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CHAPTER 9
Control of Stationary Sources
(Particulate Matter)
Lesson Goal
Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles, equipment, and methods used to control
particulate emissions generated by stationary sources of air pollution by successfully completing the
review questions at the end of the chapter.
Lesson Objectives
1. Describe the basic principles, equipment, and methods used to control
particulate emissions generated by stationary sources of air pollution.
2. Describe six principles used to control particulate emissions from stationary sources.
8. Recognize the structure of settling chambers and cyclones and describe how
they collect particulate matter.
9. Recognize the structure of wet collectors used to control particulate matter and
describe their operation.
10. Recognize the structure of electrostatic precipitators and describe their operation.
11. Recognize the structure of fabric filtration systems (baghouses), describe their
operation, and list at least three methods of bag cleaning.
Reading Assignment: Godish, Thad, “Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources,” Air Quality, 3rd Edition,
New York: Lewis, 1997, pp. 309-340.
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
References
Air Pollution Technology Fact Sheets and Technical Bulletins, Available on the Clean Air
Technology Center (CATC) Bulletin Board of the U.S. EPA OAQPS TTN Web
(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/products:html#aptecfacts).
AWMA, Air & Waste Management Association, Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992.
Avallone, 1996, “Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers,” Eugene Avallone
and Theodore Baumeister (Eds.), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Billings, Charles, et al. 1970, Handbook of Fabric Filter Technology, Volume I: Fabric Filter
Systems Study, GCA Corp., Bedford, MA, December 1996.
Boubel, R.W., D.L. Fox, D.B. Turner, and A.C. Stern, Fundamentals of Air Pollution, 3rd
Edition, New York: Academic Press, 1994.
Buonicore, A.J. 1980, “Air Pollution Control,” Chem. Eng., June 30, 1980, pp. 81-101.
Carr, R. C. and W. B. Smith, “Fabric Filter Technology for Utility Coal-Fired Power Plants,
Part V: Development and Evaluation of Bag Cleaning Methods in Utility Baghouses,”
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 34(5):584, May, 1984.
Cooper, C.D. and Alley, F.C., Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach, 2nd Edition,
Waveland Press, Inc., IL, 1994.
First, M.W., “Control of Systems, Processes and Operations,” A.C. Stern (Ed.),
Air Pollution, Vol. IV, Engineering Control of Air Pollution, 3rd Edition, New York:
Academic Press, 1977, pp. 4-38.
Flynn, Brian, Beltran Associates, Inc., (718) 338-3311, personal communications with Eric
Albright, February 5 and 10, 1999.
Freeman, H., T. Harten, J. Springer, P. Randall, M.A. Curran, and K. Stone, “Industrial
Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review,” JAWMA 42:618, 1992.
Godish, Thad, “Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources,” Air Quality, 3rd Edition,
New York: Lewis, 1997, pp. 309-340.
Gottschlich, C.F., “Combustion,” A.C. Stern (Ed.), Air Pollution, Vol. IV, Engineering Control
of Air Pollution, 3rd Edition, New York, NY: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 365-376.
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Hesketh, H.E., Air Pollution Control, Traditional and Hazardous Pollutants, Lancaster, PA:
Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1991.
Higgins, T.E. (Ed.), Pollution Prevention Handbook, Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Lewis Publishers,
1995.
ICAC, Institute of Clean Air Companies Internet Web page, http://www.icac.com, Control
Technology Information, Fabric Filters, page last updated January 11, 1999.
Mycock, J., J. McKenna, and L. Theodore, “Handbook of Air Pollution Control Engineering
and Technology,” Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995.
Perry, Robert, and Don Green (Eds.), “Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,” 6th Edition,
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
STAPPA/ALAPCO, State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators and the
Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials(STAPPA/ALAPCO), “Controlling
Particulate Matter Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options,” STAPPA/ALAPCO,
Washington, DC, July, 1996.
Theodore, L. and A.J. Buonicore (Eds.), Air Pollution Control Equipment: Selection,
Design, Operation, and Maintenance, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
Turk, A., “Adsorption,” A.C. Stern (Ed.), Air Pollution, Vol. IV, Engineering Control of Air
Pollution, New York: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 329-363.
