CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE/RELATED STUDIES

INTRODUCTION
Classroom Response System is ideal for interactive teaching methods such as peer

instruction, flipped classrooms, and agile learning. With a range of powerful question types

available, every student will benefit from ongoing formative classroom assessment and

engagement.
Related Technologies
Arduino Nano
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the

ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less the

same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC

power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano was

designed and is being produced by Gravitech.

Power :

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated

external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The

power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source. The FTDI

FT232RL chip on the Nano is only powered if the board is being powered over USB. As

a result, when running on external (non-USB) power, the 3.3V output (which is supplied

by the FTDI chip) is not available and the RX and TX LEDs will flicker if digital pins 0 or 1

are high.

Memory:

The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB is used for

the bootloader); the ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader).

The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (which can be read and

written with the EEPROM library); the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of

EEPROM.

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using

pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
 can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor

(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized

functions:

(Source: http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1682238.pdf)

Figure 1. Arduino Nano

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other

smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow

displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less

power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light

rather than emitting it.

An LCD is made with either a passive matrix or an active matrix display display grid. The

active matrix LCD is also known as a thin film transistor (TFT) display. The passive matrix LCD

has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each intersection in the grid. A current is sent

across two conductors on the grid to control the light for any pixel. An active matrix has

a transistor located at each pixel intersection, requiring less current to control the luminance of a
pixel. For this reason, the current in an active matrix display can be switched on and off more

frequently, improving the screen refresh time.

Some passive matrix LCD's have dual scanning, meaning that they scan the grid twice

with current in the same time that it took for one scan in the original technology. However, active

matrix is still a superior technology. (Source:https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/LiquidCrystal)

Figure 2. LCD

Keypad

Keypad is a library for using matrix style keypads with the Arduino. As of version 3.0 it

now supports multiple key presses. It was created to promote Hardware Abstraction. It improves

readability of the code by hiding the pinMode and digitalRead calls for the user. Keypad library

is part of the Hardware Abstraction libraries. Version 3.0 has just been posted (19 July 2012)

and was rewritten to support multi-keypresses by default. But for those who still need the

original single-keypress functionality, the library is fully backwards compatible. You won't need

external resistors or diodes because the library uses the internal pullup resistors and additonally
ensures that all unused column pins are high-impedance. (source:

https://playground.arduino.cc/Code/Keypad)

Figure 3. Keypad

Smart Phone

A smartphone is a mobile phone with highly advanced features. A typical smartphone

has a high-resolution touch screen display, WiFi connectivity, Web browsing capabilities, and

the ability to accept sophisticated applications. The majority of these devices run on any of

these popular mobile operating systems: Android, Symbian, iOS, BlackBerry OS and Windows

Mobile.

A smartphone is expected to have a more powerful CPU, more storage space, more

RAM, greater connectivity options and larger screen than a regular cell phone. High-end

smartphones now run on processors with high processing speeds coupled with low power
consumptions. That means, they’ll allow you to play 3D games, browse the Web, update your

Facebook account, call, and text much longer than you used to.

In addition to the features mentioned earlier, smartphones are also equipped with

innovative sensors like accelerometers or even gyroscopes. Accelerometers are responsible for

displaying screens in portrait and landscape mode, while gyroscopes make it possible for

games to support motion-based navigation.

The earliest touch screen smartphones used resistive touchscreen displays, which

required the use of slender pointing objects known as styli (or stylus in singular form). Most of

the later models however, like the iPhone and most Android phones, employ capacitive

displays, which feature multi-touch finger gestures. (Source:

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2977/smartphone)

Figure 4. Smartphones
WIFI MODULE

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol

stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of

either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application

processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware,

meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-ability

as a WiFi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely

cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it to

be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with

minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip

integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to

occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth

co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating

conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has

been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find

many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming this

module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution! (source :

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13678)
 Figure 5. ESP8266 WiFi Module

Related Studies
Design and implementation of a low-cost classroom response system for a future

classroom in the developing world by Zualkernan, Imran A.

Economic considerations and lack of adequate infrastructure impose unique design

constraints on future classrooms of the developing world. Thus, future classrooms in

underprivileged nations may differ significantly from their counterparts in the developed world.

