Beryl in South Australia

Alistair F Crooks and Peta J Abbot

Geological Survey

Report Book 2004/25

202611_001

CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK

Beryl in South Australia

Alistair F Crooks and Peta J Abbot

Geological Survey

December 2004

Report Book 2004/25

Minerals and Energy Division
Primary Industries and Resources South Australia
4th floor, 101 Grenfell Street, Adelaide
GPO Box 1671, Adelaide SA 5001
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© Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, 2004

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), no part
may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from Primary Industries and
Resources South Australia. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be
addressed to the Editor, Publishing Services, PIRSA, GPO Box 1671, Adelaide SA 5001.

Disclaimer
Primary Industries and Resources South Australia has tried to make the information in this publication
as accurate as possible, however, it is intended as a guide only. The agency will not accept any
liability in any way arising from information or advice that is contained in this publication.

Preferred way to cite this publication

Crooks, A.F. and Abbott, P.J., 2004. Beryl in South Australia. South Australia. Department of Primary
Industries and Resources. Report Book, 2004/25.
CONTENTS
Beryl Be3 Al2 (Si6O18) .............................................................................................................. 4

Uses......................................................................................................................................... 4

World production ................................................................................................................... 7

Historical review of South Australian beryl production ..................................................... 7

Recorded Beryl occurrences from South Australia............................................................ 8

Cunamona Province – The Olary district.................................................................................. 8
Curnamona Province – The Mount Painter district................................................................. 11
Adelaide Hills.......................................................................................................................... 11
Kangaroo Island ..................................................................................................................... 12
Gawler Craton ........................................................................................................................ 12
Musgrave Block...................................................................................................................... 12

Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 13

References ............................................................................................................................ 13

TABLES
1 Other beryllium-bearing minerals mentioned in the text.................................................. 4
2 Gem varieties of beryl ..................................................................................................... 4
3 Beryl estimated world production, 2002 (metric tons gross weight)................................ 7
4 Beryl Production, Olary Province (in tonnes) ................................................................ 10

FIGURES
1 Beryl localities – South Australia (201870–002) ................................................................. 5
2 Regional geology and pegmatite locations, with Beryl Mines highlighted (modified
after Olliver and Steveson, 1984) (1984–0125) .................................................................. 9

PLATES
1 Zoned, hexagonal beryl prism, Ameroo Hill Feldpsar Mine, Olary Province. Crystal
is 10 cm across ............................................................................................................... 6

3
 Report Book 2004/25

Beryl in South Australia

Alistair F Crooks and Peta J Abbot

BERYL BE3 AL2 (SI6O18)

Beryl is a naturally occurring alumino-silicate mineral. It forms in hexagonal crystals with a
strongly prismatic habit. Crystals up to 9 metres long have been reported overseas, but a
size in the centimetre to tens of centimetres range is more usual.

Although containing the rare element beryllium (Be), it is a rather common accessory mineral
in pegmatites. Less commonly, it can be found in granites and in mica schists associated
with tin deposits (Cornelius, 1971).

Its occurrence in pegmatites can be ascribed to the fact that the beryllium atom does not
substitute easily into other alumino-silicate crystal lattices and hence becomes concentrated
in the last liquids of congealing granite melts. A list of other even less common beryllium-
bearing minerals mentioned in the text is given in Table 1.

Table 1 Other beryllium-bearing minerals mentioned in the text

Bertrandite Be4Si2O7.(OH)2
Chrysoberyl BeAl2O
Phenacite Be2(SiO4)
Taaffeite (Be, Fe++) MgAl4O8

USES
Beryl crystals are commonly opaque, light yellow to bluish-green but translucent to
transparent crystals are not uncommon and can have great value as gem stones. Gem stone
varieties are included in Table 2.

Table 2 Gem varieties of beryl

Gem Colour Cause of colour
Emerald dark green transparent Chromium, vanadium
Aquamarine pale bluish-green Ferric and ferrous iron
Rose beryl / Morganite pink Manganese
Golden beryl or Heliodor clear gold-yellow Ferric iron or uranium
Goshenite colourless transparent impurity free

Apart from its importance as a gemstone, beryl is also valued as the major source of the
metal beryllium, which it contains at about 4% by weight. This metal, with properties similar
to aluminium, has numerous and expanding specialist applications.

