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that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell
production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable us to move through our daily lives.
Animals with internal skeletons made of bone, called vertebrates, are actually the minority, as 98 percent of all
animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have internal skeletons or backbones. Human infants are born with
300 to 350 bones, some of which fuse together as the body develops. By the time most children reach the age of 9
they have 206 bones.
What are the three main functions of the skeletal system?
If you didn't have a skeletal system, you'd probably look (and feel) like a giant, hairy water balloon that would
jiggle and wobble if someone poked at you. Pretty picture, huh? The human skeletal system consists of bones,
cartilage, and the membranes that line the bones. Each bone is an organ that includes connective tissue (bone,
blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, and fibrous connective tissue), nervous tissue, and muscle and epithelial tissues
(within the blood vessels).
The three main functions of the skeletal system are
Mechanical
Support. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Movement. Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles.
Protective
Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect the marrow.
Metabolic
Mineral storage. Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals for various
cellular activities throughout the body.
Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the red marrow found
within the cavities of certain bones.
Energy storage. Lipids (fats) stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow serve as an energy reservoir.
The whole package of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that make up the human skeletal system account for
about 20 percent of our body weight — not much for the big job of keeping us moving and healthy (and looking a
whole lot better than bags of gelatin)!
In Depth: Skeletal
Although a skeleton sometimes symbolizes death and creepy, scary things, it is one of the body’s most life-giving
systems. Unlike other living organs, bones are firm and strong, but they have their own blood, lymphatic vessels,
and nerves.
There are two types of tissue inside bones:
Compact bone: This hard and dense tissue makes up the outer layer of most bones and the main shaft of
long bones, such as those in the arms and legs. Nerves and blood vessels live inside this tissue.
Spongy bone: This tissue is made up of smaller plates filled with red bone marrow. It is found at the ends
of long bones, like the head of the femur, and at the center of other bones.
Red bone marrow forms most of the blood cells in the body and helps destroy old blood cells. Another type of
marrow, yellow bone marrow, resides in the central cavities of long bones. It is mostly made up of fat. However, if
the body suffers large amounts of blood loss, it can convert yellow marrow to red to make more blood cells.
The skull consists of 22 separate bones that make up the cranium, the housing for the brain. Twenty-one of those
bones are fused together by sutures, nearly rigid fibrous joints. The lower-most bone of the skull is the mandible,
or jawbone.
The spine, or vertebral column, is a series of irregularly shaped bones in the back that connects to the skull. At
birth, humans have 33 or 34 of these bones. But bones fuse as we age, and the result is 26 separate bones in the
spines of adults.
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of bones that encase vital organs in the chest. The bones curve from the back at
the vertebral column to the front of the body. The upper seven pairs meet with the sternum, or chest bone. The
remaining five pairs are attached to each other via cartilage or do not connect.
The muscles of the shoulders and arms include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus,
radius, ulna, and the bones of the wrist and hand.
The hip bones are three sets of bones—ilia, ischia, and pubes—that fuse together as we grow older. These form
the majority of the pelvis at the base of the spine as well as the socket of the hip joint. The sacrum—five fused
bones and at the bottom of the spine—and the coccyx, or tailbone, make the rest of the bones in the pelvic region.
The head of the femur, the largest and longest bone in the body, creates the other half of the hip joint and extends
down to form part of the knee. It begins the bones of the leg. The other bones of the leg include the tibia, fibula,
and the bones of the ankle and foot.
Long bone
Our long bones are the hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility.
Short bone
Mostly found around the extremities, the short bones are small, and roughly cuboid in shape.
Flat bone
Our flat bones are designed to provide protection for vital organs, in particular the skull and the ribs.
Skeletal System
How many bones are there in the average person's
What is the skeletal system? body?
All the bones in the body 33
All the muscles and tendons 206
All the body's organs, both soft and hard tissue 639
All the bones in the body and the tissues that It varies by the individual.
connect them
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
air
Bone is where most blood cells are made.
blood
Bone serves as a storehouse for various
minerals. bone cells
Bone is a dry and non-living supporting bone marrow
structure.
Bone protects and supports the body and its What is the difference between compact bone and
organs. spongy bone?
Which bone protects the brain? They have different bone marrow.
the body's cells The place where tendons are fastened together
What is the difference between cartilage and bone? What is the function of a tendon?
Bone is inside the body, and cartilage is outside. To bind the cells in compact bone closer together
1. Place where two or more bones meet.
The hollow space in the middle of bones is filled with A. Joint
... B. Marrow
C. Calcium
2. Which of these is NOT a job of the skeletal system?
A: blood
A. Support and give shape to the body
B. Makes blood cells B: muscles
C. Removes
wastes C: tissues
from the
body D: organs
These connect bones to muscles. A ___________ is a place where two or more bones
A. Joints meet.
B. Marrow
C. Ligaments A: joint
The ribs, sternum B: muscle
and spine protect
these. C: organ
A. Kidneys,
bladder,
urethra
B. Heart, Respiratory System
lungs,
blood How many lungs do humans have?
vessels
C. Small A: 1
intestine,
large B: 2
intestine
C: 3
What is the function of the skeletal system?
D: 4
A: support the body What is the main function of the respiratory system?
B: give the body shape
A: to break food down
C: work with muscles to move the body
B: supply the blood with oxygen
D: all of the above
C: circulate the blood
What makes up the skeletal system?
