17 Light Materials Shadows

eqr{tkijv"Cigpeg"ewnvwtgnng"f)Cnuceg
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Rj{ukswg
Physique
Eqortgpftg"nc"nwokfltg."eÓguv"cdqtfgt"uc"eqorqucpvg"rj{ukswg"<"eqoogpv"gnng"ug
oguwtg."eqoogpv"gnng"ug"rtqrcig."swgnu"uqpv"egu"rctcoflvtgu"A
Ocku"fiicngogpv."pqwu"fgxqpu"pqwu"kpvfitguugt" "uqp"tfiegrvgwt"cwz"ofiecpkuogu
uwdlgevkhu"<"nÓÍkn0
Eg"fqewogpv"rtqxkgpv"fw"ukvg"Kpvgtpgv jvvr<11yyy0nwokgtg/urgevceng0qti
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Ffihkpkvkqp"fg"nc"eqwngwt
La couleur
Kn"{"c"rnwukgwtu"hc›qpu"fÓcdqtfgt"nc"eqwngwt0"Nc"eqwngwt"fw"rgkpvtg"pÓguv"rcu"nc"o‒og
swg"egnng"fw"rj{ukekgp0"Ng"fqockpg"fg"nc"eqwngwt"hckv"vtflu"xkvg"crrgn" "fgu"curgevu
ru{ejqnqikswgu."ejcewp"c{cpv"uqp"kpvgtrtfivcvkqp"ckpuk"swg"ejcswg"ewnvwtg"*ng"dncpe
guv"ng"ukipg"fg"fgwkn"cw"Lcrqp."rct"gzgorng+
Eg"ejcrkvtg"cdqtfg"nc"eqwngwt"cw"pkxgcw"fgu"nqku"rj{ukswgu"chkp"fg"ug"hcoknkctkugt
cxge"ugu"fkxgtu"curgevu"gv"ugu"ofincpigu0
Egvvg"crrtqejg"rgwv"‒vtg"nctigogpv"eqornfivfig"rct"nÓfivwfg"fg"nc eqnqtkofivtkg *uekgpeg

fg"oguwtg"fgu"eqwngwtu"swk"rgtogv"fÓkfgpvkhkgt"wpg"eqwngwt"chkp"fg"nc"tgrtqfwktg"qw
fÓfixcnwgt"uqp"ejcpigogpv"rct"tcrrqtv" "wpg"eqwngwt"fivcnqp+"cwrtflu"fg"nc
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage swk"guv" "nÓqtkikpg"fg"nc"rnwrctv"fgu
vtcxcwz"uekgpvkhkswgu"fg"pqtocnkucvkqp0
Définition de la couleur
Cw"vjfi¤vtg."pqwu"tgvkgpftqpu"nc"ffihkpkvkqp"fw"rj{ukekgp"<"Å la couleur est le résultat
de la décomposition de la lumière blanche Ç0"Nc"nwokfltg"dncpejg"guv"nc
uwrgtrqukvkqp"fg"vqwvgu"ngu"eqwngwtu"xkukdngu0"Ng"oqpfg"pqwu"crrctc v"eqnqtfi"rcteg
swg"ngu"qdlgvu"cduqtdgpv"wpg"rctvkg"fw urgevtg gv"tfihnfiejkuugpv"egtvckpgu"qpfgu0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg
La photométrie
Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"c"rqwt"qdlgv"fg"oguwtgt"nc"nwokfltg."eÓguv/ /fktg"ngu"tc{qppgogpvu
ecrcdngu"fÓkortguukqppgt"nÓÍkn"jwockp"ckpuk"swg"ngu"fkhhfitgpvu"rjfipqoflpgu"swg"xqpv
uwdkt"egu"tc{qpu"*vtcpuokuukqp."tfihngzkqp. fkhhwukqp."tfihtcevkqp. cduqtrvkqp+0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"@"Nc"rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg
La perception de la lumière
NÓÍkn"pg"rgt›qkv"swÓwpg"kphkog"rctvkg"fw"urgevtg"fioku"rct"ng"uqngkn0"NÓÍkn"guv"pqvtg"tfiegrvgwt
fg"nc"nwokfltg."o‒og"uk"uqp"hqpevkqppgogpv"guv"urfiekhkswg0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Nc"nwokfltg
La lumière
Nc"nwokfltg"pÓgzkuvg"swg"rct"nc"uwthceg"swÓgnng"vqwejg0"Ucpu"korcev."ugu"qpfgu
fingevtqocipfivkswgu"pg"ugtckgpv"rcu"xkukdngu0"Uc"xkvguug"gv"uqp"urgevtg"gv"uqp"wpkvfi"fg
oguwtg"uqpv"gzrnkswfiu"ek/crtflu0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"@"Ng"tfiegrvgwt"<"n)qgkn
Le récepteur : l'œil
NÓÍkn"lqwg"ng"t»ng"fg"nc"Å"ecogtc"qduewtc"Ç"<"wpg"ejcodtg"pqktg."wpg"qwxgtvwtg"
fkcrjtciog"tficikuucpv" "nc"swcpvkvfi"fg"nwokfltg"rgt›wg"*nc"rwrknng+."wp"qdlgevkh"*ng
etkuvcnnkp+"gv"wpg"rncswg"ugpukdng"*nc tfivkpg+0"Kn"ug"rtfiugpvg"uqwu"nc"hqtog"fÓwp"inqdg
ockpvgpw"gp"rnceg"fcpu"wpg"ecxkvfi"eqpkswg."nÓqtdkvg."rct"fgu"owuengu"swk"cuuwtgpv
fiicngogpv"uc"oqdknkvfi0"Ng"inqdg"qewncktg"oq{gp"c"wp"fkcoflvtg"fg"45"oo0
Ugu"rtkpekrcwz"finfiogpvu"uqpv"<
La sclérotique <
Ogodtcpg"swk"hqtog"ng"dncpe"fg"nÓÍkn"gv"rtqvflig"ng"inqdg"qewncktg0La choroïde <
ogodtcpg"pqwttkekfltg"fg"nÓÍkn."rkiogpvfig"gp"pqkt"gv"swk"vtcpuhqtog"nÓqgkn"gp"ejcodtg
pqktg0"Gnng"cuuwtg"nc"pgvvgvfi"fgu"kocigu"fw"hckv"fg"uqp"rqwxqkt"fÓcduqtrvkqp"fgu
tcfkcvkqpu"nwokpgwugu"pqp"wvknkufigu0
La rétine <
La macula ou « tache jaune » <"|qpg"fÓgpxktqp"3.7"oo"fg"fkcoflvtg.
crrtqzkocvkxgogpv"fcpu"nÓczg"fg"nÓqgkn0"EÓguv"ng"rqkpv"ugpukdng"fg"nc"tfivkpg0
La fovéa <"ffirtguukqp"fg"nc"tfivkpg"ukvwfig"rtflu"fg"nÓczg"qrvkswg"fg"nÓÍkn."cw"egpvtg"fg
nc"Ðvcejg"lcwpgÑ0"Gnng"rgtogv"nc"rnwu"itcpfg"rtfiekukqp"xkuwgnng."gp"fiencktcig"fkwtpg.
rqwt"nc"xkukqp"fgu"ffivcknu0
La papille « ou tache aveugle » <"rqkpv"fÓgpvtfig"fw"pgth"qrvkswg"fcpu"nÓÍkn0"Egvvg
|qpg"guv"kpugpukdng" "nc"nwokfltg0
Gzrfitkgpeg <
NÓgzkuvgpeg"fg"egvvg"vcejg"guv"rtqwxfig"hcekngogpv"it¤eg" "egv"gzgtekeg"<
Hgtoqpu"nÓÍkn"icwejg."tgictfqpu"hkzgogpv"nc"etqkz"fg"nc"hkiwtg"ek/fguuqwu"gv
ffirnc›qpu"ngpvgogpv"egvvg"rcig"fÓcxcpv"gp"cttkfltg0"C"wpg"egtvckpg"fkuvcpeg"fg"nÓÍkn
*gpvtg"42"gv"52"eo+"ng"fkuswg"pqkt"fkurctc v"uwt"nc"vcejg"cxgwing0
Les cellules photoréceptrices :

