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~ NXB DAN TRi

 r r

Giaidap
, thdc mac
ve moi linh VlfC
Th~ hi~n tAt cit cac th~ manh cua DK,
rnQt NXB v~ sach hinh anh hang dAu
th~ giOi, nhtr sit' dung hinh anh rnQt
each ro rang, hiru ich va ton trong thong tin.
Independent

Bao quat ki~n t

A A

a ro•
V oi hang tram chu d~ Ion va hang nghin chu d~ nho, cuon Bach khoa tri thu-c
bdng hinh cung c~p cho ban mot hrong thong tin bao trum moi linh VI,lC rna
ban quan tam tir may vi tinh cho d~n am nhac, nr tharn hiem vii tru cho d@n
th@ gioi tu nhien ...

A ,
lliob anh oc ao
Cac chu d~ duoc thS hien het sire sinh dong voi han 4.500 hinh anh, bando
minh hoa doc dao. Trang cuon sach nay, ban co thS xem cac hinh anh chi ti~t
v~ cac loai dong thirc vat, tim hi~u each thirc lam viec cua may moe, bi~t
them v~ cuoc song cua con nguoi thai xua.

,
Motba
•
r h bam a
Ban co thS kham pha cuon sach nay bang each sir dung

hop Xem them. Hop nay se d~n ban d@n voi cac chu

d~ thu vi co lien quan.

mw

 Nhfrng ngum dich:

Thanh Van, Bich Lieu, Minh Tan, Cao Dung

Hieu dinh:

Do Hoang Scm, Vo Hang Nga

va nh6m Tan Thu

l
 A DORlING KlNDERSLEY BOOK
www.dk .corn

Original Title: Childr en 's Illustra ted Encyclopedia

Copyri gh t © 2000 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London

Ban quyen lien g Vter © C6n g ry Van hoa Dong A, 2009

Cuo n sach duoc x u ~ t ban theo hop don g ch uyen nhirong ban quy en gifra

Cong ty Van hoa Dong A va Dorling Kindersley

All righ t reserved . No pan of this publication may be reproduced,

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MQi rae quyen Mu da diroc bao lio . Khong plian nao cua rae pharn nay

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van ban cua ngum narn giit tac quyen.

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In xong va nQP hru chieu quy IV nam 2009

 .
MUCLUC

CACH su m)NG SACH Doi song h oang da

8-10 tai Australia 71-72

T0 THO DAN UC DEN Ao 73

VUON THU 11-745

Ne n van rninh Aztec .7 4
Tho dan De 12 Ngiroi Babylon 75
Cac mro c c<lng hoa
Quang ca o 13 LUng va chon h oi.. 76
vimg Caue asus 132
Chau Phi 14-17 Bale 77
Hang dong 133
Lich Slr chau Phi 18-1 9 Cac tro choi dung bong .. 78
Ngum Celt 134
D oi so n g h oang da Khinh khi cau va kill cau ..79
Cr ch au Phi 20 Cac qu oc gia vun g Baltic

Ret va cuon chi en 135

Trung Phi 13 6-137

Kh ong khi 21 va Belarus 80

Ngum man ro 81 Trung My 138-13 9
May bay 22-23
Doi 82 Trung A 140-14 1 ~ .
Khong qu an 24
San bay 25 Gau va gau true 83 Charlemagne 142
Hoa h oe 143 Hirou , son duong va
Alexander Dai de 26 Hai ly 84
linh duong 18 9
Alfred D~ de 27 Ong va on g b ~p cay 85 Trung Qu a e 144-14 7
Dan chu 190
Bang ch tr cai 28 BO 86 Lich sir
D~ suy tho ai
NOi chien Hoa Ky 29 Vu ong qu a e Benin 87 Trung Quoc 148-149
nh img n am 19 30 191
Cach m~g Hoa Ky 30 Xe da p va xe m ay 88 Co d oc gia o 150 -1 5 1
Sa mac 192
NguOi Anglo-sax on 31-3 2 Vu n o Ion 89 Nha th o va nha tho Ian 152
Doi son g h oang d a
Dong v~ t 33-34 Sinh v~ t hoe 90 W inston Churchill 153
& sa mac 19 3-1 94
Cac giae q uan cua Chim 9 1-92 Xiee 154
Thiet ke 195 - 196
d ¢og va t 35-36 Car Ch et Den 93 Thanh ph o 15 5
Charles Di ckens 197
Chau Nam Cue 3 7-38 Ha d en 94 KID hau 15 6
Sir tieu h oa 198
Kien va m oi . 39 Sach 95-96 Dongh6 157
KhUng long 19 9-20 0
Khao eo h oc 40-41 Na o va day than kinh ...... 97 QUID ao 158 -1 59
Benh t~t... 201
Kien true 42-43 Brazil.. 98-100 Th an da. , H O
Bac si... 20 2
Bk Cue 44-45 Ca u l01 Chien tranh lanh 16 '1
Ch6 . cho soi va cao 2 03-204
Arg entina 4 6-47 Anh qu ae eo dai 1 02 Colornhia 162
Ve .' 205
QUID d oi 48 De qu oc Anh 103-104 Mau s~c ] 63
ThUDC 20 6
Ao giap 49 Phat thanh va Christo p her Co lumbus ] 64
Vit , ng6ng va thien nga 20 7
Chau A 50-53 truyen hinh 105 Sao ch rii va sao bang 165
D~ bang va nlnrng loai
Lich suochau A 54-55 Th oi dai D6 dong 10 6 Chu nghia c¢ n g san 166
chim san in oi khac 2 08
De ch e Assyr ia 56 Phat giao 107 Nhac si 167-1 68
Tai : 20 9
Nha du h anh va Xay dvng ] 08 May tinh 169-17 0 Trai dat 2 10-2 1 1
du hanh vu tru . 57 Xe buyt 109 Nhling nha chinh phuc... 171 D¢ng dat 212
Thien van h oe 58-5 9 Buorn va Bao ton va nhirng Dong Phi 213-215
Dien kinh 60 buom dern ] 10-111 loai b] de doa 172-173 H~ sinh thai va
Dai Tay Duong 61-62 Nam nr o c Byr on 112 LVe <$a 174 hroi thirc an 21 6-217
KID quyen : 63 De che Byzantine 1] 3 James Co ok 175 Giao due 218-2 19
Ngu yen nr va phan ttr 64 Jul ius Caesar 114 San ho, sua va hai qu j 176 Ai Cap co da i 220-221
Au stralia 6 5-6 8 Lac d a birou va lac da Trau va bo 177 Albert Einstein 222
Lich sir Australia 69 - 70 khong birou 1 15 Cua va nlnrng lo ai Dien 223 -224
May anh 116 gia p xac khac 1 78 Dien nr 225
D¢ng va t ngvy trang 1 17 Cri ke 179 Voi 226
<90--
Can ad a 118-12 0 Ca sau 180 Nu ho ang Elizabeth I 22 7
Ljch sir Can ada 121 O liver Crowell 18 1 Di ell' va nh~p ell' 228
Vung Caribbean 12 2 - 123 Q U\l. gie cUi va qU\l den .. 182 Nan g luQ'llg 229
qch suovUng Th~p t\! chinh 183 Don g CO' 230-231
Can b bean.. ... ...... .... 124 D ~p nuCrc 184 Anh 232
Xe 6 to 125-1 26 KIDeu vU 185 N¢i chien Anh 23 3
Hi h o a.. 127 Charles Darwin 186 Thang may va
U.u da i 128-129 DOi song h oang da thang eu on 234
Meo 130- 131 dum bi en sau ..... 187-188 Ch au Au 235-2 38
 Lien minh chau Au 239 Lich sir Y h9C 422-423
Lich su ch au Au 240 - 241 Chau Au th oi
Iran 354 Trung co 424-425
Tien hoa 242-243
Ireland 3 55-35 6
Nhimg nha
tham hi em L-·.
244- H ~ -..,. ... J · ...
Lich su Ireland
Thoi dai D6 s~ t...
357
35 8
Kim loai
Mexico 427 -42 8
42 6

Mac 24 6 Chuot nhat , chuot cong

Sat va chep 35 9
Nha m ay 247 va soc 429 -430
H o" i gia
. .o 3 60
Dong v~t nuoi trong Kinh hien vi 431
Israel 3 61
tran g trai 24 8-249 Vi sin h var ., 432
Ital y 362-364
Nong nghiep 250 Trung Dong 433 -4 35
Li ch su Italy 3 65-366
Lich sir nong nghiep 251 S\I' di tni cu a
Nhat Bin 367-3 69
Le hoi 252 d¢ng v~t 43 6
Lich sir Nha t Bin 370-3 71
Dien an h 253-254 May bay qUID su 437
Je sus Christ 372
Lira 255 N giroi Min oa 438
Joan xu Arc 37 3
Vu dai h oa h oan Tu vien 4 39
Cay than thao va ngu coc 304 Dao Do Thai 3 7-±
D London 256 Tien 440
CM.u ch au va d e 305 John F. Kennedy 3 75
Sa ciru 257 De che Mong Co 44 1
Doi son g hoang d a Martin Luther King 376
Ca 25 8-259 Khi va kill kh ong
tren dong co 306-30 7 Dieu va tau luon 3 77
N ghe danh ca 2 60 du oi 44 2-443
Luc hap dan 308 Hlcp si va hu y hi eu .. 37 8- 379
Co- 261 Mat trang 44+
H y Lap 309 Tri eu Tien 38 0
Ruoi va rnuo i 262 W illiam Morris 445
Hy L;lP co dai 310-311 Doi song h o ang da
DQng vat bier bay 26 3-2 64 Reu, reu tan va
Hoa va dir o c thao 2 65-26 6
Am rmru thuo c sung 312 o song h o 38 1-3 8 2
dUCJl1g xi ., 446
Sung 313 Ho 383
Thirc an va. cong ngh~ Nui 447
The du e 31 4 Ng on ngu 3 84
thirc pharn ... .... .. 267 -26 8 Doi song h oang d a

Dong h o Hap sburg 3 15 La-de 385

Bong da va rren nui. 448
Sire kh oe 316-3] 7 Lu at phap 386-3 87
bong bau du e .... 269 -27 0 Muhammad 449
Tim va mau 3 18 Leonardo d a Vin ci 388
Lire va chuy en d¢ng ... .... . 271
Co va sir van d ong 450
Nhier . 3 ] 9- 3 2 0 Lewi s va Clark.. 3 89
Doi so n g h oang da Bao tan g va thu vien 45 1
tro n g rimg 2 72 - 27 3
Nhlm , ch uo t chui va Arm san g 39 0 -3.91
Narn , narn doc va
ch uo t ch u 32 1 Abraham lincoln 3 92'
H6a th ach 27 4 cac 10 ?-i nam khac ..... . 4 52
May ba y true th ang 322 Sir nr, h 6 va nh-crng
Pha p 275-278 Am nhac.. 453 -454
Henry VIII 323 lo ai kha c tr ong
Lich sir nuo c Pha p 279-28 0 Nhac cu 455 -45 6
Ngu d ong 324 119 meo Ian 393 -3 94
Cach rn an g Pha p 281 Than th oai va
D;lO Hindu 325 Van h 9C 395-396
Ech va cac lo ai tru yen thu yet . 457
Cuoc tan Sat ngum Van hoc Anh. 39 7-3 98
luang cu khac 282 Napoleo n Bonaparte 45 8
Do Th ai 326 Th an' Ian, '
3 99 -.400
Qu a va ha t. 2 83 -284 Nhimg cu o c chien tranh
Cu m nglla 327 Louis XlV 401
Do n oi that. ,28 5 cu a Napoleon 459
Ngua, ngva van Cac mro c vimg
Tro choi 286 Cac cong vien
va lira 32 8-329 dat chap 402-403
Khi 287 qu c c gia cua
Benh vien 330 l .ich sir cac mr o c
Da quy va d o trang sire 28 8 Vu ong qu6 c Anh ..... .. 460

Nha D 331 vung dat chap 404-405

Di rruy en hoc 28 9 -290 Th6 dan B~c My .... .. 4 61-462
o the ngum 332-333 phQi va 16 hap 40 6
Dia ly 291 H"al' qu an. 463
Nhan q uy~n 334 May m o c 407-4 08
Hinh h 9C 292 Dtlili hUOng tren bien
• Clu en tranh Tram nam 33 5 TilP chi 409
Dlfc 293-296 va tren kh ong 464
De che In ca 336 Dili hi en ch u ang
Wch su n.uac Duc 297-298 To va hang 4 65
An D(> va tH!u I\lC nuOc Anh 4 10
,, Son g bang va
ch 6m bang 29 9
d.ia An D(> 337-340 Tli tinh 411 Bao 466
Ltch su A.n D¢ 34 1-342 Dong v ~t co vU 412-413 I New Zealand 46 7-468
, Thuy tmh va. gom 300
Nha nUDc va
An D(> Duang 343- 344 Nelso n Mandela 414 Ljch su
Cach miln g Ma o Tr;lch Don g 415 N ew Zealand 4 69
chinh trt 3 01-303 Floren ce Nightingale 470
Con g nghi~p .... .. 345-346 Ban d o 41 6
Nen van minh thung Dm son g h oan g d a Ngum Norm an 4 71
1-ung song
. An ~
347 6' d hil lay 417 Bk Phi 4-72 · 4 73
Ce n g ngh ~ th ong tin348-349 N guyen v~t li ~u 418 B~ c My 4 74-4 77
Co n trling 350-351 To an hoc 419 Dm so n g h oang da
Int ernet 352 Maya 420 6' B ~c My 478-479
Ngum Inuit.. 35 3 YhQc 421 Bac Ireland 480
 MVc q JC

Th01 dai hat nhan 481 Phong trao Cai each ........ 547 Mien nam chau Phi. 630 -63 1 Lich su tUng vimg
Nan g luong hat nhan 482 Ton giao 548-549 Lich sir Lieu Xo 632 -633 cua Vuong quoc
So 483 Thoi ky Phuc hung 550-551 Bay vao vii. tru 634-635 Anh 698 -699
Bien va dai duong 4 84-485 Str sinh sin 552 -553 Tay Ban Nha 636 -639 Lien Hiep Quoc 700
Doi son g hoang da & Loai bo sat .. 554-555 Lich sir Tay Ba.n Nha 640 -64 1 Hoa Ky 701 -704
dai duong 486 -487 Te giac va he o voi . 556 Nhen va ho cap 642 itch sir Hoa Ky 705-706
Bach tuoc va rmrc ong 488 Song 55 7 D i ~p vi en va hoar don g ViJ. tru 707
Dau 489 DuOng va xa 1<) 558 tinh bao 643 Bac si chu y 708
The van hoi Olympie 490 Ngu m may 559 Th e th ao 644-645 Nir hoang Victoria 70 9
Op era va hat. 491 N hac rock va pop 560-561 Tern va hiru dien 646 Th oi dai Victoria 71 0-71 1
Dan nhac 492 Ten hra 562 Sao bien va nhim bien 64 7 Chien tranh Vi~t Nam 712
Da di eu va em u 493 Da va khoang chat ... 563-564 Sao 648-649 Ngum Viking 713
De ch e Ottoman 494 De che La Ma .......... 565 -56 6 Thong ke 650
Nui lira 714
Nhling n gum son g ngoai f rankl in Delano Tu ori g NIT thin T\I' do 651
Xu Wales 715
von g ph ap lu at . 495 Roosevelt 567 Thi ITUOng chUng khoan 652
Tau chien 71 6
CU 496 Lien bang Nga 568 -571 Th oi dai Do aa 653
Georg e Washington 717
Khi oxy 497 Lich su mro c Nga 572-5 73 Bao 654
Nuoc 718 -719

Thai Binh Duong 49 8-499 e ach mang N ga 574 Dong h o Stuart 655
The th ao dum nuo c ........ 720

HQa si. 500-501 Dua thuyen 575 Tau ngam 656

VU khi .
72 1-72 2
HQa si Anh 502 -503 Ve tinh 576 Ngum Sumer 657
Scandinavia 577-579 Mat troi 658
Chon , chon ecmin,

Hoi hoa 504-505

Lich su Scandinavia 580-581 Boi loi 659 chon mactet 72 3
Gia dinh Pankhurst ..... 506
Truong hoc 582-58 3 Thu y Si.. 660 Th oi tiet.. 724-725
Giay 507
Khoa h oc 584 Xe tang 661 Do luOng 726
Cuoc kh oi nghia
Lich su- khoa hoc. 5 85 -586 Cong ngh~ 6 62 -663 Ta y Phi 727-730
Nang dan 508 I
Scotland 587 Ran g 664 Ca voi va d. heo 73 1- 7 32
Ba Tu eo dai 509
N gh ~ thuat di eu khac 588 Dien thoai 665 Banh xe 73 3
Thu canh 5 10
Chim bi en 5 89 Kinh vien vong 666. Gio 734
Ngum phoenicia 511
Hai cau va su nr bien 590 Tru yen hinh va Qu yen phu nir 735
Nhiep anh 512 -513
Doi s6n g hoang da video 667-698 Cac ky quan cua the
V~t 1'1 hoe 514
Nhimg nguoi hanh huong .. 515 a bo bien 591 -592 Vii de t 669' gim eo dai 736
Cuop bi en 51 6 William Shakesp eare 593 Nha hat 670 -671 Chien tranh
Cac hanh tinh 517-5 18
CeI. map va ca duoi 5 94 Th oi gian 672 the gi61. 1..... ... .... 737-738
Thuc vat .. 519 -520 VO va cac loai co vo 595 Du lich va hi hanh 673 Chien tranh
Cha t deo 5 21
Tau va thuyen ....... .. 596-597 Do choi 674
the gim IL. 73 9-740
Cira hang va Thuong mat va Giun 741
Th O' 522
vie c mua s£m 598 con g nghi~p 675-·676 Nha van va nha tho, 742 -743
Tharn hi ern dia qrc 523
K'1 hi~u va bieu tu<;mg 59 9 - Tau hOa 677-678 Tia X 744
Dm song h oan g da .
600 L~ch su v~n taL 679 -680
a cae c\l'e 524-525
B¢ xuong 60 1-602 cay coi 681 -682
VuCm. thu 745
canh sat 52 6-527
Che a <) chiem hw X e tai.. 683
o nhiem 528-529
nol~ 603 -604 H arr iet Tnbman 684
THONG TIN THAM KHAo
Cing va duang thuy..... ... 530
746-777
Oc sen va sen 605 Dong hO Tudo r 685 Nien hien l~eh su 748 -7 55
BoDao Nha 531-532
R~n 606 DuOng bam 686
l..j.eh su EO Bao Nha 533 Th e gim quanh ta 756-7 6 5
Dat 607 ThO Nh i Ky 687-688
NgM lam d6 gam 534 Tl,l nhi.en 766-771
Chi m biet hOt 60 8 Ukrain c 689
Cu<)c so n g th01 Khoa ho c 772-777
Am thanh 609 Tham hiem dum
d eu SlI 535 -536
Gh i am 610 m~ t nuac 69 0- 6 9 1
Ngum den su 537 BANG CHU DAN 778 -792
Nam Phi 6 l 1-612 Vuong quae Anh 692-695
In 538 BANG BrA DANH 79 3- 795
l..j.ch su Nam Phi 6 13 Itch sir Vuong
Mua ro i 539
NamMy 614-6 17 q ua c Anh 696-697
161 cAM ON 796-800
Trb ehm tri tu ~ 540
qch su Nam My 618-619
ThO 541
Dong Nam A 620-6 23
Raaa 54 2
l..j.eb su Dong Nam A.. 624-625
Radio (son g va tuyen) 543
Mi en trung cua Dong Nam
Ph6ug Xl,l. 544
chau Au 626-627
Mua va tu yet 545
Dong nam chau Au thu<)c
Sach tham khao 546
D~a Trung Hii .... 628-62 9
 eACH sir DUNG
. SACH
TRONG CUON SACH NAY, ban co the de dang tam, ban hay hra chon chu de do ill phan Muc Iuc
tim ra thong tin ve nhieu chu de . Cach tim kiern roi tim den trang noi dung . Neu ban khong tim
diroc neu & ba trang sau . Cac chu de chinh duoc thay chu de muon tim thi chu de do khong phai la
sap xep thea thir t1J ab c tieng Anh, bat diu nr Th o chu de chinh va khong c6 trang neng. Trang
dan D c (Aboriginal Australians) va ket thiic la Viron tnrong hQ'P do, hay l~t Bang chii dan & phia sau ,
thu (Zoo). M6i chu de chinh c6 it nhat 1a mot trang phan nay se ch o ban biet phai xem trang nao de
noi dung. Muon tim hieu ve ch u de rna minh quan tim thay thong tin minh can .

.. B :~v'Z6";M
H ON 3.0 00 NAM TRu6c. mroc Iran ngay oay J. q ue buang cua nhi eu b6 <¢e khae _
nhan, Hong do c6 bo roc Medes ,..i Ba Tu (Persia) Trong nlueu Dim, nguoi Medes cai
II . . ---;- GIOI ~
M6i trang e6 rnuc
trt d vimg, nhung vao nam 54 9 IT"l1Ot: C6ng nguyen. Cyrus, vua cua m ot rhanh bang chinh bit dau b~g
HiNH MINH HQA h6 rbn oc Ba Tu l~ la Ashan, da chinh phuc bo toe MOOes va lap nen mot VU'O'og q uoc phin gim thieu eung
ron g kill . Trong vo ng 30 nam, Ba Tu tr6 rhanh mot quoc g:Ia b img manh b~c oJMt <he ~ !h ' t ' v' nhr
Nhi"mg hinb minh hoa gi60j va M cite Ba Tu l l'oij dli roan bo vung LuOng HI, Anatolia (Tho Nbi KY). mien doog capki ' on~ ; ~ ~mg
chi [iet lam cac ch u d e OJ. Trung Hit va kh u VIJ'C Iu~ nay u Pakistan va Afghani".n. Troo g qlllUg thoi gLm su . ~ c. 1 .Ve ~o~
tro nen son g dong . tren 200 nam, ll. Tu la d( chc 100 nhal rhe gi01 h'l! do. Ng'lJOi Ba Tu ]} nb im g clu en eh u de . Ban co th e co
Hinh rrunh h oa nay ve bmh, ky si cit khoi va li th O'rhu cong kheo leo. HQ diroc t6 cblic cb at cbe, DuO; m eu I d iroc cac hen th irc co
nlnmg ngiroi mang vua Danus I. con ~ '-" U Darius D", M. de cbechia thanh nhieu cinb . MOl m;mg hroi g:Iao bin v~ m6t ch u de
eDng ph aro de n hoan g . thOng nO. lien de tilth gUlp diul chUng c6 II",. dl cruae khi 'd Qe tiep .
lai , h u6l! bin de ding. Darius do I~p ra b ~ <h(m g
cun g eho vu a Ba Tu vao b'nI chilth va <limg d6 ng tien ~lOO g n hat u on g

ng ay diu nam m 6i. de' (·he. Dc cbC' B. Tu pM n Illlnb cho d[n klll

Al...... nde.r lJ~ de rn a Hy 4p ch lnh ph \,c Ba

Tu vao nw 33 I truOc C6ng ngnyen.

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CHllTHiCH Me.. 1111 I m \\c 1111 . dAn. 111'£ ( t'CIl ' r.:h l'! 1 ~
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h o~e bue inb de u dU'Q'C
eh u thi eh ro rang .

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tri va s1,l bitnh rruang
eua de ehe Ba Tu .
ANH
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diu n gva nay duqc
BA TlJ'C6 DAl eh~p t;li kiIlh thanh
Persep olis eua Ba Tu
cO d;l..i .

1 - - -- Xem them
ALEXAND ER o~ D~ 26

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NGUO! BABYLON 7S

Hy LAP c6p<lr 3 10

ThUNG PONG 413

KHUNG THOr GlAN

Trong cae trang ve l~ch su c6 m ¢>t khung XEMTHEM
!hOi gian . gi6 ng Ilh u m ¢>t cuall l~ch ve lieh H(>p Xem th em a goe dum ben phal eua rran g cuai m 61
su oPhin nay eung cap eh o b;m biet tat ca m\le ch o b~ bie[ ve cae ch u de lien qu an. Ch ing han nhu
cae n gay thang rna ban ein th ea each de h(>p Xem th em. ve Ba Tu e6 dai li¢t ke nam. m\,!e lien quan :
lim lmat. Khung thOi gian a hinh tr en Alexander Dai de. d€ eh e Assyr ia, nguOi Babylon, Hy L~p
t ung eap cho b;m !h6ug [in ve su hinh c6 d ;l..i va Trung Dong . q.t tm cae trang nay ban se c6
tharth va s\,!p d6 eua d€ eh e Ba TU'. them kieo thuc ve Ba Tu eo d;l..i.

8
 CACH sil DUNG SACH

~
Nfu
Ilia
6­
Nlii Cong trinh
co dai
o
Thu dO Thanh •
pho lon
•
In.IJlh
phd nho, DAy IXXOMITU
c"" so !.LEU THONG Kll
BAN DO
Trang cucn sach nay co cac
th] 'r.in lr'*"' e-.. tln.
lIlftll'"
_
Dt¢n uch : Hn J~ :I Ill:: 1. ban do ve tat ca cac luc C4a va
(TJIt ,, ~ 'i ""*:
D~ n 5 ~ H I 71J
,flo cac quae gia 100 tren the gi&i.

I
rh u ,~ . fl. ~ n f'
N t':....ll riP ! 'h t Di lul)', D lrt: ~
Moi ban do bieu th; cac vling
BW TlJQNG Plu,p. 7.h:.t:l.... . I.J. Mi , S-ln.lJnU.
Ti'" f" O' COO;il(I ii: 1,1 M_,
chinh, da c diem C4a 11 va mot
"TIll I ~ . dl.r.o t n Ul ~o
Moi bin d6 d~u co Ho~J '
cac bieu nrong de Tlf.!l ~ 1' : Dl' n ~ "11 1"1) s6 dia danh Iich SIX quan
bH'~u th] nhUng dic~u
:-': i b!.. • c-h in h n ll€ ·. i.of.
du.11 • . ,l &l i :a:h j ~. ...iu rrQng. Tren rnoi rrang ban do
cln quan tam, [ h~~
Xu1t kh.lll ·n,.:...·~ kf
•
~JK"1l
la m ot hop thon g tin eo eo va
NhUng bieu ruqng ~ I '"
MI"
thong tin ve vung do. Cac
na y bao gam thu Nh .'lr Ir:h.iu· 01u, ' L2Uytn
lJfl l~.1fI 1 .l )"lx.:
birc anh minh hoa ch o nhliTI.g
do , thanh ph o Ion
. ...ON"AC O . . ... L clni de dang quan tam .
va thanh phO nho ,

mii cao nh at, nui

T "JENlI L"~

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hra va cac eon g c-.. .. ..", \Ic::_
rrmh eo dai.
c11"~· 'M:IItII ~ (...
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rh " " ,
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.....,.; \ '.\TI CA~ ( TIl'~ Il() ;\I 56 lieu thong ke cun g cap thong tin

( Itm na
ve cac y€ u to n hir dien tich oatdai,
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rr "'"8:'" "k n f;
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ca..
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d an s6 , ng on ngir. ton giaD, ti ~n t~
v a cac nganh n gh e chinh .

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~ 1a1 :dilllf ~"" ~.fW'I
t;,'JIf",-itc..idng _ . nIi! .."''''''~
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Tl:iI&: Vde•• ~/Q (,fit'J ll fJj "

phu thu (lc ho~e nhimg
qu oc gia lan g gien g
c6a 0 u6'c ehinh tren
ban d6 ciin g du:qc bieu
~ . Cae Mp thOng tin
t.lr'Jn to' i"lf l:g M.lI!u.. ding Cae bue anh bie u tN eanh qu an
"""
~ SAN MA.RlNO
.'- . ~ c tnmg eua nhimg vting khae
p ~' n ':id l 6 1 km.' nhau. Buc anh' nay bieu t~ m (>t
.0 : 1I . l l;'
l'trn.kt. Kn .'.Urtno
Dll'l"r 'JUar lu.Iy

VATIC.o\Norr
. MALTA "'CUTTA
canh & Milan . mmg tam thm trang
, ,c ua 1tal y.
di kern nay cu.ng eung t Jlr. lit b (J 1:4 i :H 1 r.:=.t'"1..... \ ' dllI .-i J. lnh ' :~~~

Dtu '\6. lIH Li I1utl1 ~'" ,I"r l!&Jn'a I:&t,..

cap nhUng thong tin TL,J "'O

N~< \n.Dg · ;--
V~li(~ , . \:~y
Tift,:.:h .i.lY.lJlng
T'UIlh -;:.b'i iI trZa l llWltl l . r"ll

t1~ 'f!I/l~DDaflilb.w.u1 iII t lJ_ ').i

hUu ich khac rul1.f di~n

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tichoat dai . din 50.

th l! d o va ngon ngir .
L 364
QR: b ~ ;.. U d ' "" ll ~: ; IICCnltup r:'I:i c 1..1•.•

rnuCK TI I$ LABAN
C6 m (lt thu6'c ti l~ tren moi La ban ChD b~ bi et huang dong, ray,

ban do de ban eo the \rOC nam, b£c !Ten ban d6 .

ll1"Q'l1g khDang' each thl,l'c tf

Hop lieu Stl wng cap cae

tMng bn theo trinh tv

thaigian v~ mot

ngu&1nao do.

thuyet khoa hQc mot

cach dan glan vara rang.

NhCmg trang v~ thJ thao cl10

chUng ta buft loal dung CI,I nao
dtJqc s&dl,lng cho cac hoat
d¢ng thd IIlao ttJOTJg {mg.

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CAc COO DE CHfNH
0;, ",,' on ~ ,::-~I
co ban d6 bieu thi nhCmg vung
Cuon sach nay co cae trang ehinh v~ nhieu chli
de sau r¢ng, bao g6m tieu S11, l~eh 511, the thao ,
sinh song cMyeu cua cac loa;
d¢ng thllC veit hoang dii. l~eh 511 tv nmen , khoa hQe vaeong ngh~.