4
 4 #

MUSGRAVE BLOCK # 5

GAWLER CRATON CURNAMONA

PROVINCE
# 3

9
# #
11 10 #
Archaean to early Mesoproterozoic ADELAIDE
Neoproterozoic GEOSYNCLINE
Beryl deposits 8 ## 7
1 Dudley Peninsula
2 Adelaide Hills localities
3 Mount Painter localities # 6
2
#%U
4 Amata localities ADELAIDE U
%

5 Granite Downs locality

6 Warrow locality
# 1
7 Minbrie
870_002
8 Calcookra Cu Mine
PIRSA Publishing Services AV:201

9 Pine Creek locality

10 Stone Tank Prospect
11 Olary localities

0 100 200 300 Kilometres

Datum GDA94 - Map projection Equidistant Conic

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Beryl Localities

Selection of Beryl crystals from Olary Pegmatites

Figure 1
The biggest user of beryllium metal is the telecommunications and computer industry where,
alloyed with copper in the proportion 1.5% Be to 98.5% Cu, it greatly increases the hardness,
tensile strength, and fatigue resistance of the copper as well as improving some of its
electrical properties.

With an atomic number of 4, beryllium is an extremely light metal (with an SG 1.85 compared
with an SG of 7.87 for iron), and has the highest melting point (1285oC) of any light metal.
These properties are advantageous in some uses such as in parts of supersonic aircraft and
spacecraft, where its lightness, stiffness, dimensional stability and resistance to heat are
important. The rims for ultra lightweight racing bicycles are also made of beryllium alloys.

Because of its low atomic number pure beryllium is almost transparent to X-rays and can be
used as a window material in X-ray tubes.

Beryllium metal also has important uses in the nuclear industry. When bombarded by alpha
particles it becomes a useful source of neutrons. It also has the property of being able to
reflect, slow down and capture neutrons, and so the metal and metal oxide are widely used
as a moderator in nuclear reactor control rods. Its ability to reflect neutrons has also made it
useful in the casings for nuclear bombs where, in the early stages of detonation, it reflects
neutrons back into the chain reaction.

Plate 1 Zoned, hexagonal beryl prism, Ameroo Hill Feldpsar Mine, Olary Province. Crystal is
10 cms across. (Photo 049427)

Minerals and Energy Division 6 Report Book 2004/25

WORLD PRODUCTION
The estimated production of beryl ore by country, listed in Table 3 below, is around 3100
metric tons, with a an estimated 125 metric tons of contained beryllium metal.

Table 3 Beryl estimated world production, 2002 (metric tons gross weight)
Brazil 12
Kazakhstan 100
Madagascar 1
Mozambique 1
Portugal 5
Russia 1000
United States 1 1970
Zambia 7
Total 3100
1 Includes bertrandite (an epithermal beryllium hydroxide from the Spor Mountain deposit in Utah) reduced to an equivalent
weight percent BeO (Cunningham, 2003)

Because the electronics industry is the biggest consumer of beryllium products, world
consumption is loosely tied to fluctuations in that market. Consumption has shown a
continued downward trend since 1998, to less than half that year’s estimated production of
around 7000 metric tons.

World reserves are not well delineated but reserves in 2003 are estimated to be around
80 000 tons of contained beryllium metal (Cunningham, 2003).

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN BERYL

PRODUCTION
A total of 135.7 tonnes of beryl were produced in South Australia between 1941 and 1963,
with an average grade of 12.5% contained BeO (Olliver and Steveson, 1984). The majority of
this production came from the Olary district as a by-product of feldspar mining from
pegmatites. The exception was a small parcel produced at Williamstown in 1945 (Dickinson,
1945).

The first recorded production came from the White Rock mine in 1941. Beryl production at
this time, as a by-product of feldspar mining, was largely dependant on the fluctuations in
demand for Olary-sourced feldspar.