Classroom response systems (CRS) are an emerging technology for the future classroom. CRS

are wireless, hand-held devices that help students provide immediate feedback to questions

posed by a teacher. In their present form, due to their relatively high cost and high infrastructural

requirements, such systems are not sustainable in most developing countries. This paper

presents the design and implementation of a CRS based on an open-source, low-cost, and

easily manufactured hardware. The CRS design is based on a hybrid wireless/wired platform

using Bluetooth with the 1-Wire networking technology. This design significantly reduces the

cost, and is consistent with existing conditions in a typical developing country. (source :

http://www.mifav.uniroma2.it/inevent/events/idea2010/doc/15_6.pdf)
Offline-based clicker using Gaussian frequency shift keying and arduino

NRF24L01 by Linsangan, Noel B. et al

The determination of students' proficiency and comprehension has been a struggle for

many educational institutions. Response systems, such as clickers, are used to track real-time

student response to serve as a justification whether the students understood the topics and

concepts that were taught by their instructors or not. The goal of the study is to create an offline-

based learning response system that utilizes smartphones as input devices and RF technology

as transmission media. The system could gather real-time responses and display its data

interpretation by stacked bar graphs. Several trials were made to test the viability of the system

in terms of data transmission and reception of information keyed in from the smartphones to the

master device attached to a base terminal. Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying is an effective

modulation technique to transmit data in high frequency bands without the interference of

Wireless Fidelity. The system is an effective learning response system for offline-based

sessions as well as institutions without a stable internet infrastructure. It is scalable in terms of

packet transmission as well as sample size of the transmitting devices. (source:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8269487/)

Control of Audience response systems during used with the paper based

questions by Beamish, Darin May 8 2008

Methods and systems for controlling portable units in an audience response system when

the audience response system is used for retrieving responses to paper-based questions. Some

embodiments of the present invention comprise controlling the portable units to be capable of

only displaying question indicia and user interface settings associated with assigned questions

from paper-based documents, thereby excluding the display of other question indicia associated

with non-assigned questions. Graphical user interfaces are also provided for selecting subsets

of the questions from the paper-based questions for use in controlling the portable units.
(source:

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080108037A1/en?q=microcontroller&q=based&q=audie

nce&q=response&q=system&oq=microcontroller+based+audience+response+system)

TurningPoint Application

TurningPoint app allows students to respond to interactive questions and is proven to

increase retention, engage learners and allow instructors to immediately assess student

understanding. Students can use web-enabled devices to participate and responses are

collected in real-time where instructors can ensure content is resonating and objectives are met.

FEATURES & FUNCTIONS:

Real-Time Mode:

• Interactive questions and response options are displayed on user’s screen when instructor

opens polling.

• When polling is closed, screen displays aggregate group response with user response and

correct answer noted.

• Support for multiple choice, multiple response, numeric response, true/false and short answer,

open-ended question types.

• Ability to send messages to communicate questions or concerns.

Self-Paced Mode:

• Questions and response are displayed on user’s screen when instructor opens polling and

students can answer at their own pace.

• After an assessment, instructor can enable the device display score in points, percentage,

points and percentage, or a custom message.

• Support for images, multiple choice, multiple response, numeric response, true/false and short

answer, open-ended question types.

• Ability to navigate through assessment in multiple ways including: swiping, navigation

carousel, and question list view.

• Ability to send messages to communicate questions or concerns.

NOTE: TurningPoint app is compatible with Android OS 5.0 and above. Users participating in

sessions with previous OS versions can participate using web browsers.

Figure 6. Steps in using TurningPoint Application

Classroom clicker S50 Plus

Classroom Clicker S50Plus is the popular Classroom Assessment Tool. In addition to

basic question types, like choice, sequence, judge and vote, it also has the functions of

examinations, homework and unique text input which is the ideal choice for classroom tests and

exams.

Classroom clicker is suitable for classroom tests and exams in k12 public and private

schools, colleges and universities, training institutions.

