Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 11

The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage

that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell
production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable us to move through our daily lives.
Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are actually the minority, as 98 percent of all
animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have internal skeletons or backbones. Human infants are born with
300 to 350 bones, some of which fuse together as the body develops. By the time most children reach the age of 9
they have 206 bones.
What are the three main functions of the skeletal system?
If you didn't have a skeletal system, you'd probably look (and feel) like a giant, hairy water balloon that would
jiggle and wobble if someone poked at you. Pretty picture, huh? The human skeletal system consists of bones,
cartilage, and the membranes that line the bones. Each bone is an organ that includes connective tissue (bone,
blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, and fibrous connective tissue), nervous tissue, and muscle and epithelial tissues
(within the blood vessels).
The three main functions of the skeletal system are
 Mechanical
Support. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Movement. Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles.
 Protective
Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect the marrow.
 Metabolic
Mineral storage. Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals for various
cellular activities throughout the body.
Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the red marrow found
within the cavities of certain bones.
Energy storage. Lipids (fats) stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow serve as an energy reservoir.
The whole package of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that make up the human skeletal system account for
about 20 percent of our body weight — not much for the big job of keeping us moving and healthy (and looking a
whole lot better than bags of gelatin)!
In Depth: Skeletal
Although a skeleton sometimes symbolizes death and creepy, scary things, it is one of the body’s most life-giving
systems. Unlike other living organs, bones are firm and strong, but they have their own blood, lymphatic vessels,
and nerves.
There are two types of tissue inside bones:
 Compact bone: This hard and dense tissue makes up the outer layer of most bones and the main shaft of
long bones, such as those in the arms and legs. Nerves and blood vessels live inside this tissue.
 Spongy bone: This tissue is made up of smaller plates filled with red bone marrow. It is found at the ends
of long bones, like the head of the femur, and at the center of other bones.
Red bone marrow forms most of the blood cells in the body and helps destroy old blood cells. Another type of
marrow, yellow bone marrow, resides in the central cavities of long bones. It is mostly made up of fat. However, if
the body suffers large amounts of blood loss, it can convert yellow marrow to red to make more blood cells.
The skull consists of 22 separate bones that make up the cranium, the housing for the brain. Twenty-one of those
bones are fused together by sutures, nearly rigid fibrous joints. The lower-most bone of the skull is the mandible,
or jawbone.
The spine, or vertebral column, is a series of irregularly shaped bones in the back that connects to the skull. At
birth, humans have 33 or 34 of these bones. But bones fuse as we age, and the result is 26 separate bones in the
spines of adults.
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of bones that encase vital organs in the chest. The bones curve from the back at
the vertebral column to the front of the body. The upper seven pairs meet with the sternum, or chest bone. The
remaining five pairs are attached to each other via cartilage or do not connect.
The muscles of the shoulders and arms include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus,
radius, ulna, and the bones of the wrist and hand.
The hip bones are three sets of bones—ilia, ischia, and pubes—that fuse together as we grow older. These form
the majority of the pelvis at the base of the spine as well as the socket of the hip joint. The sacrum—five fused
bones and at the bottom of the spine—and the coccyx, or tailbone, make the rest of the bones in the pelvic region.
The head of the femur, the largest and longest bone in the body, creates the other half of the hip joint and extends
down to form part of the knee. It begins the bones of the leg. The other bones of the leg include the tibia, fibula,
and the bones of the ankle and foot.

Long bone

Our long bones are the hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility.

Short bone

Mostly found around the extremities, the short bones are small, and roughly cuboid in shape.

Flat bone

Our flat bones are designed to provide protection for vital organs, in particular the skull and the ribs.

Skeletal System
How many bones are there in the average person's
What is the skeletal system? body?
All the bones in the body 33
All the muscles and tendons 206
All the body's organs, both soft and hard tissue 639
All the bones in the body and the tissues that It varies by the individual.
connect them
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
air
Bone is where most blood cells are made.
blood
Bone serves as a storehouse for various
minerals. bone cells
Bone is a dry and non-living supporting bone marrow
structure.
Bone protects and supports the body and its What is the difference between compact bone and
organs. spongy bone?

