)

\fa\2 7.
q « do d2q /k 2.

° = J \ 2 .
f^fu fa (152.11) (
d2p d 2pf), d2q
J *q(p _ (2 )2 ( — 7),

d- d2pf.

= J \ S - l \ 2d2p. (152.14)

( — &t & = J (I - \s\2)d2p. ( 152. 15)

776 . X V III

(152.13)-
(152.15) (142.3)-(142.5).
( /)
d?p ( = l/ ) Si S{ ),
(152.13)—(152.15).

1.
(R. J. Glauber,
1955).
. (152.11)

/ d(q ) = J IV^R-)!2jexp 2 iSn ( - 5 ^ ) + 2i 8 p ( + 5^ -1

e ~ iqfd 3R d 2p. (1)

^ d (R )— ( )
( ) ; R = R n — R p, ± — R ,
.
(1)
(2 5„ + 2iSp ) - 1 = (e 2 i 5 n - 1) + (e 2 i 5 p - 1) + (e 2 i 6 n - l ) ( e 2i6p - 1 ).

(/^ ) (152.10)

[2 0( )] - 1 = 2- f J ^ \ ) ^ - 2.

/ W (q) = / (n)(q )F (q ) + / (p)( q ) F ( - q ) -

) = f IV’d(R-)!2|2e-iqR/2d3fl
— .
(2) q = 0 ( F ( 0) = 1)

J
(142.10), :

Re F (2 q )y M ( q ) / M ( - q ) < lV (3)

2.
;
Ro (kRo 1, —
) ( . . , 1954;
R. J. Glauber, 1955; . . . . , 1955).
.
(kRo 1)
, .
: e^ijjdiR), ijjd{R) —
§152 777

(R = R n — R — - ,
= (R n + R p) /2 — - ).
« » ,
( ),
« » , . . Ro. ,

= e’krS(p n ,pp)V>d( ii),

S = 1 , ^ Ro S = 0,
R o 1) - ( )
(131.5) (
); S , § 131,152.
(152.13), (152.14) crt
( )

crt = 2 J (1 - S) d 2 , cre = J ( S - I ) 2 d 2 ,

= ( + )/2 S; S
:

S(p) = j ^
ipd

2 R
R ,
( . (133.14); = / \ \/ , \ \—
; — ). S
1 —S ,
Ro ;

- S) d 2 = a t / 2 (1)
/<■
. , crt =
= + + , — « »
.
1
— o~t —j s { \ - s ) d 2 p. ( 2)
2
Ro>c > 1 (2) ( ~ l/> f)
; 27r.Ro,
,
.
( — ),
L
XJ

=2 0 J S(x)[l —S(x)]dx,

1) .
778 . X V III

2
S(x) = JJ J ipd(R) d X d Y dZ, R = X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2,
—oo —2x
X n, X p ^ 0 x = ( X n + X p) / 2
, , \ \ = \ — \ ^ 2 .
X, R YZ (
d Y d Z —> 2 7 R d R )
°° -£
S (x ) = 1 — _4 < -|_ 4 f - — d£. (3)
4 ^
(2) S(x)

J( - ^ — - 2 ^ )— = 1 2.

0" = ~ Ro ( I n 2 — J.
V 4J
h Rq 1,
_ ~)‘2 . k Rq
^" — ~
4
( (1) > Ro (3),
< Ro 7t R q ).
,
( ). (
%) ,
,
_ _ 7 Rq
0" — 0" —
4
(R . S e r b e r , 1947).
§ .

—2 + 2 = 0 ( . 1)
,
).

, , 7 \ dmy
\ + ) —— — 0 ,
dx
=0
,
.

P(t) = X amtm, Q(t) = X bmtm

m=0 m=0

m = i exp I £ d t ,

= j Z(t)extdt,

,
,
V = extQZ
,
t (
, ). ( .1)
P = t2 + 2n; Q = - 2 t, Z = - ^ r i e~t2/ \ V = ± e xt~t2/ \

1) ., , . . . . II. - .: -
, 1933; . . . . . III, 2.
- .: , 1974.
780 . X V III

= J (xt - 7) ^ - ( . 2)

> —1/2.
\ 2 ( . 52),
,
(£ = + t= — ) V 1) .
, ( .1)
,
±
. .
( .2 ) \ 2
( .1). \,
t = 2( — ). , ,

=
/ du' ( 3)
;
[
, . 53.
I 2 2.
— Z)
@
Ci ©

. 52 . 53
— + [
, ( . ) ,
2
~ . —
, ( . )
, ( )
, .
, ( .2 ) 2
.
(
)
, ( . )—
[ 2 —
) ,
( .2) .
§b 781

= . ,

v{x) = ^ iu'
.

