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This document describes a phase diagram for a three-component liquid system consisting of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. The author determines the solubility curve for various mixtures of the components by titrating mixtures until a second phase is observed. Tie lines are then constructed by connecting points of identical composition on the solubility curve. Two-phase mixtures are prepared and titrated to determine the composition of each phase. This allows the author to locate points on the solubility curve and construct the phase diagram, showing the different phase regions for the three-component system at equilibrium.
This document describes a phase diagram for a three-component liquid system consisting of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. The author determines the solubility curve for various mixtures of the components by titrating mixtures until a second phase is observed. Tie lines are then constructed by connecting points of identical composition on the solubility curve. Two-phase mixtures are prepared and titrated to determine the composition of each phase. This allows the author to locate points on the solubility curve and construct the phase diagram, showing the different phase regions for the three-component system at equilibrium.
This document describes a phase diagram for a three-component liquid system consisting of acetic acid, chloroform, and water. The author determines the solubility curve for various mixtures of the components by titrating mixtures until a second phase is observed. Tie lines are then constructed by connecting points of identical composition on the solubility curve. Two-phase mixtures are prepared and titrated to determine the composition of each phase. This allows the author to locate points on the solubility curve and construct the phase diagram, showing the different phase regions for the three-component system at equilibrium.
existing in equilibrium at any given condition. According to the Phase Rule, a maximum of four intensive variables (intensive properties) must be specified to completely define the state of a three- component system. In this system, there are Figure 1: Triangular diagram of a 3 components but only 1 phase exists. Thus, three component system by using the phase rule, we can find out that In the diagram shown above, every corner of the degree of freedom is 4 which are the triangle represents a pure component, temperature, pressure, and concentrations of which are 100% A, 100% B and 100% C. the two of the three components. The Each side represents one binary mixture and composition of a ternary system can be area in this triangular diagram represents presented in the form of triangular ternary components. Rules Relating to coordinates at constant temperature and Triangular Diagrams are as below: pressure. 1. Each of three corners or apexes of the triangle represent 100% by weight of one component (A, B, or C). As a result, that same apex will represent 0% of the other component is soluble in both components at two components. the same time, the solubility increases. Thus, when ethanol is added into a mixture of 2. The three lines joining the corner points benzene and water, the solubility of these represent two-component mixtures of the two components will increase until a point is three possible combinations of A, B and C. reached, where the mixture become Thus the lines AB, BC and CA are used for homogenous. This study can be applied in two-component mixtures of A and B, B and the case of preparing pharmaceutical C, and C and A, respectively formulation as it often involve the mixing of 3. The area within the triangle represents more than one components while the all the possible combinations of A, B, and C resulting formulation need to be in to give three-component systems homogeneous form. By knowing the exact ratio of each component needed to be mixed 4. If a line is drawn through any apex to a and take into consideration the temperature point on the opposite side (e.g. line DC in and pressure of the surrounding then this Diagram 1) then all systems represented by requirements can be made possible. points on such a line have a constant ratio of two components, in this case A and B In this experiment to be conducted, Acetic acid, Chloroform and Water are the 5. Any line drawn parallel to one side of three components that will be involved. At the triangle, for example, line HI , represents equilibrium, a homogenous solution can be ternary systems in which the proportion (or formed in mixture of acetic acid and water percent by weight) of one component is with chloroform in suitable proportion. constant. In this instance, all systems Behind these phenomena, the solutions are prepared along HI will contain 20% of C said to be homogeneous considering that and varying concentrations of A and B throughout the solution the ratio of solute to Addition of the third component solvent remains the same regardless of its into