9
 CACH sirDif.'/ G SACH

Motdong then gian ehilY ngang 0- o~u cac trang

THONG TIN THAM KHAo /Ieh Stf giupban e6 th~ so sanh nhiing Sl,f ki~n oa
6 phan sau cuon sach 1a phan Thong a
xJy re esc I/,Ie oiavao mot thai oilm nhat oinh.

tin tham khao cung cap

thong tin khai
quat ve lieh SU, Qia 1y, tv nhien, khoa NU N BlEU Lj'CH SU
hoc va cac sir kien. Phan nay giup ban Ni en bieu Itch su [om
nhanh chong tim ra cac thong tin can d t lich sir the giCri nr
thoi rien sir den na y,
rhi et cho cac m en h 9 C vi chung diroc (rang do rnoi trang t ~p
sip xep dum d;mg bang bieu . Phan nay [Tung vao mot luc dla
c1l.ng co rae dung nhu la ngu6n th am ho ac mo t qu oc gia . Cac
kha o ci€ bo tro eho d e chu narn & de su kien quan [r9n g
d e trang chinh: diroc trinh bay the o
trinh tu thoi gian.
THE GIOI QUANH TA
TI::lE elm
Tron g phan na y la ba ban do the gi&i bieu thi

cac van de cua the gi&i hien nay : duemg bien

gl&i va 51! phar trien dan 56, san xua t va li eu

thu nang hrong , S\I phat trien cua truyen thong

qu6e te Phan gi6i thi eu rna ta cac xu huang

hien tai va tac dong cua chung toi th e gi&i cua It Bj~u do oang e(it ba
chung tao Cac s6 lieu thong lee so san h duoc ,ttt . e hj~ u cungcap s6 (i~u
trinh bay [rang cac d 6 th; va bieu do . ~ tt I tMng ke v~ esc Qu6e
t tt gia kMe nhau.
B i~u 06 gllip esc ehu Itt .
O~ de hii !l han. , t tt t
TU NHIEN
Phan n'ay c6 m ot
........ _ ...­
-..----_
.ft::: :
, . f U tt ..tt•
ttl: t

bieu db tong the

pharr loai thuc vat,
d(mg var, danh
_'-' -t_

.t•••
. •..ttttt ......
t:ttt.tttt t
••t. t tttttttt t
sach car loai bi d e

doa va nhie u thong

Nhi~u /oaiOOng tnuc v~ t

tin khac ve th e gi&i
OlltlC minh ·hoa.
tv nhie n .

SO 'SANH KfCH THUOC

.. " c ~
VA TU VIET TAT
SO SANH KiCH rane e
Se e6 hie ban thay be trai
va be gal n ay. Hai em be
nay e6 chieu cao 1,2 m va
giu p ban so sinh kich eo
cua cac vat ha y do ng vat
voi eon nguoi.

TUVIET TA.T
M(Jr s6 lit duoc viet dt hay rut gQn
tro ng cu 6 n sach nay. Nhfrng til li~t lee
ben diroi la dang vier cit cua cac til:

1 -- °c =dQ C
L _
oj: .-r- do F
mm =m ilirn et
nANG CHU DAN
(; sau eno n sach e6 m¢t Bang ehli
dan , nher d6 b;u1 eo the tim ra bat ky
r=-:­
. Baeleeland , Leo 521 ;...- 50'202 eho b(In bret
" rang
. 52; -::3 3'- -A'~ I e6 ehu o~ chinh v~ bae Sl
,
rn > met
em:=: xemimet
BaJ1fam ~ J _ _ , km :=: kil6m et
0- trang202.
ehtl de nao c6 tran g eu on sach nay . bac si 202, 330, 421, 756 km2 :=: kilomet vuong
Cae eon so [Tong Bang chli dan mang km / h = kilomet tren gia
bac si p h ~ u thu~ 1 20 2. 330
Yllghia: 56 756 eho ban blet r§ng in = ineh
bie Sl illu y 708
• S6 in d~m chi cae ehu de chinh. trongphJn ThOng tm tham m ph :=: d~ [Ten gi er
• S6 in ngltieng eh i cae trang & phan
hae f2 6 a
khao trang 756 e6 them
g = gam
b ~e hi , dugc tha o 265 cae thOng tin v~ bae sT.
Thon g tin tham khio & eu oi si eh .
kg = kilogam
• s6 in thuang eh i ra eae trang co
oz = o unee

th o ng tin e6 hen qU.uL 56 265 ehoban blel rJng bile

hil (mot IOil! olloe thao) Olfr;!C 1 = lit

a
d~ e?p den trang265.

10
11

 ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS
,.,,? ,." ~

T HO DAN UC
NHUNG CU DAN uc DAU TIEN la ngum du cir den tir cac nuoc Nam Aeach day
khoang 40.000 narn . Khi ngum chau Au tim den chau Dc VaG cuoi the ky XVIII, ho d~t
ten cho nhUng ngum dan ban dia nay la "tho dan", nrc la nhUng ngum da song 6' d o
nr thuo sa khai. Ngay nay , c6 khoang 410 .000 th o dan Dc. Phan 16'0 h o song trong
thanh pho, my nhien vai nghin ngum van tiep t1,J.C cu oc song th ea phuong thirc rruyen
thong. H Q kiem thirc an trong cac khu nrng thua, san ban b~ng giao mac hoac
boomerang. Ngoai ra, ho con an d. rau co , con trling . HQ co rat it tal san
va chu yeu tao ra moi thir can thiet cho cuoc song tir vat lieu thien
NGmnruAT
Ngh¢ th u ~t cia nhien . Cach song nay kn ong lam anh huang hoac gay hai den moi
lh o d an De ch u truorig . V&i tho dan noi day, S1,l' tru phu cua dat dai va h~ dong
y~u n6i ve MQng
thor va d l1Q'C coi thuc vat vt: cung quan trQng va thieng lieng .
nhu la m ot phan cua cac n ghi Ie. Nhtrng M e
hoa ve eon n gU'm , cac vi than, eon v~t tTOng Nhiing bu6i Ie Ie mjng t1J,
M(Jn g tl101 xu at hi enralnhieu rren cac vach Ie
vanhiing nghibi
mat giii vai Iro
da va ling da & nhung vung lanh thO cua bo
Quan In;mgIrang
lac, Cie b irc tranh nay duoc ve b ~ g d at son,
aOi songcua tM
hoan g th 6 va dat set tring. M ()l s6 birc d a eo dim. Trang khi
han g n gan uam moi , nhaY mua, ca
Mt, I6p tM
co
dan tre co
hoi lim hldu
ve Mong /hOi.

Nhiing nguVi Iham gia ca mua d~u

I Sao go dldjeridu ouoc dUng ae
ctu»nhiingIan aieu cc ban trong
ve cac vgn soc len cO' Ih€.
am nh{lc cua ngLfOi/h6 dim.

M O NG TH01
Tho dan
Dc tin dng & thoi ky so kh ai co mot the gtoi linh ho n bao gam con
nguoi , d¢ng vat , cay co da tao ra the gi6'i. nay. Thoi ki nay duoc g9i la M¢ ng
thoi (Dreamtime) . Co rat
nhieu bai hac, nhirng cau chuyen chan thoai nhac den
M¢ng thoi va diroc cac the h~ nguCYi ban xu hru rruy en ill dCYi nay sang dCYi khac .
£lOr S6NG 80 THI
Phin I<'m tho d an De 'so n g tTOng cae [hanh pha va [~ rran . MQt so £lor IAI LANH 8~
a l1Q'C hU'&ng eae eh ucmg tri OO [rq giup, giao d\le [u e!linh phu va !Chi ngU'm Anh de n dpm eU' 6' ehau
lam cae n gh e nhU' giao vien , bi e SI , lu~r su . Tu y nhi en , da so hQ e6 De. hQ oa xam ch iem cae thinh dja
eUQe so ng n gh eo kh o va taeh bi ~t v&i xa h ¢i cia nguOi a a rrhlg . HQ va nhling ,:un g dat khie ella ngum
kh ong can song th eo be? l<J.e nhu tnr6'C day nfra va b&i vi kh on g !loa hin a ja, v &i Sl! giu p dO'eua eie
nh~p dl1Q'C v&i xi h¢i da tring nen hQ kh ong d uq e 11l1<'mg nhieu In ~t su bin c1!a , th o dan De da len
qu yen lqi n h u ug uCn da tring. N h ung ng ay na y, nh fmg n gum rh6 tieug oo i I<J.i d at. N.1m 197 6 ,
d in so ng & lhi thimh oa eo m¢t so p hong lrio nh ~m kh ai phl,le l<J.i chi n h ph u Australia (De) da
nen van h6a be? tQe ella 10 tien . dong y eho ngl16'i din bin c1!a
e6 cae qu yen doi vm linh thO
Ngay naynguVi ta chi BOOMERANG eua b¢ te?e minh va m ¢l so
sll dr,mg boomerang viln g oat dl1qe tra l~i ch o hQ.
trang thd thaa.
. ~ f-- - - Xem them - - --I
- - - - - -1--- - - N go ai boo merang q uay LjCH
AUSTRALIA 65
s0 AUSTRAL tA 69
I<ri, thO oan De ca n sli dl,lug DOl S6NG HOANG DA T..\ l USThALlA 7 1
boomerang ba y th hlg , kh 6ng qua y L ~ HOI 252
I~ lam vii khi de ehi en dau va san b~t THAN TH OAI vA TRUY~N U:l U %T 457
cae IOal thti nhU' ehu ¢ t lUi.

12
 ADVERTISING
QUANGCAO
TO' NHUNG TAM PANG KHONG LO & hai ben duemg d~n nhurig COCA-COLA
mau quang cao nho tren cac trang bao deu co cling mot muc dich: Q uan g cao thanh cang
se guip cho san pham
quang cao san pham, thuye; phuc chung ta nen mua san phfrn nay tro n en than tille, voi
thay vi mua san pham khac. Quang cao tren truyen hinh ngay nay tac khach hang va nguoi
d¢ng ten hang trieu nguoi, nhung nhimg hinh thirc quang cao dau tien mua tham chi noi lu on
& pham vi nho hon nhieu, Nhtrng ngum ban hang & cho rao to hang ten san pharn do khi
mua . Nhung mac hang
ho ban; nhirng cira hang, cira hieu treo cac bien hieu th ong bao ve cac noi tieng duoc gQi la
loai hang hoa h o bu on ban. Quang cao hien dai xuat hien khoang 150 nhan hieu va m ot so nhan hieu duoc
nam tnroc, khi cac nha may b~t diu san xuat hang hoa voi khoi IUQTIg ban rong rai tren the giOi. Coca- cola
Ian. Bao chi dang tai cac muc quang cao cho moi mat hang, nr mu ch o ia m ot trang nhimg nhan hi eu no i
tieng nhat. Nhan hieu nay duoc ra
d~n bier diroc. Ngay nay, quang cao la mot phan trong cong viec tiep doi a nuoc My vao narn 188 6. Ngay
thi, bao gam ca thiet ke san pham, gii ca canh rranh, bao bi va mmg t11 thor ky d~u, nha san xu at Coca- cola
bay. Quang cao xuat hien khap moi noi chir khong chi tren dai phat da quang cao san pharn rat r ong rai
bang each sir dung m ot bieu nrong
thanh va truyen hinh. Chung duoc phit tren cac song nhac, son &
d~c bier voi nhung chir cai rnau do
thanh xe va qua cac dai kh oi rren bau troi . Nlnrng th ong diep quang long vao nhau. Trang von g 10 nam ,
cao nay thuOng lam chung ta thich thu nhung kh oug phai quang cao dan chimg a mol bang mroc My d~u
nao cling diroc h oan nghenh. Luat ve quang do giup bao v~ ngum \.long Co ca-cola . Ngay nay, tlnrong
hi eu nay da rro n en noi tieng den
tieu dung khoi nhling quang cao sai sl,r th~t; nhling san pham co h~i
muc n o xuat hi~n trong bat ke ngon
nhu thuoc la, ruqu bt h~ che quang do. ng~ nao. .
Kich ban ph{Jn canh
Phieu tham '\
do thj trurmg
TUNG RA sAN PRAM M6I
"-"-''- Chi phi cho quang eao rat lan , vi
v ~y mra c khi tung ra m ot san
pharo k~o mm, cang ty soco la phii
biet cMc san pham cua minh se
duQ'C ngum tieu dUng don nh~.

KlCH BAN PHAN cANH TUYEN TRUYEN

Tma c khi qu ay q uang cio , nha
Quang cao ctia chinh phil nharn th ong
thi et ke ph 3..i ve timg carm len giay gi6ng nhu
tr uy ~n trarm. Copywriter (ngum viet 1m q uang tin h o~c truyen ba, pM bien m tu6ng
cao) dam nhi ~m phm 1m de di kern hinll anb . tm con g chUng duQ'c gQi la tuyen
tru y ~n. Vi dl,l, tam pano co d(Jng nay
NGHIEN CUu TIll TRUONG
Hang tr.lin ngum du Q'c nem thil san ph am socola
nMm khuyen khi ch nhan dan Trung
mm va tra 1m ci c cau hoi lien quan tru a e khi no du Q'c Quac lam vi~ c vi rn¢t xa h¢i tuoi d~p
dem bin. C6ng viec nay duQ"C gQi la nghien Clm tl~ trUang. han. NhUng chien dt ch tu yen truyen
M9i ngu&i se dua ra y kien ve gia ca, ten g9i , kich mu&c cua khac thi thuyet phl,lc m Qi ngum bo
thanh socola va co the xern xer ci (hie( ke giay g6L thuoc l;i hay lii xe an toan , v.v ...
CHIEN DKH QuANG CAO
Ngan sach eila cae nlla san xuar khong phai la va h;m. Vi v~ y ,
qu ang cao thu ang dUQ'e t6 chue thimh chien c4eh ngan g9n va
don d ~ p . Trong chien c4eh , q uang d o xu:l"t hi ~n o' nhting giG
phit son g da duQ'c1\l"I Ch9ll ki dng. Vi d~ , qu ang d o cho k~ o
sae ola (huang xua( hi ~n trong nhimg ch uan g trinh danb cho tre
em tren tru yen hinh ch u khong qua mU9n ve dem. Tuang tl,l'
nhu the, cic mau quang cao tren
1"--"'''--- _..::..-1 I bao chi c6 the xuat hi ~n trong cac
/ t;J.p chi dimh cho gim ue.
Quang cao
trenbao TnJng bay
hang h6a I--- - --- Xem th~m------1
trongcita CUA HANG vA VJP..cMCA SM! j 9JI
hang olJQ'e gl)/ TR u v t:N II lNH VA VlDE06~i

la quangcao THUONG MAl VA C6N G NGll!tP 675

oimban.

13
 AFRICA

CHAUPHI
HrEM CO NOT NAo TREN n-rE GIOr da dang rum chau Phi .
Day la chau luc rQng 16n bao gam 53 quoc gia dQc lap vrri
s6 dan d ong due va nhieu n en van hoa co xua . Chau Phi
con co nhung da y mii, thung lUng, tha o nguyen va dam
lay r Qng 16n rna kh6ng noi na o co duoc. Vung bo bien
phia b k gUu co , mau mo nam ngay tren sa mac Sahara
kho can. Phia nam Sahara la rung rmra nhiet dci ram r?op .
Phan 16n phia nam va phia d ong chau Phi iii cac xavan, IDQt
dang d ong bing kho co cay to va cay bui IDQe rai rae. Cac quae Cha u PhI co hinh d,mg
kh a gi6n g voi hinh
gia 6' chau Phi nhin chung la nhUng mroc ngheo ID ~ C du co tam gi.:ic. DiJ,i 1.1.Y
nguon tai nguyen doi dao , nhu la Nigeri a. Nhieu chinh phu DUO'Ilg narn 6" ph ia ray
TRU6NGHQC
va An D¢ DUO'Ilg narn
Tru on g h9C & cac thanh pho khong on dinh . Noi loan, noi chi en xay ra thuong xuyen. & phia doug cua cM II
va thitran cua chau Phi
ciing gio n g nhir truong h9 C Chau Phi co it thanh pho 16n va hau het nam 6' sat bien. luc nay. Cha u Ph i b]
chia cit voi chau Au &
the
a cac not khac rren g i&i. Phan con Iai cua chau Iuc na y la cac vimg n ang th a n, dan phia tay hie boi val
Tuy nhien, nhi eu h9C sin h
cir thea loi son g truyen thong. W omer duong bien.
phai eli bo ha ng kilo rnet de
den truOng.
Toe nguOiMasal cao Ian cua
Kenya chan gla suc tren
T6c nguO! Tuareg song 0-
Sahara la nhCtng nguO!
cac thao nguyen
r¢ng JOO.
chuyen e/Jan nu6i gia suc.

CON NGU61
6 vim g nong thon chau Phi,
ngu m. dan thuemg song trong cac ng oi
lang. Mot so toe ngum., nhir toe Kikuyu 6-
Dong Phi, eo to tien la cac bo coc da song a
d a y trang nhieu the kyoMot so dan toe khac
lil nhimg nguOi d.i eu ru n oi khac cua ch au
Phi hoa c tir cac chau Iuc khac de n . 8uemg bien gi&i. giu a cac qua e gia
kh ong anh huang gi de n nh Ung nen van hoa da d;,mg nay . Trang m ot
quoc gia eo the co toi hon mum. nhom bo toe sinh song rna nhirng ngum. tee ngW! Pygmy chi
cao khoang 1,5 m
th uoc m o t nen van hoa cling eo the son g a hai mro c khac nhau , a
song rimg mua
I nhfet I10i ram rap cua
_ _ NhiJng ngl)n !hap euathanh Congo.
__------- 1111ang H6i gNio sung sung
tren bau frO! Cairo. TQc ngllCn Bushmen
song trencac sa
mac cuaNam Phi va
tim kiem !h&can tll
nhientrang l1i~u ki~n
mai wang khac
ngiliei.

KIUMANJARO
Day nw cao va d~ p nh at cha u Phi Iii
"' day Kilimanjaro & Tan zania . Din h
cao nb at cao rm 5. 895 m va la m(H
mii hia khong can h o~t d¢ng . M ~c
diJ day nui nay chi each dUOng Xich
dao vai blomet nln mg uinh mii lu on
c,') ban g m yel baa phu. C6 m¢t co n
uUOng m an dan len dinh mii va. ma l
3 nga y d uim g de len tm dil111 kh i cii
ru can d UOng xe cl~ y gan nllat.
Nhi~ u n gu m sinh so ng & eac su On
fi lii thap , tr6ng cay ill qua nhi¢t dO'i.

14
 CIl'\l! PIlI

SA MAC SAHARA
Sahara la sa mac Ian nhat th e gim, chi ern
gill m o r phan ba dien tich chau Ph i.
a
Nhi er do day len toi tren S aOc Tra ng
nh urig n arn gan day , sa m ac nga y d .ng
Ian rOn g. Dat canh rae bi sa ma c h oa, dan
a
de n na n doi. m ot so vung, tum nuoc
ch o dat da ng an ch an diroc sir rna rong cua
sa m ac nhung ve ti u da i lai lam cho dat
nhi ern m an va kern m au rna.

AM NHAC vA VAN HOA CHO'A BEN H

Nen van hoa ch au Phi rat g1aU eo Khi bt om , mo t so ngu oi chau Phi tim den
aTay Phi, dfmh va phong ph u. Bac Ph1 thea
pho ng cue Ho i glaO gl6ng nh u
bac si ray y, so kh ac lai tim de n thay lang
trang Iii man ngM (hi nh tren ) Th ay lang la nhirn g nguoi
thuat phat trilffn vun g Tru n g Dong ne n c6 rat nh ieu
m~mh . xue kia,
duoc con g don g trong vong vi von hieu
thanh d uong va eung di en l¢n g l ~ y
ngllm dfm nai day Am nh ac Tay Phi c6 tiet tau m anh bie t uyen th arn ve cac loai th ao diro c dung
diJng trang dlff traa voi n hieu dieu nh ay 101 cuon , Da y de ch u a benh . De phat hien ra n guyen
adl thong tm. cling la n01 eo nganh kh ac go ph ar nh an gay benh , tha y lan g se xuat non de
trien rue ro. Can Dong Phi va Nam g ~p go' cac than thi en hay ac. Cach chua tri
PhI no ! tleng voi n hung bo
c6 the gam ca viec lam Ie
hi en te ban g
~
trang ph uc le hal sac SO'
va nhun g chuo i va ng dong vat.
doc dao .
CHIEN TRANH vA NAN 801
N 01 chien va nan do i th uong xuy en h oanh
hanh 0 chau Phi Ng uyen nhan chu yeu do
n h ung bat dong ve chin h tn hoa c xun g
dot gill'a cac bo toe . 6 Chad , noi
chi en keo dar nhieu narn gl\xa toe
ng u Cn Tuareg duoc Libya ha u
rhu an va l nhUng ngucYi nang dan
son g 6' vung dat nh ieu m ua hon 6
Rw and a va Burundi , cu6 c chi en gl\:l'a
toe Tur si va Hut u da kh ien han g nghin
nguoi b i ch et. Nan do i cung Ja m ot tham
kich do i v61 ng u a i da n nor day Tru c e kia,
n guoi dan rh uong co d u hrong thuc eho Mn
Vl1 mua nam sau , The nhirn g. cac qu oc gia chau
Ph1lai ch u tron g nh ieu Mn viec canh rae cay tr ong
xu at kb au va ngay cang ph u th uoc vao thu c pham nhap
khau . N eu VI ~ C phan ph6i th \,l'c pham bi gian doan hoa c m at
Dar SONG NONG THON mlia do h an ha n thi han g nghin ngual e6 th e ehet dol.
Lam ollang 6'
M~c du cae thanh pho a chau Phi dan g phat trien nhanh, nhlITlg da so ng um dan chau Phi van song a NIgeria.
cac vimg nang than . HQ song thea kieu tv cung tv cap, it khi c6 han g h6a th ua de ban hoac trao do i.
Phill Ian cac bo toc <$nh CIT tu the M n ay san g the h¢ khac trang nhfrng khu Ling nha cun g ho tOc.
MOt so thanh nien ra than h pholam vi¢c trang cac ham rna Vd nha m ay de kii~m tien tra ng vai nam ,
a
sau d6 l<?i tra ve lan g de xay dvng gia dinh. cay luang th v c a day rat phon g phU. vimg nhiet dm am
~;;:;:;::::;,;~~Q,. u&t, ngu m ta tra n g chu oi , san , kho ai. a
vUn g kha can han, ngum dan cM
yeu son g ban g n gh e chan
nuoi va trang ngo .

PHATTRIE N
CO' so ha tan g thap kern ,
du emg bo , duemg sat va men
luc khong dam baa la nh un g
ngu yen nha n chinh can tro
su ph it tr ien cua rat nh leu
q ua e gla ehau Phl. Phan tan
~ ';""('jjfftM cac nuoc d ua vao cae kh oan va)' eua I--- - - Xem them - - - ---\
cae nuoe ph uong tay va cac ngan LI CH SU CH AU PHI1 8
hang qu 6c te d€ tran g trai ch o cac TR UNG PHI 136
chu ang trinh ph ;ir trien D ONG PHI 2 13
NA M PHI 6 11
TAy PHI 727

15
 CHA

f.?O:r SQNG CHINH TRJ; CONGO LESOTHO SAo TOM E vA

a CHAU PHI Dien tich : 342 00 0 km I
Dien tich : 30.3 5 5 krn?
PRINCIPE

Tnr mot so ruroc, hau he r cac qu ae gia Dan 56 : 3.999 .0 0 0

Dan 56 : 17 9 5.000
Dien tich : 96 4 km I

doc lap cua chau Phi eo lanh tho wong Thu do: Brazzaville
Thu do : Maseru
Dan 56 : 157 .000

do ng voi lanh tho cua nhUng thuoc dia Thu do: Sao To me

rna cac qu ae gia nay thay the. Cho den

nhong narn 1960 , hau her chau Phi van CONG HOA DAN CHU l§~§ LIBERIA
CONGO
:: ! Dien tich : J 113 70 km I SENEGAL
la m ot phan cua cac de qu a e phuong
Dien tich : 2.3 4 5 .4 10 km I
Dan so: 3.28 3 0 00 Dien tich : 19 6. 19 0 km I

Tay Vao cuot nh ung narn 198 0 , gan Dan 56: 59.319. 660
Thu do: Monrovia Dan 56: J 1.6 58. 00 0

nhir tat d . cac mroc nay da gi anh diroc Thu do : Kinshasa

Thu d b: Dakar

doc lap , ruy nhien nhieu chinh phil

duoc voi va thiet lap thea kieu phuong
Tay. Nh un g nha cam quyen thuong tro DJIBOUTI
Dien rich : 23 .0 00 km I

• ~~~n~~ch
17 59 540 km I SEYCHELLES
thanh cac nha doc tai hoac la ng uOi nam Dan 56 : 5 .6 73.00 0
Dien tich : 45 5 km I

gi(r quan doi. Tuy nhien, trang nhUng Dan 56: 793 .0 00
Thu do : Tri poli
Dan 56: 80 .6 54

Th u do : Djbo u ti
Thu do: Victoria

narn gan day, cac qu a e gia nay eo xu the

chuyen dan sang che 09 dan chu , MADAGASCAR
~ AICAp Dien tich: 58 7.0 40 km I
SIERRA LEO NE
. . . . . . Dien tich : 1.00145 0 km I Dan 56: 18 .606000
Di¢n rich : 71 .740 km I

Dan 56: 78 .8 87. 0 07 Thu d6: Ant anan ariv o

Dan 56: 5 525.000

Thu do : Cairo Thu do: Freetown

MALAWI
.1. GUI NEA XICH BAO Dien tich: 118 .4 80 km I
SOMALIA
Dien tich : 28 .0 5 [ km i
Dan so: 12 .88",,00 0
Di¢n rich: 637 .6 57 km 2

Dan 56: 504 .0 0 0

Thu do : Lilon gwe
Dan 56: 8 .228 .00 0

Thu do : Malabo
Th u do : Mo gadishu

MALI
ERITREA Dien tich: 1.240.000 km 2 NAM PHI
Dien rich : 117.600 km I
Dan 56: 13.5 18.000 Dien tich: 1.21 9.9 12 km I
Dan 56: 4.4 01.0 00
Thu do : Bamako Dan 56: 4 7.4 3 2.000
Thu d6 : Asma ra
Thu do : Preto ria

MAURITANIA
ETHIOPIA Dien tich : 1.03 0.7 00 km I SUDAN
............ Dien tich : 1. 127 . 127 krn­ Dan 56 : 3.0690 00 Dien rich : 2.50 5.810 km I
Dan 56: 7 5 .067 .0 0 0 Thu do: Nouakchott Dan 56: 36.992 .49 0
Thu do : Ad dis Abab a Thu do : Khart oum

MARITIUS
BURKINA GABON Dien tich : 2.04 0 km I
SWAZILAND
Di ~n tich : 27 4 .20 0 km I Di¢n rich : 2 6 7. 66 7 km I
Dien rich : 17.363 km I

Dan 56: 1. 145000

13.228.000 Dan 56: 1.3 84 .00 0

Dan 56: 1.0 32 .00 0

Thu do : Port Lou is

Oua gado ugo u Thu d6 : Libreville

Thu d6 : Mb abane

_ GAMBIA
Dien rich : 11.300 km I
• ~~~~C;~5 5 0 kmI ~
~
TANZANIA
Dien tich : 945 .087 km I
Dan 56: 33 .24 1.259

Dan 56 : 1.5 17.0 0 0 Dan 56 : 3 7.84 9. 133

Thu do: Rabat

Thu do : Ban jul Thu do : Dod oma

CAMEROON GHANA MOZAMBIQUE TOGO

I Dien tich: 4 7 5.440 km I Dien rich : 80 1.5 9 0 km I

Dien tich : 239 .460 km I

Di¢n rich: 56.7 85 km I

16 322. 0 00 Dan 56: 19.792 000

Dan 56: 22.113 000

Dan 56: 6 .0 0 0.000

Yaounde Th u do: Maputo

Thu d o : Accra
Thu do : Lome

GUINEA N AMIBIA ~ TUNISIA

Dien tich : 24 5.857 km I
Dien tich 8 24 .4 18 km I
~ Di¢n rich: 16 3 .61 0 km 2
Dan 56: 9.4 02 .0 0 0
Dan 56: 2.03 1.00 0
Dan 56: 10. 102 .000
Thu do: Cona kry
Thu do: W indh oek
Thu do: Tun is

e~~ CONG HOA TRUNG PHI GUINEA-BISSAU NIGER UGANDA

D i~n rich : 622 .98 4- krn ?
1..-",,",,-------1 Dien rich : 36 .1 20 km I
Dien tich : 1.2 6 7.000 km I Di ~n tich: 236 .040 km I

Dan so: 4-.0 38 .000 Dan 56: 1 5 86.00 0

Dan 56 : 13.9 57.0 00 Dan 56 : 27 .6 16.000

Th u 00 : Bangui Thu d6: Bissau

Th u d6: Niam ey Th u db: Kam pala

I CHAD
Dien tich : 12 84 .00 0 km I

Dan 56 : 9.749.0 00

BO BIEN NGA
Dien rich: 322 .4-60 krn­
Dan 56 : 18 .15 4-.000
. - - . NIGERIA
- - - Dien rich, 923 .7 6 8 km I
Dan 56 : 131.5 30 .000
ZAMBIA
Dien tich: 752 .6 18 km I
Dan 56: 1 1.6 6 8.0 00
Thu do: N'Djam ena
Thu do: Yamoussa ukro Thu do : Abuja Thu dc>: Lusaka

COMOROS KENYA ~~~ RWANDA ZIMBABW E

Dien tich : 2. 170 km 2 Di¢n rich : 580. 6 50 km I • Dien rich : 2 6 .338 km I Dien rich: 390.7 57 km I
Dan 56: 79 8.0 00 Dan 56 34 .2 56.0 00 Dan 56 : 90 3 8.0 00 Dan 56: 13.0 10.000
Th u d6 : Moron i Thu d6: Nairobi Thu do : Kigali Thu do: Hah are

16
 CIIAU l'IlI
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - _ .
f:::,. rn o • • KHoANGsAN
NtH Cong7rinh f hll <10 Thanh TIIJllh
eli d.u pho JO'n Chau Phi f at giau kh oan g san nln r
r h(~nho .
Wl lr! u
do ng, qu an g si t, van g va chung da
duoc khai thac tr en 2.00 0 narn nay. Van g duoc kh ai
s6 LI~U TH6NGKE tha c 6 vun g rirng nui phia tay ch au Phi va duo c cac
n ha bu 6n ch au Phi vim chuyen q ua sa mac Sah ara, sau
Dien tich 18 .583 .7 64 km 2
do xu at khau sang chau Au va cha u A. Trang th oi ky
Dan so : 909 .478 .20 3
th uo c di a, khoang san duo c khai thac nhieu , Ngay rat
So quoc gia 09Clap: 5 3 nay. Narn Phi , Zimbabw e, Zambia va C6ng hoa dan
Nui cao nha t: Kilim anjaro chu Congo la cac nuoc co nhirn g khu rna diro c c6ng
(Tan zania) 5 .8 95 m nghiep hoa. Nlnmg khu rna nay cung cap nhirng
Song da; nhat: Son g Nile, kho an g san nhu van g, kim m on g, do n g va ur an ium . Thiel bl khoan khong ,,) lanh Irerl! ituoc
6 69 5 km
uliNi /rang c 6n~ nghlep kiJai /hac veng.
Ho 1611 n hat : Ho Victoria , Cae vu eong I¢e Dogan

69 .48 4 km 2 IMali} dang bi@u di~n mot

di~u nhay dam ma (anh phai)