/J W w
v '
= —
2
/ ,
J (t- x ) n+1

, , -
MUma ( ) = (-1) 2 £ ^ ~ 2. ( .4)
,
,

( ) = (2 ) — j— ^(2 ) ~2+ ( ~ 1)(" ~ 2)( ~3) (2 ) ~4—. . . ( .5)

, .

# 0 = 1, 1 = 2 , = 4 2 -2 ,
2 3 = 8 3 -1 2 , ,
, 0 . )
4 = 16 4 - 48 + 1 2 .
2
~
( .4) , ,
+ + +
I e~x2H l ( x ) d x = j ( - 1 f Hn( x ) £ , e - x2d x = j e ^ ^ d x .
— CXD — CXD — CXD

Ho dnHn/ d x n , 2nn!;
+
e~x2Hl(x) dx = 2 \/ . ( .7)
/

§ .

- = 0 ( .1)
. ,

= £2, Q = —1, Z —— (—£3/3), V = (xt — £3/ 3),

782 . X V III

( ) = const • J ( £ —£3/ 3 ) (b-2)

,
V .

£, Re (£3) >
> 0 ( . 54
).
, ,
, ,
.
,
,

(I III . 54). ,
. 54
, , , ,
III II, ,
.
, ,
( .2 ) ( t= )

( ) = -^= J cos(^ux + ^ j d u . (b.3)

( .2 ) — /2 /
( );
1) .
( )
, ( .2 )
. > 0
t= = / , «
» .
,

x)M bi , . . ( . . .
. . — .: , 1969; ( ) —
, V( x ) ) .
, ( . )
: Aix = ( )/ /7 , f A i x d x = 1.
§b 783

t + / \ ( . . 54),
( = / ).
t= —/ + ,

( ) « — [ ( — - x 3/ 2 — y / x u 2} d u ,
2y/7r J V 3 /
—

( .4)

, ( )
.

, < 0

t = iy/\x\ t = —iy/\x\,
—
.

( -

( .5)

,
( ) . , (
) ( ) (—1,02) = 0,95.

1/3. ( .1), ,

Z 1/s (x )— 1/3.
, ( . ),

> 0 , ( .6 )

( )= J _ 1/ 3 Q |a;|3/2) + J 1/ 3 (||a ;|3 /2) < 0

784 . X V III

I v {x) = *M ix ), K v {x) = —?—

2 Sin V7
[1 ) ~ Iu(x)}

K v - X{ ) - K v+l(x) = ~ -X K v {x),
2 „( ) = -—I
AtS.v\X) -\{ ) — +\{ )

> 0 . ( .7)

= 0

(0 ) = — ^ —
V) 2/ (2/ ) = 0 ,6 2 9 ,
( .8)
'(0) = ^ = - 0 ,4 5 9 .
. 55 ^ W 20F
. 55 .

§ . 1)

P/(cos$)

PAcos 6) = —-— (cos2 — I ) 1. ( .!)

) 2 /! (dcosO) )

— — (s in 0 — ) +l(l + l)Pi = 0. (c.2 )

sin 0 d0 V dd) V ’ 1

1)
.
,
.
§ 785

™(cos
1
)
’
= sinm gd(dcosf?)
7Pi(c°se) = 4-
2 /!
sinm , d‘+"
(dcos<?) +
(cos2 - I)1
7
( . )

{ ) = ( _ 1 ) (1 + sin - m 0 d ‘~ m , 2 0 _ i y ( .4)
1 J \ I (1- ) \ 2 11\ { d c o s e ) l~mK J ' ’
= 0 ,1 ,...,/.