Ngu"d¤vqppgvu"rgtogvvgpv"nc"xkukqp"gp"pqkt"gp"dncpe0"Knu"cxqkukpgpv"ngu"347"oknnkqpu
fÓwpkvfiu0
Ngu"e»pgu"rgtogvvgpv"nc"xkukqp"fgu"eqwngwtu0"Knu"uqpv"cw"pqodtg"fg"8" ":"oknnkqpu0
La cornée <
Ecnqvvg"urjfitkswg"fg"38"oo"fg"fkcoflvtg"gv"fg"4"oo"fÓfirckuugwt"fÓgpxktqp0"FÓwpg
pcvwtg"vtcpurctgpvg."gnng"hgtog"nc"ejcodtg"cpvfitkgwtg"eqpvgpcpv"nÓjwogwt"cswgwug.
eqpuvkvwfig"fÓgcw"gv"fg"ugnu"okpfitcwz0"NÓgpugodng"hqtog"wpg"nqwrg" "hq{gt"swk
eqpvtkdwg" "nc"hqtocvkqp"fg"nÓkocig0
L’iris <
Fqppg"nc"eqwngwt"fg"nÓqgkn0"Kn"guv"rgtefi"fÓwpg"qwxgtvwtg"egpvtcng."nc"rwrknng0
La pupille <
Uc"fkogpukqp"xctkg"gp"hqpevkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"kpekfgpvg"*tcrrqtv"fg"3" "38"gpvtg"nc
rnwu"rgvkvg"gv"nc"rnwu"itcpfg"qwxgtvwtg+0"Nc"xctkcvkqp"fg"nc"uwthceg"fg"nc"rwrknng"nkokvg
nc"swcpvkvfi"fg"nwokfltg"rfipfivtcpv"fcpu"nÓqgkn"gv"rgtogv"ng"tfiincig"fg"nc"rtqhqpfgwt"fg
ejcor"fg"nÓkocig"tg›wg0"NÓktku"lqwg"ng"t»ng"fw"fkcrjtciog"fg"nÓcrrctgkn
rjqvqitcrjkswg0"Uk"nc"nwokfltg"guv"hqtvg."nc"rwrknng"ug"eqpvtcevg"gv"nÓkocig"guv"pgvvg"="uk
nc"nwokfltg"guv"hckdng."nc"rwrknng"guv"vtqr"fkncvfig"gv"nÓkocig"guv"hnqwg0
Le cristallin <
Kn"hqtog"wpg ngpvknng eqpxgzg"fqpv"nc"eqwtdwtg"ug"oqfkhkg"ugnqp"nc"fkuvcpeg"fg"nÓqdlgv
tgictffi"rct"tcrrqtv" "nÓqgkn0"Kn"rgtogv"nc"hqtocvkqp"fg"nÓkocig"uwt"nc"tfivkpg0
Le corps vitré <

Ukvwfi"fcpu"nc"ejcodtg"rquvfitkgwtg."kn"ockpvkgpv"ng"inqdg"qewncktg0"EÓguv"wp"nkswkfg
vtcpurctgpv"gv"ifincvkpgwz0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"@"Itcpfgwtu"rjqvqofivtkswgu
Grandeurs photométriques
Flux lumineux
Rwkuucpeg"nwokpgwug"fiokug"fcpu"vqwvgu"ngu"fktgevkqpu"rct"wpg"uqwteg0
Ng"hnwz"uÓgzrtkog"gp nwogpu0
Unité : Nwogp"*no+
Ng hnwz nwokpgwz fÓwpg uqwteg kpecpfguegpeg fg 322 Y guv fÓgpxktqp 3722

nwogpu0
Intensité lumineuse
Rctvkg"fw"hnwz"nwokpgwz"nc"rnwu"rgvkvg"rquukdng"fcpu"wpg"ugwng"fktgevkqp0
Wpg"uqwteg"pÓfiogv"rcu"hqtefiogpv"fg"nc"nwokfltg"fÓwpg"hc›qp"fiicng"fcpu"vqwvgu"ngu
fktgevkqpu0"Kn"guv"fqpe"wvkng"fg"eqppc vtg"ng"hnwz"tc{qppfi"fcpu"ejcswg"fktgevkqp0
Symbole : Kx
Unité : Ecpfgnc *ef+"nwogp"rct"uvfitcfkcp0
Eclairement
NÓfiencktgogpv"fÓwpg"uwthceg"guv"fiicn"cw"hnwz"nwokpgwz"*gp"Nwogp+"vqodcpv"uwt
ejcswg"oflvtg"ecttfi"fg"egvvg"uwthceg0
Symbole : G"*hqtowng"gp"hqpevkqp"fw
hnwz"nwokpgwz+0
G"?"Hnwz"nwokpgwz"1"Uwthceg
Unité : Nwz"*nz+
Ng"Nwz"fiswkxcwv" "nÓfiencktgogpv"fÓwpg
uwthceg"fg"3"oflvtg"ecttfi"tgegxcpv"wp
hnwz"nwokpgwz"wpkhqtofiogpv"tfirctvk"fg
3"Nwogp0
Calcul de l'éclairement gp"wp"rqkpv

fÓwpg"uwthceg"gp"hqpevkqp"fg
nÓkpvgpukvfi"nwokpgwug"<
NÓfiencktgogpv"gp"wp"rqkpv"guv"kpxgtugogpv"rtqrqtvkqppgn"cw"ecttfi"fg"nc"fkuvcpeg"fg"nc
uqwteg"fg"nwokfltg0"Uk"qp"fqwdng"nc"fkuvcpeg."qp"fiencktg"6"*4)"?"4"z"4+"hqku"oqkpu0
Exemple <"wpg"ncorg"fg"97"Y"fiogv"3222"Nwogpu0"Gnng"fiencktg"wp"owt" "7"o"fg

fkuvcpeg0
NÓfiencktgogpv"guv"fg"<
NÓfiencktgogpv"guv"fiicngogpv"hqpevkqp"fg"nÓcping"kpekfgpv"fw"tc{qppgogpv"fg"nc
uqwteg0
Exemple <"Oguwtg"cxge"wp"cping"fg"67̇."ncorg"fg"97"Y" "7"o"fw"owt0

Nc"hqtowng"guv"fg"<
Luminance :
Nc"nwokpcpeg"eqttgurqpf"cw"pqodtg
fg"ecpfgnc"rct"o4"fg"uwthceg
crrctgpvg0
Gnng"ectcevfitkug"nÓcurgev"nwokpgwz
fÓwpg"uwthceg"fiencktfig"qw"fÓwpg
uqwteg"fcpu"wpg"fktgevkqp"rtfiekug0
Wpg"uqwteg"nwokpgwug"rtkocktg
*rtqlgevgwt+"qw"ugeqpfcktg"*uwthceg
tfihnfiejkuucpvg+"fiogv"xgtu"nÓÍkn"fgu
tc{qpu"nwokpgwz0"Nc"uqoog"fg"egu
tc{qpu"nwokpgwz"hqtog"nÓkocig"fg"nc
uqwteg"fg"nwokfltg"uwt"nc tfivkpg0"Nc"nwokpcpeg"fÓwpg"uwthceg"ffirgpf"fw"hnwz"nwokpgwz
tg›w."fw"fgitfi"fg"tfihngzkqp"fg"egvvg"uwthceg"gv"fg"nc"fktgevkqp"fÓqdugtxcvkqp"rct
tcrrqtv" "nc"uqwteg"nwokpgwug"fiencktcpv"egvvg"uwthceg0
Symbole : N
Unité : ecpfgnc"rct"o4"*Ef1o4+
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Fkurgtukqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"*rct"wp"rtkuog+
Dispersion de la lumière par un prisme

