Thiscoursematerialis copyrightedbyAtkins

Inc andKlassAssociates ABTCPmembersare

allowedtocopythisinformationsolelyfortheir
ownpersonaluse

EstematerialØ depropriedadedeAtkins Inc e

KlassAssociates Oss cios daABTCPestªo
autorizadosacopiar estasinforma ıes somente
parausopr prio
 An Audit of the Vacuum
system
Jim Atkins

Atkins Inc

John Callaway
BE K

TApPI Q oo e reaOl c
6S rtiQ
Bo

ABTCP
TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End
 Introduction

The basic fundamentals of vacuum

terminology
Different kinds of vacuum generating
equipment
Review some aspects of proper
system design
Examine vacuum requirements for
various elements of the paper
machine

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Basic Fundamentals Of
Vacuum Systems 1 0

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Atmospheric Pressure

There is no such thing as vacuum

only the absence of pressure

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Gauge Vs Absolute
44 7psia 30psig

POSITIVE

PRESSURE

OjnHg
ATMOSPHERIC
VACUUM 14 7 ia
ps O opsig

PRISSURE
10inHg
vACUUM 9 pia

inHg
NEGATivE
VACUUM 4 9psia
PRESSURE

29 92 irl H9
VACUUM 00 psia 143 psig

Figure 1

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

End
Vacuum Terms

Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute SCFM the

volume of air under standard conditions of 60oF
and one atmosphere of pressure 29 0 Hg or

100kPa

Actual Cubic Feet Per Minute ACFM the volume

of air under the actual vacuum conditions at 60oF
and 50 relative humidity and 60oF seal water
temperature
TAPPI recommendations and supplier specs are

reported as ACFM

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet
 Vacuum Terms

Air is gas and all gases increase in volume

a

expand when the pressure is reduced and

decrease in volume contract when the pressure
is increased

This property of a gas is known as Boyle s law

Pressure x Volume constant

For a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 The Relationship Between Volume
And Pressure
A BASKETBALL @ ATMOSPHERE HAS A DIAMETER
OF ONE FOOT

A BASKETBALL @ 8 INCHES HgV HAS A DIAMETER

of 1 14 feet

A BASKETBALL @15 INCHES HgV HAS A DIAMETER

of 1 26 feet

A BASKETBALL @ 22 INCHES HgV HAS A DIAMETER

of 1 55feet

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 s Law

P1 V P2V2

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 GAUGE VS ABSOLUTE

lip is Pressure Absolute

0 inH 9
ATMOSPH E RI C 1 43 ps 1 92
2f H9
VACUUM n

P R ESS RE
LJ
10 nH9

VN ULJ M 9 8 PsI

ZOi n ijg
N E GATIV E
VACUUM 4 9P l
I
P RESS U RE

2fJ f
l2 ln
Hg
VACUUM O Opsla OlrrHg

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Example 1
14 HgV

VACUUM SUCTION TUBE

118 designed for 4 000 cfm @ 14 HgV

0 I
What is the volume of air
entering the suction tube

VACUUM PUMP

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

End
Example 1

P V d P2 V2
P1 V1
V2
P2
30 18 1
V2 4000
30 14

V2 3 000cfm

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet
 14 Ho
b

ClJ
I

VACulTM SUCTION TUBE

18 Ha Ie ig
t l j for4 QQO flri@14 Jgo

ClJI
What is the volume of air
entering the suction tube

VACUUM PUMP

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 cuum Generating Equipment

10 RING VACUUM PUMPS

a nstant volume device but variable vacuum

CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUSTERS

a variable volume device but constant vacuum

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Pump Curves

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Pump Curves
Manufacturer s specs are

based onactual cubic feet per

minute of air ACFM at sea
level 100 kPa or 29 9 Hg
ACFM is determined at 60oF
50 relative humidity and
60oF seal water Not mill
conditions

Pump supplier can correct

actual mill conditions

Temperature is more
important as vacuum gets
higher May be 15 20
decrease in capacityl