MAT N~ VA NHAY MU t\
Nganh ngh e chin h: Nang B "!;' Ci e d ieu vi) mat na d voc !lieu d ien lron g n h ic u
nghiep eong dong Till' :) T ru n g Ph i, <M ng vai tro qllan
trong tro t g c.ic S\ l ki~ 1 xii ho i. Kh i J11,~ e ira 11 g
ph uc xon g. n guoi bieu d i"l1 sf deo 111.).1 n~ co
D h in uhan va t lll.l rninh m uon h o a l ra n ~ va
CAPE VERDE (huang deo them cae mi cng gil sal' so: «in 1 trai)
Nam 6 Dal Tay Duong, Die u nh.iy, loi hi t, am d icu cilllg eta ho a lran g
nucc Congh6a Cape h o a ( ll ly ~ n vao n na u. lua ng tnrng eha c.i lite gio;
Verde each bo bi@n th an lin h ],\n Ihe gioi co n ngu61.
Senegal 620 km. Dan
so'eila quan dao niiyla SUNG cHAu PHI
463.000 ngui» nhung Do hi"h da"g ong "hu cluec sling min
so'dan eila Cape Verde c u diem cue dong nia lue ala ehall Pili co
a
s6ng nut»: ngoai M adeira te" 1,1 "slmg cflau Phi" Day Iii m¢t trong
nhi@u gap doi can so' I I~ltl'" lJ=' f) (Jo .\' /'o j O R..;\ BAT . "hung vling ngflli o nllJt rile' giG! VOl
nay MORO C C O ~\ l( ~ nguan Iili nguyen Ih,en nhren il 01. Nliiing
Qua il drio Canarv 1" I cuoenOI cluet: va han hjn gan clay ria
(l111 '<1. · l ;h· B{lIl ~·; W ) · 1) ~
/ kl,ien 'lang ngiJin nguin thiel mang vii
I.AAYOUi'I, O A LGERIA nluell nguOikhac lam
Ta r .\·ah(l r(/~ LIBYA vao eanl] va gfa cu.
( iii .\I (II~-" -":" (~ ! " :oir "It, I
Chi l ItJ~b; S&.. · ,I AI

/
Ie - J
a a ~"'...r - ­
I:\IA U R ITA NIA '
":. a
CAPt: o NOUAKCIJO TT
VE({D E NI GE
PRA IA 0 /
CHAD
if6 ,.l\l ,­
GllIel
'un I JlfJmrn
•
'\,\
1\
/1- ­
I. <:>

. U,llIl Q li TI - ~el" ~
d ll
O ,\ lJUJs f\JI AUn } 1I Ph:.:'
E T H [0 ] ' ( A ,,'\" /
H,; '!>o.~/
sAo TOME vA
Tur ko",) \ ,' /
.O~I ()( ; A l lI S ll l
PRINCIPE

Xi('h don
OuJn dao nUl IV-a Sao Tome va

D -1 /
•
KHU BAoTON I, i 1 r
8 9ng v~ t & cha u Phi nhicu ANI OLA
I ca ve so Iuo'ng Em so loai.
Tuy nhien , tra n g the ky
tru&c, nhi eu Joai d9ng, thuc v I \
v~ t da bj tuyet chung. Khi oat A ;-';TA \' i\ :\ i\ RI\ 'O
dai bien tbanh cac tran g trai va ~
khu con g nghiep , nhieu 10ai Q WI:<DIIOI,K 0
oQng vat cia khOng con chO sinh
song . Ngoai ra nan san b~ n bira Z
bai cu ng khien cho so lUQ11g don g 0
\'~ t giam o i nhanh ch6 ng . De M.o
v~ 09ng vat kh6i bj tuy¢t ch ung ,
CA PE 1'0\\ '7'0
THlfaC Ti l~
nhieu chinh phu chau Phi cia lhanh o 4UO 800 km
lap nh u.ng khu bao ton r9ng 1611, & iHtli ­
ffdo Vt;lfIg
.,.'
~..:-_ _~_.... 06 vi~c san b~n bi n ghi ern cam. o 400 80 0 d. m

17
~--- --- -- -- - ­ - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

AFRICA. HISTORY OF

L JCH SUCHAD PHI

TRONG PHA.N LON CHIEU DAI qCH SU CVA MINH, chau Phi each bier voi
the gim ben ngoai. Sa mac Sahara cat dirt soi day lien lac nr mien bac toi mien
nam, tnr nh-cmg hr khach deo dai nhat. Do do, cac dan toe chau Phi da phat a
trien mot each doc lap. Khoang nam 1200 truce Cong nguyen, nhirng de che
IOn manh va giau co nhu Ai Cap co dai da xuat hien. Cac de che nay da Ian hrot NGu 61 BANTU'

svp do nhung nhieu eong trinh kien true va di tieh do so van con ton tai. itch Da so nguoi dan (y '\ Chau Phi

vimg phia nam

SlY chau Phi con duoc truyen lai qua cac the he bang nhirng bai hat. Ngu 61 chau
chau Phi co goc
Au khong he bier den nen van minh nrc r& nay eho den nhirng nam 1400, khi gac la ngum Bantu \
N g uCnBantu von a f
ho tham hiem toi bo' bien phia tay chau Phi. Ngay sau do, ho da dung tau cho' m ien tay cua chau
hang ngan ngu61 chau Phi sang chau Au va chau My de lam no le. Hinh thirc PhI tir narn 3000 den 2000 tr uoc
Cong nguyen Ho di chuyen xuong
"b uon ban" nay da tan pha nhieu e¢ng dong truyen thong. Vao cuoi the ky
phia nam khoang narn 400
XVIII, nguoi chau Au tran VaG lanh tho chau Phi va trang vorig hai mum
nam da "chia nhau" xong chau luc nay. Phan IOn chau Phi bt
ngu61 chau Au thong tri eho den tan nhung nam 1950 khi ' ~
cac nuoc thuoc dia nay lin hrot gianh diroc . ~I
doc lap . N gay nay, cac dan = '''"~~.' ,'~
1
toe a chau Phi da diroc giaj \\
phong khoi sir eai tri cua
n gu01 nuoc ngoai. Lal but5n
nga val

D AI ZIMBABWE
Thanh pho cla cua Dai Zimbabwe
lil [rung tam thuong mai, chinh
tri, ton giao 100 ella mien narn
chau Phl uong suor (he ky XIV.
Chari DUOI, kriai thac v~mg,
dong. siL da lam cho than h pho
nay tro' nen tru phu. Ngum Dai
Zimbabwe XUaL khau san ph am
ella ho sang cac cang ven bien
cua Sofala (ngay nay thuoc
Mozambique) rbi thea duong be

: ~~;1 1

ben chau Phi toi ARap.

Dan 6ng cem glao

va khlen bao ve
~ Nhiing re» Tuong thanh Quae xay ,
gia sue
tuong thanh. nha lap ra dung bJng nhiing khOl
da grenn Ion.

Phe tich Great Enclosure (Hang rao LOn) (; Da: Zimbabwe

CHIMDA
B EN IN
Vuong quae Bemn 6' Tay Phi phat
Nhung ,can chim duoc kh~.CC .." .1
bang cia xteatit tren ~
trien qrc thinh tv the ky XIV aen nhfrng cay Cal dung baa /
XVII. Ngu m dan 6' clay buon ban quanh Dal Zimbabwe.
Mot lrong nhfrng can
nga voi, hat tieu, dau co va no Ie
chlm da nay Ga tro- thanh
vOi. Bb Dao N ha. Ngoai ra, ho can bleu wong q uoc gla cua
noi tieng vOi. ngh~ thuat clue clbng. ZImbabwe tu khl nuac nay
Anh ben tral ]a mot mat na clue glanh duQ'C d¢c. lap vao
bang clbng ella ngum Benin. nam 1980.

18
 r.icn SI! e ll ,\ U Pili
,--- - - - - - - -- - -

XAu xE CHAu PHI

Ch o den nhung nam 1880, SU' xam chiern
chau Ph i cua n gU'01 cha u Au m oi chi
glOl han 6' cac rung ven bien va thung
lun g lon ven song Th e nh ung , cac
CU'on g qu oc chau Au lai muon co
nhi eu thuoc dia 6' n uoc ng o3.I .
Tran g suet nhung nam [8 80 va
1890 , cac quo c gia ch an Au dua
nhau xarn chiem da t dai 6' chau
Phi va den na m 19 00, hau het
chau Phi da roi vao tay ngU'01
chau Au Nhim g quoc gia con
doc lap la vuong qu oc cu cua
Eth io pia 6' m ien dong va nu o c
khong co che do no le, Liberia, cy
rmen tay Birc tranh biem hoa ben
(anh trai) nham ch i l1UCYC Dire giang
\ 1111 1',0111"
nhu m o t con chirn dang
"lao xuon g" chau Phi CUOC CHIEN CVA
NGUOI ZULU
MQt so dan to e chau Ph i kicn
qll yet dau tranh ch ung tra nguoi ch au Au , Sau nam 18 38, to e ngu(Yl Zu lu 0' mien
nam chau Ph i no i da y cho ng lai ngucl'J Boer (nguOi Ha Lan di n h cu) , sau do d t'll
ng uoi Anh Tuy nluen. thir; dan An h da danh bn ngu(Yi Zulu vao nam 18 79 . am
o
18 87, dat dai cua nguoi Zu lu rro thanh Ih u9 Cdl a cu a Anh . tre n la hi nh anh ng uoi
An h da ng ra sue choc th tm g pho n g tu yen cua ng ll'o i Zu lu .

cHAu PHI
700- 120 0: Vuo ng
qu ae Ghana (y T.iy Phi
th inh VU'!11g nho: h uo n
ban qua sa mac ven nguiri
A Rap.
800- 1800: VUO'Ilg q uoc
Kane rn -Boruu .
Nhim g nam 1200: Cac ihan h p ho
lhua n g rna; no ro 0 vimg ven bien
DOC LAP ph ia dong ,
Ne n doc lap da de n VOl h all h el cha u Ph) sa u n am 19 5 6 nhirng 1235·· I 500 : Vuong qucr Mall.
ch u a h an da mang lai boa bi nh va thinh vuc!'n g cho cae q u oc gla 1300 - I 600 . VlfllD g 'l UOC Benin ,
m oi n a y Nan do i, han han kh ie n cuoc song ng u o: da n vo cung Nhlmg n.un 1300 : D,~ I ZImb abwe
kh o cue , ha n mra m o t 56 q ua e. gla con bi chia ca r boi n oi c hien ph.it t ricn man h.
Co m ot so it q u a e gla d u y rri d iroc e hin h ph u dan sir rna kh on g 1350- 159 1: Vuong q ua e Song hai.
p hai rrai qua che d o d oe. tai qu art S Uo Na rn 19 6 4 , Malawi (truoc 1500 - nh ll1lg nam 1800: Ng lri)'j
chau Au d ua ngmn cha» Phi 'ang
d ay la Ny asa land) rro than h nuuc dor JaP tim 35 c ua cha u Plu
Tre n day la canh ky mern n gay doc lap
cha u My Li m n il W
TO (I-n I C THO NG NHAT 1838- 1879 : j gu;n Zulu dH~n g
_ \ 1;1 i ngu iYi Boer \'a ng lien Anh
CHEDO APARlliEID ~Al.! PHI . . . .' , _ Nhimg nan) 1880: Oa ph,ln
Che d o chm h tn eua eae quae gla eh au chau Phi hi ngtriJi ch,lu Au
am 1948 , Dan g Qu ac gla Nam Phi len
Ph i kh ong glong n lta u , nhlrn g 110 eo \ thau l[lm .
cam quyen CY Nam Ph I thi ha nb chi nh ch u ng n hfrng m o i q uan tam : Sl,!' ng heo 195 7- 19 75: Phan IOu
sach phan bi et chung t(:>c apartheid, te
oo i, trang thiel h j y n g heo nan, glao cha ll Phi de)e lap
tu c la m oi gu yen luc deu n ~m trang d uc tha p kern. Na rn 19 6 3 , To chue 199 0: Nami l)la
tay ngu01 da td n g con n gu01 d a den thong lIMt chau Phi (OAU) d u O'c tha n h doc lap.
l~p nham th uc da y, tan g CU'Cm g ll nh
bI tu cyc bo ra t nhi eu q uyen , trang d6
c10an ket, h op tac kin h te, y le va n hll11g

c6 qu yen bau cU'. Nam 1990 , D<l.l hoi

eh in h sach kha e giira 5 I q uae gla lh an h
Dan t(:>c Phi (ANC) , mol phong trao dan
t9c bI cam cua ngU'01 da oen do Nelson
Man dela Imh d<).o , da duQ'c hQ']J phap
bOa, roi cac lU?Lphan bie t chung to c bt
bai bo . CUQc bau cu tv do Ian dau nen
da duQ'c to chuc vao na m
19 9 4 .
Vl en Tre n da y la h ai nh an Vle n th u o e
dOll VI Y te cua GAD d an g dl eU tn ella I--- - X em them ­
cae na n nhan eua eu oc nQi cln en CIIAt PHt 14
V UONG Qu ac 8ENl ~ 87
NELSON MANDELA Al C A P c6 DAI 221.1
Nam 1994, Nelson Mandela (all.h lr<iI) , m ot N Gl ;OI T II;;N S(! , 17
nhil l<iIl.h dao cua DaJ ho i D<U'I t6e PIll (ANC), O l E DO CH TloM I IGt.: :-;0 LI; 603
da tra th<iIl..h ta ng thon g Nan1 1']11

 A FRICA N W IL DLI FE

D Ol SONG HOANG DA (j CHAD PHI

D61 SONG HOA NG DA 6 CHAu PHI v o d mg
phon g phu . Baa gepa, loai ch ay nhanh nhat the
giOi, son g 6' chau Phi , san m oi tren d6ng co.
Ca sau khong 16 son g Nile an minh d troi
don g son g. Nhimg dan bo rung, ngva van, ~-.M!IJI.
0 Sa mac trau rung lang thang tren cac d6ng co cling
::::J Rling on dm voi loai vat tren can 16n nhat the giOi la voi
Daytun va loai chim 16n nha t la da dieu. Khi dot va
'I Ban 00
• Rung nhle t (fOi
C Dong co nhlet (fal
nay chi'
,i
ra nh0r7g mOl
tinh tinh son g trong cac rlmg mira 6' gifra chau
twang song Phi. Tren sa mac Nam ib va Kalah ari, nh irn g noi co G VTEN ouoc GIA
D§m!§y a
chinh cMu Phi th u oc hang kho can nhat Trai da t, dum bong N hi eu vu ng hoa n g da cua
cha u Phi b l pha h u y de lay
nhun g cay xu ong r6 ng khong 16, nh fm g ca n go va oat can h iac Cbng V H~ n
th an Ian cha n n gan dang an minh tr anh ran quoc gia Koru p 6' Cameroon
ch uo ng . Mac du nhieu da t dai 6 ch au Phi da Ia kh u run g mira it br tan
p ha nhat 6' cha u PhI :J gay
duo c ca n n gu oi chuyen th anh dat canh tac nay , kh u rU11g nay da tro
nhung 6' day van can rat nhieu vung hoan g da. th an h khu baa to n q uoc gla
va OUCK baa vi:

XAVAN
K~n k~n AI Cap c6 -----=~

Nhung oong co 6' c ha u PhI duo c go l la xavan. Day la not

d§u va cd troc;

HUau CAO CO tni ngu cua nhieu loai thu Ian n hu vo i. te glac , n gua van ttvsc an coe chung

H uou cao co la oong vat cao n ha t va suonr. Xavan chiem 1/ 4- dicn rich cha u Ph I, chu yell' la xac thol.

tr en Tr ai oat , co n due co th e cao t61 nam 6' p hia dong va ph ia na m .

5 m . Cha n va co da i glUp chu n g v61
duoc nlnrn g can h cay cao b an \\1
cac can val khac DUal cua ~V"
~ Ctnm di~ u laloal chuyen gle't ri3n,
, hirou cao co dai , ram , "
.'1'
. ., song tren cac aong co
,..1.\\"" 1,_. ~ lon g d un g ae dap 'ruo i
. .~ ~ VUNG DAM LAy
va n lurn g lo ai co n
tru n g khac,
CH Au PHI
Vung clam I~y ch au Ph i bao
LINH cAu gam cac clam I ~ y va ho. Day
Linh ca u la loai san m oi v ~ dem va an bat ke
tlur gi rna chung gap nhu de, dum, ran , h oa qu a ' Ia noi tru ngu cua nhieu loai 101
va phan con m oi do can Va l kh ac an thira de nuoc nhu co, vac, bo nong , hon g
lai. Mac du co hi nh dang gi6ng cho nhung hac, nhieu loai ca nhu ca phOl, cae dan
chung co ho hang gan vOi loil.! mangur. ca cichlid va nhUng loai ca kha c. Tren sa
cAy DOT BON NGON m 9-C Kalaha ri, ca sau va ha rna minh an
Cay dui bOn ngon cu n g th uQc ho trong cac d am say 6' luu vu e song
mangut. Thu'c an cua chung la ca n Okavango - oc GaO IOn n ha LTrai Gal.
trung, than Ian va nhung loai oon g
vat nho khae Chung tlman g
Halcan ha ma duc danh nhau de'
oi trong mot khu V\IC
tranh glanhtanh thO.
co dinh de tim thuc
an . Cay dui bOn ng on
song th anh bay, da o
h an g oe 6' va o e can. llAMA
Mo t co n ha rna tnrang th anh co the n ~ n g

han 2,7 tan va la m ot (fan g n h Ung 10al

TETE o Qng Val tren can nan g nh at. Ban ngay, ha

Co bay IOal te te 6' cha u m a oam m inh tron g bun , so n g ho , chi

PIll va cha u A. Ch un g n ho m~ t , mUl , tal len khOl m ~ t nuac Ban

son g tren cac xavan va o em , ha rna len b6 d€ an co.

tron g cac kh u rilllg Chllllg d tlllg lum dal,

din h de b~ t h en va m ot Te te co th e cuon
trem th an min h nh u q ua bon g d e ttr v~ . I-- - - Xem them - - -- I
Nhful g lop vay xep lap n hau cling glUp V Ol 226

baa ve ch tin g kh ot ke thli S l - TU . HO VA NHUN G LO A! KH AC

TRa NG HOM Ea LON 3'))

L..: . - - - Va s6 loal bo canh c&ngva nhung smh vat khac DOl SONG HO ANG DA aDAM L5, Y 4 17
- ~.---.,..~.
phfm huy va tal tao cM t dmh dl/Orig trong da't
'------ - - - - - - -- - -- - - ­
_ __ ~I
20

 AI R

cAe LOAI ICHI TRaNG

!<HONG KHI DUQC TAO THANH TO' H ON ICHONG ICHI
HQP cac loai khi. Tat d. d¢ng, thuc vat deu \r > Hau he: cac loa I khi
. trong khOng khi deu
can khong khi de ton tai. Chung ta dar ten cho 78%kMng kll! la nita, NitJ
~~. . khong mau,
la tosi kll! 6n dinll hay CD" , :"', khong mui
loai khi d¢ng la gio. Khi di chuyen, khorig khi g {)1 fa/illi Ire, kMng de plliin
lmg, kMng kef IJIlP vOi C.3C ,
tao ra lire ep len moi vat tren du6ng di chuyen
chit !llrac. 1\.. 21la%oxykhongkhi
cua no, lam cho la bi thoi di, dieu bay cao len.
Kh on g khi tinh cung tao ra luc ep. Xung /
f

)11
..
/
/..
I \

~ Dayla loa/ khi

ma con
quanh Trai dat co mot lop khi day khoang < .' ngui» va
'J' / dong vat hit
650 km. Mac du khong khi rat nhe nhung do '\" I th'0,
,/
tang khi nay qua day nen no luon tao ra lire ep J

.
/~ l- -\
/'

xuong moi vat. Tren mat dat, lire ep nay bing v61
luc ep cua 10,4 m nuoc. Chung ta khong nhan thay
Khi",,"h,'m
sire nang cua kh ong khi ep xuong boi vi khong khi

p..).-<"
khoang 1 % trong
-:
ep deu moi phia va chat dich trong co the chung ta //
khongkhi.

cung tao ra sire ep chong lai sire ep khong khi. Cang ... ~
KhOng khi con ctnre luang
nhokhi caebon dioxit,
len cao, ap suat khi quyen cang giam. Vi du nhu .' me tan, krypton, ne ong,
Olon va xenon.
ap suat trong mot may bay dang bay each mat dat
16.000 m bing 1/10 ap suat tren mat dat.
NHAYDU
Bang each tap trimg khorig kln vao canh du, mot chiec
du co the lam tang lire can khong khi, khien du roi nr
tu xuong dar Nguoi nhay du cCmg sir d,mg luc can
khorig khi de dicu chinh roc do tnroc khi rna du, HQ
dang rang chan tay de lam ch am qua trinh roi xuong

LlJC cAN ICHONG ICHI [f

Giong nhu cac chat khac, khong khi cung chiern cho
tra n g khong gian. Vi vay, khi chiec xe hoi chuyen
banh, no se day khOng khi ra khoi Quang chay. Qua
trinh nay tao nen lire can lam xe chay cham lai Xe a to
hien dai duoc thiet ke v61 hinh dang thuon de giam lire
can cua khong khi. Cae thiet ke m6i duac thu nghiem
trang ham gio v6i luong khi cuc m~nh thai vao xe mau.
I U

f-~--~7' "
AP SUAT KHf QUYEN
Ap suat khi quyen co rat nhieu tae
dung trong dm song hang ngay. Vi du,
ong xi phong dung luc day cua ap suat
khi quyen de lam can be ca khi qua ,
'f8J
1/

ONGHUT
day khOng be di duQ'c Nhieu loai may
Ap suat chenh tech se t~o ra su
mac lam viec co su dung ap suat khi chuyen dong cua chat 16ng va
quyen. Born khong khi vao lop xe du6i chat rin Vi duo khi chung ta
tae dung cua ap suat se lam cho lop dung ong hut nuac, phoi Clla
cling rna van deo de giam chan dong chung ta giong nhu m¢t cai
cho hanh khaeh khi ill tren duang. bom lam giam <ip suat & tren
be mat nuac trang ong hut.
Nhieu cong cu nhu may bat vit va
Ap suat ben ngoai ong hUt cao
may khoan bang khi nen
TAu D~M ICHI han nen nuac trong ong hut
hoat dong bang khOng Mot rang khi bi ep hay can goi la duQ'C day len va vao t01 mieng
khi 6' ap suat cao, duO'c dem khOng khi giCr cho tau d~m khi chung ta,
tao ra b6i born co the noi tren mat nuac va phan
cO' hoc cteu suc nang cua tau. £lieu nay cho I- - - -Xem them- - - -I
phep tau dem khi co the di qua cac KHiQuyBN63
Cimh quat 100 tao dam lay, tren mat nuac, tren tuyet ThAI DAT 210
luc dffy va lam rna khong bi chim xuong. Mot canh KHt OXY 497
banh lai quat Ian tao ra dem khong khi nang 6 NHJEM 528
tau len kh6i mat nuac. THO! TIET 724
mem.

21
 AIRCRAFT'

MAY BA Y
G AN 100 NAM r mroc. Ge di qua D\li Tay Duong. con tau nh an h nhat MAy BAY PHAN UJC
( ung gion g nhu tat ca may ba y phan lire
cling ph ai mat h011 mot tuan . Ngay nay. m ay bay phan lire cho khach co IJ1aC, may bay Boeing 14 7-4 00 co Lhe ba y
th e thuc hien ha nh trinh dai 4 .800 km nay trang ch ua Gay bay giG. May len tren cac dam ma y de tranh thor tiet xau .
Khong khi tran g cabin (I LIa c nen va Cllll g
bay Ia ph ucm g tien di chuyen nhanh nha t vi ch ung khong g~ p pha i cac cap o· ap suat phu hop etC bao ve ch o han h
va t can nhtr nui ha y dai duong. Nh ung G¢ng co phan lire khoe co th e d u a khach va phi hanh doan khoi hicn LlIang bi
ru: ap sua t kh o ng khi va thieu oxy khi 0­
m ay bay chien Gau dar too van te e 3.2 00 km/h , nhanh gap ba Ian van toe rren cao .
' . =
am th an h . May ba y phan lire th on g thuorig cung bay GUQ'c voi van toe
tren 850 km /h . N QG cong nghe tien tien, may bay h ien dai co th e ba y an
/,

!l(]

•
_ !l tJ
\- .

Benn xc may bay fbo banh ha canhJ

dUIlC gjp VaGtrong than maybay
khi bay aJ glam (!lCcan.

May bay ctio khach Boeing 747,400 c6

thJ cM cuoc 412 nglfOi va bay lien tuc
tren quang aUOng 13.600 km.

Raaa gJUP nguo-i lai biet ouoc tinh

liinh thoi tie't trong vong320 km
oJ tranh ouoc bao.

T Au BAY
Tir tau bay dung de chi nhU:ng khi cu bay co ae
DIEUKHIEN MAy BAY canh bao gam ma y bay true than g. tau luon , tau
Moi may bay den co ba bo phan dieu khien chinh: can ga dieu treo va m ay bay. Hau h et m ay bay lo ai IOn va
khi en toe o¢ ; ban dap ban h lai de lai sang phai ho ac trai ; can dieu m ay b ay qu an str deu co
khi en de Iai m ay bay bay len, ha xuo ng hoac ch ao nghien g. Phi d¢ng ca phan hrc de co the
con g luon dung ba bo phan nay de di eu khien ma y bay bay nhanh va cao hon . NhU11g
~. o¢ng co ph an [IlC rat oa t tien va
De'chao nghieng, nguo: lai aua
can di~ u khie'n sang tr,i i hoac
. l
)) to n nhien lieu, vi vay rat nhieu
phi ! di njng cac canh Iieng a MAy BAY QUAN SAT loai m ay bay nho sir dung can h
m¢t ben canhngang vaha cec Loai may bay nay co rhiet ke da c b iet quat, giong nhu nhimg ch iec
cimh Mng 0- ben csnn ngang kia. de 1 gu o'i n g6 i tren m ay b ay & dan g
m ay bay thol ki dau .
q uaIl sat dum mat d.i t, tlr cac " If I ~ C
'. Banh lai do cao nghc' l1 giao tho n g <ten cac can h d6ng .
~ ...... TH UY PHI co
..-" , DJ baylen hay xuong, nguOi May ba y la phu on g ti ~n rat thu ~ n lQl de
''' ' -. .r lai ~iy hoackeo can di~ u -~
den n hirng vun g sau, xa . Thu i phi cO" co
L::. khien, nanghoac ha canh lai th e h a va cSt ci n h tn':n m ~t n ucYc b~ n g he
~ d¢ cao 0- duoi may bay. th on g phao th ay vi cae banh xe m ay bay.
t';\ I

~~2~d~ng ~
De' bay sang phin haysang ~. \ . ~, MAy BAY PHAN l V C
tral, chan cCa nguOi lai
aaP VaG ban aap canh lai
hUOng lam quay canh lai
r ~ \
OJ
. .'
;jf:;q ,../'~? H~ng n am , may bay phall It.rc cha
hang ti n gu (Yi q ua lllnJ:n g l¢ lrin h
dai. Ha ll h(:t cac m ay bay phan [trc

~~

duoi au-ng 0- duoimaybay, deu co don g CO" phan lu c. Cac cl¢ng

CO' n ay rat khoe va kh on~ _ _ •

.b1l
< /-// ....,y-
Giang nhlf khl xe aaP di
aucmg vong, may bay phal
v~o --_ .
MAy BAY COl CORDE
May bay COllcor dc la )o ai
may ba y sieu am ch cr khi ch , tLTC la
chLll1g O J the hay n hanh h Oll \" ~ 11 t6 c inTI
(" nghleng canh khi vong. DJ lam
aUllcnhuvay, nglfOilai diJng than h . Tre n l hlfe Ie. ma y bay COllcorc.1.e bay q lla Da i
aang thOi ca can a~~u khiJnva ban Ta y DUO"Il g tro ng '()JJg clnr,l ck n bo n gia . n aoh gap hai Lin
aap canh lal hlfOng ae maybay vCra cae m ay ba y cho ' khdCh th un g lit rimg kha c. T uy lh ie n , d¢llg CO"
nghleng vCra sang ngang ciJng Iuc. cua lo?i ma y b ay na ) l ~ ' gay o n \'.1 t6n n hie u nh icll !i t' ll hUll.
22

 - 7
M AY RAY .r>: r-7 :---1
.: //Ij'~ i --
Moi phJn euakhung may bay o~u / / / -If /I

PhJn than may bay GUIlC duoc ki~m nghi~m nghiem ngat o~ / / 1/
I~ ",£:If
' -_ _ Phi cong SI!

Ng{m trong phia tren

ghe la o~ hanhIy
lam b§ng cec tam tot: oam baa b6 phannay ehiu ol,lng
tot khi may bay bay cao va nhanh. .
_ ..' 0:;(~',%/. / /
.~," '(ff//fjJ / If
iT dl,ing OUOI lai, eanh
Ii~ng va benn lai
/LI ...
kim nh6m sieu nhe va
xecn tay cue nenn
khach.

Khoang hanh Iy la
cMt deo t6ng no».
,,"6; M , g '" " ' h ,J, m;y,b'Y
phanIuc xu6i ve phia sau oe giam
~/'!
/ " .
,
':;.
/r;--; zr:. :~;,
Il,Ic can trong khi bay. ..'.,' ' . // ' l Banh lal 00 cao o
II
~
r ouoi may bay co
khoang khong GUile
oieu ap, n§m phia dua;
khoanghanh khach.
Be mat ben trong
OUIlClam b§ng vat
lieu chOng chay.
Khi dn~ cec ~he ng~ coth ~
GUIlC dl ehuyen va xep 1;;11 Ge
/ / /
_ / 1' /
./
/
~(-"- -
/
/1 r .
«>
-
r.;9 th(xoay o~ eMu
khien00 nghleng
teo them khoangtrong __ - ~.~ - '1 eua may bay.
---.1
.-- -­
//---- ~ ' ---2'- --~ ~ ~ I
--=----_

~~ -- --~
-=-~ -~ ­ --- -
BO PHA DIED KHIEN BEN GO Al
MQi ma y bay d eu co m ot du oi lai, can h lai co
ban Ie va du o i de dicu khien ma y bay. 6 ma y
ba y kieu cu. phi ca n g (lieu khien n hlrng bo
pharr nay th on g qua cac SQ1. cap . 6 m ay ba y
hi en dai , cac bo phan n ay duoc die u khi un
--s::- - r. bang di en d uoi su tro' gitip cu a may i inh . He
tho ng na y duoc gQi Ia h ~ tho ng bay ban g da y
dan . Sau na y co the se co m ay ba y bay nh o
~ ~~ Kh6ngkhi chuye'n G,ong phia dum anh san g co kh u di eu kh ien ho ar d on g bang

~
' , canh tao nen Iuc oay S01 cap quang .