1 d ( . n dPV
Sint
1
f [P/(/i)]2c//i
-1
(/i = cos#) ( . 1)
/- ,

J ( 2 - 1), (/ 2 - J i1-
-1 -1
= (1 — / )/2 S-

1
[P/(/i)]2d /i= ( .6 )
/
-1
, P/(/i)
/ :
1
Pl(p)Pv (v)dp = 0 , / / / '. ( .7)
/
-1

,
[P/m(/i )]2 ( . ) ( .4)
/— ;
1

-1
/■[L //7»VPyj] 2^ = 2/ + 1 (/ - )! v( .8)'
786 . X V III

, ™ I
( ) :
1

J ^ = 0, 1 1'. ( .9)
-1

§ 107.

. 7— ,
6,< ipf: cos 7 = cos cos 0r +
+ sin sin 6f cos((p — cpf).

P/(cos 7 ) = Pi (cos 0)Pi (cos Qf)+

l
+ 2 (i + m)\Pr(cos6 ) (c o s o') [m(<p - ip')},
cos ( c . 10 )
771— 1

( (28.7))
I
') = ^ Y lm(n ')Y lm (n). ( .11)
= —1

, '— , / ( )

.
( . 10) P//(cos0)
do = sin QdQdip. dip
,
cos [ ( ? —(//)]; ( .6 ), ( .7)

j Pt rfPp (c o s ( c o s 6)do = Sw^-^Pli cos 6»').

J Pi(nin2)Pi/(nin3)doi = 5/ // ^ ^ - ( 2 ), ( -12)

iii, 2> — , -
— n i. ,
§d 787

/ :

0 = 4=, Yl0 = i \ [ ] - c o Se, Yi ±1 = sin ■e±iip,

/47 47 87

20 — —3 cos2 0 ), >2 ±1 = = /““ cos sin •

167 ’ 87

* 2,±2 = - //^ sin2 ■e±2llp> *30 = - * COS 0(5 COs2 0 - 3) >

,±1 = = /^- sin 0(5 cos2 0 —1) ± ^,

3 ±2 = — / ——■cos^ sin2 #* ±2 ^, ±3 = ± * sin3 #- ±3 ^.

^ V 327 ’ V 64

§ d.

—1 / 1 . a z . ( + 1) z 2 / j i \
F ( a , 7 ^ ) = l + - i T+ ^ ^ ¥ + -.., ( )
; ,
7
. (
), F (a ^,z) \ \.
F (a ^,z)
z u n + (7 —z)u f — = 0, (d-2 )
1).
= z 1~/yu\

zu" + (2 —7 —z)ui — ( — 7 + l)u i = 0. (d.3)

, 7 (d.2 )
z 1- 7 F ( —7 + 1 , 2 —7 , z \

) (d . 2 ) 7
, (
(d.3)) 7 .
788 . X V III

(d.l), (d. 2 )

= ciF(a, 7 , z) + c2z 1~'yF ( a - 7 + 1, 2 - 7 , z). (d.4)

, , z =
.
(d. 2 ) ,
.
,

P(t) = 7t — a, Q(t) = t(t - 1), Z(t) = ta~l (t - l ) 7_a_1,

u = l etzt a~l (t - 1y - ^ d t . (d.5)

,
V (t) = etzt a (t —l ) 7~a
.
(d.3),

u = z 1-7 I etzta- ^ ( t - l ) - adt.

tz — £,

= (d .6 )

V(t) = e^£a_7+1(£ —z ) 1~a .

(d. 6 ) , ,
— t — z t = 0.
,
(Re t — ),
-

( . 56).

,
V(t) .
(d. 6 ), ,
z = 0;
,
, F ( a , /y,z).
§ d 789

z = 0
; -

- L f
2 J

F(a, 7 , 0 ) = 1, ,

F(a, 7 , z) = ^ J e\t - z ^ t ^ d t . (d.8 )

(d.5)
t = 0 t = 1. Re (7 — ) > 0, 7—
,
', t = 1,
t —0
t = 1 ( . 57); Re (7 — ) > 0
- . 57
V (t)
1).
2 = 0 F ( a , /y,z)

F(a ,y,z) = (d .9 )
"

(d. 8 ), (d.9)
. 7
.
,

F ( a , j , z ) = ezF ( 7 -Q !, 7 , - z ) , (d. 10)