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Pump Curves
But that s not alii

Might need to correct for altitude

if your mill is not at sea level

Suppose a mill needs 2280

ACFM @20 Hg Mill is 3000
above sea level air temp
entering pump is 11 OaF and
seal water is gOoF
Calculated actual required value
is 2680 ACFM @ 22 3 Hg

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Pump Curves
But that s still not alii

What is the condition of the

vacuum pump

Boroscope
Orifice testing

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump
ROTOR OFF
CENTER

CHAMBER CHAMBER
EXPANDING COMPRESSING

AIRIN

ROTATION

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wei End

 uum System Installation 2 0

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Typical Installation

PRESS

FORMER

t1
TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End
 ical Vacuum Pump Arrangement

TAPPIPapetMachineALidits20iJ5 Wet End

 Below Ground Discharge

li T4i
TI TI IT
I
TI
llT
IT TI
TIT i iIT tfTI i rl
IT

1 m
1 1 l rn
1 l rn l I n l rn l I

n C Yi i iy y is ir
js
h
u w

0 yj L it ji f
i

Vf4 f
7
1 Yfl c

i 1 t4ziE
U XC
fAiI lXti N i
c wy

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Sump Exhaust Velocities

1 500 FPM

3 500 FPM

1 500 FPM

8 000 FPM
Baffle Plate

6Q9 angle

3 500 FPM

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Water Conservation

mp the water from the vacuum trench sump to

ine white water storage tank

seal water for felt showers

Cascade seal water

Recirculated water through cooling tower

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 se The Seal Water For Felt Showers

Clean Warm Water

to Felt Showers
or
Recovery

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Cascade Seal Water

Temperature
Control Cool
TC
Elm
Water
Seal Water Header rm
fl
IT Hot
Water

1
l0
1

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 circulated Through Cooling Tower

Cooling
Tower
J
Seal Water Header I

I I
6

ib
1iMNc Level
Control

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 cuum Generating Equipment

10 RING VACUUM PUMPS

constant volume device

CENTRIFUGAL EXHAUSTED

a variable volume device but constant vacuum

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Centrifugal Exhauster

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Centrifugal Exhauster

i li

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Centrifugal Exhauster
f t t l Q Couchgi
I yp
Pra lg
iti

Automatic Valves

Overload Ehauster

SafE guarcl
l
SyStem
Il
Exhaust DrivE
Hl2 at

Water Discharge
Figure 11

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 TAPPI Technical Information
Sheets 3 0

TIS0502 01 VacuumFactors

0
TIS 0404 27 Felt Conditioning

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 T IP Vacuum Recommendations

TAPPI TIP Vacuum Recommendations are based

on empirical data collected from paper mills and

equipment suppliers
They should be used as a starting point
They are NOT absolute rules for vacuum
application You may find that you need more or

even less vacuum for your particular grade of paper

and paper machine

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Example of Information Sheet
llS OI Q

GRADES
BASIS EIGliT
l
1 mr I VRCWH
LOI 1 LOIJ VAC 3
N IN CFIVI
3000 FT GSM FPn t1Pf1 its Wf
J 5 T

LtlOO lNfr
iJlj lO l Il 1 161 2J U 28 1 1 5
8 l 35 Ii
Al AlING DS I WI 1 I 1 U 8 13 la I 3
lINE BOrlmt11 11 1i l I1 111 10 010 102 H 1 3 13 3 I
lIN 1 I 111 11 1O ijij 1000 oW 1 S 1 31 8 12 3
Nil IfOIiW 1 16 108 lOi 116 1 112 3 t 16 3 3 I 3 5 5
e u

ClIIIlWlTIIlG ln
IEIlll S IOO IOe l7Ei 2500 1S2 l 26 3 1 5 38 a I 5 511

8lEfWHO JJlFT
SfI PFl IRRD
EP3 L2Q 300 ISo m 1500 457 5 15 B 2 15 3a I a s 90
PAC SPfCIRUIE5
AulN 25 100 41 103 2000 610 1 2 1 5 215 i S 36
Q
n

