POINTS, LINES AND ANGLES

A point in geometry is a location. It has no size i.e. no width, no length and no depth. A
point is shown by a dot.

A line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It has one
dimension, length. Points that are on the same line are called collinear points.

A line is defined by two points and is written as shown below with an arrowhead.

↔
𝐴𝐵
Two lines that meet in a point are called intersecting lines.

A part of a line that has defined endpoints is called a line segment. A line segment as
the segment between A and B above is written as:

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵
A plane extends infinitely in two dimensions. It has no thickness. An example of a plane
is a coordinate plane. A plane is named by three points in the plane that are not on the
same line. Here below we see the plane ABC.
A line that has one defined endpoint is called a ray and extends endlessly in one
direction. A ray is named after the endpoint and another point on the ray e.g.

→
𝐴𝐵
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES
The angle that is formed between two rays with the same endpoint is measured in
degrees. The point is called the vertex

The vertex is written as: ∡CAB

Names of Angles
As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes:

Type of Angle Description

Acute Angle is less than 90°
Right Angle is 90° exactly
is greater than 90° but
Obtuse Angle
less than 180°
Straight Angle is 180° exactly
Reflex Angle is greater than 180°
Full Rotation is 360° exactly
 Angle Pair Relationships
Many angle relationships involve exactly a pair of angles. These relationships can be
classified under the following categories:
1. Relationships based on the Measurement of Angles

2. Relationships based on the Position of Angles

Relationships based on the measurement of angles

On the basis of the measurement of the angles, the angles can be categorized into
the following two categories:

Complementary Angles: Those angles for which the sum of the measures is 90o90o.
That is, if m∠A + m∠B = 𝟗𝟎°, each angle is the complement of the other.

Supplementary Angles: Those angles for which the sum of the measures is 180o180o.
That is, if m∠A + m∠B = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, then each angle is the supplement of the other.

Congruent Angles: A pair of angles are said to be congruent angles if they have the
same measure.

Notation: If two angles ∠A and ∠B are congruent, we denote it by ∠A ≅ ∠B. It is

customary to denote angles by small letters of the Greek Alphabet. That is, we use
the Greek letters α, β, γ and so on to denote angles. Thus, if αα and β are congruent
angles, we write

α≅β

Relationships based on the Position of Angles

On the basis of the position of the angles, every pair of angles can be categorized into the
following categories:

Adjacent Angles: Adjacent angles are a pair of angles which share a common vertex and
side, but have no common interior points.

Complementary angles and supplementary angles can be adjacent angles or non-adjacent

angles.
Vertical Angles: Vertical angles are two non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting
lines.

In the figure, ∠1 and ∠2 are a pair of vertical angles. Another pair of vertical angles is ∠3
and ∠4.
Linear Pair of Angles: A linear pair is a pair of adjacent angles whose non-common sides
are opposite rays.

In the figure,
∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles.
∠3 and ∠4 are vertical angles.
∠1 and ∠3 is a linear pair of angles.
∠3 and ∠2 is a linear pair of angles.
∠2 and ∠4 is a linear pair of angles.
∠4 and ∠1 is a linear pair of angles.

Vertical angles are always congruent.

Thus, we have ∠1 ≅ ∠2 and ∠3 ≅ ∠4

Linear Pair Postulate: If two angles form a linear pair, then the angles are supplementary.

From the above diagram, it is clear that

∠1 + ∠3 = 180°, ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°, ∠2 + ∠4 = 180°, ∠1 + ∠4 = 180°