,
(d. 8 ) t — t + z.
, = —, —
, F (a^,z) .
.
(d.9) t 1 — (t/z)
1) 7 — , '
, t = 0 t = 1 .
790 . X V III

,
:

F ( —n, 7 , z) = -- ------ — - t----------- - z l -' 1ez — {e~zz 1+n- 1). (d .ll)

V b J 7 (7 + l )...(7 + n - l ) d z nK J >

7 = , — ,

( _-1\ m —1 7 + —1
F ( - n , m , z ) = — ------ ------------------ - ——- — r(e~zzn). (d. 12 )
V ’ ’ ) m (m + l ) . . . ( m + r a - l ) d z m + n - lK ) V )

, (d. 8 ) t ^ z — t.
F ( —n , m , z ) (0 ^ ^ ) ,
, -
:

_ - r z dn z n-m _ , i^m n\ z m dn m z n
(n - m ) \ dzn ’ ( -m )! d z n~ m
(d-13)
L™ m = 0 Ln(z)
\ (d.13)

. =
(d. 8 )

2. ,
\ 2 ( . . 56),
t = 0 t = z\ 2
\
. z,
(—z)~a .
2 t — t + z\
2 \.
(d.8 )

F ( a , 7 , z) = ^ (—2 ) aG(a , — 7 + 1 , —z)+

(7 - )
+ ^ \ e zz a^ G ( 7 - a , l - a , z ) , (d.14)
( )
§ 791

G(a,/3,z) = J ^1 + -^ t^~1etdt. (d.15)

Ci
(d.14) —z 2
.
, (1 + t / z ) ~ a
t/z (d.7),
G(a,/3,z)
0(a,l3,z) = i + g + « (« + l ) W + 1 ) + _ ( d . 16)

(d.14) (d.16)
F ( a , /y,z).
7
(d.4) (d. 2 ) ( 7 = 1),
( 7 > 1).

(d.14), . . (d. 8 ),
\ 2 ( , ,
, —
(d. 2 )).
;
2.
(d.14)
£ 1_ 7 F( a — 7 + 1, 2 —7 , z).
G (a , — 7 + 1, —z) F ( a , 7 , z) F(a — 7 + 1, 2 —7 , z \
7 = + ( — )
0,
.
:
I 1 \ sin7m • ( — ) (, ( ,
G ( a , a - p + l , - z ) = ---------- ---------- Lz In z - F ( a , p , z ) +
7 ( ) [

( ) ( + )[ ( + )~ ( + s) - { + 1)]
^ r ( a ) r ( s + p ) r ( s + 1)
5 —0

^ J ( ) ( - ) V >
5—1

- :
( ) = ( )/ ( ).
792 . X V III

§ .

|^| < 1

F ( a , D, 7 , z ) = 1 + g g f + “ (,> + 1 W W + | , ( e .l)
7 1! 7 ( 7 + 1) 2!

\z\ > 1
( . ( .6 )).

z( 1 — z)u" + [7 — ( + /3 + 1)z]uf — / = 0. ( .2 )
/3 , 7 0 , - 1 , —2 , . . .
F(a, /3,7 , z), , / 1) .
( .2 )

£1-7F (/3 - 7 + 1, - 7 + 1, 2 - 7, );
z = 0.
,
.
F(a, /3,7, z) z,
Re (7 — ) > 0,

F {a,P ,4 ,z ) =

= - ^ {1 - h
"
r ~ ' {1 ~ t ) 7 ~ ° ~ 1 ( 1 ~ ur$dt' ( -3 )

, . 57. ,
( .2 ),
;
, z =0 .

= (1 -

) F ( a , /3,7, z)
F ( a , j , z ) = lim F ^ o;, /3, 7 , /3 —> .

2-^1 ( , /3, 7 , z) -
7, z) .
F ,
.
§ 793

( .2 )
7 — , 7 —/3, 7 , /3, 7 .