Ulp
f 750 229 S 15 oa 2 3 15 9a n

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils2iJiJ5 Wet End

 Vacuum Augmented Drainage
Elements 4 0

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 cuum Applications on the PM

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 cuum Drainage Element Installation

Ccintrol
ilyp
V

Vacuum
lJai912l1

E1e ment

SlopE
7

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Improper Installation
Vac uum header

Control Valve

Vacuum Drainage Element

fl ure13m

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Field Examples

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Field Examples

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Field
Examples

TAPPI Paper MachineALidit

 Fix Installation
Vacuum header

Control Valve

Vacuum Drainage Element

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Drainage Element Header Piping

Vacuum Header

Slope
iii Drip
Leg
Connection PointFrQrn
VacLlum DrainageUnit
Seal

e44
iguJ Pol

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Improper Header Piping

Vacuum Header

Slope Drip
Leg
Connection Point From
Vacuum Units Seal
Drainage Pot

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 acuum Pipe Sizing
f
Piping design standard is for velocities of
5500 fpm for dry air and for wet air 3500

fpm
Vacuum pump suppliers have pipe sizing
charts available for flow rate at various pipe
diameters

Separators on all lines

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

Chlt
Pipe Routing
TO In n f JRW J V
M SCDA1 A
11 N 0 f UU I I
I nr cr A po 1 1

i
1 1 0
4 C
I I
1 jYII T J Eln T R
W rR
00 17 r
OFF n I rl5j Iif f t r

t
ij
s
f
7 1 4Si m 10
J
0
cr 2
1
PL II I 11
I
f r W 1

J
B s
ohle
hJC
K
G
n

j
1
1
D i
Fir Ir
JL
C AUV
o

D
Y

I
c

IL U III
o Oll
H
J
X

1Jf1
Y I P
j
1I WI yr P llC

i le
O
n8o IILN I
PI AT PL A lWo
2 h le H C iil I LP O
CI e
TYPICAL SI pARATOR D SIGNS WAC JUI
OI fFS R SE IC l5 A 01

1
SEPARNQR JESIGN
DATA
o
1 2fI5
OJ Vh CH R iI co SEF H
o J1 C lll
OI UU O 1FSIf o
H
h
L JJ
L O P n

I C1Y TFRt C Il I UJ w
i CF R N
i I5FT 01 0
u rp Wh C Lc 1 0 LJ
LL
J
I ACII j IT1 w HO HF
To
3 0 1 YIN FR HI 1 CIA NI T PP Ie
Coul
r
I
RGXLL
Wa
1011A
r H i
i7
J
2lH
3 L
c m c

NLNC L
Wi W
U Yi

SEAL TANK POl PITfChEST I

i Hi l
j
o
tJm
F
H
1
1
I I
HRFn
u I
LI 0
COMPARTMtNI DESIGN DMA
OROP U C DFSI
N DA A
1 IT IW cl llA f t VER C ON

r ESI rNG u l en OfN JOh OC ROP I Fe T B 0 0

DKB
fL W OR WEIR ilJ V N01

N
co

OJ l U PA AT 07ll SZI f CC BE

l
2 fCFSC COMPIRT rW U 0 00 r
o rOP cL j IT V I SOp Hi
U
IJSC Jo e WElRS iECI F oO cr lS
c
C2 f LEe l ILLIJ IF W I n 1 1 SO F l J lAI I c LO P
P T SIZlDu lDON DROP FCVO U W NII

J
C1 N r WV 1 00 1ro C
cr D PiFC IN Cl 1 Uf2 l ACTO
YOL I W U wt HP Cro H
l
D3 m N F 1 P LlC hPlV JmTlOO T D h
r H LLU HE ORO G E SEE m Dl
i c

