Laboratory test

HEMATOLOGIC-RBC
TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

RED BLOOD CELL Female: 3.5 - 5M/ mm³ Low – Anemia

(RBC) Male: 4.3 - 5.9 Million/mm

High - Polycythemia vera,

HEMATOCRIT (Packed cell dehydration
Volume) Female: 37 - 47%
Low - Iron Deficiency Anemia,
Number of RBC`s in 100 mL of Male: 42 - 52%
blood Over hydration, Blood loss; Vit
B9 and B12 deficiency
Hemoglobin Low - Blood loss, Iron deficiency
Female: 12-16g/dL;
Oxygen carrying protein in anemia
Male 13- 18g/dL
RBC`s

<80 (Microcytic) - Iron

Mean Cell volume
80 - 100 Average volume of Deficiency Anemia
(MCV)
the individual RBC`s >100 (Macrocyctic) - Vit B9 &
Hct/RBC X10
Vit B12 deficeincy

2
TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

<26 – Hyporchromic
Mean cell Hemoglobin (MCH)- Anemia; microcytic RBCs
amt of hEmoglobin per ave ( Iron Deficiency)
26 - 37
RBC >34 - macrocystic (Vitamin
Hb/RBC X10 B9 & B12 deficiency),
hyperchromic
Mean cell hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC) < 31 - Hypochromic anemia
31 - 37 amount of Hgb per
Hg/Hct x 100 > 37 - Hyperchromic anemia
volume of RBC`s

> 2.4% - Blood Loss,

Reticulocyte Hemolytic anemia,; Response
Reticulocytes are immature RBC`s to treatment of factor
that contain residual RNA & deficiency anemia;
0.1 - 2.4%
protophyrins but no nucleus Polychromasia
( can be prematurely release from < 0.1 – Drug induced aplastic
the bones) anemia (failure of bone
marrow development)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
High- Inflammation, infection,
(ESR)
Female: 1-30 mm/hr Male: tissue necrosis or infarction,
Measures the rate of RBC settling 1-13mm/hr 3
malignancy, rheumatoid
of whole, uncoagulated blood over collagen disease
 HEMATOLOGIC- clotting factors
TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

<100,000 Moderate
Platelets (Thrombocyte) Thrombocytopenia
Smallest formed element in the blood 150,000 - 300,000/
Involved in blood clotting & responsible for mm³ <50,000 Severe
initiating hemostasis Thrombocytopenia

Activated partial Thromboplastin Time

Assess the intrinsic clotting pathway 24 - 37 sec
Used to monitor Heparin Therapy
(1.5 - 2.5x conc)

Prothrombin time (pt) I

Assess the extrinsic clotting pathway 8.8 - 11.6 sec
Used to monitor Warfarin Therapy
(INR = 2-3)

International Normalized Ratio 4International

Sensitivity Index
More Standardized expression of PT = (PT patient / PT control)
 White blood cells
TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

high(leukocytosis)- bacterial infection,

leukemia, tissue necrosis
Low (leukopenia)- bone marrow
WBC 4000-11000 wbc/ mm3
depression from metastatic
carcinoma, lymphoma, antineoplastic,
viral infection
High – pnuemonia; viruses,
rickettsial, fungi, stress,tissue
Neutrophils necrosis (MI, burns,cancer),
polymorphonuclear inflammatory disease, metabolic
leukocytes (PMN) 50 - 70 % disorder, myelogenous leukemia

* first line of defense Low- Overwhelming infection of

any type, viral ( mumps,
measles), chemotherapy
High - Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML), chronic
Basophil 0 - 1%
hypersensitivity state, systemic
6
mast cell disease (basophilia)
 HEMATOLOGIC

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

High - Acute allergic reaction,

Eosinophil 0 - 5%
parasitic infection (Eosinophilia)

High - Viral infection

(Lymphocytosis)
Lymphocyte 20 - 40% Low - Severe debilitating illness,
immunodeficiency, AIDS
(Lymphopenia)

High - TB, Subacute Bacterial

MoNocyte 0 - 7%
Endocarditis (Monocytosis)
 RENAL

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

8 - 18 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) High - Renal disease
(3-6.5 mmol/L)

Creatinine 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL High - Renal disease

80 - 120 mL/min
Creatinine Clearance Low - Renal Failure
* 85% (value for women

Creatinine (140 - age) x (Weight kg) x 0.85 (if female)

72 x Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)
Clearance=
 Serum enzyme

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

Creatinine kinase
CK - MM : Skeletal Muscles Female : 40 - 150 High - Myocardial Necrosis (CK-
CK - MB: Heart U/L MB)
CK - BB: Brain Male: 60 - 400 U/L

LDH₁ - 17 - 27%
Lactic Dehydrogenase LDH₂ - 28 - 38%
LDH1 & LDH2- heart 110 - 210 U/L LDH₃ - 18 - 28%
LDH3- lungs
LDH₄ - 5 - 15%
LDH4 & LDH5- liver and skeletal muscles
LDH₅ - 5 - 15%

