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CHAPTER 4

DATA AND RESULTS

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered in the actual testing of the

pico hydropower system installed in Brgy. Tanato, City of Balanga, Bataan. It includes

the detailed specification of the various components of the system. It also explains some

of the possible reasons behind the results obtained based on the principles considered

in this kind of system.

4.1 Measurement of Water Flow Rate

This covers the determination of the water flow rate by using float method

which was discussed in the previous chapter. The data gathered are shown in the

following tables.

The results shown comprise the data gathered during the dry season where

minimum flow rate can be expected. The tests were done same day at the same time

interval every month. This was done to give an insight of the possible outcomes

considering the effect of season from February to April. Three trials were made for the

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on the said days to give a better representation of the data and to have a more accurate

and reliable results. Table 4.1 shows the data that have been measured for the three

months.

Table 4.1 Monthly River Profile Analysis

Date Time Flow Rate (m3/s)


6:00 – 6:15 0.067
February
14:00 – 14:15 0.069
28
22:00 – 22:15 0.070
6:00 – 6:15 0.066
March 31 14:00 – 14:15 0.059
22:00 – 22:15 0.072
6:00 – 6:15 0.062
April 30 14:00 – 14:15 0.053
22:00 – 22:15 0.069

The results of the table show that the measured flow rate of water in the month

of April is slightly lower than the ones measured in the month of March. Likewise, the

measurements in March is evidently lower than the ones measured in February. This

was expected considering the effect of the season.

4.2 Fabrication Specification

Table 4.2, Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 show the main specifications of the fabricated

components. The penstock used was an open-channel while the turbine is classified as

an undershot water wheel. Both are stainless steel type due to its relatively low

coefficient of roughness which is very suitable for a dynamic hydropower system. The

width of the penstock is kept as wide as the turbine in order to lessen the perpendicular

pressure applied of the water towards the material of the penstock. It will minimize the

friction loss thus, maximizing the velocity of the flowing water. In the case of the

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length, it was kept as short as possible. In this way, not only the losses of the system

will be reduced but also the cost of the pipe. For the same reason, the turbine was also

made as small as possible.

The drive system of the turbine used was chain-sprocket, the dimensions

corresponded to the rotational speed that is needed to attain by the system which is

1500-1800 rpm for 50 to 60 Hz frequency.

Table 4.2 Penstock Specification

Penstock Open Channel

Material Galvanized Steel Sheet

Length 3m

Width 60 cm

Height 26.8 cm

Coefficient of Roughness 0.012

Table 4.3 Turbine Specification

Turbine Undershot Waterwheel

Blade Material Galvanized Steel Sheet

Length 3m

Width 57.46 cm

Inner Diameter 26.8 cm

Outer Diameter 0.012

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Table 4.4 Drive System Specifications

Part Turbine Connecting Shaft Generator


Diameter 22.1cm 4.25 cm-22.1 cm 4.25 cm
Teeth 52 52-10 10
Speed Ratio 1 : 5.2 : 27.04
Type Chain-Sprocket Chain-Sprocket Chain-Sprocket

Table 4.5 Mechanical Input Power and Parameters Analysis

Mech.
Time Distance Area Velo. Accel. Mass Vol. Force Torque Input
Trial Interval
(s) (m) (m2) (m/s) (m/s2) (kg) (m3) (N) (Nm) Power
(W)
00:00 –
1 2.842 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.316 199 0.199 62.81 18.842 128.256
03:00
03:00 –
2 2.56 2.55 0.054 1 0.389 138 0.138 53.79 16.137 103.080
06:00
06:00 –
3 2.716 2.55 0.066 0.939 0.346 168 0.168 58.21 17.463 115.211
09:00
09:00 –
4 2.843 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.315 199 0.199 62.79 18.836 128.211
12:00
12:00 –
5 2.55 2.55 0.054 1 0.392 138 0.138 54 16.200 103.484
15:00
15:00 –
6 2.447 2.55 0.048 1.042 0.426 122 0.122 52.10 15.631 98.215
18:00
18:00 –
7 2.841 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.316 199 0.199 62.83 18.849 130.275
21:00
21:00 –
8 2.844 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.315 199 0.199 62.76 18.829 130.138
24:00

In Table 4.5, it can be noticed that among the eight trials performed on a

particular day, the data at night gave the highest flow rate of water. On the other hand,

the ones measured in the day has the lowest.

The force and the length vector are the two most important things to be

evaluated as they relate to the mechanical power available. The results also show that

the mechanical power is directly proportional to the said parameters.