In mid 1958, however, beryl was classified as a strategic mineral, and its export from
Australia was prohibited. All Australian production was purchased by the Australian Atomic
Energy Commission (AAEC), with sales from South Australian and New South Wales mines
handled by the South Australian Department of Mines. From this period until 1962, beryl
became the main product, with feldspar the by-product from these mines.

Because of its strategic importance, the Department of Mines, with the Australian Mineral
Development Laboratories (AMDEL), under contract to the AAEC, conducted significant
research into the concentration and beneficiation of beryl from the pegmatite host. This
included a process for the recovery of 90-95% of the BeO from beryl by fusion followed by
sulphuric acid leaching and solvent extraction (Olliver and Steveson, 1984). (See also
Ashton and Weir, 1962; Hosking and Weir, 1962; Weir, 1967; Catterall, 1960a and b; Olliver
and Steveson, 1982).

The purchase of beryl by the AAEC ceased in January 1960 and the export to approved
destinations was permitted through private sector buyers. At this time, the Department of
Mines withdrew from the ore buying scheme, having handled a total of 57.7 tonnes of beryl
during the period, 27.9 tonnes of this sourced from South Australian mines.

Minerals and Energy Division 7 Report Book 2004/25

The supply of beryl declined rapidly after 1960, with a minor reactivation in 1970-1972 during
which a further 1.4 tonnes were produced from the White Hope Mine (Olliver and Steveson,
1984).

South Australian beryl is rarely of faceting quality. Emerald has been reported widely from
Williamstown, Mount Painter, the Olary district, Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula.
Aquamarine is recorded in the Williamstown – Gumaracha district and the Olary district,
while goshenite and morganite have been reported in the Olary district (Office of Minerals
and Energy, 2001). No commercial emerald production has been recorded from South
Australia.

RECORDED BERYL OCCURRENCES FROM SOUTH

AUSTRALIA
Curnamona Province –Olary District
The first report of beryl from the Olary district was by Douglas Mawson in 1912 (Mawson,
1912), in which he noted that the mineral was both widespread and locally abundant. The
beryl occurs in quartz veins and in albitic and microcline-perthite pegmatites associated with
the Mesoproterozoic, Bimbowrie Suite granite intrusions. The beryl occurs with a range of
accessory minerals including muscovite, tourmaline, and less commonly, fuggerite (King,
1954); uranium minerals such as gummite, broeggerite, uranophane, uraninite, autunite
(Campana and King, 1958); phosphate minerals including apatite, triplite, dickinsonite,
barbosalite (Hiern, 1966) and dufrenite (King, 1954); and rare earth minerals including
florencite (King, 1954), tantalite (Noble et al. 1983) and unspecified tantalum-columbium
minerals (Campana and King, 1958). Beryl mining has occurred from 38 different pegmatite
bodies across the district, the major localities and production data is presented in Figure 2
and Table 4.

This data has been extracted from a major review of both feldspar and beryl production in the
Olary district, undertaken from 1974 to 1977 by the South Australian Department of Mines,
and reported on by Olliver and Steveson (see Olliver and Steveson 1982 and 1984). These
papers detail the evolution of the discovery and exploitation of beryl within the district, using
references such as Mawson, 1912; Jack, 1928; Dickinson, 1943; King, 1954; Johnson,
1955a and b; Campana and King, 1958; Hiern, 1559; Forbes, 1959a and b; Denholm, 1959;
Forbes 1960; MacNamara, 1961; Hiern, 1966; Hiern, 1976.

More recent mapping, associated with the Broken Hill Exploration Initiative in the Mingary
area, has located two new minor beryl-bearing pegmatite localities to the east, at the Stone
Tank Prospect and near the NSW border on “Pine Creek Station”.