Key functions:
  Choice/ priority rank/ judge/ numeric/ text

 Rush answer/ random call/ numeric score

 Synchronized questions/ Self-paced questions(100 questions)/ Homework(9 subjects)

Key Performance:

 2.4 RF technology

 <30m reliable distance

 >250 working hours

 Chinese and English display

 80 channels

 2*CR2032 button battery

(source : http://www.sunvote.com.cn/products_student_response_s50plus.html)

Figure 7. Classroom Clicker S50 Plus

Student Response Clicker M30

 Light and small, suits primary school students to operate, economic and with all basic

function can be applied in both interactive classroom and instant quiz. Reliable, easy-to-use,

economic, interactive classroom clicker - a magic tool for student engagement.

Students love learning when they use SunVote Student Response Clicker in interactive

classroom and instant class quiz in K12 private and public school, colleges and universities,

training institutions.

Key functions:

 Choices/Priority Rank/Judge/Rush Answer

 Single question/multi-questions answered (10 questions)/Random Call

Key Performance:

 2.4G RF Technology

 ＜50M Reliabel Distance

 ＞150Hour Working Hour

 >80 Classrooms

 80 Channels

 2*CR2032 Button Battery

(source: http://www.sunvote.com.cn/products_student_response_m30.html)
 Figure 8. Student Response Clicker M30

Student clicker S53

The most popular model used in Student Response System, with full function can

be applied in both interactive classroom and instant quiz. Reliable, easy-to-use,

economic, a magic tool for student engagement.

Students love learning when they use SunVote Student Engagement Tools in interactive

classroom and instant class quiz in K12 private and public school, colleges and universities,

training institutions.

Key Functions:

 Choice/Priority Rank/Numeric/Judge Question

 Interactive Vote/Rush Answer/Numeric Score/Instant Result

  Synchronized questions/Self-paced questions (99 questions)/Homework (9 Subjects)

Key Performance:

 2.4G RF technology

 30M Reliable Distance

 ＞280Hours Working Time

 >80 Classrooms

 80 Channels

 2*CR2032 Button Batter

(source: http://www.sunvote.com.cn/products_student_response_s52plus.html)

Figure 8: Student Clicker S53

Socrative Teacher Application

Engage, assess and personalize your class with Socrative! Educators can initiate

formative assessments through quizzes, quick question polls, exit tickets and space races all

with their Socrative Teacher app. Socrative will instantly grade, aggregate and provide visuals of

results to help you identify opportunities for further instruction. Save time and visualize student

understanding when it matters, now!

To get started using Socrative, simply register for a Socrative Teacher account. Your

Socrative account will work with other Socrative Apps and via all browsers at Socrative.com.

Students can connect to your unique room by opening their apps or joining your room at

socrative.com on any device.

Google Integrations

 Single Sign On - Teachers can sign in using their Google Domain Email Address

 Drive Integration – Teachers can have reports sent to their Google Drive

Features

 Visualize student understanding

 Ask multiple choice and true/false questions

 Ask open-ended questions and vote on the results

 Create your own quizzes (instantly graded for you)

 Share quizzes with other teachers

 Give end of class exit tickets

 Play games with our space race!

  View students results in real time

 Reporting - Download, Email or send to Google Drive

Supported Browsers and Devices

 Socrative works on every browser: including Chrome, Firefox, Safari and Internet

Explorer.

 Use any Web Enabled device: including Smartphones, Tablets, Laptops and Desktops

(source: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.socrative.teacher&hl=en)

Kahoot Application

Create your own quizzes (kahoots) in seconds, play anywhere, anytime, on your own or with

friends, have fun and LEARN! Kahoot! unleashes the magic of learning for students, teachers,

office superheroes, trivia fans and lifelong learners.

Our app has a whole bunch of superpowers! Here are a few of them:

Quiz creation app

Creativity can spark anytime! Create a game in minutes, even if you’re on the go. This works

great for student projects and can also be a hot hit at parties when you want to surprise your

friends.

Live game app

Join kahoots hosted live - for example, in classrooms - use the app as the game controller, and
win medals! Or, put your quizmaster’s hat on: host your own game for others on a big screen,

right from your phone or tablet.

Trivia app

Find a quiz on any topic from millions of games on our platform. You can play on your own or

challenge friends for a fun competition.

Homework app

Instead of paper assignments, teachers can now assign kahoots as homework using

challenges. Make homework awesome, save time on correcting assignments and track learning

progress.

(source: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=no.mobitroll.kahoot.android&hl=en)