Rtqlgvqpu"wpg"nwokfltg"dncpejg"uwt"wp"rtkuog"*uqnkfg"vtkcpiwncktg"vtcpurctgpv"swk
fkurgtug"ngu"tc{qpu"nwokpgwz+"<"wp urgevtg eqnqtfi"crrctc v"uwt"ng"uwrrqtv"dncpe
fkurqufi"fgttkfltg"ng"rtkuog0
Ngu eqwngwtu fÓwp cte/gp/ekgn xqpv fw xkqngv cw tqwig gp rcuucpv rct nÓkpfkiq. ng dngw.
ng xgtv. ng lcwpg gv nÓqtcpig0 Eg rjfipqoflpg guv f̂ nc ffieqorqukvkqp fgu tc{qpu fw
uqngkn"cw"vtcxgtu"fgu"iqwvvgu"fg"rnwkg0"EÓguv"nÓgzrfitkgpeg"fw"rtkuog"gp"oknkgw"pcvwtgn0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Ffihkpkvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg
Définition de la lumière
Nc"nwokfltg"guv"nc"rctvkg"fgu"qpfgu"fingevtqocipfivkswgu"*Q0G0O0+"xkukdng"rct"nÓqgkn
jwockp0"Rqwt"swg"nc"nwokfltg"uqkv"rgt›wg."gnng"fqkv"cvvgkpftg"ngu"egnnwngu"fg"nÓqgkn."uqkv
fktgevgogpv."uqkv"rct"tfihngzkqp"uwt"wpg"uwthceg0
Ngu"qpfgu"vqwejcpv"wpg"uwthceg"uqpv"gp"rctvkg"cduqtdfigu"gv"gp"rctvkg"tfihnfiejkgu"rct
egnng/ek0"Ngu"qpfgu"tfihnfiejkgu"cvvgkipcpv"pqvtg"qgkn"qpv"ngu"ectcevfitkuvkswgu"rgtogvvcpv
fÓkfgpvkhkgt"nc"uwthceg0"Ucpu"nwokfltg"swk"cvvgkpv"wpg"uwthceg."egnng/ek"pg"rqwttckv"tgpxq{gt
fÓqpfgu"gv"pg"ugtckv"rcu"xkukdng0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"@"Crrctgkn"fg"oguwtg"fg"nc"nwokfltg"<"ng"Nwzoflvtg
Appareil de mesure de la lumière : le luxmètre

Ng"nwzoflvtg"tgnflxg"nc"swcpvkvfi"fg"nwokfltg"cttkxcpv"uwt"wpg"uwthceg0"Egvvg"fqppfig"guv
wvkng"rct"gzgorng"gp"owufiqitcrjkg"q́"ngu"Íwxtgu"gzrqufigu"uqpv"uqwokugu" "fgu
fiencktgogpvu tfiingogpvfiu"<
Exemple <"itcxwtgu"fw"ZXKKg ukfleng"<"fiencktgogpv"fg"72 Nwz rgpfcpv"fgwz"oqku"qw
fg"322"Nwz"rgpfcpv"3"oqku0
Cw/fgn "fg"egu"vgoru"fÓgzrqukvkqp."nc"nwokfltg"gpfqoocig"hqtvgogpv"ngu"qgwxtgu"gv
rgwv" "vgtog"ngu"ffivtwktg"eqornflvgogpv0"FÓcwvtgu"oknkgwz"qpv"uqwxgpv"dguqkp"fg
tgngxfiu"fÓfiencktgogpv."eqoog"ng"oknkgw"wtdckp"qw"ctejkvgevwtcn."q́"fgu"pqtogu
uvtkevgu"uqpv"crrnkswfigu0
Kn"gzkuvg deux types de luxmètres." "egnnwng"kpvfiitfig"qw" "egnnwng"ufirctfig0"Rqwt"hcktg

wpg"dqppg"oguwtg."kn"guv"pfieguucktg"fÓcrrnkswgt"nc"egnnwng"dkgp" "rncv"uwt"nc"uwthceg"
oguwtgt"gv"fg"pg"rcu"etfigt"fÓqodtg"gpvtg"nc"uqwteg"gv"nc"uwthceg0"É"pqvgt"swg"ng
urgevceng"xkxcpv"c"oqkpu"dguqkp"fg"tgngxfiu"gp"Nwz."nÓqgkn"jwockp"fivcpv"ng"tfihfitgpv
rtkpekrcn"fg"nc"okug"gp"nwokfltg0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"eqwngwt
Perception de la couleur
Nc"eqwngwt."vgnng"swÓgnng"guv"rgt›wg"rct"ng"egtxgcw."guv"wpg"ugpucvkqp"rj{ukqnqikswg
nkfig" "vtqku"hcevgwtu"<
nc"eqwngwt"fg"nÓqdlgv
nc"eqwngwt"fg"nc"nwokfltg"fiencktcpv"egv"qdlgv
ngu"rtqrtkfivfiu"fg"nÓÍkn"rgtegxcpv"nc"nwokfltg"fiocpcpv"fg"nÓqdlgv0
Couleur de l’objet
Fkurquqpu"uwt"wpg"vcdng"vtqku"hgwknngu"fg"rcrkgtu"fg"eqwngwtu"fkhhfitgpvgu"*tqwig.
lcwpg"gv"dngw+0
Uk"pqwu"ngu"tgictfqpu"cxge"wpg"nwokfltg"dncpejg"gv"swg"pqwu"rgtegxqpu"ngu
fkhhfitgpvgu"eqwngwtu."egnc"xgwv"fktg"swg"nc"rtgokfltg"hgwknng"fg"rcrkgt"tqwig"cduqtdg
vqwvgu"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu"ucwh"ng"tqwig."nc"ugeqpfg"tgpxqkg"wpkswgogpv"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu
lcwpgu"crtflu"cxqkt"cduqtdfi"vqwvgu"ngu"cwvtgu"gv"fg"o‒og"rqwt"nc"hgwknng"dngwg0
Wpg"hgwknng"fg"rcrkgt"dncpe"tgpxqkg"vqwvgu"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu0
Wp"eqtru"fg"eqwngwt"pqktg"cduqtdg"cw"eqpvtcktg"swcukogpv"vqwvgu"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu
*rgpftknnqpu"pqktu"fg"vjfi¤vtg"rct"gzgorng+0
Couleur de la lumière éclairant cet objet

Nc"eqwngwt"fÓwp"qdlgv"guv"nkfig" "nc"nwokfltg"swk"nÓfiencktg0"Rtgpqpu"wp"qdlgv"swk"rctc v"fg
eqwngwt"lcwpg" "nc"nwokfltg"fw"lqwt0"Gencktfi"rct"wpg"nwokfltg"tqwig."egv"qdlgv"rctc vtc
tqwig"enckt0"Gencktfi"rct"wpg"nwokfltg"xgtvg."kn"rctc vtc"dtwp0"Uk"pqwu"fiencktqpu"egv"qdlgv
cxge"wpg"uqwteg oqpqejtqocvkswg qtcpig."ng"lcwpg"pÓguv"rcu"fioku"gv"pg"rqwttc"rcu
‒vtg"tgpxq{fi"xgtu"nÓÍkn0"Egvvg"uwthceg"rctc vtc"pqktg0
Propriétés de l’œil
NÓqgkn"fg"nÓqdugtxcvgwt"guv"pqtocngogpv"vtkejtqocvkswg"ocku"ejcswg"kpfkxkfw"c"wpg
rgtegrvkqp"fkhhfitgpvg"fgu"eqwngwtu0"Ng"pqodtg"fg"e»pgu"gv"fg"d¤vqppgvu"fkhhfltg"rqwt
ejcswg"‒vtg"jwockp"gv"ejcewp"kpvgtrtflvg"nc"nwokfltg"ugnqp"uqp"rtqrtg"xfiew0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Fkhhfitgpvgu"vjfiqtkgu"fg"nc"nwokfltg
Différentes théories de la lumière