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4.3 Measurement of Turbine and Generator Load Characteristics

Table 4.6 Turbine and Generator Speed and Frequency Analysis

No Full
No Load No Full Load Full
Load Load
Generator Load Generator Load Frequency
Trial Interval Turbine Turbine Poles
Speed Speed Speed Speed (Hz)
Speed Speed
(rpm) Ratio (rpm) Ratio
(rpm) (rpm)
00:00 –
1 68 1836 27 65 1756 27 4 58.53
03:00
03:00 –
2 64 1727 27 61 1647 27 4 54.90
06:00
06:00 –
3 66 1781 27 63 1701 27 4 56.70
09:00
09:00 –
4 68 1836 27 65 1754 27 4 58.47
12:00
12:00 –
5 64 1753 27 61 1652 27 4 55.07
15:00
15:00 –
6 63 1701 27 60 1620 27 4 54
18:00
18:00 –
7 69 1880 27 66 1770 27 4 59
21:00
21:00 –
8 69 1881 27 66 1770 27 4 59
24:00

Table 4.6 shows the tabulated result of the measured turbine speed and the

corresponding generator speed based on the speed ratio used. The group performed

eight trials different time of the day. It can also be seen that the generator speed can

attain a speed of not less than 1500 rpm to not more than 1800 rpm which only states

that it runs under a frequency of 50 to 60 Hz.

Table 4.7 Electrical Power Output and Parameters Analysis

Electrical
Charging Generator Load Load Load
Output Load
Trial Interval Voltage Current Power Voltage Current
Power Connection
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A)
(W)

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00:00 –
1 14.3 5.48 78.36 152 Parallel 220 0.69
03:00
03:00 –
2 14.2 5.47 77.67 152 Parallel 220 0.69
06:00
06:00 –
3 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
09:00
09:00 –
4 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
12:00
12:00 –
5 14.2 5.46 77.53 152 Parallel 220 0.69
15:00
15:00 –
6 14.1 5.42 76.42 152 Parallel 220 0.69
18:00
18:00 –
7 14.3 5.49 78.51 152 Parallel 220 0.69
21:00
21:00 –
8 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
24:00

Table 4.7 shows the tabulated result of the measured charging voltage and the

generator current. It also presents the amount of electrical power which can be

generated which should not be less than 75 watts. It also presents the amount of load

power which is 152 watts connected in parallel. The group performed eight trials

different time of the day. It can also be seen that it was able to maintain a minimum of

220V.

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Voltage-Speed-Time Relation

14.5 1701 rpm 1770 rpm 1754 rpm 1770 rpm


14.4 1756 rpm
14.3 1652 rpm 1647 rpm
14.2 1620 rpm
VOLTAGE

14.1
14
13.9
13.8
13.7
13.6
13.5
12:00 - 3:00 3:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 9:00 9:00 -12:00
TIME

AM PM

Fig. 4.1 Voltage-Time-Speed Relation

Fig. 4.1 shows that the charging voltage is directly proportional with the

alternator speed. As the alternator speed increases, the charging voltage increases and

as the alternator speed decreases, the charging voltage decreases.

System Speed Regulation

Table 4.8 Speed Regulation and Parameters

Average Full Load Alternator Speed 1652 rpm

Average No Load Alternator Speed 1753 rpm

Average Speed Regulation 6.11%

Table 4.8 shows the parameters needed in calculating the average speed

regulation as well as the average speed regulation of the system itself.

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System Overall Efficiency

Table 4.9 Overall Efficiency and Parameters

Average Mechanical Input Power 117.109 W

Average Electrical Output Power 78.055 W

Average Overall Efficiency 66.65%

Table 4.9 shows the parameters needed in calculating the average overall

efficiency as well as the average overall efficiency of the system itself.

Illumination

MAXIMUM ILLUMINATION @ PT3 and PT8

222.82 cos(24.495) 222.82 cos(58.668)


𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₁₌ (4.27)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₅₌ (7.55)2

𝐸5 = 2.03 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸1 = 12 𝑙𝑢𝑥

222.82 cos(70.123)
222.82 cos(65.795)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₆₌ (11.42)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₂₌ (9.58)2
𝐸6 = 0.58 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸2 = 1.00 𝑙𝑢𝑥

222.82 cos(77.291)
222.82 cos(76.113)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₇₌ (17.38)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₃₌ (16.22)2
𝐸7 = 0.16 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸3 = 0.20 𝑙𝑢𝑥

222.82 cos(80.793)
222.82 cos(80.212)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₈₌ (23.91)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₄₌ (23.08)2
𝐸8 = 0.16 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸4 = 0.071 𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3 + 𝐸4 + 𝐸5 + 𝐸6 + 𝐸7 + 𝐸8