High - Biliary obstruction, Paget`s

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) Female: 9 -25 U/L disease, Hyperparathyroidism,
liver and bones Male: 45 - 115 U/L
Osteomalacia
Aspartate Aminotransferase
(AST) Female: 9 - 25 U/L High - Myocardial Infarction, Liver
Also known as Serum Glutamic-oxaloacetic Male: 10 - 40 U/L disease
transaminase (SGOT)
 Serum enzyme

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

Alanine aminotransferase
(ALT)
Also known as Serum Glutamic- Female: 7 - 30 U/L
High - Liver Disease
Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) Male: 10 - 55 U/L
Relatively specific for liver cell
damage

Troponin T - < 0.1 ng/mL - Cardiac & skeletal muscle

Cardiac troponin Troponin I - < 1.5ng/mL - Cardiac Muscle
Diagnosis of acute MI Troponin C - Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle
 electrolyte
TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

High – Hypertension, dehydration

SODIUM 135 - 147 mEq/L
Low- over hydration ( cirrhosis, CHF)
High - Renal dysfunction, acidosis,
dehydration, ceellular breakdown
(tissue damage, hemolysis, burns,
infarction)--- hyperkalemkia
Potassium 3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Low - Diuretic use, alkalosis, vomitting,
& severe diarrhea, with administration
of steroid, amphotericin & lithium
carbonate---- hypokalemia
High - metabolic acidosis, Acute renal failure,
Primary hyperparathyroidism, dehydration
Low – metabolic alkalosis, Chronic renal
Chloride 95 - 105 mEq/L
failure, adrenal insufficiency, fasting,
prolonged diarrhea, severe vomiting, diuretic
use (thiazide & loop)
 2016/3/30

Diarrhea-  Cl;  HCO3-

Renal failure- Cl;  HCO3-

Metabolic acidosis -  Cl; HCO3- ; K

 2016/3/30

Calcium - plays a imptortant role in nerve impulse transmission, muscle

contraction, pancreatic insulin release, hydrogen ion release from the
stomach, co factor for some enzyme reaction, blood coagulation, bone and
tooth structure integrity.

K- major intracellular cation

PO4 is the major intracellular anion for ATP and phospholipid synthensis

Na- major extracellular cation

Cl- major extracellular anion
 2016/3/30

Mg- is the second abundant intracellular and extracellular

- Activator of enzymes that controls carbohydrate, fat and electrolyte metabolism
, protein syntthesis, nerve conduction, muscular contractility, membrane
transport and integrity

- Regulates potassium and calcium

Mg- renal insufficiency; Addison’s disease, hepatitis

 Mg- excessive fluid lost in the GI Tract and kidney

Decrease Magnesium – Increase corstisol (abdominal fat, decrease muscle

mass, low immune system)

* Addison’s decease- decrease in cortisol

stress, inflammation, low blood pressure etc)
 minerals

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

High - Hyperparathyroidism, Paget`s

disease, thiazide diuretic use---
hypercalcemia
Calcium 8.8 - 105 mEq/L
Low - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or
Vitamin D deficiency, Loop Diuretic use-
hypocalcemia
High - Hepatitis, Addison`s Disease
Low - Malabsorption, Severe diarrhea,
Magnesium 1.6 - 2.4 mEq/L
alcoholism, pancreatitis,
hyperaldosteronism, diuretic use
High - Renal dysfunction, hypo
parathyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
increased vitamin D or phosphate intake
Phosphate 2.5 - 5 mg/dL
Low - Malnutrition, hyperparathyroidism,
insufficient vitamin D intake
 others

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

ACID PHOSPHATASE 0 - 5.5 U/L High - Prostate cancer

Gamma Glutamyl High - Hepatocellular & hepatobiliary

1 - 60 U/L
transpeptidase (GGT) disease, alcoholic liver disease

Albumin: 4 - 6 g/dL
Low albumin ; high globulin
Proteins Globulin: 23 - 35 g/dL
- Liver disease
Total: 6 - 8 g/dL

Glucose High - Diabetes, Adrenal

70 - 110 mg/dL
(fasting) corticosteroid use
 others

TEST Normal VALUES INDICATION

Serum Cholesterol
Total: < 200mg/dL
- High: Hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol LDL < 130 mg/dL
- Low: Malabsorption, malnutrition, Chronic
HDL >50mg/dL
anemia, Severe Liver disease

Triglyceride High - Hypertriglyceridemia

40 - 150 mg/dL
(Fasting) Low - Malnutrition or Brain infarction

Total: 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dL

High - Hemolysis, Biliary Obstruction, Liver
Bilirubin Direct: 0 - 0.2 mg/dL
Cell Necrosis
Indirect: 0.1 - 1.1 mg/dL

High - Gout, Rapid cellular destruction

(Chemotherapy or malignancies)
Female: 2.3 - 6.6 mg/dL
Uric Acid
Male: 3.6 - 8.5 mg/dL
Low - Wilson`s disease, malabsorption
syndrome