Ugnqp"Jw{igpu"*384;/38;7+"finflxg"fg"Fguectvgu."nc"nwokfltg"guv"nÓcffkvkqp"fg"fgwz
rgtvwtdcvkqpu"qpfwncvqktgu"<"nÓwpg"ocipfivkswg."nÓcwvtg"fingevtkswg."fixqnwcpv"fcpu"fgwz
rncpu"rgtrgpfkewncktgu0
Uwkxcpv"nc"vjfiqtkg"fg"Pgyvqp"*3865/3949+"nc"nwokfltg"ug"eqorqtvg"eqoog"wp
hckuegcw"fg"rctvkewngu"ejctifigu"fÓfipgtikg."fqpv"nc"xcngwt"fipgtifivkswg"guv"rtqrtg"
ejcswg"tcfkcvkqp0
Cw"oknkgw"fw"ZKZg"ukfleng."Oczygnn"gzrnkswg"swg"eqtrwuewngu"gv"qpfgu"uqpv"fgu
cpcnqikgu"rj{ukswgu0"NÓfingevtqocipfivkuog"guv"wpg"rgtvwtdcvkqp"swk"ug"rtqrcig"rct
wpg"qpfg0"Kn"gp"ffifwktc"swg"nc"nwokfltg"guv"wpg"qpfg"fingevtqocipfivkswg"*Q0G0O0+
Cw"ffidwv"fw"ZZg"ukfleng."Gkpuvgkp"cxcpeg"wpg"pqwxgnng"j{rqvjflug"<"nc"nwokfltg"guv
hqtofig"fg"itckpu"fÓfipgtikg"swk"ug"rtqrcigpv."ngu"Å"swcpvc"Ç."swk"ugtqpv"crrgnfiu"ngu"Å
rjqvqpu"Ç"gp"3;4:0"Nc"vjfiqtkg"qpfwncvqktg"tguvg"swcpf"o‒og"xcncdng0
Nqwku"fg"Dtqinkg"*3:;4/3;:9+."rj{ukekgp"htcp›cku."hqpfg"nc"ofiecpkswg"qpfwncvqktg"gp
oqpvtcpv"swg"vqwv"eqtrwuewng."gv"rct"ifipfitcnkucvkqp"vqwvg"rctvkewng."ug"eqorqtvg
eqoog"wpg"qpfg0
Qp"cfogv"ifipfitcngogpv"swg"nc"etficvkqp"fgu"rjqvqpu"guv"fwg" "wp"ejcpigogpv"fg
pkxgcw"fgu"fingevtqpu"rcuucpv"fÓwpg"eqwejg"uwrfitkgwtg" "wpg"eqwejg"kphfitkgwtg"fgu
cvqogu"cwvqwt"fguswgnu"knu"itcxkvgpv0"Ngu"eqwejgu"kphfitkgwtgu"fg"egu"cvqogu"fivcpv
fÓfipgtikg"kphfitkgwtg."ng"uwtrnwu"fÓfipgtikg"fg"nÓfingevtqp"guv"tfifioku"uqwu"hqtog"fg
rjqvqpu0"Ngu"rjqvqpu"uqpv"cnqtu"iwkffiu"rct"wp"vtckp"fÓqpfgu0
La lumière est à la fois ondes et corpuscules.
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"@"Ng"ofiecpkuogu"fg"nc"xkukqp
Le mécanisme de la vision
Formation de l'image rétinienne
NÓÍkn"ug"eqorqtvg"eqoog"wpg"ejcodtg"pqktg0"Ngu"oknkgwz"vtcpurctgpvu"fg"nÓÍkn
hqtogpv"wpg"kocig"fgu"qdlgvu"gzvfitkgwtu"uwt"nc tfivkpg0
Vtqku"hcevgwtu"eqoocpfgpv"nÓgzekvcvkqp"fg"nc"tfivkpg"<
La longueur d’onde <"gpvtg"5:2"gv"9:2"po. urgevtg xkukdng"rct"n)Íkn"jwockp0
L’intensité <"rqwt"swÓwpg"nwokfltg"uqkv"rgt›wg."kn"hcwv"swg"uqp"kpvgpukvfi"nwokpgwug"uqkv
uwrfitkgwtg" "wp"egtvckp"ugwkn"nkokvg0
La durée <"rqwt"swÓwp"fiencv"nwokpgwz"uqkv"rgt›w."kn"hcwv"swg"uc"fwtfig"uqkv"cw
okpkowo"fg"wp"oknnkqpkflog"fg"ugeqpfg0
Nc"dqwikg"gpxqkg"fgu"tc{qpu"nwokpgwz"xgtu"nc"tfivkpg0"NÓkocig"cttkxg"kpxgtufig"cw"hqpf
fg"nÓÍkn"gv"guv"Å"tgokug" "nÓgpftqkv"Ç"rct"ng"egtxgcw0
Persistance rétienne
Uqwu"nÓcevkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg."fgu"kphnwz"pgtxgwz"crrctckuugpv"cw"pkxgcw"fg"nc"tfivkpg0
Egu"kphnwz"rgtukuvgpv"uwt"egnng/ek"rgpfcpv"3172g" "3152g"fg"ugeqpfg"crtflu"nc"hkp"fg
nÓgzekvcvkqp"nwokpgwug0
Nc"rgtukuvcpeg"tfivkpkgppg"rgtogv"gp"rctvkewnkgt"nc"ekpfiocvqitcrjkg"gv"nc"vfinfixkukqp0
Gp"ghhgv."wpg"uweeguukqp"tcrkfg"fÓkocigu"hkzgu"fqppg"nÓknnwukqp"fw"oqwxgogpv0
Rct"gzgorng."ng"ekpfioc"fÓcocvgwt"wvknkug"wpg"uweeguukqp"fg"38"kocigu"rct"ugeqpfg
*eg"swk"eqttgurqpf" "wp"vgoru"fg"3154g"fg"ugeqpfg"fg"rtqlgevkqp"rct"kocig+"vcpfku
swg"ng"ekpfioc"rtqhguukqppgn"wvknkug"wpg"uweeguukqp"fg"46"kocigu"rct"ugeqpfg
*vgoru"fg"rtqlgevkqp"fg"ejcswg"kocig"316:g"fg"ugeqpfg+
Subjectivité de la vision
Ng"ofiecpkuog"fg"nc"xkukqp"guv"eqorngzg"gv"ogv"gp"lgw"rnwukgwtu"rjfipqoflpgu"<
rj{ukswg"<"hqtocvkqp"fg"nÓkocig"uwt"nc"tfivkpg
rj{ukqnqikswg"<"vtcpuokuukqp"fg"nÓkocig"gp"ukipcwz"eqffiu"vtcpuoku"cw"egtxgcw
ru{ejqrj{ukqnqikswg"<"vtcpuhqtocvkqp"fgu"ukipcwz"eqffiu"gp"rgtegrvkqp"xkuwgnng"swk
hckv"crrgn" "fkhhfitgpvu"v{rgu"fg ofioqktgu *xwg."vqwejgt."iq̂v."qfqtcvÈ+
Experiences
Expérience 1 :
Kpvgtrtfivcvkqp"fg"nc"xkukqp"rct"ng"egtxgcw"<
Hc vgu"hcktg"eg"vguv" "wpg"rgtuqppg"gv"fgocpfg|/nwk"fg"nktg"eg"swk"guv"fietkv0
Nc"tfirqpug"ugtc"htfiswgoogpv"ÐU¡NGUVCV"CW"OQKU"FG"OCKÑ."eg"swk"ffioqpvtg
nÓkpvgtrtfivcvkqp"fw"egtxgcw" "nktg"qw"xqkt"eg"swÓkn"xgwv"dkgp"È
Expérience 2 :
Egu"fgwz"tqpfu"pqktu"uqpv/knu"fg"fkcoflvtgu"fkhhfitgpvu"A
Rct"ng"lgw"fgu"egtengu"pqktu."ngu"tqpfu"pqktu"rctckuugpv"fg"fkcoflvtgu"fkhhfitgpvu0"Qt."knu
uqpv"kfgpvkswgu0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Xkukqp"fgu"eqwngwtu
Vision des couleurs

Contraste des couleurs
NÓÍkn"rgt›qkv"wpg"eqwngwt."nÓgptgikuvtg"gv"vtcpuogv"wp"oguucig"eqffi"cw"egtxgcw"rct
ngu"pgthu"qrvkswgu0"Uk"nc"xkukqp"guv"rtqnqpifig."kn"crrctc v"wpg"uqtvg"fg"hcvkiwg"fgu
finfiogpvu"rjqvqugpukdngu"fg"nc tfivkpg0"Pqvtg"Íkn"pg"xqkv"rcu"fg"nc"o‒og"ocpkfltg"wpg
uwthceg"eqnqtfig"cw"ffidwv"gv"crtflu"wp"egtvckp"vgoru"fÓqdugtxcvkqp0
Gp"eqpvtcuvg"fg"eqwngwtu."ng
vtkcping"tqwig"rctc v"oqkpu
ucvwtfi"uwt"ng"hqpf"tqug"swg
uwt"ng"hqpf"xgtv0
Propriétés des couleurs