Which bone protects the brain? They have different bone marrow.

Calcium They are made of different materials.

The cranium They have different sizes of bone cells.

The cerebrum They have different arrangement of bone cells.

The cerebellum What is a joint?

Besides the brain, the skull also protects ... A hinge

the lungs A ball and socket

the diaphragm The place where two bones are joined

the body's cells The place where tendons are fastened together

the sense organs


Muscles are made of ...
The purpose of the rib cage is to... silica
protect the stomach polyester threads
protect the spinal cord calcium and phosphorous
protect the heart and lungs groups of cells called fibres
provide an object to which the lungs can attach
How do muscles attached to the bones move the
What makes bones so strong? body?
automatically
Silica
Cartilage pull movement only

Blood and marrow push movement only

Calcium and phosphorous push and pull movement

What is the difference between cartilage and bone? What is the function of a tendon?

Bone is rubbery, and cartilage is firm. To link bones to bones

Cartilage is rubbery, and bone is firm. To link muscles to bones

Bone is a more primitive tissue than cartilage. To link muscles to ligaments

Bone is inside the body, and cartilage is outside. To bind the cells in compact bone closer together
1. Place where two or more bones meet.
The hollow space in the middle of bones is filled with A. Joint
... B. Marrow
C. Calcium
2. Which of these is NOT a job of the skeletal system?
A: blood
A. Support and give shape to the body
B. Makes blood cells B: muscles
C. Removes
wastes C: tissues
from the
body D: organs
These connect bones to muscles. A ___________ is a place where two or more bones
A. Joints meet.
B. Marrow
C. Ligaments A: joint
The ribs, sternum B: muscle
and spine protect
these. C: organ
A. Kidneys,
bladder,
urethra
B. Heart, Respiratory System
lungs,
blood How many lungs do humans have?
vessels
C. Small A: 1
intestine,
large B: 2
intestine
C: 3
What is the function of the skeletal system?
D: 4
A: support the body What is the main function of the respiratory system?
B: give the body shape
A: to break food down
C: work with muscles to move the body
B: supply the blood with oxygen
D: all of the above
C: circulate the blood
What makes up the skeletal system?
Which part of the body is not used for the respiratory sys
A: blood to work?
B: muscles A: mouth
C: bones B: nose
D: tissues C: small intestine
Each bone has a particular job. What is the job of
the skull? D: diaphragm
What is the diaphragm's main function?
A: pumps blood to the brain
A: pump blood into the lungs
B: tells the brain what to do
B: pump carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull oxygen
C: helps the body to make decisions
into the lungs
D: protects the brain C: pump oxygen out of the lungs and pull carbon dioxide
What works with the bones of your skeleton to into the lungs
make your body move?
The trachea is a part of the respiratory system. What can the  C) Windpipe
trachea also be called and what is its function?  D) Bronchus

A: windpipe, filters the air we breathe


Digestive System
B: windpipe, releases air out of the body
What is the first step in the digestion process?
C: tubes; carries air to the lungs
The respiratory system is made up of the trachea, the lungs, and A: mouth
the:
B: esophagus

 A) Liver C: stomach
 B) Diaphragm D: pancreas
 C) Esophagus When you chew food, what is squirted in your
mouth?
 D) Pancreas
A: lemon juice
When you breathe in air, you bring oxygen into your lungs and
blow out: B: starch

C: enzymes
 A) Carbon dioxide
D: saliva
 B) Carbon monoxide
After chewing, the food is swallowed and passes
 C) Oxygen down the ____________ to the _____________.
 D) Hydrogen A: esophagus, stomach

When you inhale, your lungs: B: wind pipe, esophagus

C: salivary glands, esophagus


 A) Inflate
D: root canal, stomach
 B) Turn purple
The stomach is about 8 inches long and is a sac
 C) Deflate that is shaped like the letter "j". What is food
mixed with when in the stomach?
 D) Do a dance
A: enzymes
_________ is not good for your lungs.
B: acids
 A) Exercising C: saliva
 B) Singing
D: germs
 C) Smoking Where is the final place for digestion?
 D) Yelling
A: small intestine
The trachea is also called the: B: large intestine

C: stomach
 A) Lung
 B) Diaphragm D: pancreas
Where do the waste products and food that are a. Anus
not absorbed in the small intestine pass? b. Mucosa
c. Liver
A: stomach
This part of the digestive system removes
B: large intestine solid wastes such as feces from the body.