,--",,~::::::.._--,-_=~L------ ~~ - - -, I~
cenn lai co ?an cua canhmay

• ~ ! - bay dung de nghiJ§ng may bay

May bay phanluc co cac tam OUIlC goi la canh /i{;ng

cANH chong luu oae bi~t. Cac ta'm -----::> - -...
May bay ba y duo c la n ho co cac luo ng chOng luu nay quayxuongdua; o~ ...---<- '. - . -... . esc canh nho xep goc
klu day canh m ay bay len. Onh m ay tao them tuc can khi may --- nh§mtang soc nang G~
bay tlmang con g len p hia tre n kh ien bay bay cham tw ac ~- - giam chi plii nhien li~u .
kho n g khi thOi qua da u may bay se luc ha canh. Khl f ---:" ~.,~1K'~~~~~:;\lli'i;:~
··
ch u yen do n g n han h h011 va bi tan ra may bay bay 6' " ( : : "" ' ~I.

lam lu c nen gia m . Phia du6i canh, tOc 00 cao, phi \ '. -I ; 1

khong kh i cllUyen do ng cha m h(m va

cong sekeo la'm
nay vao G~ giam
,',
b e,
I NHUNG PHI CONG NOI nENG I
tao th an h luc da y. Do da, m ay ba y bj luc can.
htit len kho n g trung va duuc d ay len
til be n duai . Bon oong ca phan Iuc
oiy may bay oj trong
hfrng ngay dau khi mm xua r may bay hi~n , I
khong trung.
aa thOi thUc nhung ng u CYi can dam lap ky
l\lc Nam 191 9 , John Alcock va Arthur
LKH SU MAy BAY Whitten Braw n , nguCYi Anh, da thvc hien
Vao cuoi nhfrng na m 1840 , n ha p ha t minh nguCYi An h la
chuyen bay lien tv c vuot qua Dili Tay Duong
George Cayley da lap d uQ'c chiec tau luon ch& duQ'c m ¢t
tre n m ¢t ch iec may bay co cua buang lai rna
nguCYi bay trang khong trung . Ngay sau do, rat nhieu
toang. Tam nam sau, nam 192 7, phi cong
n gu CYi da thu lam ra cac cO may dua ta bay len ,
hie dau la suo dVng dong ca ho1 nua c, ..-<::""'= " ~.~ nguCYi M)T la Charl es
Lind bergh da m ¢t mi nh

sau la d¢ng ca ch",y xang. Tuy nhien, ,

vuot qu a Dai Tay

ch i aen nhfrng nam dau the ki xx thi

OTTO LILIENTHAL Duong. Ki l\lc nay

anh em n ha Wrigh t m oi che t",o th anh Vao nhuug nam 18 9 0 ,

du Q'c Ame lia Earh art

/': ;.- cong chiec may bay dau tien. O tto Lilienthal, ky su ngu6i Dtic,
(nguCYi My) l~p l\li,
/, x>'>-::. ~~ da ca ch uyen bay bang mot chiec
tau lu a n . m. y la chuyen bay da u
vao na m 19 32 . Nam
/ -J :.~ . ~_ . r v>. tien do n guOi Jai die u khien. ] 93 0 , phl con g
-, / - -­ ANH EM NHA WRIGHT
ngub'i An h la Amy
Johnson (anh phai)
- " ...; . . . . .
Chi ec m ay ba y Flyer cua Orville va W ilbur
-.::J da bay m ¢t m in h tu
Wrigh t da th ~rc h i ~n chu y(:n bay gin do ng
CO' dau tien ca the dieu khien du ac tai
Anh sang Austra lia.
~ 0 Kitt y Haw k, Bk Carolin a, Hoa Ky vao
. "'-- ~~..J ~ ng ay 17 than g 12 nam 190 3 . Mac dil
I ch uy en bay chi keo dai 12 giay n lm n g th Oi
d?i clla m ay bay 0 5 du Q'c m & ra tir do. . I-- - - Xem '"em - - - --1
-- - --~- _/
MUC RAO AM TH ANH
•••_.1
SAl' nA Y 2.5

K HINH KH t c Au vA K HI CAl' 79

Rat nh ieu nguOi a a tirng cho rang rna y - _ _~~~:::~II!!~ D ONG C0 2'0
bay kh on g bao gi a co the dat van toc IOn

MAY BA Y TRl,JC TI IA:'iG 322

ban g van toc clla am thanh. Tu y nh ien , ng ay 14 tha ng

DIEU VA TAu Lt"l,T.'I 377
10 nam 194 7, phi con g nguoi My la Ch uck Yeager
MAy BAY QuAi\ SL' ·1' 7

ch Ung minh di eu do la sai kh i ong pha vO' muc rao am

L ICH S LJ \' ,\~ T '\ I (,7~
thanh vOi chiec BeI1 X -J gin d Qng CO' ten Ilia.
'- ---.J

23
 - -- - - ----- - - -
AIR FORC ES

KHONGQUAN
KHO NG V AN MAy BAY pRAN UJ C, MAy BAY TRVC THANG, MAy BAY
THOr KY DAu
Truc e khi m ay bay ra NEM BOM d6ng m ot vai tr o thiet yell trang ch ien ira nh thoi
doi. q u,l n doi UJ bie[ hien d ai. La m ot b o p han cua kh6 n g q u an , nh ll.11 g loai m ay bay
d ung kh i nli kh i cau va
d ie u d(; (lUall sat va tan
nay co, rae d \ln g h 6- tr o', baao v~ CI10 I'
iai q ua n va b Q b in 11. Chu
In' n g
c6 ng d6 i phu ong. Cae c6 th e tan c6n g vao nh ung m u c tieu rna hai q u an va bo bin h
ph i co ng d.iu tien cua kh6 n g tiep can duo c . May bay d iroc sir cJ ~Jn g ci. "' th am ch ien Ian
kh6n g q ua n bay tren
IIhCrng c1Mc m ay bay d au tien tron g Ch i en
tran h th e gi&i I (1 9 14- I 9 18) . Tro n g Ch ien
b~n g go , v.ii bat va day tranh th e gi&i II ( [93 9- 194 5) . kh6 n g qu an hien dai diro c d u a vao
kim lo ai. Ho tan con g
b~n g ~ lU1g rn.iy va nung 511 du n g, Nh"Crng n gu m phuc \'\1 tran g kho n g quan ph ai thuc
ray nC1l1 nh lrn g qua bo rn hien nhieu c6 ng vice. Phi ha nh doan ga m mot ngu oi lai, m ot
IIh6 tj UJ. khoan g lai.
h o a tieu va m ot xa thu de 511 d\l l1g v11 kh i. Rat nh ieu ngu m khac lam viec duoi m at (t 1t.
N h an vien tran g train rada xa c dinh vi tri m ay ba y doi ph u ong va m ay bay ben m inh . Bin h
lin h trang tram ten lira diroi m at dat c6 n hiem V1,1 bin ro i may b ay dich , Nh an vicn ciru ho
den tr o giu p nh u ug p h i c6 u g bt r oi may b ay xu ong bi en hoac d at li en,
Nh& ky tlwat liie'n Ill! t/long tin truoc mal, phi
Mall hinh va luyell
cong co chJfhay ro cac may moe ouen tr9ng
nl/v wng cap
e
IhOng lin may _ _ _ .~ tr ng khl nhin thJng ve phia I rlfO;
~~c;:;--'-""'~---.,---r---,r===:::$~9b­
· .
bay vii vO M i.
MAy BAY
Kho n g q u an hi en dai sir du ng r~t
80 qu3n ao

~
chOng trang
tuc cua phi cong
nh ieu loai m ay bay
vu cho nh rmg n h ic m
Phl,! C li i tI~:J~~[r:;;7.,LJ..
thich h9'P voi van toc bay vu kh ac nhau . May bay ' " .
ra't nhanh cua may bay. Qu3n Jl ~lIl bom clnra rat nh ieu nh ieu lieu May bay viln tal Jff
b6 cM t /fiy cM n eo cho mau de bay toi nhun g rnu c rieu 6' xa. Ma ~ ~
chay nglfGCve dJu giup phi cang bay van tai va tr u e t11 ~mg vim tai ch6 ~
khong mat tlnh tao nguoi va hang hoa May bay tiem May bay tiem kich
hch !Jill ha cac m ay bay khae va t~l1
Micro va tai nghe duae ggn tren mOphi hanh doan
co ng d c m u c tieu nh 6 . Trl,J'c than g ~ii~
glup h9 Irao dOl thong tm v67 nhau va vai milt M t.
VU lrang h6 IrQ" cha cac dQi q uan
dum m at dat. Trlfc thang v?n tal
KHOANG rAr
Phi c6ng va hoa tieu (an h tren ) dang dieu
khien ch icc m ay bay chien dau F- 15 tu trang
kho'ing lai llam phia lren eling eua than may bay. Truc thilng vOtrang
1 h ung thiet bi va can dieu khien xung qu anh giup

h o dieu khien may ba y, djnh vi quan d6i phuong, SUo

CUu TRO'
Trang th Oi binh , khong
dung vu khL Neu vu khi eua qu an d6i ph u on g b ~n tru ng quan khong pha i tham
vao chiec F-15 , phi hallh doan ~e kich ho ~t thiel bt no du m chien rn a ch i lam n lti¢m
ghe de phOllg khoi khoan g Iii. q U do tiep dat ban g du o Vl,l tuan tieu va n gan

chan cae cUQc 1,111 cong .

Kh i co viec khan cap
n hu nan a oi, clang dar.
PHI HANH DoAN
1m bao , may bay Va !! t,ii
Nh Cmg ngum b m
se van chu yi:n tlll,J'c
Vi ~ l tfell Ill,! )' j ­
I ba r dug c gQi la ,• ....,.~ ..-..~ . ""­
pham va 06 Clnt trg den
cho n ~ n nh an .
pi i hanh doan .

hao go m phi
NH AN VIEN MATDAr
co ng ohoa tieu ­ Nhun g n gu Oi lam viec tren m at

n gll'lYi gi l'IP p hi
dat dugc gQi la lIhan 'lien m at

cun g u! llh h ua n g
dat . Nh iem vl,! clla ho Ia sua I- - - -Xem t!lem-- - ---/
b,l y - va n gucri chua va bao dU6ng ma y bay. M ~ Y fl AY 22
xcp d6' Il,m g hoa , hung ngu Oi pill,! trae h VU kh i K HL 'H K HI , At' v i..KH I CAU 79
neu d61i may dam bao cho may bay chie n Gau
MA Y BA Y l lUJC T HA NG 122
bar van tai.
I)! NH I I LC
U NG T Rt ;o,; BI t :"
Phi cong mang Khl chien Mil, phi Cac nMn vien Iren luon c6 d u born va dan d uae. v A T REN K H0 NG 4(,1
thea ban ke hlinh dol1ll m~ t dM dung tay R ADA 54 !
hoach bay tren IIllfang khong co ra I/leu cho phi Cac kI su kMm Ira may 0 11 ( :-1 TRA NH n il::' GIOl r 7.\7
dju g6i, ph; cong niJ. cong biet cho nao bay ca'n than saumoi C HIE:-I TRA i' 11 n il'! G I U r 1l 73~
dU(Jc ha canl7 chuyen bay.
J
24

 AIRPORTS

SAN BAY

HANG NAN! co TOI HON 100 TRI~U NGU61 qua lai cac san bay tren the HQ CHIIl"u
Nh frn g han h
giOi de dap cac chuyen bay. Han g trieu tan hang cun g diroc chuyen ella kh ach q uo c te
ph ai co ho
b~ng may bay. Du la nguOi hay hang h oa, neu m uon duoc van chuyen
ch ie n de nhan
bang duemg hang khan g deu pha i den san bay. Co mot so san bay eve k ~' da n g. Nhan vien
rong 16n. Ching han, tai san bay qu a e te John. F. Kennedy a thanh pho san b ay dong da u
vao ho ch icu cu a
New York, Hoa Ky, moi ng ay eo toi gan 1.000 may bay eat canh . Nh Cmg han h khach de
may bay q ua e te khong 16 eo the VUQ't qua hang nghin kilomet de den cac chu ng ininh viec ho
n hap can h la h op p hap . Viec su d ung ho
luc dia khac. Nhtrng ma y bay nho han thuorig thirc hien cac chuyen bay chi en da co til" th e ky XVI. nl n m g m oi ch i
n oi dia, van chuyen hanh kh ach den cac rung trong mro c va eo the ha canh d uoc sir dun g r(>ng rai ur h a ll SO narn n ay .
a nhung san bay nho cu a cac thanh pho hay dao . MQi san Tli IMp dieu khi€n
bay deu eo duemg bang de m ay bay chay .~~~. e6 tilt! nhin lhiy
loan b6 san bay.
lay da tnro c khi cat canh . Ngoai ra, san
bay eon eo cac dich vu tiep te nhien
May bay ouo: tiep
lieu va su a chu a. 6 nhirn g san bay nhien li~u Iii nhCmg xe
Io n eon eo nha hang va pho ng eh&xtmg d§u,

doi, tai do hanh khac h co the cho

chuyen bay cua mi nh.
Xe eh&ttnu: an, d6 uong den
cae phong Mp tren may bay

May bay duere

hut saeh bui
bin va rae.

N HA GA
San bay Ian. hien dai can too hang ngh in nguoi phuc V\!. gay khi
may bay ha canh, nh an vien san bay phai hu 6n g dan . chi diem do

cho m ay bay. Han h khach roi may bay bang cau than g di dong hay

cau thang duoc bac ttYcira may bay

xu6n g dat. Hanh ly duoc ch uye n khoi

khoang hanh 1y va duoc mang ve nha gao

Khi hanh kh ach lay xong hanh Iy, ho di
qua cira hai quan , sau do dap ch uyen bay
tiep hcac b~ t xe buyt, taxi . hay tau hoa.
DIEU KH rEN KH O NG LUU
Bon bu6nlau nM I ma Iuy vao do ,-1."_--00;. Tai mot san bay tap nap . eo M n 50 may
Irang sec va cac do val khae. bay cat canh va h a canh m o t gic'>'. N huri g
n gtroi dieu khien kh on g luu n g6i tren
AN N rN H
ih ap dieu kh ien se quye; d ln h kh i n ao
Cae n ha q u an ly san b ay
may bay cat d nh . H o eimg gUl di
HAr QUAN lu on p hai kiem tra an
n hi m g loi chi dim eho nhu11g m ay bay
Ha n h khach trang chuyen bay Mn phai ai qua elta nin b de d .c may bay
chu an bi ha ean h .
h .l.i quan. Cac nhan vien hai quan se b ern tra h anh kh ong bi danh born ho~c
II', qu an ao M tim rna tU)'. nhling ch at ba t hQ'P bi bQn khting bo eo vu
phap kh ac va bern tra xem hang h aa cua h anh kh i hoanh h anh . May I - - - - Xem them - - - -j
kh ach co p hai dong tIme xuat nhap khau hay qu et tia X quet han h ly de M Ay BAY 22
phat hi ¢n eo born. sun g K Il O ~ G QUA ~ 2.\
kho ng. "'h un g ke buon lau luon tim eac h giau
nh irng han g hoa bat ha p phap h oa c bi danh thue dan hay kho n g . H anh khaeh p hai eli q ua m Qt eu:a LI e H svVAN ') ,\ 1679
de pha t h ien cae chat kim loal. N!J(rng vat n an g T1 A X 7.\.\
de lr anh bi nhim vien hai quan ph at hien ra .
b1ng kim IOili nlm su ng dill! <;e bi baa d¢mg .

25
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT

. . .. . . y ".
ALEXANDER DAI
. DE
.._
0,.
.
•
.
1- '
./ .~,~~
.~
~.,~.
.
' >f, '.
V A.a NAM
3 23 TRUDe e ONG NGUYEN , c6 m o t nguoi da ch inh phuc diroc m ot
. ~~ -
,
-.il llll
~
vu ng d at r¢ng Ian va lap ra m ot de che trai dai tir Tieu A (ngay n ay la Tho N hi Ky) den

~~, , ~,'{~~
, . · ' ~ . '~.
I., '
'''_

,,; ,,.. <_ _ 1I11~ . .· "

"
N gu m do chinh la Alexander h ay con diroc gQi la Alex an der Dai de. Alexan der
". {~);l.
o/.':,""'~: .,\ ,J,:' ''1:' ,," , ' laAncaD¢.
~Jlr
~ , : ,~, ;'" .f.} n trai cu a vu a Ph ilip II, ngu oi tri vi vuong quoc Macedon ia, m ot vuon g qu oc nho
,) , p'/._. .
'~
'\
~
' ,.. ~
..:t," '.... ~ ' \.fi•• l , ~ ~ /' be nhung hun g manh cY H y Lap co dai, Vao na rn 336 tr uoc Con g ng u yen , vua Philip bi
4. ;,1 ,," I '"
. :' '"
,'" . ~
i
'
am sat va Alexan der len ngoi, luc do e ng m oi 20 tuoi . Alexander la m o t vi tuang day
tham vQng va tai gi6 i. Nam 33 4 tnroc Con g n guy en , ang Qua quan xam chiem de ch e
ALEXAN DER Ba Tir r¢ng Ian do vua Darius III tri vi. Sau do , ang ticp tu c du a qu an di chi n h ch ien va
Alex an d e r (356-3 23 tr uo c

Co n g ng uy en ) khi co n tre thu diro c nhtrn g th i n g 10 ve van g , tao ra m o t vu ong quo c ro n g Ian tir Ai Cap 6'

da ra t du n g rn an h va th ong phia tay den An D¢ 6' phia dong. Sin h thoi, a ng da ~~~, ." ,., t( \ " .'
rni n h On g duoc rrict gia Hy
Lap Aristo tle da y do , Cling thuc hi~n, cuoc tru ong chi~h tre n 1,9 .0 0 0 km ' ~~ ' ,~X;(, , ,~\ , '~~. I,
chin h ru ngum th i y cua va khuyen khi ch viec truyen ba van h oa By ,. ' , ~, ~~ ,~ \\
min h rna bng co
OUCK niern say m e