Rare crystals of gem-quality aquamarine have been reported from the Olary district, from the
Ameroo Hill No 1, Big Bimba and White Rock No 1 mines (Olliver and Steveson, 1984). More
recently, Teale (2001) has identified emerald, up to 6 mm in length, in drill core from diamond
drill holes BEN 157 and BEN 158 at the Portia copper-gold prospect on the Bengerie Ridge.
The emerald occurs in the hole BEN 158 at a depth of 341.75 m. This emerald appears to be
related to the interaction between late-stage, fluorite-bearing, mineralising fluids and high
chromium, high vanadium, carbonaceous pelites of the Willyama Supergroup. The high
chromium/vanadium content of the pelites is considered the source of the chromium required
to colour the emerald green. The host to the emerald, rather than being a pegmatite, is a
carbonate vein associated with minor pyrite, albite, chlorite, and the beryllium orthosilicate,
phenacite (Teale, 2001). Like the pegmatites elsewhere in the Olary district however, the
mineralising fluids responsible for both copper-gold mineralisation at Portia and the formation
of the emeralds, can be loosely correlated to the Mesoproterozoic, Bimbowrie Suite granites.

Minerals and Energy Division 8 Report Book 2004/25

Figure 2 Regional geology and pegmatite locations, with beryl mines highlighted. (Modified after Olliver and Steveson, 1984)
Table 4 Beryl Production, Olary Province (in tonnes)
Deposit 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 Total
White Rock 2.0 4.0 2.1 8.1
Varischetti 0.1 4.2 3.9 1.3 20.7 10.4 4.8 45.4
Maggie 1.3 1.3
Ameroo Hill No 1 2.5 0.3 0.4 3.0 14.7 20.9
Viney 0.9 (d) (d) (d) (d) 0.9
Hamper Hut (a) (d) (d) (d) (d) (g)
Little Rat (a) (d) (d) (d) (d) (g)
Flachhuber (g) (g)
Wiperaminga Hill 4.7 0.5 9.2 17.3 31.7
Kalabity 0.5 0.4 0.9
Domenic 4.8 15.1 19.9
White Hope 2.6 0.7 (g) 2.6
Bortoli 0.5 1.0 1.5
Basso 0.1 (g) (g)
Brady* 1.6 1.6
Little Bimba 0.7 0.7
Big Bimba E and W (e) (g)
Jones (f) (g)
Chick in Green 0.5 (g) (g)
Barnes 0.2 (g) 0.4 (g) 0.2 0.2
Total 2.0 1.4 4.2 3.9 2.5 1.3 0.9 4.3 2.5 28.9 33.0 8.6 9.2 17.9 15.1 135.7

(a) included in Viney (e) included in Little Bimba

(b) included in Ameroo Hill No 1 (f) included in Wiperaminga Hill
(c) included in Hamper Hut (g) included in a parcel from another deposit, therefore omitted from totals
(d) included in White Rock * includes Gorge North and South

Minerals and Energy Division 10 Report Book 2004/25

Curnamona Province - Mount Painter District
Some minor beryl localities have been identified in the Mount Painter – northern Flinders
Ranges district, but the mineral was considered rare by Coats and Blissett (1971). The
beryllium orthosilicate, phenacite, was reported by W.H. Fander from the Lady Buxton Mine
(Crawford, 1963), and also in contact rock east of the “Needles” (Coats and Blissett, 1971).

YUDNAMUTANA
Coats and Blissett (1971) recorded a minor occurrence, identified by J.E .Johnson, of small
beryl crystals in pegmatites “four or five miles south of the Yudnamutana Copper Mine”.
Noble et al. (1983) identify perhaps the same locality as being 10 km SSW of the mine, the
beryl being “in a large pegmatite in a creek.”

FREELING HEIGHTS
Coats and Blissett (1971) also report an earlier anonymous discovery of beryl in a pegmatite
“about two miles east of Freeling Heights.”

PARALANA HOT SPRINGS

Noble et al. (1983) report beryl from a locality 3 km north of Paralana Hot Springs.

Adelaide Hills
Several localities in the hills north of Adelaide are known to have beryl-bearing pegmatites.

WILLIAMSTOWN
Brown (1908) records the presence of two mining operations near Williamstown in which
beryl-bearing pegmatites were being mined with the assumption that the quality would
improve at depth and that gem-quality emeralds would be found.