C: peristalsis a. Large intestine

D: pancreas b. Small intestine


What does the digestive system do? c. Esophagus
This organ stores swallowed food and liquid, mixes
 A) Breaks down and handles food up digestive juices with the food and liquid and sends
it to the small intestine.
 B) Pumps blood throughout the body
a. Small intestine
 C) Helps you breathe b. Large intestine
 D) Helps your arms and legs move c. Stomach
A long tube that carries food from the mouth to the
What tube moves food from the back of your throat stomach.
to the stomach?
a. Trachea
b. Esophagus
 A) Epiglottis c. Urethra
 B) Esophagus
This is the job of the digestive system.
 C) Feeding tube
a.To give the body shape
 D) Pharynx
b. To take in and break down food for use by the
Which organs help with the absorption of nutrients? body.

 A) Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder d. To take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
 B) Liver, heart, and spleen
Composed of the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and
 C) Gall bladder, kidneys, and appendix muscles, this part takes in food to begin the process
 D) Kidneys, liver, and bladder of digestion.
a. Mouth
b. Anus
c. Esophagus
 The final portion of the large intestine.

A. Esophagus Muscular System


B. Rectum
C. Gallbladder The three major types of muscles in the body are:

The place where digested molecules of food, water  A) Smooth muscle, sports muscles, and
and minerals are absorbed. skeletal muscles
A. Small intestine
B. Large intesine  B) Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
C. Mouth skeletal muscle
The opening at the end of the digestive tract in  C) Smooth muscle, running muscle, and
which solid wastes are eliminated. face muscles
 D) Smooth muscle, flexible muscle, and  D) Rectum
strength muscle
Urine is stored here until you’re ready to pee:
The muscle that pumps blood throughout your body
is:
 A) Kidneys

 A) Skeletal muscle  B) Bladder

 B) Smooth muscle  C) The garage

 C) Valentine muscle  D) Urethra

 D) Cardiac muscle The main function of the urinary system is to:

Which type of muscle is found in your digestive


system?  A) Get rid of waste and extra fluid
 B) Keep waste in the body
 A) Rectus abdominus  C) Get rid of nutrients
 B) Cardiac muscle  D) Make you poop
 C) Smooth muscle
What very important job do kidneys have?
 D) Stomach muscles

What connects bones and muscles together?  A) To make urine


 B) To filter waste out of the blood
 A) Tendons  C) All of the above
 B) Ligaments  D) None of the above
 C) Glue
Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder by
 D) Cartilage two thin tubes called:

Skeletal muscles work with bones to give your body:


 A) Ureters

 A) Strength  B) Tubulars

 B) The ability to move  C) Capillaries

 C) Strength and the ability to move  D) Urinary tracts

 D) None of the above Urine exits the bladder and the body through a tube
called the:
Urinary System
 A) Ureter
Which of the following parts is not found in the
urinary system?  B) Urinary tract
 C) Urethra
 A) Ureters
 D) Bladder
 B) Urethra
Urine is made of:
 C) Bladder
 A) Water and nutrients  B) So your kidneys and bladder stay
healthy
 B) Water and lemonade
 C) So you don’t pee your pants
 C) Everything you drank that day
 D) All of the above
 D) Water and waste products 
The structure that connects a kidney to the
Why is it important to pee when you have to? urinary bladder is the

 A) To remove toxins and other harmful A: pelvis


things from your blood
B: ureter
Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy.
C: urethea
Oxygen is not important -- carbon dioxide is the
Circulatory System most
important substance to the body.
These are tubes that carry blood back to the heart:

 A) Arteries Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart

 B) Veins Veins
 C) Pipes
Arteries
 D) Tubas
Capillaries
What is the circulatory system?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
The body's breathing system
Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart bright red
The body's system of nerves rather than dark red?