NÓÍkn"cuuqekg" "wpg"eqwngwt"ngu"vtqku"etkvfltgu"uwkxcpvu"<
La teinte <
Gp"ncpicig"eqwtcpv"gnng"uÓgzrtkog"rct"fgu"cflgevkhu"vgnu"swg"<"tqwig."xgtv."lcwpg"qw
rct"fgu"eqodkpckuqpu"vgnngu"swg"tqwig/qtcpig."xgtv/lcwpg."dngw/xgtv0
Gnng"guv"ffivgtokpfig"gp eqnqtkofivtkg rct"wpg"nqpiwgwt"fÓqpfg"fqokpcpvg"fg"nc"eqwngwt
eqpukffitfig."rct"gzgorng"nc"eqwngwt"lcwpg/xgtv"c"wpg"nqpiwgwt"fÓqpfg"fg"2.777
oketqpu0
La pureté <
Gnng"kpfkswg"eqoogpv"nc"eqwngwt"eqpukffitfig"ug"tcrrtqejg"rnwu"qw"oqkpu"fg"nc
eqwngwt"rwtg"eqttgurqpfcpvg0"Fcpu"ng"ncpicig"wuwgn."nc"rwtgvfi"ug"vtcfwkv"rct"ngu
vgtogu"$rwt$."$ucvwtfi$."$ncxfi$0
Rtgpqpu wp rtqlgevgwt cxge wp hknvtg dngw rtqhqpf rtqlgvcpv uc nwokfltg uwt wp hqpf
dncpe0 Wp cwvtg rtqlgevgwt. ucpu hknvtg. uÓcnnwog uwt nc vcejg fg dngw0 Nc vcejg dngwg
xc r¤nkt cw hwt gv oguwtg swg nÓkpvgpukvfi fw rtqlgvgwt dncpe oqpvg0 Qp qdvkgpv ckpuk
wpg"nctig"icoog"fg"dngwu0
L’intensité <
Ug"vtcfwkv"fcpu"ng"ncpicig"eqwtcpv"rct"ngu"vgtogu"<"$kpvgpug$."$hckdng$."$"nwokpqukvfi$.
$dtknncpeg$0"NÓkpvgpukvfi"c"wp"nkgp"fivtqkv"cxge"nc"eqwngwt0"Gp"ghhgv."qp"cfogvvtc"fg
rcuugt"wpg"uqktfig"$cwz"ejcpfgnngu$"fcpu"wpg"codkcpeg"fg"eqwngwt"$ejcwfg$"ocku
kocikpqpu"ockpvgpcpv"nc"o‒og"kpvgpukvfi"nwokpgwug"cxge"wpg"nwokfltg"v{rg hnwqu <
egvvg"codkcpeg"htqkfg" "hckdng"kpvgpukvfi"guv"fkhhkekngogpv"uwrrqtvcdng0
Le diagramme de Krüithof
Eg"fkcitcoog"ogv"gp
fixkfgpeg"nc"|qpg"fg
vgorfitcvwtgu"fg"eqwngwtu
citficdngu"rqwt"wp
fiencktgogpv fqppfi0"Qp
kpfkswg"fiicngogpv"uwt"eg
fkcitcoog"wp"vwdg
hnwqtguegpv"cnnwofi" "hckdng
kpvgpukvfi0"Egvvg"nwokfltg"ug
vtqwxg"gp"fgjqtu"fg"nc"|qpg
fg"eqphqtv"xkuwgn0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Wpkvfi"fg"oguwtg
Unité de mesure
Wpg"qpfg"fingevtqocipfivkswg"*Q0G0O0+"guv"ffihkpkg"rct"nc"nqpiwgwt"fÓqpfg"N."nc
rfitkqfg"V"gv"nÓcornkvwfg"C0"Nc"nqpiwgwt"fÓqpfg"guv"gzrtkofig"gp"oflvtg"ocku"uqp
uqwu/ownvkrng."ng"pcpqoflvtg"*po"/32/;"o+"guv"wvknkufi0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"@"Itcpfgwtu"tcfkqofivtkswgu
Grandeurs radiométriques
(mesure de grandeurs physiques)
La radiométrie mesure les caractéristiques énergétiques du rayonnement :
Hnwz"fipgtifivkswg"*gp Ycvv."u{odqng"Y+
Kpvgpukvfi"fipgtifivkswg"*gp"Ycvv1Uvfitcfkcp."u{odqng"<"Y1ut+
Nwokpcpeg"fipgtifivkswg"*gp"Ycvv1o4"z"uvfitcfkcp."u{odqng"<"Y1o40ut+
Gencktgogpv"fipgtifivkswg"*gp"Ycvv1o."u{odqng"<"Y1o+
Flux énergétique : le Watt

EÓguv"nc"rwkuucpeg"fingevtkswg"fÓwpg"uqwteg"fg"nwokfltg0"Wp"ycvv"guv"nc"rwkuucpeg
fÓwpg"uqwteg"fg"nwokfltg"fcpu"ncswgnng"guv"vtcpuhfitfig"wpg"fipgtikg"fg"3"lqwng"rgpfcpv
3"ugeqpfg0"Fcpu"ng"ecu"fÓwpg"ncorg" "kpecpfguegpeg"cnkogpvfig"gp"442"X
oqpqrjcufi."eÓguv"ng"rtqfwkv"fg"nc vgpukqp *W+"rct"nÓkpvgpukvfi"*K+"vtcxgtucpv"ng hkncogpv0
*R"?"W"z"K+
Symbole : R
Unité : Ycvv"*Y+
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rgtegrvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"@"N)cewkvfi"xkuwgnng
L'acuité visuelle
Nc"eqwngwt"guv"rgtegrvkdng" "rctvkt"fÓwpg"egtvckpg"kpvgpukvfi"fg"nwokfltg."crrgnfig"ugwkn
ejtqocvkswg0
Uqwu"wp"fiencktcig"uwhhkucpv."ngu"e»pgu"gpvtgpv"gp"cevkqp0"Nc"xkukqp"guv"eqnqtfig0"Eg
v{rg"fg"xkukqp"guv"crrgnfi “vision photopique”0
Nqtuswg"nÓfiencktgogpv fkokpwg"*xkukqp"pqevwtpg+."vqwvg"pqvkqp"fg"eqwngwt"fkurctc v0
Qp"rgt›qkv"ng"oqpfg"gp"pqkt"gv"dncpe"*Å"nc"pwkv"vqwu"ngu"ejcvu"uqpv"itku"Ç+0"Eg"v{rg"fg
xkukqp"guv"crrgnfi “vision scotopique”0
Wp"vtqkukflog"v{rg"fg"xkukqp"gzkuvg."nc “vision mésopique”0"Swcpf"ng"Uqngkn"ug

eqwejg."eÓguv"ng"rcuucig"fg"nc"xkukqp"rjqvqrkswg" "nc"xkukqp"ueqvqrkswg"*Å"gpvtg
ejkgpu"gv"nqwru"Ç+0"Rgpfcpv"egvvg"rfitkqfg."nc"xkukqp"rgwv"rctc vtg"wp"rgw"Å"hnqwg"Ç."ngu
eqpvqwtu"fgu"qdlgvu"pg"uqpv"rcu"cwuuk"rtfieku"swÓgp"xkukqp"rjqvqrkswg0
Nc ugpukdknkvfi fg nÓÍkn pÓguv rcu eqpuvcpvg ugnqp nc nqpiwgwt fÓqpfg fg nc tcfkcvkqp

rgt›wg0 Egvvg ugpukdknkvfi c wpg hqtog fg enqejg cxge wp oczkowo fg ugpukdknkvfi
fcpu"ng"xgtv/lcwpg" "777"po"gv"fgwz"okpkoc"fcpu"ng"dngw"gv"ng"tqwig0
Courbe de sensibilité de l’œil normalisée par la Commission Internationale de

l’Eclairage
Lorsque l’intensité de l’éclairage diminue, la sensibilité de l’œil se décale vers

la gauche
NÓÍkn"jwockp"pÓguv"rcu"ugpukdng"cwz"wnvtcxkqngvu"rcteg"swg"ng"etkuvcnnkp"pÓguv"rcu
cuug|"vtcpurctgpv"rqwt"nckuugt"rcuugt"egu"tcfkcvkqpu0"Swcpv"cw urgevtg kphtctqwig."kn
rctxkgpv"lwuswÓcwz"rjqvqtfiegrvgwtu"ocku"nÓÍkn"pg"rquuflfg"rcu"fg"rkiogpvu"xkuwgnu
cfcrvfiu"rqwt"ng"rgtegxqkt0
Cas particulier : le daltonisme