At one locality “three and a half miles from Williamstown” beryl crystals were being removed
in numbers from “pockets” within a large, wide dyke of weathered granite. The small and
large beryl crystals encountered were found to be highly fractured and fell apart on
extraction. An underlie shaft at an angle of 45 degrees had been sunk to a depth of thirty
three feet but the quality had not improved. At a second locality “two miles west of the first”
(Brown, 1908), two shafts had been dug to a depth of ten and fifteen feet respectively, and a
crosscut driven fourteen feet at the base of the latter shaft. These workings had also
encountered only shattered beryl crystal and were reported to be in quartz mica veins hosted
by mica schists.

Beryl from the Williamstown area is also reported in Mining Review, General Notes (1945). In
addition to beryl, Noble et al. (1983) also report the related mineral, chrysoberyl, from
Tertiary gravel wash 2 km south of Williamstown.

PARA WIRRA
A small-scale mica mining operation was reported on by Jack (1930) from Hundred of Para
Wirra, Sections 122 A and B. Minor accessory beryl was recorded from this locality.

BAROSSA
Another small-scale, mica mining operation, from Hundred of Barossa, Section 125, was
inspected by the South Australian Department of Mines (Dickinson, 1945). Adjacent to the
mica operation, a series of pegmatite dykes also contained accessory beryl. Dickinson
reported that the hand-picking of crystals had resulted in the collection of “half a
hundredweight” (about 25 kg) of beryl.

Minerals and Energy Division 11 Report Book 2004/25

GUMERACHA
About 2 km east of Gumeracha, Hundred of Talunga, Section 6113, north south-trending
pegmatites crosscut schistose rocks of the Barossa Complex (Winton, 1935). These highly
kaolinised pegmatites were being worked for feldspar and “china clay” with beryl reported to
be a minor accessory mineral.

Kangaroo Island
While early workers make no mention of beryl (e.g. Jack, 1917), Noble et al. (1983) report
beryl from the brick clay mine in weathered pegmatites on Dudley Peninsula. This pegmatite
is known to host gem-quality tourmaline (elbaite). More recent work undertaken on the
pegmatite, located only one small, fractured beryl crystal, pale yellow in colour (Keeling and
Rachmat, 1987; Keeling, PIRSA, 2003, pers. comm.)

These pegmatites are considered to be Delamerian in age, and intrude Cambrian

metasediments of the Kanmantoo trough.

Gawler Craton
HUNDRED OF MINBRIE
Beryl has been reported from conformable and transgressive pegmatites from the Hundred
of Minbrie, 1.2 km south of Mount Gerharty near the Cowell Jade Province. The pegmatite is
described as being a “coarsely crystallised quartz + feldspar pegmatite containing well-
crystallised green beryl. (Johns, 1961; General Notes, Mining Review, 1952; Noble et al.,
1983, Office of Minerals and Energy, 1999). The pegmatites intrude Hutchison Group
metasediments.

HUNDRED OF HAWKER
In 1952, the Calcookra Copper Mine, Country Musgrave, Hundred of Hawker, Section 172,
and 29 km NW of Cowell, was investigated for possible extensions to the known copper
mineralisation and for possible radioactive mineralisation. Drill logs by M.L.Wade of drill hole
Calcookra DDH 1 at the mine site, describe an intersection of a broad, beryl-bearing,
pegmatite body at 136 – 160 feet in garnetiferrous, quartz-biotite schists of the Hutchison
Group. This pegmatite, with cream-coloured feldpsar and quartz, also contained muscovite
and pyrite (Drilling Report Mining Review 97, 1954).

HUNDRED OF WARROW
A pegmatite locality on the coast west of Lake Wangary, Hundred of Warrow, Section 157,
was inspected by Johns (1950) and found to be crystalline beryl-bearing. This pegmatite
intrudes Archaean, Sleaford Complex, gneissic and granitic rocks that crop out below
Warrow Quartzite, at the southern end of a promontory south of the Frenchman. The
pegmatite vein is described as having quartz and feldspar with minor mica and tourmaline.
This outcrop is also alluded to in Forbes (1959a), Hiern (1976), Noble et al. (1983), and
General Notes (1952).