QPQP LE H I G npo O n llL

IM MT c
1 llf
I
I
T
E IJ
ACUUl II
lC
O
O

I nT
M m I fm LEV
CR
l
l
CS EN U r N 1 DRO I OS I Q Flm
v R NOTCD

SIJr DlJrJ
b C CRC HG I O U E 08
rt 1 I 2 0
1 1I1 wLl R LWOC V
Co RI S F 1 L
0
0 c r JRLE T 0 oe0vCRlLo N
lW 5 en fU EER i Ih 1UO AI 01 11 TYPICAL S PARATO SYSTEM
t
0
c r 51 C 1

1IKI r
m
c V JM DSI WOr
A C
1 0 A H

nn U

TAPPIPapei MachineALidits2iJiJ5 Wet End

 TO Cuj
vl tONTROLLms DR Y PJRrROM RM
5rFI Ii

Ro I
MANlfDLO NDV UJUM JI ClI
C LSS GUUI
Vi I
MM

Pipe VI
N1 f
P MP I ilf Nnlf

R E TRANED W AIL HOIA

TAJ
ify
pnXf
71

T CONOlflOIIING
SERVI2ES ORU RcLL
Ollb fl
S5DOfrM
f JI TP
l
i
1
PI
riPE
l

lij O fPM 12 Pl rl T PIAII IIYPI

3500 f
FPI 12 prPt

motWIRF Rr XFS VA IFC ILS

DROP LEG FELTCQHOITI

HOXfSI ROLL
1RS WlIlL
COU II PICK UP
TRANSFLP l JIWM ROLc 5 T j
SEE NOTES1IJ
01 DESIGN PIPIN SrPIIRMOR SIZE
IF SHORT CNOTESSII
S2
J AN BE
WATER OUT U I C
SIZED FOR v Ll
NOl NOTE 52

V IF S
02 1 DROP LEG 51 IRe LEG
L
I
Q

AS SE AL
NOT SDI DSJ o i e

COMPARTMEN Off SEl NWE 0 i

o
GNTH
MAX 45 LNl rSS Y L c
OF DROP LE lPPROVWIPR oFEREO i U
VERTICALI
t
V 4 8F SOR
03 1 END OF ORO lJTFRNATE J IMIN
W or SET
I
C4
1
i
ElOTTOMOF r
W OR WEIR ern
04 ELEVATION 0 LEVEL
o 1M XI
CPt
C5
IS L 113 00 GPM USE
ING RI
EXAMPLE 2D N DROO LEG
yr IN
ACTORlt
rNOTESC1 C51

05 DROP LEGS EE Non Dil

ENDorPIPF SIGN
INOTE
Jj
FOR MAX 45 OW IS NOT
vOLUME
EG

THAN 45 OF HATJ 60 V
OVG I ow

rr
l r

TAPPIPap
 Pipe Routing
o

Cis

No

traps

I Avoid Pockets In The Pipe Line At All Costs

I
TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End
 uum Piping Examples 5 0

I What do you see wrong I

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 What is Wrong with the Piping
PRESS

FORMER
J
u

p
r

I I

jt

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Problems Shown in Orange
WN PRESS

FORMER

Q
0 tJ o
0

H H l fHH H fH
TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End
 One Way to Correct
PRESS

LJ
iJ

o
0

it
A
4Ii
d

I
uW1
ijS I I

lJ lJ f I

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Another Way to Correct
PRESS

FORMER i

L
c
JLo 0 a

o
fJ
Q
L
9

j
h I I I I
I II I
IT IT IT
rr u

Il H 1 rl t 1 J t I
t li l
l t1 1
r
1

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 Jmmary
il of Vacuum Audit

Determine the layout of your vacuum system

Design capacity of the vacuum pumps
How are they connected
How is the piping run

What is the condition of the pumps

How does you system compare with TAPPI TIP s

Correct for actual operating conditions

Look for common piping and installation problems

TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End

 An Audit of the Vacuum
system
Jim Atkins

Atkins Inc

John Callaway
BE K

TApPI Q oo e reaOl c
6S rtiQ
Bo

ABTCP
TAPPIPapetMachineALidils20iJ5 Wet End