Lap di khi p th e giGi. Alexander qua doi ' '~ \,

van h oa Hy Lap khi m oi 33 tuoi. Sau khi a n g mat,

~~~ vuon g quoc cua a n g bt ph an

8 0l H INH PHALANX
ch ia nhung Alexander Dai de van Qu an do i cua Alexan der kh i trim san g Ba
diro c coi la mot trong nhimg vi Tu (Iran) chu yeu Ia bo bin h voi vu kh i la
nrong vi dai n h at Itch suo chi enn hdaung th anh giao dai. Do i bo b in h n ay
u th ea doi hinh Phalan x , nrc la cac
ch ien binh oung si t n hau , m ui giao chia
th~ n g vi: phia q uan th u.

De eM eua _____

Alexander Dal de

(334·323 truoc
Congnguyen)
NGVA
Quae gia phu
BUCEPHALUS tnuoc Cyrenaica Duong tie'n cong cua
Alexander thiron g cum ngva ra tran. Can ngu a - Alexander
cua on g co ten la Buceph alus. Tuong tru yen , Bucepha lus Vung doc hlp
la m o t con .ngua hoang rat dep va chi nghe thea len h cua Alexande r.
_ Vung phu thuoc
Kh i Bucephalus che t, Alexan der da ch o dung mo t tuang dai va thi tran
dat tU'Q11g dai m ang ten Bucephala de tUOng nha nen can vat tru ng De' cMcua Alexander
than h nay. Thi tran nay ng ay nay van can 6' An 8 0. cAc CDOC CH lN H CHIEN
Alexan de r ,1a b en h anh nh ieu cuoc
THA.NH PHO ALEXAN DRIA ch in h chi en , QUID Iinh cua on g
am 332 tm a c Cong ngu yen , Alexander lap ra th u cl11 g it h a n so v&i cioi p h uong
nhung van gianh ch ien th~ng vi rat
mQt thanh phO n ~m ben ba Dja Trun g Hai va
tinh n h u ~ va oUQ'c tran g bj tot. Trang
ong dat ten la thanh phD Alexandri a (dat thea tr~n Issu s na m 333 tm a c C6 ng
ten ong), Th an h phD nay nhanh chOng tra n gu yen , vo'i 36 ,000 q uan, Alexande r
thanh m ot cang lOn va la trung tam van hoa, oa oanh ba i d oi quan ) 10 ,00 0 n gum
hoc thuat cua Hy L<:tp , thu hLit rat nhieu nha cua Dar iu s HJl !lam sau , v&i 4 5 ,0 00
quan . ong lai oanh b?i Dari us v&i
tha, nha khoa hoc tren khap the gi6i , Ngay nay. 100.000 qu an t?i tran Gau gam ela,
Alexandria la thanh phO JOO th u hai 6 Ai q p,
Sau khi Alexander bang M, Ptolemy Soter· mot vi chi' huy euaAi I--- -- Xem them - - --;
Cap · diJcho xay dl/ng thIJvlen Alexandria dIJO'c cho Iii chlia tm hon
QU N-I D(J148
500,000 w on sach Ngay nay, thIJvien nay chi con fa pM tich.
H Y L",P , 6 DAI 310

26

 ALFRED TH E G REAT

TIED SU ALFRED DAr DE
849: Alfred Dai de ra doi.
Edin gton vao nam 878 va tat ca cac vuong quoc cua
8 53 · Th am Giao hoang a
ALFRE D D ~I DE
LA EM DT TRONG NAM ANH EM CllA VUONG TOC, Alfred tro rhanh vua cua
We ssex, vu ng da t thuoc Tay Saxons, I11¢ t tron g bay vuon g quoc Anglo -Saxon cua
mro c Anh . Ong chao doi tai Wa n tage , Berkshire. Khi con nho, ong da sang Italy
a.e g~ p Dire Ciao hoan g Leo IV_Narn 871, Alfred len lam vua va tuyen chien voi
nguoi Dan Mach von da tUng xung dot voi ngu oi Ang lo -Saxon
trong nhieu narn . Cuoi cling , ong a.a chien th~n g trong tra

Rome.
nguoi An glo -Saxon deu ton ong lam vua . La mo t
87 1 Tro th an h vua cua
chien binh du n g cam, mot vi tu ang vi dai, Alfred
W essex.

878 : Dan h bai ng u ol Dan

than h lap hai qu ill va xav dvng cac phao a.ai
Mach tai tr an Eding ton

886 : Chin h phuc London va

ph on g ng'll tren a.at lien. Ong cung dua nhieu

p hon g thu chac chan ,
thay giao , nhieu nha thon g thai nr chau Au _,
va mro c Anh a.en Wessex a.ong thoi a.a ~~<.:~-'; ~;;'~~<:~,~~
887 -892 : Soa n thao c u6 n

SUobien ni en ella ng uOi

f ·'&- •
Anglo -Saxon . dtra ra mo t bo lu ?t a.e cai tien chinh ~~)y .; . ~.
89 7: Dira hai q uan ra bao vi;

bo bien
qu yen . Nlnrng thanh t\YU rna Alfred
901 Qua dm tai W in ches ter.
Vien ngoc Alfred ouoc cho la

dar duoc va clin g to Ion, vi v~ y c6 chan dung ciia Alfred, ouoc

on g duoc gQi la Alfre d Dai a.e. lam vao uc sinh then ciia ngei.

CHIEC BA.NH CHA.y V U NG DANELAW

C6 ra t nhi eu cau ch uyen ve
Alfred , tra n g do c6 cau
chuyen xay ra vao thoi
ch ien tran h voi ngum Dan
Mach . Khi Alfred tron trang
n go i n ha cua m ot ngum
n ong dan , ch u n ha vi khOn g
Alfred lam banh chay
n han ra vi vua cua minh nen
d a nho ong trong h o banh kh i chi ta ra ng oai. Nhung
Alfred ngu qu en nen chiec banh da chay ra tra .
NhiJng can tau cva
HAI QuAN AlfredGuac phOng
Alfre d thuang duQ'c goi la "cha d e cua Hai thea thiet ke cva tau
Viking nhung 1611 hoo
qu an Anh quoc". Khi ngum Vikin g bit d au va chac
tan cong da t nUGc cua ong , Alfr ed ra l ~nh chan han.
d 6n g n h Ung ca n tau Uti vi~t h 011 h in nhUng
con tau cua ngum Viking . Vao nhUng nam
900 , ttmg day tau d o d oc th ea ba bien va
cang cua nUGC An h de ch ong
l ~i q uan xalIl lu Q'c.
Vao khoan g nam 800, nlnrng
Lanh th6 ngum Vikin g Dan Mach
Anglo-Saxon
thuong xuyen tan cong cac
Lanh thG! vuong qu oc cua nguoi
Danelaw
Anglo-Saxon va chiern duoc
rat nhieu vun g dat. hie u
cuoc chi en da no ra. Vii nam
sau tran Edington , Alfred da
danh cho nguoi Viking phai
rut ve vUng dal ph ia don g
cua nUGC Anh. Vung nay co
ten la Danel aw .
NglJ07 Dan M?ch bu(Jc phai
rut v~ vimg Gat phia G6ng
nlJac Anh.
WINCHESTER
Alfred dat kin h do t~ i W inch ester ,
Ham psh ire. N oi day d u<;yc ngum Ang lo­
Saxo n gQi ]a W inte ceaster. Xu ng q ua nh
th anh ph6 dlT<;Yc ph o ng tM bing h i;
th6ng th an h vCm g ch k O ng qu a
dm vao n gay 28 th ang 10 nam
~~:"l.:=-- 9 0 1 va dlT<;Yc chon cat tai tu vieD
~~-z;;o,..... H yde. Vua Can u te clin g dlTCJ'C
chon cat tai W in ches ter.

f--- - -Xem l hem - - - -I

Cac rang chinh va t/Janh
N Gv ar ANGLO-SAXON JJ

phO Guac ph6ng r!,(i chac

A NH 232

cM n G~ chOng lai cac

N GVO! VIKING 7 !.l

culS c tan c6ng.

27
 ALPHAI3ETS

BANG CHU CA.l

Kin CO N NGUOr M6I m ET VIET , h o ch u a co ba ng chir cai rna ve ra nhun g hinh nh o de th e
h i¢n nmrn g gi m uon n oi . Da y la nlurng Ill]: tU'Q'n g h inh, k i "u clur n ay viet rat ch am VI m oi
nr lai p h ai ve m o t h inh kha c nh au . Bang chcl' cai khong co h inh rna la tap h op cac clur hoac
cac ki h ieu the hien am doc. Am la bo ph an cua t t l'. Cac chir cai gbep voi nhau tao th anh
m o t nr hoan chinh . GiQn g noi cu a con ng u oi co the tao ra 3S am noi khac n ha u , vi
Nguoi La Mil
co' d~ 1 dung cae 'lay bang ch ir cai co th e co nhicu nhar 3 5 ch u cal. Ph an Io n cac bin g clur cai co i t
Clll; Irang bang h on 35 ch u cai. Ng uCYi Pho enic ia s6n g each day 3 .000 narn tai
chi! c,ii lam cllI; so',
Vi duochu C Iii ] 00, m ot qu oc gia & Tru n g Do ng (n ga)' nay la Syria ) la nh em g n gu m
cUu tie n d ua ra bang ch ir cai . Ng uot B y Lap c6 da i cling dua
th co ba n g clur cai ella nguCYi Phoenicia va sau nay ag ue)'i
abcdefglLi : La Ma eta cai b ien no. Ngay n ay . hang clnr cai La
jklmnopqr ".- IA\?J, ,I D J !via d uoc ~lr d1,1~ g r¢,~ g . ~~i

stuvw xyz R ~ ~ ,lJitt(I tren loan th e g101 .

, / .. ~ .~. ' , ~e& --.. 0-"\. Trang bang chiJC<11, thu tv cac chiJ

COO HOA VACHO' muONG

Bang clnr cai La 1.'\ dau lien ch i co clnr
." .?. .eae c; . duac 5apxep codinh. Tti di~n . 56
dien thaai va nt/;eu seen
' k hJc duoc s6p xep
hoa. Ch tr lh ll'cmg xu.it h ie n sau the k} DAu cAu 'A TRQNG AM thea v~ n abc d~
Ci.ll1g voi c' c ca n clnr , n g u&i vie t ca n sIr d l,lllg c.ic
VI J. Tra ng tiC:ng An h, clnr 110a diro r:
dau Call n lur da u cham (,) de kct thu«. mot cau.
detra tit haac
dung 6' <f all cau \'.1 clnr cal dall 6' u r chi Ngfmh 111 len,
len rieng hoac lra n g nhtrng til viel d.t. so
MOL ng 6n ng ii 111m tien g Ph ap , tit'ng An h can truy4n IlJ6ng
Vi d u , U I de chi til' Un ited l atio ns sir d \lIl g [J'(?ng am etc
chi c.ich dQC m elt tiro Dau dung cturn6i 04'
n han dat trcn ch u c e)' tir c,J,' lam cho am nay co in cae III len giay
(To clurc l ien Hiep Q uoc) . NguUi La Mti
each p hat am gi6 ng voi n g u),01l am a trang ttl' day.
kh6ng c6 chu
W. Cilli I olIac
B ANG CHU cAl LA MA SI( dung /llay
Ring cher eli aUQ'c sir d\lll g trang tieng An h va nherng ng 6n cha chiJ J,
ehu V Ihay
n gfr chau Au khAc oeu dv a tren ban g chfr Gii La Ma. gam cha chiJU.
23 cher Gii, Bang chtl' eli niy CLing c1u<;ic d un g tron g m o t s6
ngon nger Don g am A nlm & n u &c ta va Indon esia,
:\ r; II r nEi ': ~I : :lII n Ie l;\) H 0 11 r e T :"()':\ U I I Ullln ,I.!.! :111) 1I
Bang ehiJ cai Kirll1 (Nga]
A B [~ L\ E Z I ( elK 1\ M N:=: 0 II P L T 0 (1) X lIJ n
Bang chOCiil cria ng6n ngii Hy Lap
,31 3TI ~ i "3" '3': tt ~ .m ::;:fr Off tf. Tsi Tj '1 B~ ';:§ "l ~ ~ Z "3 ~ rg Uf "l ~
?~'~~~~~~7~9~~~~~~~~
Biiflg chi; ciii eva ngon ngiJ Hmdl IA"n Do] CHU HlN HNEM
'. Khoang 5,0 00 nam tma c,
BANGCHU' CALHIJ;N DAl
Bang ch ' c<i. i L Ma cll i I.i D1 Ql lro ng
n lt ii~ll bang chtl' cai lren lltt< gi6'i. Cac
ng611 ngtr kJlac n h au sU' (h,m g l himg ki
h i¢u khic nh ,l u M b i ~ l J tlJi am than h
tu Ollg \Tn g \'a tir rio J uQ'c viCt va dQc rat
kh<i c so voi bang chii cai La Ma, Vi duo
PHIliN DA ROSETfA n guc'J'i Nh i.l doc lir ben pha i san g be n trai
g u oi Ai Cap co J ?i du ng b e clh tran g giay \',1 dQc lil' tren xu on g (h Im ,
rhung ch i! tUQ11g hin b de viet Lo ai
ch tl' na y bj lang q uC'11 tu 1.600 llam
COO TUQNG H1NH TRUNG Quac
lnr6'c va khOl1g ai co the cloc duac
Tra n g chiI' viet tru yen th ong cua n gu01
cac tai li¢u eua n g uo'l Ai Cilp co
J~ i. ivri.i den n,\m 17 99 , m OLso
Trung Qu 6 c. cac ky hi~u QUQ'c gQi la chli'
b inll linh ngu(l'j Plla p da pha t hien tUQ1l g 11 1nh. duQ'c d img ch:: bicu tht y tuOng.
f - - -­ X em them - - - ---I
~~
:"U duo< t'~~
: >no::h"k h"~'
thSy l11 Qt lang da kllae chil (j Nov 6I BABYLON 75
Alex an d ri a. Ai cap, C.ic ch il' na y
d lTQ'c kh.ic b~ n g chtr lLtQn g hin h va
~
ttT\ TH a i OAI 0 0 DONG 11 6
A I cApco O ,~ I ~ 1()
tien g Hy l ~ p , V61 nh img hieu biet
v ~ tJcng Hy Lap . cac hoc gi.i c"l j tim
d l{Q'C y ng hia cua nh lm g chtl' tuc,m g
.
Ch,m
. '
Nglld
. ~ ~ ~
Cay
U MJltrCn
N OON NOV 384
No vOI PHOb ICi A ~ I
Ky Il/F lJ VA BIEU TV CJNG S'N

~
I1mh nay.
- -­ - - - - - ­- - ­
28
 AJl ERICAN CIVIL WAR

NQI CHIEN HOA KY

C Hi 8 0 N AM SAD KHI cAc BANG HQP NHAT va gian h duoc d o c lap nr D o

tay n guoi Anh , til" n arn 18 61 d e n 18 6 5 , m o t cuo c n oi chien da no ra ()' Cae h~ t

Hoa Ky khi mroc n ay phai dirong d all voi nhi eu moi q uan n g~i , tro n g
do c6 van de n6 k 6 m ie n n am , che dQ n 6 l~ an d iro c du y tri oCall a
m ien bac che GQ nay da GUQ'c bai bo. Khi Abraha m Lin co ln , ng Ll'o'i
phan d c i lai ch e GQ no l ~, G~C elf Lon g thong Ham 18 6 0 , cac b an g
mien n am ly khai kho i Li o,n bang, hi nh tlia n h Lien m in h mie n nam do
Jefferson Davis lam ton g thong . CUQc chien n o ra vao th ang 4 n am
18 61. Tu ong Ro ber t E. Lee , m ot vi tu a ng tai ba , oa d an d at q uan Lien
m in h m ien nam. Tuy nhien , qu an GQi cua mie n ba c d6 n g h 0 11 va mi en b ac
lai co nhieu n gan h nghe phat rri '~ n ho tro ctac 1\l'C h o quan do i , tro ng khi Q UOC GIA B~ PHAN CHlA
N aill 1860, cac b:m g <fa gi;i i
do kin h te mien n am ch u yeu la n 6ng n ghi¢p . CUQc ch ien die n fa kh o c liet, p h o n g no le va cac ban g van
cuoi cu ng quan Lien minh mien na m d a th at bai vao narn 18 6 5 va co n ehe elQ no
I¢ a m,"c phan
nhieu vu n g cu a mien n am bi tan phi . Ch ie n th an g cua Lien c h i. nhu ba n
b an g keo th eo viec ch am dirt che d Q n 6 l~ tren to,111 dat mroc do i rcn.

H oa Ky. Tu y n hien, su ch ia re giu a mi en hac

va m ien n am
van can du y tr i trang nhieu narn sau .

KET TI-TUC CUOC CHIEN

N gay 9 thang ., n a m l Se S. tuo'ng
Robert . E. Lee cua quan Lie-n
rn inh m ien narn d a dau h an g m un g
Cuoc CHIEN THOr HmN BAT Ulysses S. Gra nt cu a qua n Lie 1 ban g
Cuo c n oi chie n Hoa Ky la cu oc chien aau tien co SlY d ung ta i AppoJT1 lto x, Virgi n ia., I lo a Ky
rang r ai tau chien bang sat va nganh aucmg sat. Day cling Hon 600 .000 n guOi Mf da thier
la cuoc chien aa u tien duo c baa chi the gi61 Gang tin bai ll1J.ng tran g cuoc noi ch ien Y,l nhieu
ng uc)'i kh.ic b] thuong .
va an h m ot each r¢ng rai.

I biroc I1go,1L cua cuo c ch ie n.

cAc S{J ~ TRONG CUOc CHIEN 18 63: Q ui n Lien Ill i I1h rn i n na m

18 60 : Ab rah am Lincoln (tic cli 186 2 : Ch ie n t ha ng cua q uan Lien thu a (',. Vicksb u rg va Ch atta nooga
cAc DOTQUAN
t(jng th6 n g .
m inh iai I'rcd cri ckbu rg . 1864: Tu6ng VI' . T . She rman ell a
Ph an 10'n cac doi q uan tran g
186 0- 1861: 11 ban g m ien na ru
18 62 : CU(K ch ien trc n bien g i (r~ Lien bang ch ie m dm)'c Atlan la.
cu ¢c n¢ i cl M n My deu IJ. bO
tanh kh lii Lien ba.ng ya gia nhap
tau chien Monitor va A1co/Tilll.Jck. Gco rgi~ va bat dau ch ien di c h "ha n h
b inh . To ng ~O qnoin ci hai phe /''1
q u ail Li(,n m in h.
quill1 ra b ie n " ,

18 62: T r~ n Sh ilo h IT Ten /l 3 tr i~ u n g uOi.

18 6 1: Q uan Lie n mi n h tan c6 ng
1865 : Tl1<ing Ro be rt. E. Lee e lia

p hao da i Su mter. CU9 c IlQi ch ie n

18 6 3 : U ncoln tuyen bli gii i p h6ng
IHi I~ (1 cac bang m ien na rn . Lien m in h mi(' n nam GaU h ang

nfi ra.
186 1: Ch ien th ng ella qua. n Lien
m inh mien nam t~ i Bull Ru n .
18 6 2 : PllOng ttla m ien nam lro n g
nh ie u lha n
tIXCillg U lysses S. Gra.n t Clla Lien I---- - Xem them - - - -l
18 6 3 : Ch ie n th ~ n g ella. q Ui n Lien
ba.ug. CU()c c h iCn ket t11lic.
mi n h mi en nam t~i Cha.ncc llo rsviJle. A BR.\ H."M I.I :-':COLN ] Y2
186 5 : Ch i; d o n() I¢ c ham dlrt tren
18 6 3 : Quan li en IIlinh m l ~n na m C" GDC) CI1 11 ~\1 Hl'L 1'0:0 L E ~ ()J
w i n /-lo a K}·.
thu.l tran ci' Gett ysb u rg . d anh d.1u L ICII Sl:' ll OA KY 7n;

L -- -- - - ------
29
 AM ERICAN RE VOLUTI ON

eACH M~NG HOA KY

CHUYEN ElI CDA
PAUL REVERE
Vao d cm 18 tha ng 4 nam
I 775 , n gu bi th o bac ten
Paul Rever e oa p hi ngu a ti l"
Ch arlestown den Lexin gto n
c1e ba o ch o m oi n g u bi bi et
quan Anh d ang oen
H ANG NAM, CD' v Ao N GAy 4 THAN G 7, ng u 61 H oa Ky lai ky niern n gay qu 6 c
khanh, n ga y rn a 13 thuo c di a My tu yen b6 th o at khoi ach cai tri cua ng uoi Anh.
N hfu1g ngu61 dan thuoc dia lam th e vi h o ph ai n QP cac thue cu a Anh nhung khan g
duoc bau dai bieu vao nght vien Anh . Lu c dau, n gum dan thuo c di a co ging gifr
h oa kh i voi nuo c Anh . Tai Dai hoi luc dia Ian I na m 177 4 , dai bi eu cu a m oi rhuoc
di a den h QP ban ye u cau chinh phu An h giam th u e . CUQc thuon g lUQTI g bat tha n h
va xun g dot da n o ra gifra qu an linh Anh voi ngiroi dan th uoc dia tai Lexin gton ,
Massachusett s ngay nam sau do . Ngu61 dan rhu oc dia thanh lap mo t doi quan do
George Washin gt on chi h u y. Tai Dai h oi Ian II, cuoc th uorig lUQTIg van tiep tu c th at
bai. Ngay 4 tha ng 7 na m 177 6 , Hoa Ky tuyen b6 do c lap , N uoc Ph ap da gillp n gu oi
My danh bai quan Anh . Him 178 1, chien tr anh ket
th u c. Hai nam sau , mro c Anh cang nhan n en doc
lap cu a Ho a Ky.

T RAN LEXINGTO N
Ngay 19 thang 4 nam 17 75,
quan Anh roi khoi Bosto n ,
Massac h usett s de chiem cac n ha
kho q uan dQi 6' Con cor d. Tren
du ong di, quan Anh g~ p moi
doi qu an co vu trang cu a Hoa Ky
tai Lexin gto n . Xun g d o t dien ra
sau do va la tran danh dau tien
cua cuoc chien.

£)oAN TAu TRA BOSTO N

CACH MANG HOA IT
17 6 7 : Nuo c Anh ap d~t m ire
th ue cao r)- cac rh uoc d ia MY' .
1773: V1,l tau ira Bo sto n
nha m ph an do i chc do th u c
ba't co n g .
17 7+-1775: Dai hoi I\l c <lj.1
ch6 ng lili An h .
Qu 6c KY M61
La co oau tien cu a Hqp ch un g
qu6 c H oa Ky bao gam 13 SQC va
13 n goi sao, m oi so c va n go i sao
la b ieu tUQ11 g cho m ¢t ban g .
17 75 : Tran Lexin gto n II1 Cr
da u CU( K ch ien .
1775 : Tran Bunker Hill, tuy
qu an Anh tha ng , nhuri g
qu an M )' van khci ng lui
btrcYc.
17 76 : Tuye n h6 o(Jc Lip .
177 7 : 19mJi My th5ng
tran g chicH o jch Saratoga .
Nam 177 3 , ch in h phu Anh d t giam thu e doi voi san p h arn
tra 6' Anh n h ung van gill n gu yen mtrc thu e 6' My. N gu m
thu oc dia khong co qu yen len tieng vi ho khOng co dai
bi eu tran g Ngh j vien An h . Vao dem n gay 16 than g ] 2,
mo t do an ng uoi thuo c di a an
m ac nhir ng uoi da do da len
177 8 : Phap lll1g ho su n g h..i ~ p
ba tau ch6 tr a tai can g
clau tran h cua n gm'ri My.
Boston va do toan bo tra
17 8 1: TUOng Cornwallis dim
h ang q uan My VJ Phap (1
xu ong bi en de phan doL
Y ork toWI I.
I----Xem tlzem - - - --t
1783 : N trt'rc Anh eo n g nhan
n en cloe l ~ p cua H oa Ky tai NHtJ NG " itA THAM HlbM 244
H¢i ng hi h oa binh Paris. LlCH s0 HOA KY 705
GEORGE WASHING TON 7 17

30
 ANG LO -SAXO NS
v
.J IJ
,l\ (
NGlJOI ANGLO-SAXON '~
7­
(
N AM 449, VUA VORTIGERN cua vu ong qu a e Anh rhay kh6 e6 the dan h Qua i diro c J!s;
quan xam hroc Pieto va Seotland n en a 3. m oi n himg bo toe Ger m an (gam llgum ~1 , \
I
Angle, Saxon va Jute) den a e giup do. Tu y nhung nguoi nay e6 xic h mich voi ngu o'i ?
Anh song ho van tap hop voi nhau th anh m ot quae gia h un g m anh - qua e gia n glo­ tJ ( Northu b(!8
¢
Saxon . Nh ung narn 6 0 0, ho a3. quay nguQ'e lai danh Quai n gu m Anh ban X l Y va gianh
quyen eai tri hau khap da t nuo c. Luc dau , qua e gia nay bi ehia re th anh ba y vu on g (

quae nhung dan dan hQ'P lai th anh ba vuong q u a e va duo c bier den voi cai ten Engla MerCia

land hoac An gle lan d (Lan d tran g tieng Anh e6 ngh ia la dat) . Ten mroc An h n gay na y
Wessex
(England) bat nguan rir do . NguOi Anglo -Saxon tri vi su o t 500 na m rj r'" -,"""~-,,,-,..-

sau d o , eh o toi na rn J 0 6 6 Trang kh oang th oi gian n ay, cac LANH TH6 e VA NGUOI
NGLO-SAXO
quae vuong trai qua nhieu tran chien va ke; giao voi Cua i th.:- ky IX, lan h rho cua
ngum Vikin g , nguOi Dan 1?-eh . Ca d oc giao duoc nuo c Anh Anglo -Saxon bi
. "' . 0

truy en ba toi vun g Qat n ay va moi ng uoi bat dau

• ,
phan chia tha n h W essex,
Mercia va N orthum br ia
bier d oc, biet viet. V ] vu a An glo-Saxo n vi
o?-i n h at 13. A]freel D?-i ae. MOT s6 SV' KI$N

Nha go mal lop la. N61 BAT e VA Nuae ANH

ANGLO-SAXON

4-4-9 : N g lT01 Angle, Saxo n " j J UIl'

dCI111u6'c Au h.
597: Ethelber t. vua "lIC' n rQ11g quoc
Kent , rrot hanh 1111 ,1<\ Co doc gl ao .
80 2-8 3 9 : Vua Egbert tf! vi HI(mg
quoc \ Vc'SSl'X. bop nh"t de n ral1g
q uo c ella I1 g uill ,\ n g lo Saxon.
Nh fm g narn 83 0 : Ngno1 Viking
xarn iuoi. .
871 -899 : Alfred trI vi, danh bar
ng u il1 Dan Mach iai Edi n gto n nam
8 78 .

9 78 -10 16 : Ethclrcd II ph; ; d il1g

t ien eho n glIiri Viking d l: gilt hoa

kh i
101 6 : Vua D~l1 tach Ij Can u te
chi cm I1ga l vi ng cua nuox Anh .
1041 : Lm h mile Edward len lam vua
t 0 6 6 : Wi lliam xir No rm and )' xa rn
lh ienl 1lU"C.k Anh
1 - - - -

1
TpJ..N MAIDON
am 99 I , nhung n gum Essex do
I Brihtnoth cam d au d a th am gla cuoc
ch ie n t~l Maldon, Essex, ch ong lai
5.000 q uan VIking do Olaf
Tryggvason dan d au . Quan VIkin g
thang tran va tra nen hun g m~nh
hon. Nam 1016, nuac Anh bi
ng um 8an Mach cai trL Tran
Maldon duO'c mleU ta kha cu the
trang bai thO' Tran lvIaldon
dUQ"C viet vao the
ky x hoac
the ky XI.
Glao va
khlen lam
bang go
cay can bi
NHA TmC '
UNH MUe EDWARD
8 01 song h~n g ngay cua m ot lan g Anglo -Saxon N gu Oi cueSi cu n g th uo c
dien ra xung quanh ngoi nha tiec . ha ti~ c Ii d on g do; vu a Alfred la
m ot ngoi n ha tQng lon , no; m oi nguo; den h oi Linh muc Edwa rd ( 100 2
11Qp va an uon g. Nh un g doa n hat rang thuong 10 66 ) da lap r a til vien
Westmin ster va duoc
den day h al, doc n hun g cau chu yen th o dal cl:€ phong lhanb vao nam
mua VUl cho nh ll11g vj khach dang uong mQ"U. I 16 1, On g kh on g pltai !<i
N goi nha nay thu Qc ve lan h chu a dia phuong m ot vi vu a manh m e 11(;1)
d a m ae. cho cic
can th an
la ng u ol Norm an dy tIl vi
VU A CANUTE vuong glla c. Ed....va rd
N am 101 6 , n g u()'J Dan Mach da kh on g co can n en sau kh i
danh b ~1 nguC:>1 An glo- Saxon va on g che t d a d ien ra m 91
ch le m ngal vang cua n ua c An h cu oc tranh gi ~mh Ilgoi
Ho an g tu Da.n Mach la Can u te bau , d6 la cu e}c can h
tranh giCra W illi am ,
ha y ca n gql la Cn u t (99 + - 103 5)
trcy rnan h vu a n uue. Anh 0 n g nguol Normand y va
la m al n gu01 ra t QUO'C yeu Harold , an h re cu a
Edward . W illia m k h~ n g
me n, cai tq san g ~ ua l va
d m h r ~ng Edward cia htTa
th on g q ua n lu eu bo luat d e tru ye n n gol cho m inh ,
laP l ~ i trat tlX va d uy tn p ho n g ca n Harol d n OI d ng on g
tu e. tap quan c ua nguol An glo -Saxon . Na m J 0 19 , ong
treY th anh vu a Dan Ma ch va narn 10 28 o n g d Oilt luon ca
m 6i la n g u01 ke th ua
nga i vang xlrn g d an g
n gal van g clla n g uOi a U y. Tr o n g thOi g ian ng ~ n , nua e. n hat CUOl cu n g Haro ld
An h va Scan d m avla d a trO'thim h m o t d e che. len lam vu a nam 10 6 6 .

31
 :\,GUOI ANGLO ·S,\ XON

TRUONG CA BEOWULF
Da y la tac pham van ho c d6 so n ha t diroc viet

.fl.!,: () pp .
ban g n go n ngu Anglo -Saxo n . Tru ong ea ke
- ' '" ( :,­
••..•~';" Iol,.",,'"
ve ngum. anh hung Beowulf chi en dau voi

-.-: ,':"..7.'
hai me con qu y Gren del h un g ac da ng de
'-. '"
d oa den song than dan ella vu a Dan Mach

la Hrothgar Ban truon g ea duoc vie t vao

nhung nam 700 , nh ung kh on g ai bIet

rae gia ella truol1£ ea n ay

Cae tu 51vJi! t bang

but mue tren glay
Subien nlen da cuot: eM tao
An glo-Saxon clae blet,
TU sf
Sach va nhung ban viet tay
ch u ye u la do cac tu si soa n
tha o ra . Sach deu duoc chep
tay nen rat quy, Cac tu si [am
vier tal mot can phong dac
bier tr ong tu vien, goi la
Sir BIEN NIEN ANGLO-SAX ON p h ong vie t sach. Mot ttl si
co nh icm vu ch u an bi glay
suobien m en Anglo- Saxon d o Alfred d a, m o t nguCn co nhiem vu
Dai de khoi x u6ng la m ot dang bao ch ep ta y lai cac tAi lieu . nguoi
chi (la U ticn , S11 bien m en nay glu th ir ba vic cac h in h rm nh h oa
lai nh irn g su kien xay ra tren (!at va tra ng trio Sach d uoc vie t
b~ ng tie ng Launh va netlg
mro c Anh , nhung cuoc chi en va
Angl o- Saxon.
nhuu g tran danh, g6m ca
nh irn g rae ph am duoc dich tir '-fII1r-''-'-- - - - Hinh tmnn hoa va cac ehu- cal dfJU co
licng La nnh. Tap S11 bi en trang tn Quae them vao van ban
nie n nay dir o c tiep rue viet
lcn narn I 154 Day la m ot
ngu6n tu lieu rat qu an trong
ve hch suova ngon n gu' ella
nguoi Ang lo -Saxon.

MIfC mauduot: tao tu­

ttvrc vat va khoang chat

Nha tho Sampl ing

KHO BAu TAl SUTTON HOO N HA THO

' am 19 39, cac nha kh ao co da
khai qu at duoc m ot kho bau bi
chon vu i dum dat 6' Sutton H o o .
Suffolk , Anh. Ho da tim thay
] 1 don g chat cta-y cac d6n g
NH A str HOC DANG KlNH BEDE lien xu , vu khi, bat va d6
Bede ha y ca n gOl la Baeda (67 3 ( ?) ­
735 ) duoc eo i Ia "Cha de eua h eh sU' lrang sire cua nguol An glo­
n u a L Anh " O n g la m ot tu 5i k1em Saxon e6 nien dal tU n am 65 0
tha y g iao , ,6ng va lam viee tro n g m ot aen 67 0. C6 the day la nm
a
t u vien Jarro w. m J(~n d o n g bac
tu6ng lll ~m mol vi vua vi dal
nua e An h O ng d a vie t nllleu , aeh ve
Phan Ion cac con g trinh cua ng u01
I\ nglo-Saxo n can to n ta: de n n ga) nay
]a cac nh a tho Nhi:mg cong rrinh nay
tnro11g ton nhu va y la do chung duoc
xay dun g ch u yeu b~n g da ch ir khong
ph ai bimg go Nh a th o Som pt ing nam
6' phia lay Sussex nhung da 56 cac nha
tho can ton tal cua nguCn Anglo ­
Saxo n Bam 6' phi a dong Angha.
I--- -Xem th em - - - -j
A LFRED I) A I DE: 27
Tu VIJ~:-I ~ 3 9

Ki h th anh va cae eh u de k hoa ho c. nao d6 . "GUO! NORM A N ~ 7 1

Tic p htim noi n en g nhat eua Bede la LIeH SCT VUO NG Qu6c AN H 696

MOsat e6 trang tri cl6ng va bae

Lieh 5l1' Ciao hoi Co doc cua Anh N GUOI \ 'I KIN G 7 13

quae h oan thanh vao n am 73 1