Musgrave Block
Several localities in the Musgrave Block in which beryl-bearing pegmatites have been
recorded include 30 km W of “Amata” and 25km NE of “Amata” (Noble et al., 1983). Here,
green crystals of beryl are possibly associated with Kulgeran Suite granites.

Noble et al, (1983) also report beryl associated with tantalite from a small pegmatite near
Windmill Well , 10 km west of Granite Downs. This is the same general locality in which a
swarm of beryl-bearing pegmatites were described by Wegener (1950). This is described as
“6 miles west of “Granite Downs” homestead.” Crystalline beryl, greenish-yellow to
translucent, honey-yellow and up to three inches long by half an inch in diameter were
reported with the most abundant crystals confined to a small pegmatised zone “2-3 miles

Minerals and Energy Division 12 Report Book 2004/25

north of Salt Well”. Outcropping basement here is the Wataru Gneiss of the Birksgate
Complex (Major, 1971, Major and Conor, 1993). The same locality is mentioned in Forbes
(1959a) and Hiern (1976) but described as being “Mount Chandler in the Everard Range”.

These beryl occurrences are associated with post-metamorphic, intrusive pegmatites. Wilson
(1969) argues that earlier beryl mineralisation would not survive the granulite-grade
metamorphism of the Musgravian Orogeny. However, taaffeite, a beryllium-magnesium
spinel, and beryllium-bearing sapphirine are recorded from a locality 16 km NNE of Ernabella
(Hudson et al, 1967; Wilson and Hudson, 1967). Beryllium-bearing sapphirine is also
recorded from a locality 38 km north of “Kenmore Park” suggesting that earlier beryl may
have been present.

CONCLUSIONS
Gem-quality varieties of beryl are rare and in insufficient quantities to be of current economic
interest. Non-gem-grade beryl is a widespread accessory mineral in pegmatites of South
Australia, but, at best, it is an erratic and minor component of these pegmatites. It can,
therefore, only be expected to be produced as a minor by-product of feldspar mining where
this enterprise is economically viable in its own right.

REFERENCES
Ashton, B.E. and Weir, L.J., 1961. Low grade beryl ore. First report - beneficiation. South Australia.
Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review 112:47-61.

Brown, HYL, 1908. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Record of Mines. p 359.

Campana, B. and King, D., 1958. Regional geology and mineral resources of the Olary Province.
South Australia. Geological Survey. Bulletin, 34:109-112.

Catterall, R.W., 1960a. Recovery of beryllia from beryl. South Australia. Department of Mines and
Energy, Mining Review 110:12-21.

Catterall, R.W., 1960b. Beryl ore investigations – solvent extraction of beryllium. South Australia.
Department of Mines and Energy report 51/45 (unpublished).

Coats, R.P. and Blissett, A.H., 1971. Regional and Economic Geology of the Mount Painter Province.
South Australia. Geological Survey. Bulletin, 43:176,186.

Conor, C.H.H., 1984. Draft Report, Williamstown industrial mineral deposits. Geology of kaolin-
sillimanite-muscovite deposits near Williamstown, Hd Barossa, Mount Lofty Ranges, South
Australia. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Report Book, 84/65 (unpublished).

Cornelius, S.H., 1971. Dana's Manual of Mineralogy, John Wiley and Son Inc.

Crawford, A.R., 1963. The Wooltana Volcanic belt, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society
of South Australia 87:123-154.

Cunningham, L.D., 2003. Beryllium In: Minerals Year Book.

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/beryllium/ USGS web site.

Denholm, L.S., 1959. Short report on Bray’s Beryl Prospect – Olary Province. South Australia.
Department of Mines and Energy report 49/157 (unpublished).

Dickinson, S.B., 1943. Beryl occurrences, north of Olary. South Australia. Department of Mines and
Energy, Mining Review. 76:80.

Dickinson, S.B., 1945. Mica deposits. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining
Review. 80:100-102.

Forbes, B.G., 1959a. Beryl deposits in South Australia. South Australia. Department of Mines and
Energy, Mining Review. 108:8-12.

