COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF SUBSURFACES SURVEY BETWEEN
GEOPHYSICS METHOD (GEOELECTRIC/ERT) AND GEOTECHNICAL
METHOD (STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) AT KAIMA OVERPASS
MANADO-BITUNG TOLL ROAD
Abdurrahman Wafi (Author), Mohammad Arief Rizki, Arief Rahman, Panganggit Sasmito (Co-Author)
Introduction
In the construction of an overpass, it is necessary to survey the
subsurface structure around the overpass for overpass foundation
stability analysis. The method that can be used for structural
investigation subsurface are geophysical methods and
geotechnical methods. Geophysical method uses Geo-electric
Wenner- Schlumberger configuration while Geotechnical method
uses standard penetration test (SPT). Comparison of both
methods in obtaining precise data and its interpretation as well of
the subsurface profile of overpass locations is a description of the
valid subsurface conditions along with other constituent
components.
Geo-electric method measures resistivity value. If the resistivity
value is great, it indicates that the level of electrical conductivity
is small so that the rocks / material is more compact/dense.
However, the resistivity value still can’t infer what kind of
material is contained in subsurfaces, only sums up in general,
while standard method penetration test (SPT) examining the
hardness of material indicated by great value of N-SPT. The
purpose of this research is to know the condition of early
development area of Kaima overpass, by acquiring image of
subsurface layers. To obtain it, Geo-electric and Standards
Penetrometer Test (SPT) will be conducted. The result will be
compared to analyse the rocks spreading and hardness levels in
the Kaima overpass.
Geologic Setting at Site
In Manado Bitung Toll Road, there are double subduction i.e the
North Sulawesi subduction zone to the north of the north arm of
Sulawesi and the East Sangihe subduction zone to the east and
south of the north arm. Those subductions zone resulted in
magmatism and volcanism activities producing widely spread
plutonic rocks and volcanic rock in North Sulawesi.
From the Geological Map (Figure 1) it is found that the
geological structure of the Kaima area (Figure 1) consists of
young volcanic rock with the type Qv which is composed by
Andesite obtained from the mountain Klabat lava contained in the
area at an altitude of 300 mdpl. Andesites is included as igneous
rocks intermediate as a result of the formation of magma diorite
melt. Andesite is gray-black, while the colour in situation
weathered is gray-brown, grained smooth to rough.
Geoelectric method and Standart Penetration Test (SPT)
method investigation
The geo-electric method is one method to acquire soil layers. This
method has good advantages in terms of accuracy, cheaper and
faster as well. This method has been developed recently so its use
is not limited to resource exploration only but also have been
widely used on environmental and geotechnical issues. The
principle is to observe the layering of rocks based on differences
in the nature of electrical conductivity of rock or to observe the
existence of anomaly in physical quantity difference of the object
sought with the soil covering it. Physical quantities for geo-
electric method of type resistance are electrical properties
(Telford, 1990).
However, geo-electric survey has drawbacks due to measured
ground electrical resistance is greatly associated with moisture
content and soil material which is not directly measured (Liu and
Evett, 2008). The geo-electric survey is more qualitative (Clayton
et al., 1995) and therefore requires quantitative confirmation
through geotechnical data such as the standard penetration test
(SPT). Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is a geotechnical method
for obtaining identification of soil data, including soil type, soil
colour, undisturbed and disturbed samples. Geo-electric
investigations are conducted to obtain macro data including soil /
rock stratification, heterogeneity, etc. Meanwhile, a geotechnical
investigation was conducted to obtain micro data on soil / rock
mechanical property including shear strength data, shear angle,
cohesion and soil density. These two macro and micro data will
be able to complement our understanding of the subsurface
conditions at location the Kaima overpass.
Geo-electric measure is conducted using Multichannel Resistivity
type X 612 EM equipment from MAE Italy using 24 electrodes
with 10 meter space between electrodes. Measurement is
conducted using Wenner-Schlumberger method. Wenner-
Schlumberger configuration is a configuration with a constant
system of space rules with a factor record the "n" comparison for
this configuration is the ratio of the distance between the AM
electrodes with the distance between MN. If the distance between
the potential electrode of MN is "a" then the distance between the
current electrode (A and B) is 2na + a. The geometry factor of the
configuration Wenner-Sclumberger is:
k = n (n + 1) πa
with a is the distance between the M electrode and N.
Acknowledgement
xxxxxxxxxx
Figure 1 Geology map of Kaima overpass area is a young
volcanic rocks formed by lava, bomb, lapilli and ash, these rocks
make up the young stratovulcanic, i.e G. Soputan, G Mahawu, G.
Lokon, G. Klabat, G Tongkoko, etc.
Figure 2 Location of Geoelectric measurement (Line 1 and Line
2) and location of Standart Penetration Test (SPT) named SPT 1
and SPT 2 at Kaima overpass.
Line 1
Line 2
3D
Figure 3 Result of geo-electric. Line 1 and line 2 data processing
with Software RES2DINV inversion and data processing 3D
inversion with Software ERTLab. Data processing 3D only the
above resitivity value > 1000 Ohmmeter with interpretation as
igneous rocks.