J

32
 ANIMALS

DONG
. .

VAT

ECH
VOl KHOANG 30 TRI ~ U LON , G¢ng vat Ia mot Cling glong nhu tat ca nhlmg loai cl¢mg vat kh ac,
trong nlnrng nh6m sinh vat Gong GaO nhat tren con ech xanh nay co the nhan blet ve m al truon g
'Z2~:.~u~
x~ng:Bu
q;=
anh . di chuyen, tim h em thuc an va
Trai Gat. C6 nhurig loai va cling nh6 be, c6 cau ~ sinh san Ech thu oc lap lu an g cu.
tao don gia n nhu bot bien, lai c6 G¢ng vat IJ. ~~~Illr...- nrc la clQng vat vua song
clUO'Ctro ng rnoi
kh ong 16 nhu ca voi xanh. Gioi G¢ng vat .-"'!, .1llIl tru6ng nuoc , vu a
GUQ'c chia thanh nhieu nganh , tro ng moi song clUQ'C tren
can .
nga nh tiep tu c chia tha nh cac lap. Vi du,
nhim thuoc nh6m cac lo ai an can trung va
cling thuoc lap thu . Tat ca cac loai thu
deu c6 xuong song. D¢ng vat la mot sin h
vat c6 the an uong , di chu yen va sinh san .
Va ng GOi G¢ng v~ t g6m cac giai doan sin h
ra , phat trien, tru6ng thanh, sinh san roi
che t di . Chung an thir c an Ge n uo i song va phat
trien co the. Thirc an cung cap nang IUQTIg Ge dong vat
van dong, di ch uyen. Mo t so loai G¢ng vat khong bao gia di
'"
chuyen , vi du bot bien danh ca GOi bam tren nlnrng tang da 16n nho
Bo XUONG TRaNG
D¢n g vat diroc chia thanh dong vat C0
tren mat bien . Nhieu Ioai G¢ng vat da b~ tu yet chung nhu khung long xu=g song va dong vat khong co xU011g
va chim ciru : nhieu loai khac, nhu voi va ho, cung c6 th e bi bi en mat son g. D¢ng vat co xu=g song la dong
neu ch ung tiep tvc b~ giet hai tuy tien Ge lay da va xu ong. vat co bo xu = g tra ng va co mo t co.
song. Cot song duo c cau tao b~ng xu=g,
Nao, trung tam duy chi co mot so loai a bien nhu ca ma r­
Mdt, mot trang nhtfng glac aieukhirfn cua co xU011g song b~ng sun
quan chinh va Iii mot bo CO' thrfva fa mot
phan cila hi! thi'in kinh b6 phan cuahe Hop so tao b07 xuong
th3n kInh gdn chat V6'1 nhau
DON G VAT CAO NHAT

Huou cao co Ja clang - /" Hau mon, airfm CUOI cua he tieu """

vat cao nh at ca n t6 n tal

hOa va he bal uet • """

de n ngay nay Ca n d ue ~~;;Ac~~~~~§"""~'': " .

::; Xuang chi

co the cao t6i .'> m tinh truce_______..../

tv chan len tal clinh

sun g

- Xuang
chi sau

Da day, m¢t
b6 phan cila Co quan Sinh
hi! ti{w h6a ~
dt,Jc, m¢t b6 phan Xuang ban chan,
Tim, mot b6 phan cila h~ Sinh san
/. mot b6 ph;;ln cua he
cila hi! tuiin hoan Dot song va xuang
J. xuang co
t?Othilnh cot song
Nor TANG eUA DONG vAT c6 XUcJN G SONG BO XUONG
Ben trang cua d¢ng v~ t co xU011g song nhu con ech phia tren Dong v~ t co xuong song co cau

co rat nhieu b¢ ph~n khae nhau duQ'c goi la nOl tq.ng. Moi bo tru c bo xuong lUang n,l' nha..,

phan trang noi tq.ng co hinh dang, kich thuac khac nhau va nhung kh ac b i ~ t ve chi tiet d"

dam nhan mot chuc nang khae nhau . Nhieu b¢ ph~n co lien ph u h9'P vai cach so ng. Vi dl!.

quan ve chuc nan g hQ'P than h m¢t h¢, vi d\l nhu h¢ tieu hoa, ech co xllon g chan sau dai \ , i

he sinh san. H¢ th ~n kinh va h¢ hooc m on dieu khien va phOi kh a " M nh ay. n :t ca d¢n g vi t
co xu on g s6ng cleU co hop so
hQ'P hoat d¢n g cua tat ca cae h¢ khae trang CO' the. chlra nao , nhli11g ca qu an cam
DONG VAT NHO NH AT glae quan tra n g va hai dOl chI.
DQn g vat nh a nhat la d¢n g v~ t dan baa . clu a c gO! la clang vat nguyen Mot s6 lo?i xuang nhu XU01ig
smh . Vi nhlmg don g vat na)' qua nha n en ch ung ta kh ong the nh in so g ~n vai nha u ra t cha t ch '\
I
.. ~ ~ p~ng mat thu6n g clUQ'C Cae [0 ;11 thtl nha nh at Ia doi mlii \9'11 va m ot so lo?i gan V01 n.hall b,,;
chu¢ t chu lun savi , loal chu o t nay chi dal 6 cm k€ ca clUOI cac kh ap S1,U1 nlm xllvng ch '

33
 DONG VAT CO XUONG SONG
Bo XUONG NGo Ar
Nh ieu do ng vat khong xu on g so ng n hir
Ca, G¢ng vat hrorig cir, bo sat, chim va Can nguot
thuoc dong sau bo , nhen c6 bo xuang n goai. D6 la
th u la phan nganh t611 nhat cua G¢ng vat co vu 1611. lap va clin g ba o phu ben ngoai co' the.
vat c6 xuang son g . Chim va thu thu oc
Bo xuang n goai co cac kh op mem mai
G¢ng vat Gin g nhiet, tire Ia chung c6
phoi h Q'P voi cac co a· ben tro ng n ell
the giD: th an n hiet a rmrc on dmh , vi
con va t van co th e di ch uy en . Bo xuang
v~y van c6 kha n an g hoar Gong tot a n goai c6 chirc nang bao ve va ho tra cac
n hiet G¢ thap . Ca, bo sat, dong vat
co quan ben tr on g. Bo xuang n goai rat
luong cu th uo c G¢ng vat bi en n hi ~-l--..I
clmg va kh on g th e ph at trien t611 han .
vi clui n g kho ng th e on di n h GUQ'c
Khi co n vat Ion len , bo xuang ng oai da
than nhiet.
LOp bo sat baa
gia se bi lo t d i va th ay the bang tap
g6m roe, ca x uang kh ac a phia d uoi . H ien ttIQng
sau, rjn va LOp luang cu na y d iroc goi la lo t xac.
tMn Ian... LOp chimbaa g6m baag6m sa
b6 nang, Oij; bang, giang, coc va
mong bi~n ... \' .. ech Tom oencen la loai glap xac co
he va; tom, cua va torn hum

LOp oongV?t co vu baa

"
g6m cnuot, mea, gau tui...

N or TANG eVA DONG v AT

KHONG XUONG SONG . rim, mot ba ph?n
ciia h~ tuan tioen
D¢ng v~ t kh ong xuang song hoan
ch in h nhu con to m p andall (hin h
p hai) co no i tang giong voi Gong CO' tnmg, mot ba ph?n

ciia h~ xuong CO'

vat co XU'OTI g so n g nhung don gian

han . Tom la loai giap xac va co
chan khop nhu sau bo va nhen. Khi
tom lot xac, nlnrn g lap phu ng o ai ,'-.~ .... '
ri t m on g cua co quan cam giac vi " - ~ Cang 0- chan b6

~_ · ~.~A~
;..~~.~__~~~~~~~~=~f4~.;;;~~~~~~:;;:"-
' . :jI
1 e- • thir' nh-'
at
m at rung 10 th eo.
~
,~ , .".
J
fhuy ouol

_
-..-.-//- '.'1L-~;;:~~I _, .
\ ( ' '
.' Bang quang,

Ruot, mot ba ph?n

ciia h~ tieu h6a
mot ba phiin

cLla hi': bai tiet

,
-",- '-' -
.
Mot trang niim
aoi chan co

DONG VAT KHONG

XUONG SONG
M¢t so loai Gong val kh ong
xuang son g nhu OC sen c6 co th e
Ngimh Oa gai baa
ban g thit Guac ba o ve b&i tap va
Nganh DongV?t hinh reu baa
g6m bijch h.3i va nhOng dong g6m saa bi~n, hal be n ngoai . ' h Ung loai kh ae nhu
V?t co reu khac. sam, nhim biJn... su a co co the m em va khong
GUQ'c bao v~ . Can trun g la lap
LOp Sau

ba baa

G¢n g vat kh ong xu ang so ng Gong

g6m ba,
GaO nhat ba o gam h011 m ¢l t ri ~u
ru6i, cMy
loa i. Dong v~t khong xU011g song
r(in...

nho n h at chi nhin tha y GU'Q'c du&i

kinh hi en vi. Loai 1611 nhat la b<].ch
Nganh Giun tran tu¢c khon g t6 v6i chieu dai 20 ill.
baa g6m giun tron,
giunxaan... NgimhGlUn dl1P baa
g6m san day, san Ia...
I--- - Xem them - - - --1
C IlI\1 91

Nganh Giun dOt baa

EcH v A c Ae lOAI LlJONG C V KIIAC 2~ 2

g6m giun oat, dra ...

C ON T RU;-;C 350

Ret D <)NG V.\T CO VU -l12

'-­ ..:.. - :..._...:_

_- _=-=- _ -_ -_ -___
- - -_ -_ -_ -_ _-_ - ­_ J

- _-_-_ _ LO
_A1
_:B : ~
34
 ANIMAL SENSES

C AC GIAC QUAN CV A DONG V!T

TATcA DONG VAT nEu NHAN BIET duo c m oi tmemg xun g quanh. Xuc
giac, klnru giae , vi giac, thi giac, thinh gi ae la narn giae quan rna loai va t va
can ngu61 dun g d e phat h ien n hirng gi dan g di en ra xun g quanh. Tu y
nhi en, giae q u an cua d¢ n g vat phat tri en han nhieu so voi COD n gU'm.
Mui cho rat thinh voi mui, vi v~y ch6 "cam nhan " the gi&i xung quanh
qua cac mui va huang cung gi6n g n hu can n gu m nhin thay anh
sang va mau sic bing mit. Nhieu d¢ng vat, dac biet 1.3. ca, c6
GrAc QUAN
the dinh vi duoc vi tri cua minh vi chung cam nhan duoc dien SAN Mor
sinh hoc do cac sinh vat khac p har ra. Ca cling c6 the phar hien Ca map co the ngtri
thay mui m au tra ng nuoc each xa t61 hang tram m el. Khi ca
diro c nhimg rung d¢ng trong mroc nho m ot day co quan cam map tien gan oe n con m61. thi glJ.c tinh tuang va th u q UID
giae narn 6' h ai b en sirori . gQi la co quan duorig b en . di en truorig du oc phat huy oe ch um bi tan cang con m6L

Cac gi ac quan cua dong vat clin g giong nhu hinh dan g co CO' quan khltuglac cua ral ce c6 thi
phiJt hlennhl§u loal mUI trongkhOng
th e deu trai qua qua trinh tien h oa va phu Thuy tmh thi hOI tu anh khi NhtJng CO'quan dac blet naynam
h Q'P voi nhu cau cua can va t. Lo ai ca hang sang vao trong mit dJ tao trong min, tren dlnh cua khoang mUI
ra hinh anh ri5 net.
ra t it sir dun g m it do chu ng so n g 6' \
nhimg noi tam toi . Tha y vao do, cac MOl dung de phat h,en
giac qu an khac cua chun g nhir xu c mleng va sac r81nho
chung ra
giae, khiru giae lai rat phat
Chan truoc tnich ------------:;;I"i- . ~~
trien . Mot so d¢ng vat c6 hIYP v67 vlec xU- Iy
giac qu an rat dac bier. B¢ thtic an. Ral ca
dung chan de tach
rau dai , m u ot nl nr long to' vo so,

giup buorn hoang de dire c6

th e "n giri'' duoc mui cua
can cai tir eac h xa 5 km.

De. 16ng gllJp ral ca cam
thu duoc cac rung d(mg, va
cham nhe. ap suat100, noi
n6ngva lanh.
Rau fa CO'quanxuc glac. d8ng
th61 cOng rat nhay cam vOi cac
rung d6ng nenrfit hCru ich cho
a
ral ciJ khl vung nuCrc t61.
Ral ce nghebangcecti
cam nhan cac rung
d(jng daP vaomang
nh ~ oi gtuo ral ce glCr
chang bang, cec ong
chtia dlch nho xiunam
trong tal c6 tac dung
nhunhCrng chlecmay
do gluP ralca cam
nhan duO'c trong luc

RAr cA
Trang khi rai ea bien n oi len tren mar nuae an so. cae giae quan eva
/ no van lien tve gV1 th on g tin ve moi tWOng xung qu anh tal nao , Giac
ban
' /
quan eva ral ca baa ga m m~ t, tai, mui. lum. rau. lon g. da va thv quan
Mong vuot <
va' / ong
'

chan fa cO' quan xlic than g bang . Ng oai ra , ca n thu quan su'e cang a kh6p va CO', truyen
glac rat nhay. thong tin ve vi tn eua CO' the . Mui n h i:mg can so bi nhiem GQe h o~e
nhi:mg gQ1l song do vay ca m~p t<;lO ra cling nga y l~p tu c d.n h baa ch o
rai ca biet nhling n guy ruem c6 the xay ra.
CH6SAN
Ch6 san la eh6 GUQ'e hu an lu y ~n
G~ C biet de san tim. Co quan khUu Kha nang danh hiJI cua CM san gi sat mO,
giac cva chUn g c6 the nh <;l y gap ca ch6 san tot den nOI n6 xuong aa't de'
c6 the nh6'mUI da danh hiJI
trieu Ian so vm khUu giac cva ca n ngm trong nhl§u
n gu m., Ch6 san c6 the phat hien ngay, "
./

GUQ'Cma u cia rat nha troc ra tu co

the ngu01.

35

 TH(J e AM NHI ~T
Ran vip e (m o t trang nhLrng loai ran do c a cha u PhI , cha u A va chau C Ae GIAe QUAN
Au) 1a loai rat n hay earn voi hoi nong. ChUng co th e pha t hien th ay e UA eON TRUNG
tia hong ngoa: do nhung d ong v~ l d~ng nhi et rum ch uo t phat ra. V] tri cua glae quan
Nhung tia nay di vao trong cac hoc nho nam a hai ben 10 m ui cua ran dQng vat phu thuo c vao
va tru yen oen oau da y than kinh thu nh iet a ben trang . Bang each eac h son g cua tUng loai .
lk dau san g hai ben , dn co the xac dinh diro c khoan g each va Vi du , ru oi co ca q uan
huang cua con m ol. No tham chi con tan co n g duoc co n m oi vi glac la lon g chan a
a
m ot cach chinh xac noi kh ong co anh sing. d e xac dinh thirc an khi
~}~~~ NEM KHONG KHI ch ung dau len . Cac hoat
Tal d cac loin r ~n dQng cua dong va t cling
':":) ...-c-
deu "ncm" m UI
cho ta bie t n o sir dung
trang kh ong kh i
ban g each me 1u 61 ra glac quan gi. CM u chau
ngoin. Cac mill trang khong khi dong lai phar ra am th an h de gQl
rren chat dich hror va duoc dua v ao mleng ban tinh hoa c du oi ke
ran. Bang each nay . dn co the thu. vi vay chung can
barn thea co n mal, tim ban tinh
co th in h gia c phat tri en
hay phat hien ra nguy h iem
va tren thuc te dung la
Ran co cam
th@ nhan ouoc cae n h ll thc.
rung rJ6ng do cac rJ6ng vat Mat tmh d@ phat
rJang dl ehuy@n khae gay re. hlenke thu

RAu
D6i rau dai cir d6ng lien tu c

de' phat hien cac lu a n g khi.

THV CAM TU
Mo l 56 dong vat co co the nhu m ot loai ., ....
la ban va duoc ch u ng su d ung kh i thuc "Tal" ehau ehfiu
hi cn nhliTIg chu yen di dai, Loai - '.~~~~ ehil yeu aooc dung
birorn monarch di rru tren rJ§ phat hlen am TAr 6 BAu co:
thanh do nmmg Chan khoeglljp I Chau cha u (an h
khap vung Bac My n gay
con ehau eha'u eM u eM u nhayxa
khi m61 no val m an , tranh nguy hllm.
treu) co tai 0 dati
khaephat ra g6i Ma ng d a mo ng
Co me ch u n g co m6 t
chat ch u a nr nr n hi en o cha n cha u cha u
duoc gQI la cac te ru ng len klu ngh e
baa thu nr, Mot 56 th ay am th anh cua
uha kh oa h oc cho ban tinh phat ra
ran g chung dVa vao til'
trucm g cua Trii dat de /
lim dnemg b ay TAI NHU RABA
Doi tai to Ian cua Gi.o tal to co th e
t~ p trung cac song am vao sau
tran g tai. Mal tai co th e ven b
THV cAM DI~N len de phat hi en huong phal
Co the d6ng v~ t tao ra xu ng
ra am th an h . Cao tal to co th e
m en oho , da e blet la tran g
cae w. M o bang da cua thti n ghe thay [ieng ffiQl con b9
m o V!t ral n ha y cam v&i cae sa mac dap tren eat each
dong <lIen tra n g nuo c ch un g vai m et. N goa i ra , d OL
Chung co th e tim th ay t6 m I
tai to co n glUp cao tai to toa
tran g bun nh a vao viec
bar nhier tu cac mach m au d e de
p ha t hi¢n ra cae xu ng <l Ien
p hal ra til:clllec dUOI d ¢>ng cht u han dum anh nang sa mq.c
da y cua can m oi .

l---­ - - Xem them - - - - I

DO "G V A.T 33
Cfll M9 1
CO' quan khltuglae
CHO. CHO SOl VA CAO 203
o-mOI eM IOn
gap 30 Ifm CO' r . , CA 258
Phiin thlJong DCJNG V AT CO VU 4 [2
quan khilu glae
CA M AP v A CA DUOI 594
eila nglJo'1.
RAN 606

36

 ANTA RCTICA

Narn 6 diem cue nam cua
Trai dat , chau Na m C\I'e
ch icm di en tieh khoan g
14 trieu km 2 Nam My va
New Zealand la hai vuug gan
voi ch au Nam Cu e n h i r. Diem
eao nhat la day Vinson Massif,
cao roi 4.8 9 7 m .
N HI~T DO(; NAM C'()'C
CHAUNAM CVC
V 61 DI~N rtcn 1611 h an nuoc My , ch au N am Cu e na m duoi m o t kh oi bang
khong 10 day toi 2 km. Cha u Nam Cue n am gifra eire na m va duoc bao quanh boi
Nam Dai Du o n g bang gia. Nlnrng can gi6 100 tao ra m ot van h dai bao xu ng
quanh ch au luc na y , h in h thanh ne n suang mu va nhirng tran bao tuyet du doi .
Day la vung lanh nhat va n hieu gi6 nhat tren Trai dat. Th arn ch i, trong mua he
ngin n gui, nhiet dQ ch i nhich len tre n nhiet do d6ng bang mo t
May phat song v6
ch u t va chi c6 mo t phan bang tan ra. Mu a dong , nhiet dQ tuy~n giup cac nha
c6 the xu ong toi -80° e. Rat it dQllg, thirc vat c6 the ton tai khoa hoc theo d6i
cuoc chuy§n aong
tren can, nhung 6' vung bien bao quan h lai c6 ra t nh ieu ca cLla chim canh cut.
va dong vat c6 vu . Vi khi hau kh ac nghi ~t nhir vay n en
khong c6 con ngm':Yi th u ong tru 6' day. Nh trn g n gum tren
cha u l-Iam Cue ch i la khach d u Itch, cac nha khoa hoc va
nhan vien lam viec trong cac tram n gh ien ciru. Tu y n hi en ,
so n gu m it oi na y cung lam cho om nay bt 0 n hiern . Vi v~y ,
ng ay nay con ng u m da chu y toi anh huemg den moi twan g do
du Itch va cac hoa r dQn g nghien ciru. Nh uri g rnoi quan tam kh ac ve m oi tnrong
la nan danh bi t ca bira bai va 16 thun g & tan g o zo n phi a tren Nam Cue .

N GHIEN CUu KHOA HOC

Tren chau Narn Cue e6 40 tram nghien
elm thu orig true, 100 tram khong
20C: Nurrc bi§noong thuorig true cua 15 qu ae gia. Cac nha
bang. Tri!n vung bi§n
NamCuc, nhi~ t ao khoa hoc aen day de ng hien elm doi
mua he chi la 1° C son g h oan g da , su anh huong cua
nose hanmot ciuit. bang tuye t noi day aen viec thay doi ... ­
khi hau tren Trai dk Ngh ien elm
tren chau Nam C\Ie eun g da dern
Iai nh ieu ket qua dang ke nh u
viec pha t hi ~n ra 16 thun g d.ng
ozo n (y phia tren ehau h,lC n ay.
-25° C: Thep ran fai va
tra ni!ngion, de gay. DU L!CH

Khaeh du h eh de n vun g Nam Cue bang ducm g thuy tu n ht'mg na m

1950 Nam ] 98 3, ng u m Chile b ~ l dau dun g m ay bay de ae n dao

King Geor ge. nai eo khich s ~ n 80 ph ong d;mh eho kh aeh du heh .

Hang nam , Nam Cu e tiep dan hang nghin khaeh du l1eh oe n cte

ehiem ngu6ng ph ong canh die bi¢t va dm son g hoan g da eo m 6 t

khon g hai noi day, c h~ n g h ~n nh u loai chim c;inh C\lt vua.

Sat
400C: Cao su to'ng
hop tra nen g/()n, ca
the'nguai a6ngbang
nhanh ch6ng.
•
•• KHoANGsAN
Nam Cve ea
nhi eu khoang san
nhu Yang. do ng, ur anium va
niken . Iuy nh ien , viee khai th ae $[:
lam anh huan g oen
m6i tru 6ng
de ton th uan g noi day .

-89° C: Day la nhi~ t ao

tMp a mtfCky fuc ou9'C I-- - -Xem tl1elll - - - ---!
ao tal tram nghii!n ciJu L vc f) !A 174
Vostok a NamCvc nam S ONG RAN G v A CHU M BA NG 299
1983 N Gl U ! INU IT .153
T fi AM HI( M Dj ,\ eve52 l
DOl SONG fl OAN G DA 6 cAc ClTe 51':

37
 CH'\ NA;\ . q rc
- - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - --

m BAa v~ cA Val
Jt
"ti i
1,r;1
/':,.
Nru C6 ng m nh
co chi
0
Thu do Thanh
ph6 k'ru
• •
Th anh
pho nho.
o

Vice san ban ca voi voi quy rno Ian tr en Vtlll g bi en

N am C\I'C xuat hi en ttl' the ky xx se lu emg ca voi

rht trau
nhanh cho n g gia m su t Narn J 948 , Oy ban Ca voi

Qu 6c te d uoc thanh lap de kiem soat 56 lu on g ca

soIJ:$u THONG ICE voi ngay cang it di , Mot hiep dinh qu6c te aa du oc ky ket vao

narn ] 994, th ee do, m ot "thanh dia" rieng ch o ca voi duoc lap ra

de bao ve ng llon th u c an cho ca vo i va tranh bi d anh b~t th ai q ua .

Dien tich: 13 .900 ,000 km 2

Dan so: Khong co dan thuong
tru . )(AM CHIEM LANH TH O
TM do : Kho ng Nhie u q u6 c gia nhir Au stralia , Pha p ,
New Zealan d , i a Uy, Arge ntina, Chil e
Ng6n ngfr: Anh , Tay Ban Nha ,
va Anh de u tuycn bo chu q u yen tren
Phap, Na U y, Trung Qu cc , Nam C\I'C khi noi n ay Ian (-ta u duoc
Nga, Dire, Nhat, Ba Lan p ha t hi eu ra vao the ky XIX . Tuy
Ton giao : Khong nhi en, nh lm g myen b6 na y da bi bai
bo kh i Hiep uoc N am Cu e ra doi na111
Tien te: KhOng 19 5 9 va co hicu lire vao narn J 96 1
Chtrc nang chinh: Nghien cuu Theo Hic p u o c n ay , ch an N am C\I'C
khoa hoc ch i diroc suodlwg voi muc dic h h oa
binh . Cac tram duo c thanh lap de
Xuat khau: Khong
n ghien cuu kh oa hoc , co n cac can cir
Nhap khau: Khong q ua n xsir deu bi cam .
BANG N AM C1)C I
_' " I
BIEN BANG I Cac nui ban g bao quanh hem 9 0% bo bien Nam Cue .
Trong nhiing theng mila aang gia lanh, esc m y ]a chau lu c chi ern h em 8 0% kh oi lm;m g n uoc ng Qt
vilng bi@n bao quanh Nam 9 lC aeu aang bang tren th e gien, nhimg GeU 6' dan g bang . so G BAN G LAMBERT
khien ehau lue nay
r¢ng ra gap 00;
/
\ \ (\
~ Song bang L. a ;h~en
la m¢t trong nhiing
'i-' / . o 1\ A'
D U O N G song bang Ian nha t thegi6i. Songbang
..~ I "' - . ,. ....1 !I. IV~ nay co ehieu rong 6- txr bi@n la 80 km va
"'" . .If Q Ul OI d an t.~ t'\- an sau vso orit lien 30Q,km
, .~ I I;.," So utl: 0 , kney
~::: I ~'- . ­ /
/v
:Z i a"Q"tln ittiu -7

I Sou th She tlan d

~ \
Queen Waud
<:)
Land
Kemp
Lalld
\
7'
­ \
\
\ V
..\fli i Darnley c:, \
S6ng bi/Ilg
Lambert 1';IIIt MlI ck,," ~ i .. '""" I
Duo d'~' 4_. ,~i '-I. I
Alexander ~ vi nh Prvd;
rrill CeY~ ~
z
\
I fJi/1I N AM e lj e El i z a b e t h ~
,
Cl
I HcJli/l g ,\'h{/ll.~e ll Gift' Am und sen -Scott L (/ II d "'
I -b Naill + J lhU()e Ho a K y) Hifll
0'\0 PEll ER I
(lhllr)C Nil U y ) ~';. . fJOllg Nam C~rc
DIIl 'i "
<:....
I
..,.".. C(rc t il" +0 Vo stok • Th ~1II ban g '
\ Sha ckleto n
DAy NU l XUYE \ ::. Naill (thll ()e Lien bang Nga)
?...
AM C1)C \ ,,;.
Daynui xuyen Nam Cue 4'J' I
ehi,'ly vat ngang ehau I
Ii rr.
.1
LUlld .. '
J
N,1i Sidley "" liJ c1Il1 bitll g
lue nay va taeh ehau lue'
4. 18~m ~ . Noss I
thanh NamCueaa; va I
Nam Cue ti@u, . \
' ,(" I)do Roosev<'il..-!..
.;t.
... .
~-

\ Nlli t:rehus
3,794111
l ..,..
\
.~ ~
"- Georgi' V
B

LOlld
THEM BAN G ROSS
Them bang la nhiing tang Mlii,lclart'
bang vinh euu lien v6i a{h ,.,
va auae eae song bang
b6i aap lien t(Je. TM m
bang Ross day tit 183 m
aen 914 m va dai khoang TH vac Ti LEo
966 km, ..... o 5 0 0 1000 km
.... ....
/r:.11111 ' ' .. L III
{I II( ill".­ (, : I ' I
~ ~/ I {J I i U•t I til __I') _ _ _ . n 500 1 uno d.'m

38


DAu KIEN
Loai ben song tren ca y
6' chau A co [lam QOTI Qe
an sau bo m em Nhimg
loai kien va m oi khac co
ham khoe de nh ai go va
than cay Cll11 g.
TOMor
Moi thuorig lam to nh6 trang cac cay cia ch et hoac
du m da\. MQI so loai moi xay
trieu eon. 6 nh-Cm g vung co khi hau n 6ng , t6 rnoi
co nhieu duong ham , 16 thOng gi6 va c6 the cao
h011 6 m. To rno i th uong ton tai hOTI
50 flam va cac birc tu emg day baa ve
rno: khoi loai thu an kien va nhtrng
ke th u kha c. Moi vua va mo i h au
, & sau trang t6 .
I
i ~~
Chim gtiJa
~ /4'
I an cua mOl la nam.
Kien tho
KrEN QuAN Dor
MQl SO lo ai kien flhu Ioai
kien quan dQi & Nam M);
na y khOng lam (a eo
dmh ma thu emg xuyen
d.i ehu yen Khi cAdan
dl qua fUng, ch ung b~ t
sau bQ va dOl khi ea
flh-cmg eon v~ t IOn eon
(
son g lam thu'e an .
~'
, .."/'
l
ANTS AND TER..!'vIITES
KIENVA MOI
KHONG AI BIET DUO'C CO BAO NHIEU trieu con
kie n va m oi sinh son g tr en hanh tinh na y. C6 it Ong thong
nhat 9.000 loai kien va 2 .750 lo ai m oi khac nhau. " khicumal.
at
Nhung sin h vat nho be n ay lai nam tf on g so cac
loai vat thu vi n h at tren Trai dat. Ca kien va moi
deu la loai ca n trun g song tap the, thanh tun g
dan lori , trang do , moi ca th e co m ot
n hiem vu rie n g. Kien chua ke t doi voi m o t
con du e va danh ca am. minh ae de tn ing .
Kien tho co n hiern vu kiem th irc an va cha m
soc con non. Kien lirih co n hiem vu bao ve to
va bao ve kien tho kh i di kie rn an . Th irc an TO KIEN
cu a kien ra t phon g phu, cM.ng h an nh ir sau Ph an IOn cac 101 ra vao to h en
:':. QeU narn dum Qat Tning, au
buorn, la cay, n am . Moi chu yeu an thirc ':')' tru n g , nhong du o c Qat 6'
va t va ch ung la mo t trang nhfrng loai tai ~'h nhung n 01 rieng biet tran g
to . Kien linh voi bo ham to
sinh quan tron g nh at tra n g nr rihien. kh oe co nhiern vu can h
gac loi ra vao MOL t6
: kien 16TI co the chua t6i
:." \ I00 .000 co n.
to
IOn chu a t6; ha n g
'{:'" (//~
, ; \ , .'
To"mo~'1 co------:~d
nhfeu ~~~~~I~ .w- _ , ,....
.
, \..,') .' " \I
d~r: ~~~S;~11.~ ,~~~,~ ,\ ~'\\
. " .-
-~ilI - 4Il '
• I M'01 hau
'
Rau c6 thi gap lal
nhlf kh6pkhuyu tay
~:/
Nam philt tmi n tren
dongphan mOl ben
trong t6. NhiJng vung
/
MOl ngay,
mal Mu de
miy (JlfOCgalla nhiJng 20 000
khu vuon nam. TMc trlIng tnr len
trong ph6ng ~
a gilra t6. / :.
KrEN THO' Mal tho 0 thlIc an
Tal ca kien thq d~ u la kien cal. Chan dal, co cho mOl vua, moi
m au & dau chan giup chung cha y nha nh va hau va mal linh. Mot
50 mOl tho cho mOl Mor
leo treo rat gi6i. Kien th q dl bem thue an , sau vua va mOl hauan va
d6 q ra de ch o nh-cmg can khae an, cham soc MOl h~ll va m Ol QUC co
lamsach mal vua va
canh Chun g bay len va glao
~. tni~lg , au trung ;a dQn to . Kien tho' khae v61 mal hau.
p llOi, sau QO moi h all bay
J1... kien chua va kien du e la kho ng e6 eanh . tra I~ l to MOl hau tlr do
KIEN CAT LA khong ren to l1lra va Quac
](jen co the van chuy en du o c n hfm g moi th a cham soc. Mo-i QUC
thu n an g hOTI co the chun g Kien
ci t la thuang can la tbanb nh j(~u
chi n h , hay moi vu a,
IOn hOTI m oi th q
m au nho [(in Qua la ve to du6l Qat. va 6' lai cu n g
Taj day. chUn g n ll ai la ro i m oi hau.
nhao Val nuoc bQl de tao
ra m o t loai hall hop M
·f ,.-- - - - -- - -,
f-- - - X em thelll- - - -l
n am - thuc an d uy n hal
ella hen ci t la - sin h DOlS6NG HOANG DA (; cllAu PHI 20
tnrol1g tren Qon g h on DO NG VAT .; 3
ll~ SINH THAI VA LU01 THUC AN 2 16
. . " hq p n ay. Cll;': TRI '" G 350
. '~ . V ' I
- - - - -'--- ­
39
 ARCHAEOLOGY
? ,,?

KHAOCO HQC
DOl v61 MOT NHA. KHAo CO, viec dao boi dat de tim m ot chiec bin h vo gion g
nhir "veri len birc m an thoi gian". Moi manh nho rna ho tim duo c lai giup birc tranh
ve qua kh ir th em h oan thie n . Khao co hoc la n ganh ng h ien CUu cac eli tich , di vat ...
cua nhan loai trong qua khir, nhung n ganh na y khong gion g voi sir hoc. Cac nha sir
h QClay dir lieu duoc ghi ch ep lai lam ca so n gh ien ciru, con cac nha khao co lai
