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Running head: LAB REPORT 1

Using the Telecoms-Trainer 101 to model equations


Name

Institution
LAB REPORT 2

Abstract

The experiment introduces the student to modelling equations by using the Emona Telecoms-

Trainer 101 to implement two relatively simple equations. Adding two same electrical signals

and adding two electrical signals where one is phase shifted.

Project Description

The first part of the experiment used the Adder module to add two same electrical signals

together. Adder module output = signal A + Signal B. the second part of the experiment involved

adding two electrical signals but one of them being phase shifted.

Theoretical Background

When two signals are 1800 out of phase, they are out of step by half cycle. As one signal goes up

the other goes down as shown in figure 1 below.

Figure 1

The first part of the experiment is using the Adder module to add two electrical signals together.

Mathematically, implementing equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B


LAB REPORT 3

The second part of the experiment involves adding two electrical signals together but one of the

will be phase shifted. Mathematically, implementing equation:

Adder module output = Signal A + Signal B (with phase shift)

Two signals having same amplitude and frequency, if the phase shift is exactly 1800, then their

voltages at any point in the waveform is always exactly opposite. Thus, Adder module output =

0Vp-p

Methods and Materials

Equipment

1. Emona Telecom-Trainer 101 (plus power-pack).

2. Dual channel 29MHz oscilloscope.

3. Two Emona Telecom-Trainer 101 patch leads.

4. Assorted Emona Telecom-Trainer 101 patch leads.

Experimental Procedure

1. Gather the equipment listed above.

2. Set up the scope per the instructions in experiment 1. Ensure that the trigger source

control is set to the CN1 (or INT) position and the mode control is set to the CH1

position.

3. Locate the Adder module and set its G and g controls to about the middle of their travel.

4. Connect the set up as shown in figure 2 below.


LAB REPORT 4

Figure 2

The set up above can be represented by the block diagram in figure 3 below.

Figure 3

5. Adjust the scope’s Timebase control to view two or so cycles of the Master Signals

module’s 2 kHz SINE output.

6. Disconnect the lead to the Adder module B input.

7. Measure the amplitude of the Master Signals module’s 2 kHz SINE output and record the

measurement. (4Vp-p)

8. Set the scope’s Mode control to the CH2 position.


LAB REPORT 5

9. Adjust the Adder module’s G control until its output voltage is the same as its input

voltage (measured in step 7). This makes the gain for the Adder module’s A input-1.

10. Reconnect the lead to the Adder module’s B input.

11. Disconnect the lead to the Adder module’s A input.

12. Adjust the Adder module’s g control until its output voltage is the same as its input

voltage (measured in step 7). This makes the gain for the Adder module’s B input-1 and

means the Adder module’s two inputs should have the same gain.

13. Reconnect the lead to the Adder module’s A input. The set-up is now ready to implement

the equation.

Adder module output = 4Vp-p (2 kHz sine) + 4Vp-p (2 kHz sine)

=8Vp-p (2 kHz sine)

14. Set the scope’s mode control to the CH2 position.

15. Measure the amplitude of the master signals module’s 2 kHz SINE output. Record your

measurement in the table.

16. Set the scope’s mode control to the CH2 position.

17. Measure and record the amplitude of the Adder module’s output.

18. Locate the phase shifter and set its phase change control to the 1800 position.

19. Set the phase shifter module’s phase adjust control about the middle of its travel.

20. Connect the set-up as shown in figure 4 below.


LAB REPORT 6

Figure 4

Block diagram

Figure 5

21. Set the scope’s mode control to the DUAL position to view the shifter module’s output as

well as the master signal module’s 2 kHz SINE output.

22. Adjust the phase shifter module’s phase adjust control until the two signals look like they

are 1800 out of phase with each other.

23. Disconnect the scope’s channel 2 lead from the phase shifter module’s output and

connect it to the adder module’s output.


LAB REPORT 7

24. Set the scope’s mode control to the CH 2 position.

25. Measure the amplitude of the adder module’s output and record your measurement in the

table.

The following procedure can be used to adjust the adder and phase shifter modules so

that the set-up has a null output. (Close to zero volts).

26. Vary the phase shifter module’s phase adjust control left and right and observe the effect

on the Adder module’s output.

27. Vary the phase shifter module’s phase adjust control to obtain the smallest output

voltage.

28. Vary the Adder module’s g control left and right and observe the effect on the adder

module’s output.

29. Adjust the adder module’s g control to obtain the smallest output voltage.

Results

Disconnect the adder B input

Peak-to-peak 3.698 V
LAB REPORT 8

Reconnect the adder B

Peak to peak 3.612V


LAB REPORT 9

Disconnect the adder A

Peak to peak 3.73V


LAB REPORT 10

Connected A and B back

Peak to peak 3.601V

Amp Total 3.601 V

Amp Input -1.784 V

Amp Output 1.817 V


LAB REPORT 11

Connected at B

B gain output 1.838

Input 1.687
LAB REPORT 12

Connected at Adder A and B


LAB REPORT 13

Output gain 1.838

Input -1.795

Discussion

The Adder module’s measured output voltage is not exactly 8Vp-p as theoretically predicted.

Firstly, the reason for this is because of the measurement error and secondly because the gains

are not exactly-1. (Scopes are not accurately measuring instruments).

The output of the two signals with a phase shift is not 0V as theoretically predicted since the

phase difference between the Adder’s two inputs is not exactly 1800 ; and the gains are not

exactly the same.


LAB REPORT 14

The phase shift between the signals on the Adder module’s output is much closer to 1800 (but not

exactly 1800 ).

The gain of the Adder module’s two inputs now are much closer to each other but they are still

not exactly the same.

Conclusion.

Adding two same electrical signals, example;

Adder module output = 4Vp-p (2 kHz sine) + 4Vp-p (2 kHz sine)

=8Vp-p (2 kHz sine)

Adding two electrical signals where one is phase shifted. Adder module output = 0Vp-p.

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