F ( a , /3, 7, z) = (1 - ^)7_a_/3F ( 7 - a, 7 - /3,7 , ) ( .4)

(
z =0 ).
t — £/(1 —2 + zt) ( . )

z z / (z — 1):

F(a,/3,4,z) = (1 - “^ ( ,7 -^ 7 ,^ ;)- ( .5)

(1 — z )- a
( )
,

.
, ,
2 1/z:

F { a J ''>’Z) = r 5w r i , - ^ -*>~a F ( a ’ + 1 - 7, + 1 - /3, ' ) +

+ +1- ^ + 1 - “ ■;)■ < -6>

F(a, /3,7 , z) ,
\z\ > 1 , . .
( .1).

F(a,(3,-y,z) = /3, + /3 + 1 —7 ,1 — z ) +

+ (7 (( )^)~ ^ (1 ~ * ~ ~0 - , 7 ~ & 7 + 1~ ~ / ~ *)
( -7)

2: 1 - 2; (
). ( .7) ( . ),
794 . X V III

F(a, , *)= (/3) (7

I
-
“ )! ( 1 ~ 7 - + 1~ /9, ; ) +
(7 ) ( - /3)
+ (1 - ) ^ ( / 3 , 7 - , /3 + 1 - , ( ei
(«) (7 —/3)

F(a,P,j,z) = (7 0)
, , > ( 7 - /3 ) (7 - )
_1_ (7 ) ( + /3 - )
x z - aF ( a , a + l - 7 , a + 0 + l - 7 ,£ L - i) ,
7

(1 - z f - ^ z ^ F ^ l - (3, 7 - ,7 + 1- - /3, . ( .9)

( .6)-( .9)

.
( /3) ( ),
= —,
-
1- 7 /-. \7+n-/3 m
F (- n> ^ ) - 7(7+1) . . . (U - i ) ^ [zr ( -10)
,
, ,

°’> = • • (<*+n) F ( - n , a + 6 + n + 1, n + 1, ^ ) =

= w ( 1 _ 2 r “ (1 + z )” ‘ ^ [(1 _ 2 )°+" (1+z)W '”1- ( ' )

= b= 0
. = = 1.

§ f.

Ja1 = J e ~ Xzz v F ( a , ^ , k z ) d z . (f.l)

, . Re v >
> —1 Re > | Re fc|; ,
§f . 795

,
Re 0. F ( ql , 7 , k z )
(d.9) dz
,

/ ( - t ) “_1( 1 - - ( k / X ) t ) - ‘- 1dt .
'
( . ),
= { + l)X~u~1F(a, V + 1, 7 , / ). (f.2)
, F(a, v + 1 , 7 , / )
, J^7
:
1 1
+ ~1 = ( - 1 ) " ( 7 ) ^ [ «- - )~% (f.3)
/ • . + 1)( - ) 1+ v 1 dn \ v 1/ \ 1 ft
~ 1 ( > 7 (7 + 1 ) ...( 7 + - 1) ( ( '
/ _-j \ —
_ V L)
am k m- 1{ l - a ) { 2 - a ) . . . { m - \ - a )

+ !( - - 1) . . . (m - 1) “ - - 1( - k ) - l+m~n~a
i m —n —2
(f.5)

( , n— , 0 ^ n ^ m — 2 ).
,
CXD

Ji = / e - ^ [ F ( - n , 7 , f e ) ] 2 <fa ( )
0
(n — , Re v > 0).
,
e~Xz e~kz. F ( —n ^ , k z )
(d.9), dz
796 . X V III

(f.3)

I e - b z - 4 F ( - n n ,kz)?dz =-^ ‘^

X /(A - k t - k y +n~v( - t ) - n- 1(l - 0 7+n_1x

'
in
-^ [( - kt)~v{\ - k t - A;)"-7 ] dt.

n- , , ,
t; ,
= , , , Jv\
1 ( + 1 )1 » 2(7)
V 2 i 2 (7 + )

{ - t y ~ v- i( i - t y +n~l ^ [ { 1 - t ) - v( - t y - ' r] dt.