Figure 4 Result Standart Penetration Test ( SPT) up to 20 meter
depth.obtained at Kaima Overpass
References
Clayton, C.R.I., Matthews, M.C., Simons, N. E., (1995). Site
Investigations, 2nd Ed. UK, Blackwell Science Ltd
Jefrianto, Utiya., As'ari., Art HJ Tongkukut, 2015. Geoelectric
Method of Resistivity Configuration of Wenner-Schlumberger and
Dipole-dipole Configuration for Identification of Manado Fault
in District Paaldua City of Manado. Journal Scientific Science,
Vol 15 No. 2.
Liu, C., Evett, J.B., (2008). Soils and Foundations. 2nd. New
Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Telford, WM. 1990. Applied Geophysics Second Edition,
Cambridge University
Wafi, Abdurahman., Bagus Jaya Santosa., Warnana Village Dwa,
2013. Weak Zone Mapping Using the Configuration of
Geoelectric Method of Wenner and Dutch Cone Penetrometer
Test (DCPT). Journal of Science and Arts POMITS Vol 2 No. 1
(2337-3520).
Wiraga, I. W. 2011. Investigation and test the carrying capacity
of land in PLN Pesanggarahan Area in the framework of
choosing the right foundation for PLN power plant. Journal of
Matrix. 1 (3): 19 – 25
Geo-electric result at Kaima Overpass site
Geo-electric measurement result on line 1 (Figure 3) is
dominated by green and yellow colour structures. Green and
yellow colour show resistivity value between 200-800 Ohm
meters, which are classified as Alluvium and Gravel, a result
from weathering mountain lava. Meanwhile, structures with
resistivity values ​greater than 1000 Ohm meters indicated by
orange to dark red colour is classified as hard rocks consisting of
Andesite rocks found in a distance 0-80 meters from initial point
at a depth of 7.75 meters below the ground. Also it founds in a
distance 140-170 meters from initial point at a depth deeper than
20 meters. Therefore, line 1 measurement result is dominated by
Alluvium and Gravel structures.
Geo-electric measurement result in line 2 (Figure 3) is also
dominated by green and yellow colour, orange to purple as well.
Green and yellow colour show resistivity value between 200-800
Ohm meters, also classified as Alluvium and Gravel. While
structures with resistivity values ​greater than 1000 Ohm meters
indicated with orange to dark red colour are identified as hard
rocks consisting of Andesite rocks found in a distance from
initial point 0-80 meters at a depth of 7.75 meters, 110-120
meters at a depth 7.75 meters and 140-170 meters at a depth
deeper than 20 meters. Therefore, line 2 measurement result is
dominated by Alluvium, Gravel Mountain (yellow green) and
Andesite / hard structure (red to dark) structures.
The 3D image below is a cross-section of two geo-electric lines.
It shows the distribution of resistivity value greater than 1000
Ohm meters, which is included as hard structure dominated by
igneous and metamorf rocks. This type of rock can be identified
as Andesite rock. The distribution of the Andesite rock founded
in a distance 0-90 meters from initial point which is dominated
by hard rock and boulders. Also it founded in a distance 160-170
meters from initial point, shown as boulder, at a depth of 20
meters and 200-230 meters at a depth of 30 meters, shown as
boulder as well.
SPT data interpretation at Kaima Overpass site
From SPT data at Kaima overpass, it concludes that the area is
dominated by medium and hard structure, indicated by all
drilling points in each depth have N-SPT value above 15.
Classification of N-SPT hardness level of structure is described
in following points.
1. Green colour has N SPT value 0-15 defined as soft
structures.
2. Brown colour has N SPT value 15-50 defined as medium
structures.
3. Grey colour has N SPT greater than 50 defined as hard
structures.
Standard penetration test (SPT) from both measurement points
conclude that in the depth of less than 10 meter is dominated by
materials classified in brown colour which are medium
structures, while in the depth of 10-20 meters is dominated by
materials classified in grey colour which are hard structure.
Therefore location of Kaima overpass is dominated with medium
and hard structures.
Conclusion
From the results of research that has been done by collaborating
Geophysical and Geotechnical Methods at the site of
development Kaima Overpass, Manado Bitung Toll Road, it can
be concluded that the construction site is dominated by materials
with the level of medium to hard. This can be seen from the
distribution of resistivity value which is greater than 500
Ohmmeter, categorized as medium rock. On the other hand,
measurement of Standard Penetration Test also shows N-SPT
values greater than 15, classified as medium to hard materials.
From geophysical test, the result shows that the materials is
dominated by Gravel Alluvium and Andesite. The materials
come from sediment / lava sediment from Mount Klabat.
Therefore, the construction of Kaima Overpass foundation must
be conducted carefully since there are many gravels of igneous
rocks in location.
Contact Information
PT PP (Persero) Tbk Gedung Wisma Subiyanto Plaza PP
Jl. TB Simatupang no. 57
Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur 13760
www.pt-pp.com
arief.rahman@pt-pp.com
arief.rizki@pt-pp.com
PT Andalan Tunas Mandiri BizPark2 Commercial Estate
Rukan Blok R2/1
Jl. Raya Penggilingan, Cakung
Jakarta Timur 13940
www.ptandalan.com
abdurrahmanwafiatm@gmail.com