ng hien CUu dira tren nhimg vat the con hru lai. HQ dao b oi. khai quat trong long dat
hoac diroi mroc de tim cac mau xuang , binh lo, hoac bat ke thir gi rna ngulY! xira de
lai. Ngoai ra, ho cung tim cac loai ha t, cac canh dong va cac dau hi eu kh ac ve viec con
n guOi thoi xira sir dung dat trong bao lau . Nganh kh ao co hoc kh ong chi lien quan
den nhtrng gi bi chon viii ha y nlnrng the h~ da qua rna con giup dir doan diroc nh ung
gi se den voi xa hoi lo ai n guoi Vung khal quatauoc chla 0 vuong (f~ nha
HEINR ICH SCH LIE.!viAN N
Nam 1870, nha khao eo ucn
trong tuang lai. No chi ra ring ___~ khao c6de dang ghllal cec phat hlen ph ong ng uoi Dire la Heinrich

~
n hirn g h anh d¢ ng cua con
Trang cac bee anhhlen
n guoi va su thay doi khi hau .- ~ truong, cae vach sun tren
h ay moi tnrong co th e phi ~ cot sao gtup de dang
<; bier cucc kich
huy roan bo c¢n g dong. tnuoc c6vM·
Schliemann ( 1822- 1890) da tim
thay di tieh thanh Troy a Tho Nhi
K)'. 6ng cung la nguOi dira ra cac
quy rae khai quat CO' ban , ehing
han nhu liru giu' bin ghi che p. Tuy
nhicn, khong ph ii hie nao ong
co.ng tuan theo qu y d e cua m inh.
Vi qua no n n6n g tim kiem kho
bau nen do i khi ong da pha huy
nlurng vat rna on g aan g tim kiem .

Nhiing chlec baynho giup cac nha khao

P H AN TICH
Vi tri va dia diem rna nh ung co
v~t du o c kha i qua t co th e cun g
cap nhieu thong tin qua n trong .
Vi v ~ y, cac nha khao co ph ai do
d;1C, kiem tra, ghi che p , phan
tich m9i th u m a h9 tim thay va
bao quan n hCmg co vat d6 neu
co the. M(>t so phuang ph ap
kh oa h9Cgiup cac nha khao co
biet du9'c chi nh xac tuoi cp a co kMm tra li;l; xem co bo
v ~t til h ang nghin nam truck
co' (faa aa't m¢t each than trong.
KHAI QUAT
Nha kha o co th u thap tho ng
tin ve qu a khu nha- vao viec
khai q u ~t , ClaO bOi H9
quy et dtn h nen kh ai qu~ t
vung na o sau khi quan sat
Cac nhakhao ->----'~"'-'-~- I~f'.>
c6phai sang li;li chi) ~ ky nhfmg buc anh duac ch \lp tir
aa't ma h9 (fabo (fi (fe _~~ tren kh6ng. nh-crng b uc hi nh cu. , ban d6,
tai lieu co hoac cac dau tich tren mat Gal. Sau
sot thu gi khOng.
do, h9 th ~ n tr9ng dung ba y hoac cac dl,m g C1,l nM khac
dao bOi cac la p dat H9 tiep tl,lc dao bOi cho den khi tOi
ch6i mem (fe quet (ffit lap dat khOng co n dau hi ~u cua ho ~t don g con ngum .
kha ma khOng lam anh
huang aenc6 vM.

Nen bang(fa pM n
(fju tM ky XVI.

DVNG CV THOI DAr DO DONG Hothaibang (fa pM n

Cae nha kha o eo tim tha y nhi eu d,m g e\l (fj u tM ky XIV.
tl! thOi eo a?i Chiee riu va a au m ui ten

tra ng anh tren e6 nien dai tu ThOi dai Nen lat (fa

06 dong va auae eo n nguOi su dl)ng thOiLa Ma.

khoing tu 3.000 oen 8.000 nam tmac.

P H AN TANG

Khi kh ai qu ~ t. cac n ha khao co thuo-ng d1,l'a vao vt tri

tim thay di v~ t o:e xac djnh mang d6i moi cua moi di

v~ t du9'c tim thay. Ho lam vi ~c d1,l'a the a quy tac phan

tang. co n ghia la nh-crng d6 vat cang bi chon vui sau

han duOi long Gat thl cang co ni en O;1i co xua han .

- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - --
40
 KII,\O c 6 110 C

N GUOl TOlLUND r CHUP ANH TREN KHONG

lam 19 50 , cac nha kh ao eo
j N hu ng birc an h chup m at o at nr tren ma y bay ba t dau co
Dan Mach da eo mo t kham pha
clay an tUO'l1g Ho tim chay ca
I viec
tir nhung na rn 1920 . Ch up anh tren kho n g gil1p ch o e6ng
kha o co di roc de da n g hon vi tir tr en eao se de phat
the cua m 9L nguOi dan a n g hien dir oc ca c d au tich ella ca c toa n h a, duang sa. canh
trang m o t chiec gi e ng eo bai a don g rna tren m at d at khong nh in thay d iroc .
than bun To llu n d Mose . Xac
ch ei bi tr eo len va bi chon vii i
. each oay kh oang 2 .0 00 nam .
Phan Ian cac xac che t d ell
, '. nha nh cho n g bi ph,a n huy dum
d at, Nhung xac cher nay bi
than bun VUI lap n en phan thit
eung lai nhir da gla y Ra t nhieu bo pha n
eon n guy en ven . Tharn chi, cac nha kh oa
hoe eon bie t drro'c btra an cu o i d m g cua
ngu01 nay la m al loai chao da c,

Richard Leakey do dec va ghl lal

ttitcanhJing chI tiJft cua ha; cot

_-~_d
ma ong oa oao ouoc.
GIA DINH LEAKEY
Gia din h Leakey d a eo nl urng kh am pha quan tran g ve
ngu on goe loai nguol . Louis va vc: la Mary khoi ngh J~p
aO ld uvai Gorge, Tan zam a (ch au Phi) vao nhirng n arn
19 3 0. T;J.i day. l19 oa chi ra ding sir song cu a co n n guoi
XUaLhien each day 1.7500 00 nam va qua. trinh tien
h oa cua loai ngu6i bat oa u tir chau Phi chir khong
phai tir chau A nhir rn oi ngll'01 nghl. Tir nh irn g nam
\ ] 96 0 , eon trai ho la Richar d da ke me su n ghi ep
nghien ciru va n gay nay Richard eho d.ng 10aJ ngu Cfl
xuat hi en each day hon hal trieu nam .

Cac n/la khao co' khal

quat xac con tau
Trong 50 nhCrng vat tim
Sia va Rossi dii tim
tMy trong mo
thay esc vat bli u
~O~.. Tutankhamun c6
tuong cua aucc Nga
mot mat ngoc
ieee bee tranh ton
kMc hinh con
glao).
bo hung.

T Au DAM
Sir ph at trien cua cac thiet bi Ian hicn dai tra ng 50 narn q ua
gillp cac nha kha o eo khai quat cac khu vu e diroi nuoc. H o
MO TU TANKHAMU N SlY du n g nhieu ph irong phap kha i quat nhu a
tr en can Ph an
Vi ce kha m pha ra ng o l rna Ian cac n h a kha o eo diroi nuoc tim b ern xac tau dim , tu y
ella Tutan khamun la rnQt nhien doi khl h o eDn g p h at hlen ra cae vu n g oat , eo ng trinb
tro ng nhtm g su ben no! bat va cae th ) (ran eu a cae n en van minh eo xua .
nhaL tro ng I,ch SlI nganh
kbao co h o c. Tu tankharnun
La m Qt hoang de tn~ cai trj
Ai q p 3.5 0 0 llam tmac. f-- - - Xem 'i1em- - - ---I
Narn 192 2, nha kh ao co TH O! D ,\ I D O DONG 106

nguCn Anh la Ho w ard Carter Howard Carter (anl1 A I C \ P CO D.~t ~ ~II

(1 8 73 -1 ':1 3 9 ) u a tim th ay nm trail tim tM y quan tai TI E" HOA ,~ :!

ch on cat Vila T utan kh am un 0­ cua iu tankhamun. H OA IHACH ~ 7~

h un g Ifm g Cae v i Vltd . Ben canh thi

Chi/k quan /iiI ollac D I,\L Y 19 1

th e cu a nha vua con c6 dt n h leu van g

hao qlla rat tot.
THOl lJAI DO SAT 3 5 ~
0 1) 0 11 It.t" SU 537
va d6 rl ~e 'Ill)' gia kltac.

4\
 ARCHIT ECT URE

. . _.":;- _ _,~__ ~~_-:- : ""'-=_=-__ cb- kie n true sir la thiet ke va xay dV11g cac toa n h a dep m at, th iet th uc va tien
- ~: : ..' --
Bee thap Sanehi duoc xay
dung vao nam 2QO truce
Cong nguyenij AnD¢ d~
tho Dire PMr.
Nam 44 7 truoc Cong
nguyen, hal kien true sir
nguOiHy Lap fa fetinus
va Callicrates da thiet
kri ngoi cJi!n
Parthenon cJ~ tno
nif thim Athena o
Athens, Hy Lap.
VOi nhiIng hang eot
trang nha, Parthenon la mot hinh imh
KIENTRUC
MOl CONG TRiNH xAy D1JNG rna ban n hin thay nhir nha cira, tfU'cYUg h9C,
san ba y d eu diro c th iet ke boi cac kien true su oTir "arch itect" - kien tr ue str ­
bit ng u 6n til tieng H y Lap co nghia la "ngu m xay dung", Nhiern vu cu a cac
nghi. Kien true co nghia 1a thi et ke va n eu ra each xay dirng m o t cang tr in h .
~~ . CaC phong each kien true tha y doi t heo th ai gia n va m o; n en van hoa
l 't ; ! l:~, j ':':[J.~~::--r
-- ~ - :t~ --<~ ...c:-.co m ot phong each kie n true rieng . Vi v~y , h en tru e co
., l"I'f --' ."",
thecho
• - -' II . , I !~ 1 ~''':.!:~' _ ' _~'1 ~ - ~ chung ta bi er n h ieu dieu ve co n n guoi. Vi du , n gu oi H y Lap
I ~ -1' co dai xay dl.l'n g nh ~l11 g toa nha ~ 01l giall, can ,d oi th e hicn
. ;I each son g nguyen tac ella ho. . Kien true sir la
I . nhtrn g tl gh~ si sang tao ra cac toa nha. Nhun g
-~l!I;~~~I=~~~~~ ~ khong gio ng rum cac ~gh~ si khac, ho phai ba n
~ _ • _~ __ =- -,
. y nron g tru o c khi bat lay vao tlnrchien tac
~,--~ 6-~- -:-¥?~:" .
pharn cu a rn in h.

hoan hao cua kie'n true c6dii!'n.

KIEN TRUe e6 mEN

Kien true cua Hy Lap yj La Ma co dai d uo c gQi la kien true co dien,

Da so co ng trinh kien true cua nguoi Hy Lap deu co n hieu co t do'

l.l y m ot cai m ai hinh tam gik. Moi ph on g each kien tru e suo dung
m o t so loai co t nha't d lnh. Tuy nhi en , tat ca deu cion gian va deu
dan den ho an hao. Kien true La Ma p har tri en m uon han va co
th em cac vom rn ai .
VOi nhifng t<ing mai cong thanh
nha. chua la ncri iiuoc xay dl,mg
d~ tno Ph?!. Ben phai la hinh
anh ngoi ehuanJm trang khuon
vien cJi!n Yakushi-ji 6- Nh?t. MOl
chi tiet trong thie't ke ngoi chua
Nha thO-Ian Milan 0­

cJi!u mang m(it y nghTa ton giao.

Italy lanhphai) la

m(it vi du vi! phong ,.-­

eaeh kien truc .

KIE TRUe GOTHIe
Ova tren yeu diU eila khach Gothic th&i ky cuo/.

v 6i. n hu-ng ma i nh Qn nh ap nh o , nhlrng hin h khk oep

hang, kien truc su cJua ra ban tren eta i 'a Ilh lmg eua so nhieu hoa tiet , cae eon g trin h
thiet ke lanh duO'i) cJ~ khach kicn true Go thic th ( hie n mot phon g caeh doi lap voi
hangblet eong trinh cua ho khl
phong caeh oon gi<111 cua kien true co dicn . K j ~;n trllC
hoan thanh se eo hinh dan
kieu Goth ic xua t hi~n r'y Tay Au vao the ky XII va ch u
nhu tM nao.
yeu ou g e tile h i ~ n r'y cae nha th o'. Oil cae eo ng trinh
trong co ve 00 so nhun g nhtm g bu'e tLrCmg m o ng, ma i
vo m nhQn. nhu-ng eua kin h Ian sac so s~ e mau lai
KIEN TRUe SU FRANK
mang oell ve nhe nhan g va tinh te

LLOYD WRIGHT
Kicn trlle SlY nguai M )' !'r;lllk Uoyd
Wri gh t (1 86 9- 19 59 ) co an h huang
lon den nhi eu h en true su khac. 6ng
co g ~ ng tao ra m Qt cam giac r¢ng rai ve
kho ng gian va lam eo ng trinh ella minh
h oa hqp vOi m oi tru6'n g tLr nh icn xung
q uanh, Cong trinh eua ong th \l'()n g co it
tUCmg n gan , vi v~y cae ph on g co the
"thong suo t" vOi n hau Tai Bear Run ,
Pennsyl vania, o ng da xay dun g Falling
W ater , m Qt eong trinh n~m tren tha e nu6c.
(@r;~)
KIENTRUC SU
Khi ban muon xay m ot ng ai nh a, b<,ln ph ai
tim den kien true SU, n6i eho hQ bi et ehin h
\
\ xac va chi tiet nhfm g gi b<,l n m uon . Kien
_________' tru e su cling phai dUQ'e bi et mvc dieh sir
_________ du n g eua ea n g trinh la gi , co baa nhi cu ngum Slt'
dVng va. n gan sach xay dung la baa n hieu . Mot h~n true
su gi6i p hai t<,lO ra duQ'c ban thi et ke ph il hop v6i nhu n g ea ng
trin h xun g quanb va xay dung b~ng vat lieu p hu hQ'P . Sau d6 , kien truc su
gi6i thieu ban thiet ke d6 eho kh ach hang. Neu ban thiet ke dLrQ'c chap nh ~n ,
~[;J~~~if

" ·1
. . ',.; '4~dUQC
, ;~ ~tJ\
./.•~,
IY\7 ~~ "
I!

Ii i m
C<Jt kiau DOrle C(it k i~u lome C<Jt kl~u Corinth Vom Barrel Vom nhqn Vom kreu gnng Vom cuon

42

 - -- - - - - - -

KIENTRUe ICY ~
MQl so b en true S\1 dllel ke n en nhUn g e6n g trinh
ral khac thuong . Khu th i tran Marne-la-Vallee m oi
d uoc xay dung 6' ben ngoai Paris, Phap, la mot to
hQ'P eong trin h kieu nhu yay Khu thi tran bao ga m
rat nhieu con g trin h la mit do nh ie u kien true S\1 ua
p hi each thi et ke. Khu nh a nay (an h ben ) trong nhir
mo t dai ki ni ern m a chun g ta e6 the song trang do.
Hal toa nha hin h tron uam doi die n nhau qua mol
san grCra, Khu nha do b en true S\1 nguCn Tay Ban
Nh a la Manalo N un ez-Yanow sky thie t ke,

Jean LoUIS Charles Garnier la nguO; /filet ke ra Nha T6a nha van ph6ng
hat 1671 Paris tauoc xay dung tu 1861·18 75), C6ng
trinh duac xay dung thea kiJu tan baroque· ao Iii su
a
Lloyds London, Anh
do kien truc su nguCn
hOI smh vao tM ky XIX cua phong cecn baroque. Anh la Richard
Rogers Ihle't ke, Cac
a
Toa ntla cnoc trm New
he th6ng phuc vu nnu
York. My co ten la Chrysler
he thong ong nuoc
Building duoc hoan thanh
d~ u nj m ben ngos,
vao nsm 1929
nenra'tde lhay the,

KIEN TRu e BAROQ UE

Vao nh un g narn 15 0 0 . cac h en tr u e 5U 6' tha nh Rome m uo n
p ha vo' cac qu y tac ella kieu h en tr u e eo Glen don gd.n va
deu dan d e tha y vao do nhun g toa nha b eu each va an tUQ11g
h011 Vi v~y ho thiet k€ th em cac m al vo rn , tae cac birc tLr011g ,
tran g tri cau ky h011 cho nhung eo n g trinh ella minh, Kieu
kien tr ue na y duo c gQl la pho n g each baroque. e6 n gu6n g6 e
ur Italy sau do Ian ra khap chai: Au, Rat nhieu nha th o va
eung di en Qua e xay d ung th eo .' , . ..'
h en true baroq ue ? 1 . KI.:n true su ve so ao ,ch! tlet
ben trong toa nha, chi (0
- -~ ~ khOng gten nay se cuoc su
t - . _ _ _- -- ~ dung nhu the nao
~ \. " ', '-'

-: ' ~ '; - \ Ban ve thl c6ng

- "~ "':' \ chua aung esc so

-e- .----:--....' do chmh xac, vat

\ \ \ ~ ~;~,;" ,\ lieu va ceu tnic aen

" .- 0.~ii1-;' 'Y!'\ \ tung chi liet nho

\ 1.F';':"'\ \'\\ _. nhat,

~ ." , ~~ ..
. ,'
... ­
\.....
r\ ) ( ' -' , -~
,

\'\ {' .
~-- ~
=.
/
__.
~t"~

KIEN TRu e DUONG DAr

~~ - Kinh , th ep , b e tong la nhun g val lieu xa y d un g

ch inh ella b en true hien da i. Hi n h thu e tran g tri &
de eon g lr1llh clU011g <1ai don gia D h011 vi m~e dich
sU' cl un g <lu a e COL tran g h em hin l1 dan g be n goai ,
Ngumxay dungphal dua vao Kicu dan g "q u 6e t6" - kinh. be tong va CO l th ep .
I ban thlet k{:'d~ xay XUal hie n & kha p nm tf en the gl6i

~
I-- - - Xem tltem - - ----1
X AY Dl.0G L08
NH A TH O VA NHA THO LO/\ 15!
TH ,\ NIl PliO l.' j
M , . · , . ' NI I A O :'J I
' Gi l l-:T li A T D II, LJ K HA e 5~ S
Tran tUOng Vom klJu Gothic V6m kfiu Roman

43

 ARCT IC

B~ e Ban g Duong n arn & g iu a Bk
Cue . vung cue bac cu a true Tra i
dat . Ba trang 50 nlnrn g do n g
56ng 10'n nhat th e g i&i la O b,
Yem sey . Len a de u d o vao Bac
Ban g Du o ng bang gia . Vung Bac
Cue go m Alaska . Can ada.
Gre enl an d va bk Siber ia
BAC CVC
B AC BANG DUONG NAM GnJA BAC CVC la
da i duong nho n h at th e gim . Til tharig 12
den th an g 5, h du lie t Bac Bang Du ong bi baa
phu boi m ot lap bang day toi 3 0 m . Dai
ducm g na y nam tron g v-ung Bac Cu c, n oi co
nen bang vinh CUu day tir 4 00 den 6 0 0 m.
Trang mua d on g dai va lanh gia , vun g dat
na y gan nhu chim tran g bo ng t6i do goc
chieu h ep cua Mat troi. Du m nh-cmg day nui
cia d o so cu a vu n g Bac Cu e la tnr luorig sat,
niken , dong , kern va dau rn a doi da o . Do kh i
h au kh ac n ghiet , giao th on g h an ch e ne n
TAuPHA BANG
nhimg tai n guyen nay van chu a diro 'c kh ai
Mac du m o t mra Bac Bang DU011g bi
thac. Mo t s6 toe n gum n h ir ngum In uit & ban g tu yei bao phu vao mu a d ong
Canada va Greenlan d da s6ng tai n oi khi hau n hun g nhimg can tau dac bier co ten
khac nghi ~ t na y i t n h at la 3. 00 0 narn . 1a tau p ha ban g van di lai qua nh ung
vu ng bang na y Trang n hirn g rnua
d ong khac n ghiel n hat , bang co th e
dan g toi tan d n g va da y bi en khi en
cac ca n tau phai neo lai tron g Val
th ang . Tau p ha bang co nhiern vu
p ha cac tang ban g b~ng lap vo th ep
sieu c1.'rng cua mi nh , m o loi di ch o
nh ung can tau kh ac, Ca n tau nguyen
ur Areticka cu a Ng a 1.'1 con tau pha
bang Ian nhat the gi&i. No co the
pha diroc khoi ba ng day 2, 1 m voi
van tOC 1 I km / h

Truce day. nhifng dim cM to khoe ouoc

dung a~ keo nhifng coxe at tren wyet Cu DAN BAC CV C

Bac Cu e la m ot tt ong nhun g n oi co dan ctr thua thoi n hat th e gi&i. Ng ay nay , co
kh oang I 17.0 0 0 ngiroi In u it (Eskimo) song & Greenland , Canada va Alaska . H011
3.000 nam q ua, h o da thich nghi voi khi h au kha c ng h iet noi nay Ho du n g
xu on g kayak va lao de san ban. Th irc an cu a ho la thit tu an lac, hal cau, ca VOl va
ca. H o so ng tran g nhimg n goi nha lam b~ng ban g hoac trang nhirn g han g da.
N gay nay. ho d ung xe triro t tu yet gan m ay (anh tr en ) va su ng khi OJ san ban .

MO THAN
Dao Sp itsb er ge n cu a Na Uy tal Bac Bang DU011g co tr u lU011g th an da rat 16n Tu y nh icn ,
cae rn o th an na y lal na rn & nhll'l1g vlin g ra t h eo lan h Duong b ien til: noi lIay
M il Na o y dai t&i 1.0 0 0 km va dong ban g SUOl bon than g lrong [lam
l\hieu ng uCYi In ui t da lim den d ay de Jam vi ~ e tro n g cae rn a than
GAU Bik c{j c
Co kh oan g 2S 00 0 den 4 0 .0 00 co n ga u Bk C ~rc sinh
so ng 0' Bi e Cu e. B6 lon g tring nhu luyel gnl p Chllllg
n gu y tran g rat to t va l&p rna day tm 10 em gillp Chllllg
gllr am ch o ca the Th u e an eua gau B~e Cu e]a hai cau
va eh lll1g hem an tu tha [lg 4 den lha ng 7. sau d 6 co
th e n h !n tam th an g ma kh6 n g can an Chung co th e
b01 xa tm I SO km de h em m ol.

f-- - - Xem th el1l- -- ---!

SONG B ANG v A CHOM B ANG 299

N GUOl INUIT 35 J

LlIE:> VA D At DUON G 484

T H AM IlI l\ 1 DIA cLIe $2.\

D Ol SO:'JG ll OANG 0 .\ 6 CA(' Clre 524

44

 i
NlIl
hi.
L,.
N Ul
m
( 6 dar
0
•
ConKtrinh Th" do Thanh
pho I<.m
•
Thanh
pho nho,
ltlltd n
N u r BANG TROr KHO NG LO
Nui bang tro i la nhung kh oi bang kh ong 16
vo ra tir cac song ba n g . Ph an lOTI cac n ui
a
ba n g tr oi Bac Bang Duong de u vo' ra nr
-l l
LI~U THONG ICE
cac song ban g ven blen cua Green land , dao
SO I Baffin va dao Ellesmere . M o: nam, co
~ GREENLAND I kho ang 3 7 5 nui bang troi vao Bac Dai Tay
Dien tich: Duong va la m a l n guy hiern doi V01 tau
2 . 166 .08 6 km 2 thu yen . Nu i ban g troi co th e co kich thuoc
The che eh inh tri. Lanh tho n hu m o t chiec d u ong earn , nhung clin g co
tv tri thu oc Elan Mach th e lOTI nhu toa nha 10 tan g , cao t6'i 45 m.
Tu yen bo doc Li p : 13 8 0 ChUn g di ch uyen nho don g ch ay va su e gio ,
roi tan ra va bi en m al tran g khoang h ai nam
Dan 56: 56 .361 H~N BIEN BAC CVC
sau khi ra da i d u ong . lhan b ien Bi e Cue (anh
Th u do: Nuuk
trai) sin h no 0 phia na m
~ JAN MAY N BAC CUC QUANG
cua Bac Cue va rnua don g
Bi e Cu e quang (aurora
iIiii Dien tich. 3 8 I km 2 borealls) xuai hi en kh: cac
d i tni xu6 n g am Cuc
The che ch inh tri. Day 1.1 10.11 ch im di tru
phan tty tieh Olen lon tu
Thuoc Na Dy
Tuyen bo doc lap: 192 9
Dan so : Khorig
Mal troi co xat voi eae
phan nr tro n g khi qu ye n
cua Trai d at, Nh frng tia
-­ h~n g nam xa nhar.

sang ph at ra 0 cur Bj e 1.1

Thu do ' Kh6ng san g nhat.
SVALBARD BAc BANG DUON G
aac Ring Duong co net dac
Dlen tich . trtrng Iii th ~m luc dla dill va
6 2.9 0 6 km 2 long chao ssu nam xung
The che chin h tri. quanh w e esc
B
Thuoc Na Dy
Tuyen bo doc lap: 1920
Dan 56 : 2.700
Thu do: Longyearb yen
11 ,1 ' {) 1I1t "i
'l/J ff

( UO II L:tI\" /f

j "H~dl!

fJ ( ~ n ~ ,I,.i n ~
C H A lJ
£. ' l /l l: l hdo W on 8d
1l1 t n ~
<. rr' ,,, d' l B AC B A
{ "l 'f e l
7'
cA 6 BAC CVC
gal nh ieu ca ban halibut ,
(;U'C, tiT
Khatanga
e -z.
ca. efl n, ca tu yet duo c tim ' IlAc• . lI ail ." ' ; u ~. ~ ' \ \\
thay & Ba:c Cue Ca ba: (! ({(' e o/! ~
d uc«; & day ch u yeu OUCK u d i .7t b c t ll
\,L"I. .. ... Lt1\..
lI~c •
Non l'sk .
che bien tai Gree nland . (.
.I rll l l,,,,,. , .,"

-,---= . A lcl f D UO NG lt ic " •Drkson

GREENLAND Pond J.1"I'lct
Ka ra
I t um:
Greenland 1.1 da o Ion nhat the Jr"'\(')

gi&i va 1.1 lanh th6 tu trI cua \'1 k /) 1, ' 1 WllIl

o 81J1It H ;m d , (
Dan Maeh . Ben tran g dat h tn / .~ \ I ttl I }' , N OI 'i/\(I
l\hUl·~ l' .llJ ·, 1
Z( ,,,, 6 ll Vork uf<; •
c ua Gree n lan d b ) bao phu boi /
m ot nt11 bang kh6 n g 16 eao tm.
r: f , ''­ , :p l f. ~ h v ,.g t.. 11
Longycarbyen
3.000 m . Vi ll1g ven bIen gam 1'.0 \"
rat nhi eu vinh nh 6 , sau. 1,'" I " "~ 1-.'A,,2r:,'::.
8 ;" 1/
L u f' r wJ" r
•
SiSlm l ut 't' /,,,L,,nfJ ~
"""";: 11 '
l"
'''''//1

I/I tl1 .

•
;-': UUK
/JUI (, ,rt '
( ;//1II1hj m''1l1·jeld
3i"UfJm l:J.
. \ rcha ngcl
' mm3ssalik :. 1 fJ( , "
);
'
"
~--{\ ' (J ' . h
i <1 (
fl
\1' '.
REYKJt\VI K 0
D .4 / f'1i Y D U O' r I THvac Ti L ~
o 2 5U SOO ===<
1 __ ......
km

o 2S 0 suo dam

45
 ARGENT ] 'A

ARGENTINA

ARGENTINA DUQC G -llA THANH BA vUNG cHfNH. Phia bac la cac vung lat n on g
am cua Gran Chaco . 6 giua la dang co Pam pas on doi - bai chan tha tot n h at dat
nuoc. Argentina la nuoc dan dau ve
xuat khau thu bo va la nha san xuat 1611 cac san ve
priam nhu liia m i, ng o, h oa qua va rau. Ph ia n arn la V-LIng ban sa m ac Patagoni a gjau
tnr hrori g than da, dau rna va khi tv nhien. Argenti na bi n gu m Tay Ban Nha xarn luo c
vao n am 1543. Nhirn g tran dich benh tir chau Au cun g nhir cuoc xung do t giua
nguci Tay Ban Nh a va n gu m da do da lam giirn dan g ke
s6 dan nguoi ban ilia cua
Argentina. Vao the k}' XIX, nhieu dan di cu nr phia n am chau Au, dac bi er la dan Tay
Argen tin a n arn tr ai d ai
3.46 0 krn doc be bien phia
Ban Nha va Italy, da den 0.mg dat de tron g trot va ch an nuoi gia su e na y. Mac du n gay
d o ng nam N arn My. Phia na y tien g Tay Ban Nha la n gon n gu ehi nh thirc, n hung co rat
nhieu ngon ng u kha c
tay nuoc n ay giap veri da y
Andes, co n phi a narn gi ap
cun g diro c sir dung, nr n gon n gu cua xu Welsh den n gon n gu cu a xu Basq ue, the
voi eo bie n Mag ellan . hien ngua n goe ph ong ph u cua cac elf dim tren lan h th6 Argentina ng ay nay .

RUQU VANG ARGENTINA

Giang nho ch au Au dir o c cac
nha rru ye n giao Tay Ban Nha
du n hap vao Arg ent ina, sa u
do pha t m en manh m e nho
khi hau o n ho a va (Ht dai
mau rna ()' oay. Argen tin a la
nuoc san xuat ru ou vang 10'n
tlnr tu th e gioi, n hrrng ch u
yeu chi duo c tieu th u trang
nua c.

T RANG PHt)C NGU6I CHAN BO

Vao the ky XVIII, tren do n g co Pam pas cua Argentina
bat dau xuat hien nhun g ngum chan bo du muc khi B U EN O S AIRES
ho duoc thu e m uon de bat nhurig can ngva va gia sue Thu do cua Argentina la Buenos Aires, mot
xong chuan g. Trang bi cu a ho baa gam : thon g lon g, trang nh im g thanh ph o Ian nh at am My.
dao va bola (nhun g qua cau sat gan tren day da de ! am a ben cira son g Plate, Buenos Aires la
nern vao chan con vat chay tron) . The ky XIX, ho duoc m ot cang Ian va la trung tam cong nghiep
cac ong chu trang trai thue ae chan gia sue Ngay na y, phat trien ma nh . Bueno s Aires do nguoi
nhung ngum ch an bo 6' Argentina van duy tri phong Tay Ban Nha xay dung vao nam 1580 va
caeh cli cua m inh . HQ van di ung da cao , mac quan dai m ot so cong trin h lich su van ca n ton t<).i
M¢t budi bi~u d/t~n di~ u tango
xep Ii va ao p on cho (ao cho ang len) . a
tren duimg phO Buenos Aires
aen ngay nay. Thanh phO nay duQ'c rna
ranh duai). Di~u tango eua Nam rQng vao the ky XIX khi ngum di cu chau
My/ii su ket h(J/J glua dieu nhay Au tran vao Argen tina. Baa tang, thu vien ,
va
eua ngu61 no Ie eMu Phi di~ u nha hat lan, qua n ca phe tra n g thanh pho
nhay eva ngu61 Tay Ban Nha.
deu mang phong cach. cua ch au Au.

vO CO N G TANGO
D i ~u nha y tan go h inh tbinh vao
nh trn g nam 18 8 0 0- nhtmg kIm phd
Ilgh eo eu a Buen os Air es. Den n arn
191 5 , tango da tr o- th anh vu di e u
d uQ'c ua ch u a n g tran g cac phan g
kh ie u vu thCri thUffi1g & cha u Au .
Ngay n ay, die u nha y gQ'i cam n ay kern
DAy ANDES nhfrng ba i hat bu on v~n p ho bie n tr en
Day nui hung vi nay l<). O nen duan g bien gi&i tV' eac co n d uang c ua th an h ph o .
nhi en gilia Argentin a va nua c lang gieng phia tay la
Chile. Nam 1881 , hai nua c da ky hi~ p uac xac dtnh I--- -- X em them - - ---I
r6 ranh gi&i nay. 6 phia tay Argenti na, ngQn nui lua TH AN DA 160
K HI8u v n IX5
da t ~t Cerr a Aconcagua COlO 6.959 m . Day la dinh nui N A:V1 MY 6 14
cao nhat cua day Andes 6' am My.
46

 AR GE1I:TlN,\
- - - -- - - - - - --

NIII
Jt. L.
NUl
m oor, Than. h
G lII g trinh Thu
•
Thanh
ph6 nhp.
.;:,.
lira (6 (1\) 1 pho 1611
th. rrill

SO LI~U THONG ICEl

Dien rich :
2.766 .89 0 km 2

mn s6: 39.921 .833

Thu d o : Buen o s Aires

Ngon ngu: Tay ~an Nha,

''.... Santiago
Italy, An h dieng ~~ del Es te ro
Ton giao : Cong giao La

Ma, Do Th ai , Tin lanh

\ \ .~~~

Laguna M ~'
Tien te: Do n g pes o
. La Rioj a
Argentina \
N gan h n gh e chin h : 'k:hiq uua .~

Na n g ngh iep '(§

Santa Fe
Xu at khau: Th it b o , Ilia Cordoba

mi, hoa q u a, fU'Q'U van g

Nh ap kh au : Han g m ay
m~c ~ • Rio C uarto

• San Rata I '\ o

" ~I
p (l s
Junln
". '\.

(" " '~..

R{J E N T I NA
OJ'IVarr l,, . ~\7u l