Minerals and Energy Division 13 Report Book 2004/25

Forbes, B.G., 1959b. Beryl occurrences - west of Boolcoomata homestead. South Australia.
Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 108:13-15.

Forbes, B.G., 1960. Beryl in the Olary Province. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy,
Mining Review. 109:24-30.

General Notes, 1945. Mica. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 80:7.

General Notes, 1952. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 92:11.

Gov. Drilling Operations, 1954. Diamond drilling Calcookra Copper Mine. South Australia. Department
of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 97:30-32.

Hiern, M.N., 1959. Uranium-bearing pegmatite - near Bimbowrie Station. South Australia. Department
of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 108:66-67.

Hiern, M.N., 1966. Feldspar and beryl deposits - Wiperaminga Hill. South Australia. Department of
Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 124:44-51.

Hiern, M.N., 1976. Pegmatite minerals (feldspar, beryl, mica) - South Australia. . In: Knight, C.L. (Ed.),
Economic geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea, 4, Industrial minerals and rocks. Australia.
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Monograph Series, 8:234-235.

Hoskin, P.K. and Weir, L.J., 1962. Recovery of by-products of beryl concentration. Pegmatite
investigations - first report. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review.
113:77-81.

Hudson, D.R., Wilson, A.F. and Threadgold, I.M., 1967. A new polytype of taaffeite – a rare beryllium
mineral from the granulites of central Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 36:305-310.

Jack, R.L., 1930. Report on mica claims 12384-12388, on sections 122 A and B, Hundred of Para
Wirra. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 52:58.

Jack, R.L., 1928. Beryl on Bimbowrie Station, South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy report
11/111 (unpublished).

Jack, R.L., 1917. The chinastone and fireclay leases, Hundred of Dudley, Kangaroo Island. South
Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 26:38-41.

Johns, R.K., 1950. Beryl occurrence section 157. Hd. Warrow. South Australia. Department of Mines
and Energy. report book (unpublished).

Johnson, J.E., 1955a. Observations on beryl mineralisation in the Outalpa – Old Boolcoomata area.
South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. report 39/1 (unpublished).

Johnson, J.E., 1955b. Notes on mineral zoning in the areas around Antro, Bimbowrie and Old
Boolcoomata. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. report 38/136 (unpublished).

Johns, R.K.., 1961. Geology and mineral resources of southern Eyre Peninsula. South Australia.
Geological Survey. Bulletin, 37:63.

Keeling, J.L. and Rachmat, 1987. Dudley pegmatite: preliminary investigation for kaolin, feldspar,
silica and gem tourmaline. South Australian Department of Mines and Energy report 87/119
(unpublished).

King, D., 1954. Examination of rare-earth pegmatite near Wiperaminga Hill, Old Boolcoomata Station.
South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 97:93-94.

MacNamara, P.M., 1961. Beryllium survey – Olary District Enterprise Expoloration Co Pty Ltd. Primary
Industries and Resources South Australia open file envelope 3706 (unpublished).

Major, R.B. (Compiler), 1971. BIRKSGATE map sheet. Geological Survey of South Australia,
Geological Atlas 1:250,000 Series, sheet SG52-15.

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Major, R.B. and Conor, C.H.H., 1993. Musgrave Block. In Drexel, J.F., Preiss, W.V. and Parker, A.J.
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Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Handbook, 7:29-30.

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beryl mining north of Olary, and the results of reconnaissance sampling of feldspar. South
Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, report 81/74 (unpublished).

Olliver, J.G. and Steveson, B.G., 1984. Pegmatites of the Olary Province - Feldspar and beryl mining.
South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 154:22-35.

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Wegener, C.F., 1950. Reconnaissance survey for radioactive minerals in the Everard Ranges and
neighbouring areas. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, Mining Review. 90:160-
162.

Weir, L.J., 1967. Floatation of beryl from pegmatite. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy,
Mining Review 123:22-32.

Wilson, A.F., 1969. Problems of exploration for metals in granulite terrains, with particular reference to
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and Energy, Mining Review. 60:43.

Minerals and Energy Division 15 Report Book 2004/25