Turner, Tom, Turner Envirologics, (800) 933-8385, personal communication with Eric
Albright, May 26, 1999.
Turner, L.H. and J.D. McKenna, “Control of Particles by Filters,” S. Calvert and H. Englund
(Eds.), Handbook of Air Pollution Technology, New York: Wiley, 1984, pp. 249-283.
U.S. EPA, APTI Course 413: Control of Particulate Emissions, Student Manual, Research
Triangle Park, NC, EPA 450/2-80-066, 1980.
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, “Control Technologies for
Hazardous Air Pollutants,” EPA/625/6-91/014, Washington, DC, June 1991.
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Control Techniques for
Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary Sources,” EPA-453/R-92-018, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1992(a).
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Survey of Control
Technologies for Low Concentration Organic Vapor Gas Streams,” EPA-456/R-95-003,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1995.
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, “Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,” AP-42, Volume I,
Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995.
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “OAQPS Control Cost
Manual,” Fifth Edition, EPA 453/B-96-001, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1996.
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I, Fifth Edition, Research Triangle Park, NC, October
1997.
U.S. EPA, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Stationary Source
Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate Matter,” EPA-452/R-97-001, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1998.
Vatavuk, W.M., “Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control,” Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers,
1990.
Wark, K. and C.F. Warner, Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control, 2nd Edition, New York:
Harper & Row Publishers, 1981.
XONON, www.catalytica-inc.com/cs/nox_control.html.
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Control of Stationary
Sources, Particulate Matter
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Control Procedures
The control of stationary source emissions can be
accomplished through the application of a sound control Control procedures for stationary
strategy. The control strategy required for an industrial sources of pollution include the use
environmental impact is a four of tall smokestacks, changes in
step process: (1) elimination of plant operations, and installation of
the problem source or operation, effective control devices.
(2) modification of the source
operation, (3) relocation of the
source, and (4) selection and
application of the appropriate
control technology.
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
9-8
Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Coal-Fired Boilers
Dry bottom bituminous)
99.2 97.7 96.0
Spreader stoker
99.2 99.4 97.7
(bituminous)
Primary Copper
Production
99.0 99.0 99.1
Multiple hearth roaster
99.0 97.1 97.4
Reverbatory smelter
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Cyclones. This type of air pollution control is also Cyclones use inertia to remove
referred to as a “precleaner,” because they too are used to particles from the gas stream.
reduce the inlet loading of particulate matter (PM) to Particles in the gas stream are
downstream collection devices by removing larger, abrasive forced toward the cyclone walls by
particles. Cyclones are also referred to as cyclone collectors, the centrifugal force of the spinning
cyclone separators, centrifugal separators, and inertial gas and eventually drop out of the
separators. In applications where many small cyclones are bottom of the collector device.
operating in parallel, the entire system is called a multiple
tube cyclone, multicyclone, or multiclone.
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
axial inlet, peripheral discharge. The first two types are the
most common (AWMA, 1992).
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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Principles and Practices of Air Pollution Control
Momentum Separators
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
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NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ SCORE_________
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each question and choose the best answer. Write the letter of
your answer in the space provided.
1. The following are all principles used to control particulate matter, except _______.
a. gravity
b. centrifugal force
c. infrared analysis
d. diffusion
e. electrostatic attraction 1.________
2. Which of the following control devices might be effectively used to control coarse
particulate matter (> 50 microns)?
a. electrostatic precipitation
b. diffusion
c. fabric filters
d. centrifugal force
e. gravity 3. _______
Directions: Match each of the following advantages and disadvantages with the proper
control technology.
Control Technology
A. Electrostatic Precipitators
B. Fabric Filters
_______ 5. Is highly efficient (>99%) for collecting all types of dust and high to
low flow rates.
Directions: Match the control technology with the device that is displayed and answer the
questions in the spaces provided.
11. _______
12. _______
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Control of Stationary Sources (Particulate Matter)
REVIEW ANSWERS
No. Answer
1. C
2. B
3. E
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. K
10. E
11. A
12. H
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