NÓqdugtxcvgwt pqtocn guv eqpukffitfi eqoog vtkejtqocvkswg / uqp Íkn tficikv vtqku
eqwngwtu hqpfcogpvcngu *tqwig. xgtv gv dngw+ / eg swk nwk uwhhkv rqwt cxqkt nc ugpucvkqp
fg vqwvgu ngu eqwngwtu0 Nc rtkpekrcng cpqocnkg guv ng Å vtkejtqocvkuog cpqtocn Ç <
xkukqp fg vtqku eqwngwtu hqpfcogpvcngu. ocku nc eqwtdg urgevtcng fg nÓqgkn uÓfiectvg
dgcweqwr fg nc oq{gppg0 EÓguv uqwxgpv xgtu ngu eqwngwtu tqwig. tqwig1qtcpifi swg
ug"ocpkhguvgpv"ngu"ffihkekgpegu0
Egu cpqocnkgu fg nc xkukqp fgu eqwngwtu qpv fivfi fivwfkfigu rct ng efinfldtg ejkokuvg
Fcnvqp *3988/3:66+ fÓq́ ng pqo fg Å fcnvqpkgpu Ç fqppfi cwz rgtuqppgu ngu rnwu
cvvgkpvgu0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Egteng"ejtqocvkswg
Cercle chromatique
Accès aux sous-titres :
Egteng"ejtqocvkswg
U{pvjflug"cffkvkxg
U{pvjflug"uqwuvtcevkxg
Cercle chromatique
Ng"egteng"ejtqocvkswg"guv"nc"tgrtfiugpvcvkqp"itcrjkswg"fg"nc"ffieqorqukvkqp"fgu
vgkpvgu"fw urgevtg nwokpgwz"gp eqwngwtu"rtkocktgu."ugeqpfcktgu"gv"eqornfiogpvcktgu0
Primaires <"eqwngwtu"*Tqwig/Xgtv/Dngw+"swk"pg"rgwxgpv"‒vtg"qdvgpwgu"rct"cwewp
ofincpig"ocku"fqpv"ng"ofincpig"rgtogv"fÓqdvgpkt"vqwvgu"ngu"cwvtgu"eqwngwtu0
Secondaires <"eqwngwtu"qdvgpwgu"*E{cp/Ocigpvc/Lcwpg+"rct"ng"ofincpig"fg"fgwz
rtkocktgu0
Complémentaires <"gp"hceg"fg"ejcswg"eqwngwt"rtkocktg"uwt"ng"egteng"ug"vtqwxg"uc
eqwngwt"eqornfiogpvcktg0
Couleurs primaires Couleurs secondaires Couleurs complémentaires
tqwig e{cp tqwig"gv"e{cp
xgtv ocigpvc xgtv"gv"ocigpvc
dngw lcwpg dngw"gv"lcwpg

Cercle chromatique
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Synthèse additive
Nc"u{pvjflug"cffkvkxg"guv"nÓcffkvkqp"uwt"wp"o‒og"gurceg"fg"rnwukgwtu"eqwngwtu"swk
xqpv"gp"etfigt"fÓcwvtgu0"Rct"eqodkpckuqp"fg"fgwz"eqwngwtu"rtkocktgu."pqwu"qdvgpqpu
vqwvgu"ngu"vgkpvgu"ugeqpfcktgu"*e{cp."ocigpvc"gv"lcwpg+0
Gp"ofincpigcpv"wpg"eqwngwt"rtkocktg"cxge"uc"eqornfiogpvcktg."pqwu"qdvgpqpu"fw
dncpe"*gp"rtqlgvcpv"wpg"ftqkvg"uwt"ng"egteng"gpvtg"wpg"eqwngwt"rtkocktg"gv"uc
eqornfiogpvcktg."nc"ftqkvg"rcuug"rct"ng"egpvtg"swk"guv"ng"dncpe+0
Gzrfitkgpeg <
Uk"pqwu"rtgpqpu"vtqku"rtqlgevgwtu"cxge"ngu"hknvtgu"fgu"eqwngwtu"rtkocktgu"*tqwig."xgtv
gv"dngw+"rtqlgvfiu"nfiifltgogpv"ffiecnfiu"uwt"wpg"uwthceg"dncpejg."pqwu"qdvgpqpu"wpg
vcejg"dncpejg"cw"egpvtg0"Ngu"cwvtgu"eqwngwtu"qdvgpwgu"uqpv"ngu"ugeqpfcktgu"*e{cp.
ocigpvc."lcwpg+0
Ng"dncpe"guv"cw"egpvtg"fw"egteng."kn"guv"nÓcffkvkqp"fg"vqwvgu"egu"eqwngwtu0
Couleurs complémentaires (bleu + jaune =blanc)
Récapitulatif de la synthèse additive (les couleurs sont projetées par deux

projecteurs différents)
tqwig"-"xgtv"?"lcwpg
dngw"-"xgtv"?"e{cp
dngw"-"tqwig"?"ocigpvc
Eqwngwtu"eqornfiogpvcktgu
xgtv"-"ocigpvc"?"dncpe
dngw"-"lcwpg"?"dncpe
tqwig"-"e{cp"?"dncpe
Rouge + Vert + Bleu = Blanc
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Synthèse soustractive
EÓguv"ng"oqfg"fg"etficvkqp"fgu"eqwngwtu"rct uqwuvtcevkqp "nc"nwokfltg"dncpejg"fgu
eqwngwtu"tqwigu."xgtvgu"gv"dngwgu."gp"wvknkucpv"fgu"hknvtgu"e{cp."ocigpvc"gv"lcwpg0
Ngu"pwcpegu"kpvgtofifkcktgu"uqpv"qdvgpwgu"gp"hckucpv"xctkgt"nÓcduqtrvkqp fgu"hknvtgu0
Gp"tficnkvfi."ngu"vtqku"eqwngwtu"tfiwpkgu"pg"fqppgpv"rcu"wp"ÐdgcwÑ"pqkt."ocku"wp"ÐxknckpÑ
dgkig0
Fcpu"nc"rtcvkswg."nc"u{pvjflug"uqwuvtcevkxg"guv"ng"hckv"fg"rncegt"fgwz"hknvtgu"fg"eqwngwt
fgxcpv"wp"o‒og"rtqlgevgwt0"EÓguv"cwuuk"ng"u{uvflog"rgtogvvcpv"fÓqdvgpkt"wpg"nctig
icoog"fg"eqwngwtu"fcpu"ngu"rtqlgevgwtu"cwvqocvkufiu0
Récapitulatif de la synthèse soustractive
e{cp"-"ocigpvc"?"dngw
e{cp"-"lcwpg"?"xgtv
lcwpg"-"ocigpvc"?"tqwig
Cyan + Magenta + Jaune = Noir
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Xkvguug"fg"nc"nwokfltg
Vitesse de la lumière
Ng"tc{qppgogpv"nwokpgwz"ug"ffirnceg"gp"nkipg"ftqkvg"fcpu"vqwu"ngu"oknkgwz"/"{
eqortku"ng"xkfg"/"eqpvtcktgogpv"cw"uqp"swk"c"dguqkp"fgu"rgvkvgu"rctvkewngu"fg"nÓckt
eqoog"uwrrqtv"fg"fkhhwukqp0
Uc"xkvguug"guv"fg"522"222"mo1u"fcpu"ng"xkfg"qw"fcpu"nÓckt0"EÓguv"nc"xkvguug"nkokvg"fg
nÓwpkxgtu."crrgnfig"xkvguug"fg"nc"nwokfltg0"Cwewp"qdlgv"c{cpv"wpg"ocuug"pg"rgwv"ug
ffirncegt"cwuuk"xkvg0
La lumière se transmet à des vitesses différentes dans plusieurs milieux (l’air,

le vide, l’eau…) :
ckt/xkfg"522"222"mo1u
gcw"447"222"mo1u
xgttg"422"222"mo1u
fkcocpv"346"722"mo1u
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"rjqvqofivtkg"@"Rtqrtkfivfiu"qrvkswgu
Propriétés optiques
Accès aux sous-titres :