Which part of the body is not used for the respiratory sys
A: blood to work?
B: muscles A: mouth
C: bones B: nose
D: tissues C: small intestine
Each bone has a particular job. What is the job of
the skull? D: diaphragm
What is the diaphragm's main function?
A: pumps blood to the brain
A: pump blood into the lungs
B: tells the brain what to do
B: pump carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull oxygen
C: helps the body to make decisions
into the lungs
D: protects the brain C: pump oxygen out of the lungs and pull carbon dioxide
What works with the bones of your skeleton to into the lungs
make your body move?
The trachea is a part of the respiratory system. What can the C) Windpipe
trachea also be called and what is its function? D) Bronchus
A) Liver C: stomach
B) Diaphragm D: pancreas
C) Esophagus When you chew food, what is squirted in your
mouth?
D) Pancreas
A: lemon juice
When you breathe in air, you bring oxygen into your lungs and
blow out: B: starch
C: enzymes
A) Carbon dioxide
D: saliva
B) Carbon monoxide
After chewing, the food is swallowed and passes
C) Oxygen down the ____________ to the _____________.
D) Hydrogen A: esophagus, stomach
C: stomach
A) Lung
B) Diaphragm D: pancreas
Where do the waste products and food that are a. Anus
not absorbed in the small intestine pass? b. Mucosa
c. Liver
A: stomach
This part of the digestive system removes
B: large intestine solid wastes such as feces from the body.
A) Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder d. To take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
B) Liver, heart, and spleen
Composed of the teeth, tongue, salivary glands and
C) Gall bladder, kidneys, and appendix muscles, this part takes in food to begin the process
D) Kidneys, liver, and bladder of digestion.
a. Mouth
b. Anus
c. Esophagus
The final portion of the large intestine.
The place where digested molecules of food, water A) Smooth muscle, sports muscles, and
and minerals are absorbed. skeletal muscles
A. Small intestine
B. Large intesine B) Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
C. Mouth skeletal muscle
The opening at the end of the digestive tract in C) Smooth muscle, running muscle, and
which solid wastes are eliminated. face muscles
D) Smooth muscle, flexible muscle, and D) Rectum
strength muscle
Urine is stored here until you’re ready to pee:
The muscle that pumps blood throughout your body
is:
A) Kidneys
A) Strength B) Tubulars
D) None of the above Urine exits the bladder and the body through a tube
called the:
Urinary System
A) Ureter
Which of the following parts is not found in the
urinary system? B) Urinary tract
C) Urethra
A) Ureters
D) Bladder
B) Urethra
Urine is made of:
C) Bladder
A) Water and nutrients B) So your kidneys and bladder stay
healthy
B) Water and lemonade
C) So you don’t pee your pants
C) Everything you drank that day
D) All of the above
D) Water and waste products
The structure that connects a kidney to the
Why is it important to pee when you have to? urinary bladder is the
A) Arteries Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart
B) Veins Veins
C) Pipes
Arteries
D) Tubas
Capillaries
What is the circulatory system?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
The body's breathing system
Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart bright red
The body's system of nerves rather than dark red?
From what source do cells get their food? Gastric juices produce the red colour of the
blood.
Blood
The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as it
Oxygen flows
through them.
Other cells
What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and
Carbon dioxide other foods to the body's cells?
To transport oxygen to the body's cells What is the function of the blood vessels and capillaries?
and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells They pump blood to the heart.
To transport carbon dioxide to the body's cells
and They filter impurities from the blood.
carry away oxygen from the cells They carry blood to all parts of the body.
Which of the following can best be compared to soldiers?
They carry messages from the brain to the
Lungs muscles.
Capillaries
Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through the bod
Red blood cells It starts to clot.
White blood cells
It gets old and dirty flowing through the body.
Which element in the blood is round and colourless? The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide.
Plasma The farther blood is from the heart, the more
dark red it is.
Platelets
Red blood cells How many major types of blood have scientists discovered?
White blood cells One: Type "O"
What would happen to people who have an open wound and Two: white cells and red cells
whose blood did not clot naturally? Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma
They may bleed to death. Four: Types A, B, AB, and O
Nothing. Clotting is not important.
What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human
They would have to take regular doses of plasma. body?
They would have to take regular doses of platelets. The lungs
A. Your heart.
D. Your lungs.
1. The heart receives oxygen-deficient blood (see
the white arrows) from the body into the right
8. What is your strongest muscle?
upper atrium.
A. Your lungs.
2. When the heart contracts, the right lower
ventricle will pump the blood into the lungs, B. Your legs.
where the carbon dioxide is exchanged for
oxygen. C. Your arms.
A. Skin.
B. Tissue.
1. The circulatory system is composed of...
C. Muscle.
A. The heart, blood, and blood vessels.
17. With circulation, the heart provides your body with:
B. The heart, the brain, and the lungs.
A. Oxygen
C. The lungs, the blood, and the blood vessels.
B. Nutrients
D. The brain, the heart, and the blood vessels.
C. A way to get rid of waste
4. Where do arteries carry blood?
D. All of the above.
A. To the heart.
18. Where to the veins carry blood?
B. Away from the heart.
A. To the heart.
5. What is the circulatory system?
B. Away from the heart.
25. The heart is about the size of your...
A. Leg.
B. Brain.
C. Arm.
D. Fist.
A. Stomach.
B. Head.
C. Chest.
D. Back.