/
"
n- ,
(d/dt)n (—t)7_zy_1( 1 —£)7+ _ 1
.
,
.
:
j _ _________ T( v ) n\ _________ ^
V kv7 ( 7 + 1) . . . (7 + - 1)
71 — 1
1 , n (n ~ !) • • • (n ~ - - s ~ !)(7 - V - s) ■■■(7 - V + s) }
I ^ 2L.
5 —0
[(s + i)!]27(7 + 1) • • • (7 + s)
(f.7)
, Jv
( — ):
_ - - !)(7 - ) • • • + - !) 7 ftQ\
J 7+P — k 2p+1 J7 - l - *
§f . 797

F ( a f , 7 , k'z) (d.9)
dz (f.3) ( = 0)

J = _ J _ r (1 ~ QV ’> (_ t)a’- 4 1 - ^ - “'- -

27 (7 —

£ — At / (k't + X — kf)
( . ),

J = (7) “+"^( - *)-( - «',7,

(f. 10)
( 1) = —,
( .7)

= 2(7) (7 + - a 1) A- n+a' - 7 _ fe,x _ a '

(7 + ) (7 — a ) V ’ V 7

( - , -,- + 1 - 7 , (^ ^ ). ( )

J*p(a,a') = J exp^—^ - ^ - z ^ z 7 1+5F(ce, 7, kz)F(a', 7 — , k'z)dz.

(f. 12)
,
; 5, — .
, (f. 10),

j0 ° ( a ,c /) = 27 ( 7 )( ? + kf)a+a'~^(kf - )~

( - ,) - ^ ( , \ --^0 ^), (f.13)

( 1) — ( = — ), ,
798 . X V III

(f. 11),

jOO( _ '\ = 21 ^7^ 7 ~ ~ ^ + !) • • • (7 ~ ^ ^ ~ 1)

7 ’ 7(7 + 1) • • • (7 + ~ 1)
(—1) { + k ’) - n+a' - 4 (k - k f) n ~ a '

— , /, + 1— —

J^p(a, ! ) ,
, .
,
J^p(a, 1) s= p = 0 )

J ? ( a ,a ') = 1 - J ^ ~ \ a - 1,a ') } (f. 15)

J*p(a,a') = 0.

~^( — ') — + ' ' — !s J^ 0 ( a , a /) +

2 - ''

+ s ( j — 1 + s — 2a') J* 1,0 (a, a') + 2a' sJ* 1,0(a, a' + 1) j (f. 16)

s= = 0.

) . W. Gordon / / Ann. d. Phys. 1929. V. 2 P. 1031.

 1)

188, — 154
216, 244
216 1 / v 723
------, 241 572

15, 39 ., 200
195
574
108, 240
129
— 610, 617, 650, 775
613, 629, 651 + 369, 372, 384
558 750
— - /3- 191, 192
258 — 361-366
623, 649
------ 629
154 552
716, 726
- - 378, 385, 346, 347,
417 417, 599
134 202,
- 329, 674, 713, 730
393, 398, 585
— - 393, 398 138, 712
- - 329, 332, 393 217,
668, 680, 695 220, 321
- - 407, 770 510
188 366
39, 72
« » 190 239, 653
19
77 512
- - 317 721
— 320 —
561 111
-
527
180, 181 — 538
, 156, 162
185
, 640
242, 776
- 34, 67, 194, 616 588
563, 567 550
345, 411 550, 560 .
722 ------ 589
76 618, 702, 726
— 659, 669 256
-
344 128
« » 313, 343 ------ 219, 232
------ 127, 534
154 561
800 . X V III

2 378 768
656
404, 514
— 776
------ 368
— 634
332 311, 317,
310, 368 583
106, 232, - 382
240, 247 -33 334
637, 676 —LS - 333
762
288 635
43, 81, 277, 468, 46, 58
480, 527, 553, 619, 705 58
69 722
— 27 22
— 26
730
— 58 198
— 27, 53 — 63
720, 737 407,
— 619, 718, 775 516
------ 614 421, 430
175, 292
238
— 189 268
— 146 — 532
88 578
431 620, 705, 728
284 — 760
76, 83, 147 — - 534
— - 494
275 710
354, 359 627, 699
316 270
101 555
105 ., 108,
109 144, 611
— 204, 206 ------ 613
91 . 636
------ - 144, 698
145, 165, 175 299
678, 734
108, 110, 226 202, 674, 733

466 652, 772

------ 126 312
--------- 131 560, 566, 605
332 — 344
— 312 — - 563
730 — 659
— 284 — 350 ., 355 ., 412
— - 422
149, 615, 631 672