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t Fourier Transform
f
Analogy Signal Bandwidth
S(f)=ʃs(t)e -j2πf df
s(t) S(f)
t f
Digital Signal Bandwidth
Lecture 1
Time-Frequency Relation and Signal Bandwidth
General Relations:
Time Domain Frequency Domain Signal Bandwidth
Change Slow Low Frequency small
Change Fast High Frequency large
Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)
System Bandwidth
f
Signal can pass
Signal can’t pass
Lecture 1
Transmission Media
X rays
Gamma rays
infrared visible UV
1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
Asynchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into small groups characters (5~8 bits)
2) Add a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1) at the beginning and end of each character
3) Frame = start_bit + character + stop_bit (7~10 bits), but 2/9~2/10 no real data
4) Arbitrary long gap between two characters or frames
Synchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or bytes
2) Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
3) Frame = H_control_bits + characters (data_bits) + T_control_bits
4) No gap between two characters in a data block
Con_bits 0110001
... 0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits
Sender Receiver
synchronized
Lecture 1
Direction of data
Simplex Device A Device B
Transmission
One can send and the other can receive
Standard Organizations:
- ISO (International Standards Organization): ISO number
- ITU (International Telecommunication Union): V.num & X.num
- EIA (Electronic Industries Association): EIA-num
- IEEE (Institute of Electronics Engineers): IEEE.num
- ANSI (American National Standards Institute): ASCII, etc.
- ATM Forum and ATM Consortium
- IETF (Internet Society and Internet Engineering Task Force): RFC num
- W3C (World Wide Web Consortium): HTTP, HTML, XML, …
- WAP Forum (Wireless Application Protocol): WAP-num
Lecture 1
EIA/RS-232 Standard
Waveform of ‘+’, 2B or 0101101
Device A Device B
Sender Receiver
s(t) s(t)
t t
(a) (b)
2. Draw the RS-232 waveform diagrams of ASCII letters of R (1010010) and S (1110011).
3. Give at least one example for each of the following transmission/communication modes:
parallel transmission, serial transmission, simplex transmission and duplex transmission.
4. Suppose one sent 10000 7bit characters across an EIA-232 or RS-232 connection that
operated at 9600 bps. How long will the minimum transmission time be required?
(Hint: remember to add a start bit and a stop bit on each character.)