one pair of miscible liquids can change homogenization with multiple sources. their solubility. If this third component is Moreover, solubility since the solute will not more soluble in either one from the two settle out after any period of time, and it components, the solubility of both cannot be removed by a filter or centrifuge. components will reduce. But if the third Thus, one phase exists in three components. This study was aimed to: If no layers formed, increased the amount of water until a second layer can be observed. a.) determine the phase diagram for three- component liquid system consisting Then transfer each mixture into a separatory of Acetic acid, Chloroform and Water. funnel, shake well for 2 minutes allow the layers to separate. And pipet 5mL of each MATERIALS AND METHODS aqueous layer, then weight the Erlenmeyer A. Solubility curve flasks, and weight again. And add 50mL of distilled water and titrate to the A mixture of H2O and CHCl3 was prepared phenolphthalein endpoint with 0.5M NaOH. containing the following percentages: 10%, And then, pipet 5mL of each CHCl3 layer 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and and weight the Erlenmeyer flasks and weigh 90%. 20mL of mixtures was prepared by again. Add 50mL water and titrate to the filling a certain volumes using buret. Each phenolphthalein endpoint with 0.25MNaOH. mixture was titrated with acetic acid until And calculate the % by weight acetic acid the solution no longer turns cloudy, due to in each layer, then locate the points on the the existence of the second phase. Then, solubility curve and construct the tie lines by record the volume of each liquid, calculate connecting compositions. And lastly, the weight and % weight of each liquid. determine the plait point of the system. Then, plot the composition of the mixture on Table 1. Volume liquid of water, chloroform, and a Stokes and Rozeboom diagram. acetic acid in each One-phase mixture
B. Connection of the tie lines Volume of
liquid A 20mL mixture was prepared with Mixture the following composition (% by volume). no. H2O CHCl3 HOAc 1 9mL 1mL 3mL 2 8mL 2mL 9.2mL Mixture 1-15% HOAC,25%CHCl3,60%H20 3 7mL 3mL 9.3mL 4 6mL 4mL 10mL Mixture2-30%HOAC,25%CHCl3, 45%H20 5 5mL 5mL 10.7mL 6 4mL 6mL 9.6mL Mixture3-45%HOAC, 25%CHCl3,30%H2O 7 3mL 7mL 9mL 8 2mL 8mL 7.7mL Mixture 4-60%HOAC, 25%CHCl3,15%H2O 9 1mL 9mL 5.5mL Table 2. Weights of water, chloroform, and Table 4. Composition of aqueous and acetic acid in each One-phase mixture chloroform layers in each Two-phase mixture Weight of liquid Mixture (g) no 1 2 3 4 H2O HOAc CHCl3 1.00 8.34 13.3 Weight(g) 5 5 5 5 1.99 9.59 11.83 Aqueous V of layer NaOH(mL) 50.2 60.8 138 52.5 2.99 9.69 12.35 3.99 10.42 8.87 %HOAc 4.99 11.39 7.39 5.98 12.01 5.92 weight V of 6.98 13.27 4.44 CHCl3 NaOH(mL) 53 117.8 93.5 115 7.98 10.45 2.96 8.97 7.42 1.48 %HOAc Thus, regarding to this issue, phase rule is Table 4. Percent Weight of water, chloroform, formulated by J. Willard Gibbs. Phase rule and acetic acid in each One-phase mixture is used to relate the effect of the minimal %Weight number of independent variables upon the H20 CHCl3 HOAc various phases that can exist in an 4.42 58.76 36.82 equilibrium system that containing a given 8.50 50.53 40.97 11.95 49.34 38.71 number of components. The phase rule is 17.14 38.10 44.76 expressed as follows: 20.99 31.09 47.92 25.01 24.76 50.23 F=C–P+2 28.33 18.02 53.86 37.78 14.02 49.48 where, 50.20 8.28 41.52 F = Number of degree of freedom Phase diagram is a diagram representing the P = Number of phases limits of stability of the various phases in a C= Number of components chemical system at equilibrium, with respect By using phase rule equation in this to variables of parameters such as experiment, the number of degree of concentration and temperature. Therefore, to freedom, F can be determined. In this define the state of each phase, knowledge of experiment, we use three components as several variables is needed and essential each components are composed of different elements. At the beginning of the experiment, we mixed toluene and ethanol together. Both are forming a clear mutual which eventually resulting only one liquid miscible solution and forming homogenous phase (homogenous solution). Thus the F solution (one liquid phase). But after adding obtain in this experiment is 4 (as F = 3-1+2) an amount of acetic acid, the solubility of for a non-condensed system. The degree of the will be no longer cloudy. The cloudy freedom at the beginning of the experiment solution turns clear which indicates the is comprised of temperature, pressure and solution miscible to each other and starts to the each of the concentration of the form two layer (two liquid phase) as components. As water is added to the resulting from the different degrees of system, F will be reduced to 2 (as F= 3-3+2) solubility of water and chloroform in acetic for a condensed system as the number of acid. phases are increased from one liquid phase The addition of acetic acid (third to two liquid phase and addition