The body's food-processing system Oxygen makes it red.

The body's blood-transporting system Carbon dioxide makes it red.

From what source do cells get their food? Gastric juices produce the red colour of the
blood.
Blood
The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as it
Oxygen flows
through them.
Other cells
What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and
Carbon dioxide other foods to the body's cells?

Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?

Oxygen helps the blood to clot. Plasma

Oxygen brings food to the cells.


Platelets
Red What happens to blood when it is pumped into the thin-walled
corpuscles blood vessels of the lungs?
Platelets are exchanged for plasma.
White Carbon dioxide is replaced with oxygen.
corpuscles
Blood fills the lungs and causes coughing.
What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the blood?
Nothing -- the lungs are just a place blood goes
To clot blood through
To fight disease on its way back to the heart.

To transport oxygen to the body's cells What is the function of the blood vessels and capillaries?
and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells They pump blood to the heart.
To transport carbon dioxide to the body's cells
and They filter impurities from the blood.
carry away oxygen from the cells They carry blood to all parts of the body.
Which of the following can best be compared to soldiers?
They carry messages from the brain to the
Lungs muscles.
Capillaries
Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through the bod
Red blood cells It starts to clot.
White blood cells
It gets old and dirty flowing through the body.
Which element in the blood is round and colourless? The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide.
Plasma The farther blood is from the heart, the more
dark red it is.
Platelets
Red blood cells How many major types of blood have scientists discovered?
White blood cells One: Type "O"

What would happen to people who have an open wound and Two: white cells and red cells
whose blood did not clot naturally? Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma
They may bleed to death. Four: Types A, B, AB, and O
Nothing. Clotting is not important.
What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human
They would have to take regular doses of plasma. body?
They would have to take regular doses of platelets. The lungs

What happens when a clot occurred in an undamaged blood The heart


vessel? The kidneys
You would bleed to death.
The blood vessels and capillaries
A scab will form on the skin surface.
Platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one
another,
forming a plug.
The flow of blood to tissues beyond the clot may
be cut off.
A. The system that helps your body breathe.

B. Your body's muscles.

C. Your body's nerves.

D. Your body's blood transporting system.

6. Which of the following could be compared to soldiers?

A. Your heart.

B. Red blood cells.


~ How the heart works ~
C. White blood cells.

D. Your lungs.
1. The heart receives oxygen-deficient blood (see
the white arrows) from the body into the right
8. What is your strongest muscle?
upper atrium.
A. Your lungs.
2. When the heart contracts, the right lower
ventricle will pump the blood into the lungs, B. Your legs.
where the carbon dioxide is exchanged for
oxygen. C. Your arms.

3. After the exchange, the blood containing fresh D. Your heart.


oxygen flows into the left upper atrium.
13. The movement of blood through the heart and body is call
4. Oxygen-rich blood (see the black arrows) flows circulation. True or False.
from the left upper atrium into the left lower
ventricle. A. True.

5. When the heart contracts, the left lower ventricle B. False


will force the blood out to the body through a
network of arteries. 15. What is your heart made of?

A. Skin.

B. Tissue.
1. The circulatory system is composed of...
C. Muscle.
A. The heart, blood, and blood vessels.
17. With circulation, the heart provides your body with:
B. The heart, the brain, and the lungs.
A. Oxygen
C. The lungs, the blood, and the blood vessels.
B. Nutrients
D. The brain, the heart, and the blood vessels.
C. A way to get rid of waste
4. Where do arteries carry blood?
D. All of the above.
A. To the heart.
18. Where to the veins carry blood?
B. Away from the heart.
A. To the heart.
5. What is the circulatory system?
B. Away from the heart.
25. The heart is about the size of your...

A. Leg.

B. Brain.

C. Arm.

D. Fist.

27. The heart is located near the center of your....

A. Stomach.

B. Head.

C. Chest.

D. Back.

Вам также может понравиться