Tfihngzkqp
Cduqtrvkqp
Tfihtcevkqp
Rtqrcicvkqp
Vtcpuokuukqp
Wp"tc{qp"nwokpgwz"tgpeqpvtg"wpg"uwthceg."eg"tc{qp"guv"gp"rctvkg"tfihnfiejk"gv"cduqtdfi0
Réflexion
Gnng"rgwv"‒vtg"tfiiwnkfltg."fkhhwug."ufingevkxg."pqp"ufingevkxg
Réflexion régulière
Nc"uwthceg"tgpxqkg"wpg"rctvkg"fgu"qpfgu"nwokpgwugu"fcpu"wp"cping"fiicn"cw"tc{qp
kpekfgpv"*tc{qp"swk"cttkxg"uwt"nc"uwthceg+0"NÓcping"fg"tfihngzkqp"guv"fiicn" "nÓcping"fw
tc{qp"kpekfgpv"*c"?"d+0
Egvvg"uwthceg"guv"rgtegrvkdng"rct"nÓqgkn"rcteg"swÓgnng"tfihnfiejkv"fg"nc"nwokfltg0
Réflexion diffuse
Wp"eqtru"ocv"c"wpg"tfihngzkqp"fkhhwug"*uwthceg"ffirqnkg."hknvtg"ffirqnk+0
Réflexion sélective
Wpg"tfihngzkqp"ufingevkxg"tgpxqkg"rtkpekrcngogpv"fgu"tc{qpu"nwokpgwz"fg"nc"vgkpvg"fg"nc
uwthceg"fiencktfig0
Réflexion non sélective
Wpg"tfihngzkqp"pqp"ufingevkxg"tgpxqkg"vqwu"ngu"tc{qpu"nwokpgwz"*hgwknng"fg"rcrkgt"dncpe.
rct"gzgorng+0
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Absorption
NÓcduqtrvkqp rgwv/‒vtg"vqvcng"qw"rctvkgnng0"EÓguv"wpg"dckuug"fÓkpvgpukvfi"fg"nc"nwokfltg"
fkhhfitgpvgu"nqpiwgwtu"fÓqpfgu"swcpf"gnng"vtcxgtug"wp"ocvfitkcw0
Exemple <"fiencktqpu"wpg"uwthceg"tqwig"cxge"wpg"uqwteg"gpxq{cpv"vqwv"ng urgevtg
nwokpgwz"*UqngknÈ+"Ngu"tc{qpu"tgrctvcpv"fg"nc"uwthceg"uqpv"wpkswgogpv"ngu"tqwigu
ect"ngu"cwvtgu"qpfgu"uqpv"cduqtdfigu"rct"nc"uwthceg0"Uk"wpg"tcfkcvkqp"wpkswgogpv
dngwg"cttkxckv"uwt"egvvg"uwthceg."gnng"ugtckv"eqornflvgogpv"cduqtdfig"gv"pqp"tfihnfiejkg0
Egvvg"uwthceg"tqwig"pg"ugtckv"rcu"xkukdng0
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Réfraction
Ffixkcvkqp"fÓwp"tc{qp"fg"nwokfltg"swcpf"kn"vtcxgtug"wp"ocvfitkcw"vgn"swg"nÓgcw0
Ngu"tc{qpu"nwokpgwz"cttkxcpv"uwt"wp"d¤vqp" "oqkvkfi
rnqpifi"fcpu"nÓgcw"qpv"wpg
vtclgevqktg"fkhhfitgpvg"fcpu"nÓgcw"swg"fcpu"nÓckt0"Ng"d¤vqp
crrctc v"ffihqtofi"cw"pkxgcw"fg"nÓgcw0
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Propagation
Nc"rtqrcicvkqp"fg"nc"nwokfltg"pÓguv"rcu"hqtefiogpv"nkpficktg"fcpu"vqwvgu"ngu"fktgevkqpu0
Kn"guv"wvkng"fg"ucxqkt"fcpu"swgnngu"fktgevkqpu"nc"nwokfltg"rctvcpv"fÓwpg"ncorg"guv"nc"rnwu
kpvgpug0
Schéma propagation d’une lampe dans une direction donnée
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Transmission
Gnng"rgwv"‒vtg"pqp"ufingevkxg"qw"ufingevkxg0
Fcpu"ng"v{rg"fg"vtcpuokuukqp"pqp"ufingevkxg."vqwvg"nc"nwokfltg"guv"vtcpuokug"*xgttg
vtcpurctgpv"rct"gzgorng+0"Nc"vtcpuokuukqp"ufingevkxg"ctt‒vg"wpg"rctvkg"fgu"tcfkcvkqpu
gv"gp"nckuug"rcuugt"fÓcwvtgu0
EÓguv"ng"t»ng"fw hknvtg"fg"eqwngwt0"Wp"hknvtg"tqwig"nckuug"rcuugt"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu"tqwigu"gv
uvqrrg"rnwu"qw"oqkpu"vqwvgu"ngu"cwvtgu0"Qp"rgwv"qdugtxgt"uwt"ngu"fiejcpvknnqppgwtu"fg
eqwngwtu"vqwvgu"ngu"qpfgu"swg"nckuug"rcuugt"wp"hknvtg0"Egtvckpu"hknvtgu"nckuugpv"rcuugt
vqwu"ngu"dngwu"ocku"fiicngogpv"wp"rgw"fg"tqwig0"O‒og"uk"nc"fqokpcpvg"guv"dngwg"uwt
ng"rncvgcw."wp"equvwog"tqwig"tguvg"rgtegrvkdng0
Jcwv"fg"rcig
Wp"hknvtg"fg"eqwngwt"tqwig"uwt"wp"rtqlgevgwt"nckuug"rcuugt"ngu"qpfgu"tqwigu"ocku
cduqtdg"wpg"rctvkg"fgu"cwvtgu"eqwngwtu0"Gp"cwewp"ecu"ng"hknvtg"pg"Å"eqnqtkg"Ç"nc
nwokfltg"ocku"kn"ctt‒vg"egtvckpgu"qpfgu0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"eqwngwt"@"Vgorfitcvwtg"fg"nc"eqwngwt
Température de couleur
Ng"vgtog"ÐvgorfitcvwtgÑ"c"fivfi"tgvgpw"ect"nc"eqwngwt"crrctgpvg"fÓwpg"uqwteg
nwokpgwug"guv"gp"tgncvkqp"cxge"nc"vgorfitcvwtg" "ncswgnng"kn"hcwv"ejcwhhgt"wp"eqtru"pqkt
rqwt"swÓkn"rtqfwkug"wpg"nwokfltg"ugodncdng0"Gnng"ug"oguwtg"gp"fgitfiu"Mgnxkp"*2̇M"?"/
495̇E+0
Symbole : Ve
Unité : Mgnxkp
Ng Å eqtru pqkt Ç guv ng tfihfitgpv swk c rgtoku fg fqppgt wpg wpkvfi gp fgitfiu Mgnxkp
wpg eqwngwt0 Eg eqtru pqkt guv wp eqtru swk cduqtdg kpvfiitcngogpv vqwvgu ngu
tcfkcvkqpu tg›wgu swgnng swg uqkv ngwt nqpiwgwt fÓqpfg0 Eg eqtru ejcwhhfi rgvkv rgvkv
hckv"crrctc vtg"rtqitguukxgogpv"vqwvgu"ngu"eqwngwtu."fw"tqwig"cw"dncpe"dngwvfi0
Rtgpqpu"rct"gzgorng"fw"ejctdqp"fg"dqku0"C"vgorfitcvwtg"codkcpvg."kn"crrctc v"pqkt0
Gp"ffiengpejcpv"uc"eqodwuvkqp."kn"xc"rtqfwktg"wpg"nwokfltg"tqwig"*dtckugu+0"Uk"nÓqp
cevkxg"nc"eqodwuvkqp"cxge"wp"uqwhhngv."qp"tgoctswg"swg"nc"nwokfltg"fiokug"fgxkgpv"fg
rnwu"gp"rnwu"dncpejg." "oguwtg"swg"nc"vgorfitcvwtg"uÓfinflxg0
Échelle de grandeur donnée par température de couleur
Température de couleur Source