of one component) to miscible liquids, which is vapour phase. As the number of components water and chloroform can change their increase, the number of degree of freedom mutual solubility. Acetic acid is more also will be increased. However, as F is soluble in water compared to chloroform, increased, the system will become more the mutual solubility of chloroform and complex, it becomes necessary to fix more water is decreased. However, if acetic acid variable to define the system. Thus, the is soluble in both of the liquids, the mutual greater the number of phases in equilibrium, solubility will be increased. Thus, when the fewer the degrees of freedom. acetic acid is added to the mixture of water In this experiment, we are using three and chloroform, the mutual solubility different components, which are acetic acid, increased until it reached a point where the water, and chloroform. It is important to mixture becomes homogenous solution. This know the properties of water and chloroform is proved in the experiment, as more amount solubility in water. Both water and of acetic acid is needed to turn the cloudy chloroform have different properties in miscible solution into clear solution. In water. Chloroform is soluble in water and addition, all of the component in this acetic acid is extremely soluble in water. At experiment can be a miscible solution when the beginning of the experiment, we mixed they are mixed together if and only if correct an amount of water and Chloroform proportions of each component are possible combinations of A, B and C. Thus, determined. lines AB, BC and CA are used for two- Based on this experiment, we are component mixtures of A and B, B and C discussing about the phase diagram for and C and A, respectively. ternary systems as we are dealing with three By dividing each line into 100 equal component systems. Thus, it is more units, location of point along the line convenient for us to use triangular (referred to line AB, BC and CA) can coordinate graph paper. In this ternary directly related to the percentage system, only liquid phases are involved concentration of one component in two- either it will form one phase or two phase. component system as the third component of By using a triangular coordinate graph the system is equal to 0. On the hand, the paper, there are certain rules that relate to area within the triangle represents all the the use if triangular coordinates. The possible combinations of A, B and C to give concentrations of the two component used in three-component systems. For example, this experiment must be expressed on based on Figure 3.1, the line parallel to CB weight-weight basis. This is because in that cuts point D is equivalent to 85.31% A , pharmaceutical interest, it will be an resulting the system to contains 85.31% of A efficient method of preparing dispersions and 14.69% of B and C together. Applying and allows the concentration to be expressed similar arguments to the other two as mole fraction or molality. Based on the components in the system, we can say that Figure 3.1, each of three corners or apexes along the line AB, C= 0. As we proceed of the triangle represent 100% by weight (in from line AC towards B, the concentration this experiment we use volume of the of B is elevated until the apex, B=100%. component) of one component (A: water, B: The point D lies on the line parallel to line chloroform or C: acetic acid). As a result, AC is equivalent to 5.21% of B. Thus, to the same apex will represent 0 % of the find the concentration of C, we use 100% - other two components. For instance, the top (A+B) % = 100% - 90.25% = 9.48%. This is corner point in Figure 3.1 represents 100% confirmed in the Figure 3.1 as the line AB A. The three lines joining of the corner towards apex C, the point D lies on the line points (referred to point AB, BC and CA) is equivalent to 9.48% of C. This is applied represent two-component mixtures of three to all points that lies within the line in the 2. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/ triangle. topicreview/bp/ch14/phase.php 3. https://www.csun.edu/~jeloranta/CHEM3 CONCLUSION 55L/experiment5.pdf
In conducting the experiment of phase
equilibrium in three-component systems, it is important to define the number of degree of freedom to find out the least number of variables that needs to be fixed in order to describe the system completely. This is important as it will affect the data obtained to plot the complete binomial curve. Besides, in this experiment also, all the three component can achieve a homogenous solution (one liquid phase) if the correct proportions of each component is mixed together. The mixture of water, chloroform and acetic acid become more homogenous when decreasing amount of chloroform and increasing amount of water is used in the system. If the proportion of the three components is not correct in order to achieve a clear miscible solution, two liquid phases will be form which is indicates by the appearing of the cloudiness of the mixed solution.