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𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇1 = 15.22 𝑙𝑢𝑥

MAXIMUM ILLUMINATION @ PT3 and PT8

222.82 cos(69.513) 222.82 cos(72.542)


𝐸@3 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿4 ₌ (4.17)2
𝐸@3 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿8 ₌ (12.82)2

𝐸5 = 0.41 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸1 = 0.62 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸8 = 0.41𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸4 = 0.62 𝑙𝑢𝑥

222.82 cos(42.269) 222.82 cos(61.315)


𝐸@3 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿3 ₌ (5.23)2 𝐸@3 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿7 ₌ (8.14)2

𝐸2 = 6.03 𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝐸6 = 1.61 𝑙𝑢𝑥


𝐸3 = 6.03 𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝐸7 = 1.61 𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3 + 𝐸4 + 𝐸5 + 𝐸6 + 𝐸7 + 𝐸8
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 =0.62+6.03+6.03+0.62+0.41+1.61+1.61+0.41
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 = 17.34 𝑙𝑢𝑥

Table 4.10 Illumination Parameters

Luminous Flux 2800 lm

Maximum Angle 75.542

Maximum Distance 23.91 m

Maximum Illumination 17.34 lux

Minimum Angle 24.495

Minimum Distance 4.17 m

Minimum Illumination 15.22 lux

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Table 4.10 shows the maximum and minimum illumination of the bridge as well

as its coefficient of utilization following the standard arrangement with regards to

width-mounting space ratio. The table also indicates that the street light to be installed

has reached the typical and the required value for street illumination.

In the calculation of illumination, the lamp lumens and the distance from the

source and the plane is important. It was realized that lesser angle and distance as well

as greater luminous flux constitutes to a higher illumination.

Cost – Breakdown Analysis

Table 4.11 shows the cost of the materials as well as the components used in the

system. Some of the materials and components are brought brand new while some are

brought second hand and some are readily available at home.

Table 4.11 Component and Material Costing

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Item Quantity Price

Threaded Rod Php 150

Bearing Php 300

Grinding Disc Php 96

Flat Bar (1/4 x ½) 4 Php 308

Galvanized Steel Sheet Php 1420

Cutting Disc 2 Php 235

Pillow Block 4 Php 800

Flat Bar (1/4 x 1) 3 Php 459

Angle Bar (3mm x 1 x 1) 2 Php 648

Flat Bar (3/16 x 1.5) Php 282

Rivet 50 Php 250

Screw Php 159

Washer Php 90

Drill Bit Php 202

M6-C Php 72

M8-C Php 56

Paint Php 515

Bike Parts Php 230

Hinge Php 15

Automatic Voltage Regulator Php 400

Inverter Php 530

Alternator Php 1000

Sand Paper Php 20

Bolts Php 98

LED lamps (19W) 8 Php 2400

Lamp Socket 8 Php 184

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Wires Php 200

Switch Php 30

Php 11,149

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Ilamp = 690 mA Wper lamp = 19 W No. of lamps = 8 lamps

Vlamp = 220 V Wtotal = 152 W Overall cost of the project = P 11,149.00

Daily Energy Consumption = 152 W x 12 hrs = 1,824 Wh

Penelco Rate (as of April 2018) = P 10.37/kWh

Daily Savings = (1.82kWh/day) (P 10.37/kWhr) = P 18.91/day

Maintenance Duration per year = 24 days x 24hrs/day = 576 hrs/yr

Dry Season/ Extreme Wet Season = 10 Days x 24hrs/day = 240 hrs/yr

Annual Service Hour = 8760 – 576 – 240 = 7,944 hrs/yr x 1day/24hrs = 331 days/yr

Gross Savings = (P 18.91/day) (331 days/yr)

Gross Savings = P 6,259.21/year

Maintenance Cost = P 4,500/year

Net Savings = P 6,259.21 – P 4,500

Net Savings = P 1,759.21/year

Return of Investment = (P 11,149)/(P 1,759.21/yr) = 6 years and 4 months

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Environmental Analysis

The proposed system is run of river and used only a fraction of the dry season

flow and returning it to the stream. Thus any detrimental effects to the environment are

expected to be non-existent. The project used existing infrastructure for transmission

line and will re-use an abandoned structure for the powerhouse, effectively having no

net effect on the landscape. The flow of the waterfall will be decrease slightly, but this

is a negligible amount compared to the overall flow and it will not affect the aesthetic

quality of the falls.

Perhaps more importantly, the project has the potential to spread awareness of

renewable energy options in Brgy. Tanato and the surrounding area. A well planned

and successful project could help instill the idea that renewable energy is not only clean

and good for the environment, but also reliable.

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