1500°K dqwikg."ncorg" "jwkng
2800°K ncorg firkueqrg
3100°K ngxgt"qw"eqwejgt"fg"uqngkn
3200°K ncorg"vwpiuvflpg"jcnqiflpg
5600°K ncorg JOK
7000°K ekgn"dngw"nfiifltgogpv"eqwxgtv
8000°K ekgn"eqwxgtv
Plusieurs étalons existent en ce qui concerne le « blanc » :

Etalon A <"nwokfltg"dncpejg"fiokug"rct"ng"eqtru"pqkt"fqpv"nc"vgorfitcvwtg"guv"fiicng"
4:72̇M0
Kn"tgrtfiugpvg"nÓfiencktcig"ctvkhkekgn"rct"kpecpfguegpeg0
Etalon B <"nwokfltg"dncpejg"fiokug"rct"ng"eqtru"pqkt"fqpv"nc"vgorfitcvwtg"guv"fiicng"
6:22̇M0
nn"tgrtfiugpvg"ugpukdngogpv"fcpu"ng urgevtg xkukdng."nc"nwokfltg"rtqxgpcpv"fktgevgogpv
fw"uqngkn0
Etalon C <"nwokfltg"dncpejg"fiokug"rct"ng"eqtru"pqkt"fqpv"nc"vgorfitcvwtg"guv"rqtvfig"
8722̇M0
Kn"tgrtfiugpvg"nc"oq{gppg"fgu"vgorfitcvwtgu"fg"eqwngwt"fw"ekgn"dngw"*dncpe"fg
tfihfitgpeg"rqwt"nc"vfinfixkukqp+0
L’étalon W *Y"?"Yjkvg"?"dncpe+"guv"wpg"uqwteg"hkevkxg"fkvg" "urgevtg"fÓfiicng"fipgtikg.

gv"swk"tc{qppgtckv"nc"o‒og"swcpvkvfi"fÓfipgtikg"rqwt"vqwvgu"ngu"nqpiwgwtu"fÓqpfg0
Egu"swcvtg"fivcnqpu."dkgp"fkhhfitgpvu"ngu"wpu"fgu"cwvtgu."uqpv"vqwu"Å"dncpeu"Ç0"Qp
eqortgpf"hcekngogpv"ockpvgpcpv"rqwtswqk"kn"guv"pfieguucktg"fg"rtfiekugt"fg"swgnng
uqtvg"fg"dncpe"kn"uÓcikv0
Nwokgtg"@"Rj{ukswg"@"Nc"nwokfltg"@"Uqwteg"fg"nc"nwokfltg
Source de la lumière
Nc"nwokfltg"guv"rtqfwkvg"pqvcoogpv"rct"wpg"uqwteg"nwokpgwug"pcvwtgnng"eqoog"ngu
fivqkngu."fqpv"ng"Uqngkn"*nwokfltg"fktgevg+"gv"rct"fgu"uqwtegu"tfihnfiejkuucpvgu"*eqoog"nc
Nwpg"qw"ngu"qdlgvu"eqwtcpvu"fg"pqvtg"gpvqwtcig+0"EÓguv"nc"rctvkg"fw"tc{qppgogpv
uqncktg"*rqwt"nc"nwokfltg"fw"lqwt+"swk"rctxkgpv"uwt"vgttg"crtflu"cxqkt"vtcxgtufi"ngu
eqwejgu"fg"nÓcvoqurjfltg0"Qp"nÓcrrgnng urgevtg xkukdng0"Egu"qpfgu"uqpv"eqortkugu
gpvtg"5:2"gv"9:2"pcpqoflvtgu"*po+0"Ng"uqngkn"fiogv"vqwvgu"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu"xkukdngu"rct
nÓÍkn"jwockp"rnwu"qw"oqkpu"wpkhqtofiogpv0
Spectre visible émis par le soleil
Spectre entier émis par le soleil
Ngu"qpfgu"xkukdngu"rct"nÓÍkn"jwockp"pÓqeewrgpv"swÓwpg"vqwvg"rgvkvg"rctvkg"fw"urgevtg
fgu"Q0G0O0
NÓÍkn"jwockp"pg"rgwv"rcu"fkuvkpiwgt"ngu"tcfkcvkqpu"cw/fgn "fg"egu"nkokvgu"gv"pg"rgwv
fqpe"xqkt"nÓwnvtcxkqngv"gv"nÓkphtctqwig"* "tgoctswgt"rct"gzgorng"swg"nÓÍkn"fg"nÓcdgknng
guv"ugpukdng"cwz"wnvtcxkqngvu+0
La lumière du jour est divisé en 8 bandes de couleur :
Bandes sensations colorées limites des bandes en nanomètres

3 Xkqngv"hqpefi 5:2/622
4 Xkqngv 622/662
5 Dngw 662/682
6 Dngw/Xgtv 682/732
7 Xgtv 732/782
8 Lcwpg 782/832
9 Qtcpig 832/882
: Tqwig 882/9:2
Autres longueurs d’ondes :

Ngu"tc{qppgogpvu"kphtctqwigu"vtcpuhqtogpv"ngwt"fipgtikg"gp"ejcngwt0"Egu
tc{qppgogpvu"uqpv"fioku"rct"ngu"qdlgvu"ejcwfu"vgnu"swg"ngu"tcfkcvgwtu."ngu"hgtu"
tgrcuugt000"gv"o‒og"ng"eqtru"jwockp0
Les ultraviolets rtqxqswgpv"ng"Ðdtqp|cigÑ"fg"nc"rgcw0
Les rayons X uqpv"wvknkufiu"gp"rctvkewnkgt"rqwt"ngu"tcfkqitcrjkgu"ofifkecngu0

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eqr{tkijv"Cigpeg"ewnvwtgnng"f)Cnuceg

Egvvg"crrtqejg"rgwv"‒vtg"nctigogpv"eqornfivfig"rct"nÓfivwfg"fg"nc eqnqtkofivtkg *uekgpeg

Les cellules photoréceptrices :

Le corps vitré <

Ng hnwz nwokpgwz fÓwpg uqwteg kpecpfguegpeg fg 322 Y guv fÓgpxktqp 3722

Calcul de l'éclairement gp"wp"rqkpv

Exemple <"wpg"ncorg"fg"97"Y"ﬁogv"3222"Nwogpu0"Gnng"ﬁencktg"wp"owt" "7"o"fg

Exemple <"Oguwtg"cxge"wp"cping"fg"67̇."ncorg"fg"97"Y" "7"o"fw"owt0

Dispersion de la lumière par un prisme

Appareil de mesure de la lumière : le luxmètre

Kn"gzkuvg deux types de luxmètres." "egnnwng"kpvfiitfig"qw" "egnnwng"ufirctfig0"Rqwt"hcktg

Couleur de la lumière éclairant cet objet

Différentes théories de la lumière

Vision des couleurs

Propriétés des couleurs

Flux énergétique : le Watt

Wp"vtqkukﬂog"v{rg"fg"xkukqp"gzkuvg."nc “vision mésopique”0"Swcpf"ng"Uqngkn"ug

Nc ugpukdknkvﬁ fg nÓÍkn pÓguv rcu eqpuvcpvg ugnqp nc nqpiwgwt fÓqpfg fg nc tcfkcvkqp

Courbe de sensibilité de l’œil normalisée par la Commission Internationale de

Lorsque l’intensité de l’éclairage diminue, la sensibilité de l’œil se décale vers

Cas particulier : le daltonisme

xgtv ocigpvc xgtv"gv"ocigpvc

dngw lcwpg dngw"gv"lcwpg

Couleurs complémentaires (bleu + jaune =blanc)

Récapitulatif de la synthèse additive (les couleurs sont projetées par deux

La lumière se transmet à des vitesses différentes dans plusieurs milieux (l’air,

Accès aux sous-titres :

Température de couleur Source

2800°K ncorg ﬁrkueqrg

5600°K ncorg JOK

Plusieurs étalons existent en ce qui concerne le « blanc » :

L’étalon W *Y"?"Yjkvg"?"dncpe+"guv"wpg"uqwteg"hkevkxg"fkvg" "urgevtg"fÓﬁicng"ﬁpgtikg.

Spectre visible émis par le soleil

Spectre entier émis par le soleil

Bandes sensations colorées limites des bandes en nanomètres

Autres longueurs d’ondes :

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