"'verDo lores 0;­
r'

TrcsArroyo. • • :Vla r del Plata

o
Vicdma
,~ B
hili, Sail Matta» a
} Rdll ddo
<;

"
. Val" ';"

~
C'Y; N

s; Q UAN BAa FALKlAND

TIERRA DEL FUEGO
Quan dao nay nam giua Argenti na
va Ch ile, bi ngan each khoi dat lien
Narn My bo'i eo bi en Magellan . VOi
nlnrng day nui , h6 nuoc dcin g bang
va song bang. vung nay tro thanh
m ot n 01 rna Strong va long gici. Day
clin g la vu n g can co i ch i cci cay bui
va reu voi nhung da n ciru gam co
rren bai da t. Dau lira cling d.i duo c
tim tha y o' vung xa xoi heo lan b nay.
THVt'1C Ti L-
o 2QO 400
I I
n 20 0
- - - - - - - -- - - -
Quan dao Falklan d diroc ng uCri An h
phat hien vao narn 1592 va ngay na y
van 1.1 th u o c dia nr tri cua An h . Quan
dao na y nam each bo bi en Ar gentina
/
khoang 480 krn. Khi h au lanh va
QuA, DAo long a
gi6 da y chi
thich hQ'P voi viec
fA LKLAND
1'(/\ . ' 111I/ ( 1( 11111 I
ch an th a ciru . Vi vay,
Falkl<lIlll tlu t va len tir ciru la nguo»
loi chi n h cua nguoi dan
~J,(:;~1(J''' 1 vun g n ay. Na m 1982 ,
Arge n tina tu yen b6
Falklan d thuo c lan h th o cua
f)(io £ .\Iwlo.\ m in h va xarn ch iem q ua n da o
Sau mum tu an chi en dau , quan ella
km
Argen tina thua tran, va h a n da o na y
40 0 da rn van na rn dum SU' bao h o cu a Anh .
Eo
47

 ARMI ES

QUANDOI

Tv IBOI NHONG DOl QuAN CUA VUO N G ouoc ASSYRlA tran khap Vllllg
Luong Ha co dai hon 3.000 nam tr uoc ch o c1en nh C mg rran chien thoi hien dai, q uan
doi d en co cung m ot m uc dich la xam lu o c tan h tho doi phu ong va bao v~ dat nuoc
minh. 6 chan Au, rnai d en the ky XVI rnoi co m o hinh quan do i hien dai; truoc do,
chi khi nao ch ien tranh xay ra thi dan chung m oi d iro c keu gQi nhap ngu . Ngay n ay,
hau her cac quoc gia deu co quan do i thuo ri g LIV C va binh lin h de u duo c huan Iu yen
ky cang. Quan d Qi cua m oi qu oc gia duoc xciy d~mg voi quy m o khac nhau. Quan doi
hien dai kh6ng chi co can nguOi rn a co n tap Lrun g n h l111g c6ng nghe lien Lie n nh at ,
baa gam may bay true than g, ten lira co dieu khi en, xe tan g , v. ... C6n g 11 gh~ da lain
•
NEAREST RECRUlTlNG STATION th ay d oi hinh thirc chien dau cua quan doi. Truc e day, b inh S1 thuon g tham gi a
Cae ttii nho tren nhCrng rr an dan h giap Ia ca, ngay
TUYEN QuAN oai eo oe O/fng nay. cac doi quan SlY dung vii khi
dung ell nho.
Narn 191 7 , Hoa Ky sCr dung hinh
anh chu Sam (bieu tUQTI g cu a nuoc
dieu khien tir xa.
My) ae kcu goi thanh ni en tong
qu an tham gia chien dau tra ng
Chien tranh the gim 1. MQl so mroc
tuyen quan tin h ngu yen trang thai
binh va bat buoc ton g quan tra n g
thoi chien.

Q UAN
PHlJC
Quin ph u c phai
dam bao yell cau Australia
tien loi. Quan ao

rn
va giay p ha i ben, 1.- .
chac de bao v~ vi,
HU AN LUY~'\J binh 51 khoi rae
Nhun g binh si nhu nlnmg ng uOi. Quan ao dJ
chien e6 miiu
dQn g cua th oi
phu mr Israel n ay duo c hu m
giong Iii cay oJ tiet. Quan p hu c . \
luyen ae chien dau tren bo .
kh6 phM hll?n cun g du o c thiet '~~
Tra n g qu an do i. dan 6ng va ph u khi chien oau.
mr deu d uoc hoc cac ky n ang ke de binh si co I
chien dau , baa duong vu khi va the n g1,1y tran g
tap lu yen ae co the khoe man h. ~----- - -
che mi t ke thu .
HQ ca n duoc ren lu yen y chi,
tinh ky IUaL va hoc ve t~ m q uan
trQng cu a viec ruan thea m ~nh Anh Hoa Ky
lenh d e ch ien dau hi eu qua .
QUA N PHV C TREN TH E Gldr.
Q \I;i ll dQi m oi qua c gia co kieu
QUAN DU KfcH qu an ph uc khk nh au. Quan ph1}C
am 180 8, qu an Pha p xam lu a c va daM thai binh va thOi. chien co th e
h;:ti qua n Tay Ban Nha. Tu y nhien , nh Crng cling khk nhau. Cap hi ~u va pM
nguOi nang dan Tay Ban Nha v~n khang h i ~u ae chi cap bac, binh chung
chtu khuat ph1,1c. HQ than h l~p nhUng cua timg qUill nha n .
n hom nh o va tiep tuc cUQc chien. HQ tan
cang bat thinh linh vaa cae toan qu an va I - - - - Xem 'h em - - - ---j
S ll~G 3 11
cac kha h ~u can cu a quan Phap. guOi
N H . , G C! '()C CIIIEN TR ANTI
Tay Ban ha gQi hinh thtr c chien dau nay cu.",~ A P O LEO :\' 45 1)

la danh du kich. Thu~ t ng u n ay n gay n ay

van duQ'c 5U dung de chi nhun g phuong
phap chien dau w ong t1,1'.
T EN U J /\ ) (J2
C HI !::>;T Ri\1'1l v t J;T N,\ M 71:
Nh{fng nh6mquJn du kich ngiiy nay, flllir cae bi"h linll eM u Phi
V C KHl n l I
trong anhtren th[[Ong Iii nh{fng nll6m flgll en c/lien aJu clio Iy C HIt N TR.\ 'ill TIlE GIOI I?3?

t[[rYng ton giao, dan toe hay cllinll tn C HIEN TRA'i H n1£GIOIIi n~

48

 ARMOUR
~

AOGIAp
CAc CHIEN BINH CO DAI n ha nh hong nh an ra rang ],9 co th (~ se khat g thiet
I l11<;J.ng tra n g tran chien n cu nr vt: diroc tru c e vu khi ke th u . V1 vay, ho oJ. Ian ra ao
giap - th ir phuc tran g dac bier du cU'ng d e ngu Cri m ac tranh duoc sal tlurong do Vl l
khi gay ra. Bo giap th oi tien S11 rat don gian , Loai giap nay chi hang da nlnrng Clll1g
au bao v~ cac chien bin h khoi guom giao tho So' thoi do . Khi cac vu khi ngay cang
sac ben hon thi ao giap cling du o c cai tien . Mo t n ghin 11 a111 tru rrc, de che La Ma da
c6 rat nhieu tho chuyen ch e t<;J.O ao giap bang kim loai cho bin h si. lm ng sa u khi
th an h Rom e sup a o vao the ky v, nhu.'ng n gm'ri tho rcn bat ray vao viec Jam ao giap
n en chat hrong ao giap S1,].t giam . Vao the ky XIV, nhirng n giroi th o lam 3.0 giap c6
tay nghe oa phat m inh ra ao giap dan g tam de ch6n g choi v61 giao mae, te ll va
guom . Tu y n hien , du la chiec ao gicip day nha t cling khong ngan diroc da n, \'1 Ao GIAp CHO DONG VAT
C.1c <l11 ('n bill 11 ll1Ucmg SIr rlung dtlllg \' ~t
v ~y ao giap tro nen kern hiru du n g k hi Sllllg ra doi . Ngay
trong ch ien l r~ n 11 1m rho cle l.in « l Ug,
Muiten bat ra khi nay,
trung nhiingch6
ao giap tru yen thong khong duoc 511 dung mra ng \ra denrm ra hi':11 inrong . 1 ' himg
ccng tren me. n hun g cac bi nh sl van mac quan ao bao ve d uoc Ji m (k lllg \ '~ l na l' Cl\Ilg co ao gldp h.io \,' khi
Cac chufnbinh
xllng trau . BO ao giap all ttr~ll1g IIl1 al 1.1 he ,
thubng cl61 tain bang chat lieu tong ha p va kim loai cirng. ao gl i p <.: 11<> vu i cua An IX, vao the k}' XV II.

oem du67mu.
Tam glap che nguc clucrc
lam loe re cI~ IlIoi kiem bat
khoi khi clam tnmg.
Tam glap che ceab tay
co hinh tru cI~ baa ve
phan tren cua Canll tay
Tam glap che khuyu
baa vi; khuyu tay va C,iell day hon 3000 niim
kh6nggay kho khan
khl cLf cl6ng.
MUGrAP
Chi can m ar cu dan h m an h vao dJU
cfJ ng c6 the dan den ur vong . vi v~ y 11111
giap la m ot rra n g nhung trang bi khCJI1 g
th e th ieu cu a b¢ gLi p. Ngay n ay, m l l giap
van du O'c su dun g r(mg rai . KiCll dan g
cua mo i lo ai mu co the ch on g d6' duQ'c Mil giap ThOid?i Do dong
nh lTll g VlI khi khac nhau . c6 rae dung ch6ngdo cac
mUl klem

Baa tay clIII)'C tao bm

nhieu manh nhd nen
ban tay van cLf cl6ng
thoal mal,

Tam glap clui chi baa ve

phia twac clui. Mu sM ngaynay baa
ve kllOI manh bom.

Tam glap baa ve clau gal de

gap glUp chienbinh wmngua
cllIcrCde dang.
- - - Baa ong cMn la m6t trong
nhling b6 pMn clau lien cua b(>
glap cllIcrClam tir kim foal tam.
nhicu lop vat li¢ u hen nl m ny lon va co
AO Cr-rONG DAN
Ci n]! sa l va cac h,l'c Iw;m g an n illh ngay
n ay I l w cmg rn~ c ao chong d<U 1 de lI,l' v~
tmac Slf tan co ng ctia bo n t¢ i ph,un va
khling bO, Ao ch ong dan du Q'c lall I ll'
thE: n ga ll kh6 ng cho rl~ n x lIl' 0n qua .

GIAp Xi CI-1
80i vmcae thv ren ogi.ip
:a ch de lam hO'n . gi.i Cllfl g
Ie hal l nh ung ht, giip tam
B¢ GrAP ph lK t~ r . Gioi p xic il rat pil o

EO giap cu oi the ky XV gio n g nh u m ot bien tlr lite ky VI den the

ky XIII. Giap xi<.:h duO'c

lap v6 kim lo ai bao v¢ cho cac ch ien
binh , 0 rat ch ac ch~n va co d,c kh ap
giup chien bin h cu d¢ng m ¢t cach de L o~i ao nay eho p hep
dan g. Tuy nh ien , vi b¢ quan ao giap
qu a n~ng (tm 30 kg) n en chi en binh
kh on g th e chay duO'c.
- -- _ ..- - --
lam tun hie u Y6ng xich
lctm luai m oc noi YOl nlml.
ngua i l1l ~e Clr rl(JlIg de
dang ha n nlllmg lai kllong
m.ly tar dl. ng m ror n hLrllg
thanl 'em,'a rill ]011.
- - - - - - ---­
49
f - - -- X em ' hCI1I - - - -l
Ll t' ll slr 1\" ,\ ', Il ,i " 17"
HIIP s i v A , It ·)' IIIEtl ' 7'
C IlAll All 111U1 TRU:-- O co , I~~
D E ..H[ L,\ ,~ l A 561
V I 1-;1 11 7';
 AS IA

CHAUA

LA cHAu UJ C LON NHAT trong bay luc dia, chau A chiern 1/3 tong dien tich be
m at dat lien cu a th e giOi. Phan 16n dien tich c hau luc nay khong c6 nguoi sinh
song . Phia bac la vung lanh n guyen lanh gia, con 6' giua chu yeu la sa mac va cac
day nui do so . Tuy v~ y, ch au A lai chiem hon 1/2 dan so th e gi6i , n a ng do phan
16n sinh song a nhung vun g ngaai bien. Rieng Trung Q uoc da co dan so hon 1,3 ti
n gu oi: "n D¢ la tren 1 ti. Ch au A ga m 48 quoc gia voi cac dan toe, ng on n g Cr va
van h oa va cu ng pha n g ph u , da dang. Chau A c6 nam vLmg chi nh. Ph ia bac la Lien
b an g Nga. Mo t phan cua quoc gia na y la chau Au nhung vimg dat r¢ ng 16n a phia
dong nr day nui Ur al den Th ai Blnh Duong thuoc ve chau A.. Nlnmg mro c nam
Day nui Ural tao nen auemg ven Th ai Bin h Duong baa gam Tru ng Quoc, Han Quoc va CHDCND Trieu Tien ,
ranh gioi g ii:ra cha u A vi chau
All. Ch an A diroc phan each vOi Nhat Ban du o 'c goi la vimg Vien Dong . Phia nam chau A Ia cac nuo c Dong Nam A
cha u Phi boi bien D6 Eo bien co khi h au n6 n g am h on. An D¢ va Pakist an la nhung rnroc chinh cu a tieu luc di a
Ber ing ro ng 88 km Ii d ar ngan
An D¢ a Nam A. o t trang n arn n en van minh dau rien cu a th e gi&i da hinh
eac h chau A voi Bat" My
Australia nam 0 ph ia do ng nam th anh 6' day, tran g hru vue song An D¢ . Diroc yay quanh b oi Dia Trung Hai va
bien A Rap , vu n g Trung Don g nam a phia ta y la
TRUNG DONG noi giaa nhau cua cha u Au , cha n A va chau Phi.
Vimg (tIL nang, kh o cua Trun g Dong
a
na rn goc tay n arn cua cha u A. Phan IOn
di en tich ban dao A Rap n arn giua bien
Cae nhakhoa hoe Siberia
80 va Vimg Vinh la sa mac , Phia bac la
dl tim kll9m khoang san a

nhtrng vim g chau th o tru phu cua son g Bae A pMI lam vlee 0­
Tigris va Eu phrates thuoc Iraq va Syna. nhlel 06 ouo: OOC

va eallanh e6

Da so ng uoi dan 'lung Trung Don g la

th@ oong bang
nguOi A Rap va n OI tien g A Rap . tv» thO- eva no

SIBERIA
VllDg bo bien phia bac cua ch au A riep
giap '1 m Bac Bang Duang Bien 6' da y
d6n g bang M.ll nlm d. n am . Nm aa y co
tang oat bl a on g bang vin h ctrU thllOCal a
ph? n 'lu ng Sibe n a (l.len bang Nga) Bat cha p
thOi tiel gla ban g , ngum Nga van song va lim
Vlec 6 Siber ia vi da y Ii 'lu ng r:it giiu t[lan da,
da ll Ilia, go va khi lU nhien .

RUN G MUA NHrt:T Dar

Khi hau nong am eua 'lung Don g
Nam Ala di cu kien 1y tu&ng cbo
rUng nm a nh i~t do L Nhtmg khll
rUng nay aa e blel ph at lrien
NHONG CO N DUONG
.- manh 6' cac nuo e nh u Myan m ar
THUON G MAl CO DAI va MalaySia Da y 1;" nm eu tn] eua
Til: 2.000 n.im tnra c, giua vlm g V i~n rat nhlcu don g th1f'c vat hoan g da
Dong va cha u Au da co s ~l' trao d6i bu on va nhtmg toc n gu ol thea 101 so ng
han . Cac tai buon ma ng cac tOo;l l han g ngu yen tMy Nhun g do cac khu
rung n i y la rimg cay go cling
ho a nhu to' lua , gia VI , do gam, da quy
ne n ch ung bl chat ph<! 6 mlic
di thea nh Crng con du a n g man vu O'l qua baa a ong
i\ll Do , Pakistan va day nui Karakoram
(anh ll·en ) . Nh Cm g can du a n g tlmong Anh sangMat tral ehi e6 th§ lot qua eae
llJ o;l i nay con c1uQ'c goi la Ca n Quang TO' tang la day eva rung mlla nhlet 061 a
Iva va Qen nay van c1uQ'c su dvng. nhungeho eo song chay qua

50

 CII ,;'U .'\'

Quae GrAcrxu co
Mo t sa q uae g la cha u A n hu N ha i Ban .
Sm ga pore duo c xep v ao hang nh un g
CHD CN D TRIEU TIEN
a
vAHAN ouoc
Ban dao Trie u Tien n am phia bac Trung Quae va
-l
mr or, gl aU co nhai th e glcTI , MOL h u ang san g I hat Ban . CH DCN D Trieu Tien va H an
so n uoc kh ac nh u A Rap Xe VI 6 Q u a e Kun g do t voi n h au tir na rn 195 0 den narn 19 S3.
Tru n g Dong . Brunei 6 Do ng Sau khi ch ien tran h ket th u c, hal qua e gla van bat h oa .
Na m A clin g Ia nhun g nuoc Tu y n lu en , den n ay, hal ben oang co ga ng xoa di
ral ilunh vm;rng nho co

nhimg ma u th uan , Han

n gu 6n dau mo

Qua e co nen km h te
Nhimggu§ng dJu Ian da glljp

phat trien man h va duor

quoe wang Brunei xay auoc
H oa Ky h au thu an,
mot cung olen treng Ie co ten
CH De N D Trieu Tie n Ia
Istana Nurul tmen. Cung tnen
mrcc xa hoi chu n gh ia
nay chi m6'eua eho cot g

chung vao I~ hal euol thang

VOl mua he am ap va
Ramadan eua ceo HOI
mua oong lan h gia. kh i
a
hau ban dao Tn eu
Tien ra t th u an 191 eh o
viec tr on g lu a.
Cec eong Irinh xay dlJng dang till

a
eong hi hinhanh tI/lJOng g~ p Han

Quoe vi de' phat tri~n esc nganh

eong nghiep, quoe gla nay plrai xay

"Cno n61' 103 hinhanh dlfng nlJleu toa nha van pnong

thlJang Ihay tren

nhimg con ouong
Cay vam phiJt l' va nha may.

tn~n manh
Ihvy tap nap vung
trong khl hau
VI~n Dong.
am eo eva
DONG NAM A
Indonesia Do ng Na rn A la vim g co k hi h ~u nh tei d oi .
Phu nir voi I I qua e g ia do c la p va dan elf d(ln g e!l'lc
IhlJOng hal qua My anm ar. Lao. Th a! l.an, Carnp uchia va
vani bang tay. VIe t Na ill nam tren IUl dia tlep g lap VOl
ph an con lai cua ch au A. Brun ei, Malaysia .
da o qu a e Sin ga por e uam xa h 011 plu a ve
nam Indonesia narn vat ng an g ph ia d uor
cu n g cua chau lue vii IiI q ua e g ia b] phan
each nhicu nhat V 0 1 13 .50 0 han ciao Qu.i n
d ao Ph ili p pin es n arn a ph ia don g. Don g
Tim o r la nuoc m al do c Lip , Mac d u mOL sa
VIEN DONG a
q ua e gla J a) co n ng he o . nh U11g nhin tCin g
Do n g Atlnron g th e. D6n g Nam A vim la m QI tran g nhung
duoc goi la Vie n vlm g co nen kmh te ph at tri en nhan h n ha '
Do ng Vao the ky XIX. th e gl cn
cac lal bu on va kha ch d u Itch
chau Au of! dun g tir Vien Do n g iisng tram ng6n ngi!
de phan b l~ l vu n g nay V 0 1 Trung khae nhau dLlae su dVng
Dong Vlen Do n g b aa g6 m Tr'un g Q ua e.. & tlOU Ille ola ,4,) Do.
Nh ~ t Ban va CH DCND Tn eu Tlen va Ha n Q u a c
Nlllmg cae twang hoc a
An Do chi day floe sinh
doc va Vle't tlcng Hmdl
ngon ngli chinh tM e cua
Quae g l,1 flay

TIEU LCJ C DIA AN DO

Vu n g din h inh tam giie c)' N am A
n ay t ra l d ili x uan g ph la na m IU
day nt'n Him alaya loi vun g
nu O'e am Cll a An D6 DU011g ,
Vung nay con duO'c go i la
lIeU Iuc d ia AO D6 . baa
Ben g6m An D6 .
ThlJang Hal
PakIstan . Ne pal .
nam 6'eua
Ban glade sh va /
song Duang Tu.
Bhutan , 6 tan cun g
SON G DU ONG TU phia 113m An DQ Iii
ciao qua c Sn Lan ka ) I-- - - Xcm them -
Song Duong Ttl (can go i Ia song TruOng GIan g) la d ong - - ---j

song d ai th u b a th e gi6i ( 6 ,3 80 km). b ~ t n gu on I'll.' TaY TRUNG Quoe 1.\..1

AN DO VA T l ~U LUC D I,\ Al' llO.' ,; ;
T<).n g . eh ay qua vung trun g tam eu a Trun g Quae va 00 ra :\ IL\T Bf\1'\ Jf:l7
bi en t<).i Th u911g Hai. Nam 199 7, gial oo<).n dau eua oap T ON Gl AO ,JS
nua e Tam Hi ep oa hoa n thanh , Day la eong trinh Ian L l t N BA NG " ( ;A 'M
DONG [\ ;\ M A 6 ~O
nhat eua Trung Quae ke tu sau V<). n Ly TruOng th anh ,

51
 CIlAu A

ouoc GIA GIAU CO ~ '" ... '. ...I'

Mot ~a quae g la c hau A n h u Nhat Ban. CHD CND TRIEU TIEN VA HAN QUOC
Smgapore dUCK xep vao han g nlnrng a
Ban dao T rieu Tien narn phia ba c Trung Q uae va
nuoc g lilU co nhat th e glen Mal huang sang Nhat Ban . CHDCl\'D Trieu Tien va H an
56 nuoc kh ae nh ir A Rap Xe Ol & Quae xun g d ot V01 nhau tir nam 19 5 0 Mn narn 19S3
Trung Do ng. Brunei ()' Dong Sau khi chien tranh ket thuc, hai qua e gia vall bat hoa
Nam A eu n g la n lnrng mroc Tu y nhi en . de n n ay. h al be n dan g eo ga ng xoa di
rat th mh VU011g nho co
nhung mau thu an , Han
ngu a n da u rna
Q uae eo nen kin h te
Nhtinggleng dfJU Ian da guip

phar trre n manh va du o c

Quae vvong Brunei xay duoc
H oa Ky h au rhu an .
mot cung dlen trang Ie eo ten
CH DCN D Trieu Tlen la
Istana Nurullman. Cung dien
mroc x.i ho: ch u nghia.
nay ehi ma eila ehoeong
ctnuig vao Ie hOI cuot theng V61 mua he am ap va
Ramadan eva dao H61. m ua dong lanh gia, khi
a
hau ba n da o Tri eu
Tien rat thu an 10'1 eh o
viec trang lua
Cec eong trlnn xay dung dang thi
eongla hinh snn thuang g(ip 6'Han
Quae vi d€ phat tf/€nesc nganh
cong nghlep, quae gla nay phal xay
"Cho n61" la
hinh imh
dung nh i~u toa nha vil n pM ng
thuang thay tren
Cayvani phat /' va nha may,
nmmg eon duang
tn€n manh
thvy tap nap vung
trong khi hau
Vien Dong.
am ap eila
DO NG N AM A

Indonesia. Don g Nam Ala vuug co klu hau nlue t dor ,

Pbu tnr voi 1 1 q ua e g ia d o c t~p vi d i n ell don g du e.

thuang hal qua Myanm ar. Lao , Th ai Lan , Cam puchia \'.'1
vem bjng tay. V I ~l Nam nan: I ren lu r di a u ep giap V01
phan ca n l" i ella ch au A. "nlDe i, Malaysia,
da o q uae Sin gapo re narn x.i hou ve ph ia
nam Indo nesia n arn V~ l ngang hia d u&i
cu n g ell a cha u luc va la q ua e g i.l ) 1 p h.in
each nh ieu nhat VOl 13 .500 h a n da o , Q u.in

VIENDONG
I dao Ph ilippines n am & p h ia d o n g . Do ng
Timo r 1.'1 n iro c mo i abc li p Mac d u m a l SO
qua e g ia Cr da y can ngh eo , nlur n g n hin t6ng
Do n g A rhrrong th e , Do n g Nam A van la m ot tron g nh frng
du oc gQi la Vien vimg co n cn kinh te p h at men nhan h n h.it
Do n g Vao th e ky XIX. the gi&i.
ca c la i b uon va khach d u hc h
chau Au da d un g nr Vicn Don g Han!; tram ng6n (lgu
de ph an ble t vUng n ay ven Trung khae nlli1ll duae sUo dung
Don g Vlt'n Do n g ba o gam Trun g Q ua e. a lieli 'vc rjlJ A~ Do.
N hi t Ban va CHD CND TrH~u Ti en va H an Qu a e Nh1fng cae truOng hoe a
An D6 ehi day hoe SIII!J
doe va viet tieng Hindi '
ngon ngCt ehinli tMe eva
quae g lJ nay.

TIEU LVe D ~A AN DO
Vu n g d at hi nh ta m gia c c'), Nam A
na y tr ai di i xuan g p hia nam tll'
day nUl Hn n alaya t01 vung
nUGC am eua An D<) DU011g .
Vung na y ca n d uge gQi Iii.
tieu lu e a la An D<) , baa
Ben g am An Do ,
Thuang Hal
Paki st an . Nepal,
nam aeila
Ban glad esh va
song Quang rLt.
Bhu tan 6 tan clin g
SONGDUON G III phia nam An D<) Ja
Tu
Son g Du ong (eo n goi la son g Truon g Gian g) la do n g dao qu a e Sf! Lan ka 1--- - - Xem thcm - - - --!
song cial th u ba th e glO1 (6 .38 0 km ) , b~ t ngua n tll' Tay TR \ ~G QUO(' I · ~ l
AN DO VA n ( 11L1JC D I,\ ;>''1 DC) ' .'7

Ta.ng , eha y qua vu ng tru n g tam eua Tnm g Qu ae va do ra NIl Ar nA;.; ,'67

bien ta.i ThuQ'll g Hai . Nam 199 7, glai doa n dau eua dap TON GIAO 51S

nu a e Tam H i ~ p da hoan th anh . Day Iii eon g trin h ian L n:'N B ANG NCi/\ ' oS
D ONG NA \1 A ~:O
nha t eua Trun g Qu a e kc tu sau Va.n Ly TruOng th anh

51
 CHA p ,\

CHAu A
Chau lu c r(m g 1611 n hat the
gim - chau A - eung la khu
D CYPRUS
Die n tich: 9,250 km 2
Dim 56: 8 35 .0 0 0
KU W AIT
Dien rich : 17 ,8 20 k m 2
U EN BAN G N GA
Di en tich : 17.0 75 .400 km '
Dan 56: 3 . 10 0 .0 0 0 Dan 56: 140 .0 4 1247
vu e rat da dang ca ve di a ly Thu do : Nic osia Thu do: Kuwait Ci ty Th u do : Mo scow
va sac to e. Sau khi Lien XO
sup d6 , narn mroc e¢ing hoa DO N G TIM OR KYRGYZSTAN
SINGAPO RE
moi vun g Trung A diroc Dien tich : 15 ,00 7 km 2 Dien tich : 19 8 .500 km 2 Dien rich : 6 93 km 2
a
hinh thanh . Cac n uo c phia Dan 56: 94 7.000
Th li d6 : Dili
Dan 56: 5.264.000
Thu do : Bishkek
Dan 56: 4 .32 6.000
nam chu yeu theo dao Hoi TM do Singapor e City
bi ehia r e do xung dot s ~e
toe va ton giao . ~ GEO RGIA
rrJ"'±j Di ~n tic h : 20 .46 0 km 2 LAo SRI LAN KA
Dan 56: 4 .4 74.404 Dien rich : 23 6 .800 km 2 Dien rich: 65 .6 10 km 2
Thu do : Tbilisi Dan 56 : 5 .924. 0 0 0 Dan 56: 20 ,743000
AFGHANIST AN Thu do: Vien tiane TM do : Col o mbo
Die n tich : 647 .50 0 km 2
Dan 56: 29 .863 000 AN D9
TM do : Kabul Dien tich : 3 .287 .59 0 km 2 ~ LEBANON ~ SYRIA
Dan 56: 1.1 0 3 .3 7 1.0 0 0 ~ Dien tich 10.400 km 2 _ Dien tich 185,1 8 0 km 2
Thu do: New Delhi Dan 56: 3 .8 74 0 5 0 Dan 56 : 19 .04 3 000
ARM EN IA TM do : Beir u t
Die n tich 29 .800 km 2 Thu do : Dam ascus
Dim 56: 3 ,2 15 ,8 0 0 IN DO N ESIA
Thu do : Yerevan Dien tich : 1.41 9 .5 8 8 km 2
M ALAYSIA TAJIKISTAN
Dan 56: 2 22 .7 81.000
Di en tich: 3 29 .7 50 km - Di en tic h : 14 3 100 km -
AZERBAIJAN
Th u do : Jakarta
Dan 56: 26 .84 9 3 3 6 ""D~an~-
so" :-'"'6 5 0 7 , 0 0 0
Dien tic h 41. 370 km 2 Th u do : Kuala Lu m p ur Th u do: Du shanbe
Dan 56: 8 .41 1.00 0 IRAN
Thu d o : Baku Dien rich: 1.648.000 km ?
Dan so : 68 .467 .4 13 M ALDI VES ~ THAILAN
Thu do : Tehran Dien rich : 30 0 km 2 _ Dien tic h : 51 4 00 0 km 2
BAH RAIN Dan 56: 3 29 ,0 00 Dan 56: 65 .444 ,371
Dien tich : 6 65 km 2 Thu do : Ma le TM do: Ban gk ok
~ IRAQ
Dan 56 : 698 .5 8 5 _ Dien tic h : 43 7.0 72 km 2
Thu do : Manama Dan 56: 2 8 8 07 ,000 M O NG CO
Thu d o : Bagh dad THO ',J [I KY
Dien rich : 1,565 000 km 2 Die n rich : 75 6.7 6 8 km 2
BAN GLADESH Dan 56: 3.0 4 1 14 2
Di en tich : 144.0 00 km 2 Dan 56: 7 3 . 19 3.0 00
---. Thu do : Ul an Bato r
Dan 56 : 14 7. 3 6 5.35 2 I J) I ISRAEL TM do: An kar a
~ Dien tich : 20 .770 km 2
Th u do : Dh aka
Dan 56: 7.0 4 7 ,001
Thu do : Jeru salem N EPAL TURKME N 1ST AN
Dien rich : 14 0 .8 0 0 km 2 Dien tich: 4 88.100 km 2
BHUTAN
Dan 56 : 27 . 133 ,0 0 0
Dien tich: 4 7000 km 2 'el N H ATBAN Thu do : Kathmandu
Dan 56: 4 .8 3 3 .000
Th u do : Ashga ba t
Dan 56: 6 72 ,425 ~ D i~n tich : 377.83 5 km 2
Thu d o : Th imphu Dan 56: 12 8 .0 8 5 ,0 0 0
Thu do: Tokyo OMAN ,..,..- ---, cAe TrEU VUON G ouoc
I BRUNEI Di en rich : 2 12 .46 0 km 2
Dan 56: 2 .5 67 .0 0 0
....._ _ A RAp THO NG NH AT
I Di en tich . 5.770 km 2 JO RD AN Dien tich : 8 2 ,880 km 2
Dan 56: 374.000 Dien tich: 92,30 0 km 2 Thu d o : Mu scat Dan 56: 4 4 9 6 00 0
Thu d o: Bandar Sen Begaw an Dan 56 : 53 5 0 .0 0 0 Thu do Abu Dh ab i
Thu d o: Amm an
~ PAKISTAN
:MYA '~ \1 AR LI::I Di en tich : 8 03 .9 4 0 km 2 ~-~ UZBEK ISTAN
Dien tic h: 6 78 .500 km 2 KAZAKH ST AN Dan 56: 165 .8 035 6 0 "'-_...... Di en tich 44 7.400 km 2
Dan 56: 5 0 ,51 9 ,0 0 0 Di en tich : 2.34692 7 krn? Th u do : Islam ab ad
Dan 56 : 2 6 ,59 3 ,000
Th u d o : Rango on Dan 56: 1521 7.7 0 0
Thu d6 : Astan a Th u do : Tash kent

CAM PU CH IA PHILIPPINES
CHDCND TRIEU TI EN Di en rich . 30 0 ,000 km 2 VIBT 1 AM
Dien rich: 181 .040 km 2
Dan so : 14 .0 7 1.00 0
I
. ._ - Dien tich: 120. 54 0 km 2 Dan 56 8 5 .2 3 6 9 13 Di en u ch : 3 3 1,68 9 krn -
Dan 56: 23,11 3 .0 19 Thu do : Ma nila Dan 56 : 8 5.7 89 .573
Thu do : Phnom Penh
Th u d o : Binh Nhirong Thu d o: Hi N c)i

TR UN G Q uac
Dien tich : 9,5 84 .492 km 2
Dan 56 : 1,315.8 4 4 000
~ H AN Q U O C
~ Dien rich : 98. 4 80 km 2 C. gi~~~i~h:
Dan 56: 83 9 .2 I 3
11.437 km 2
YEMEN
Dien rich : 5 27 9 68 km 2
Dan 56: 48.84 6 .82 3 Dan 56: 2 0 .97 5.00 0
Thu d o : Bk Kinh Thu do : Do ha
TM do : Seoul Thu d o: Sana ' a

52
 CHAUA

DINH EVEREST
iJ{'
Nul
L::.
NU l
m
C6ng trinh Thu eto Thanh
o . •
Day nui Himalaya narn do c th eo bien gien Trung
Thanh
Ilia co dar phd 16'11 ph6 nho. Qua e - Nepal ve phia Don g Narn , b ~ t cU u til' nui
lhi lr,{n
Parni r. NO'i day co nhung din h n ui eao ngat rien
duoc gQi la "m ai nha ella the gien". Dinh eao
nh at ella da y Hi m alaya la Everest (anh phai) ,
SO LI~U THONG ICE dinh nui eao nh at th e gien.
Dien tich: 45 .699 .951 km 2 r -----;-;:--.......-;;-- - - - - -- -----,
TH uac Ti l ~
Dan so : 3.9 56 .163 .5 73 o 50 0 1000 km
I ' i
Die m cao nh at: Dinh o 5UO 1000 darn
Evere st (N epal) 8 .848 m
DAy U RAL
Song dai nhat: Son g Day Uraltao thanh 0 ~O Q UAN DAo KURILE
Truong Gian g 6.380 km difang biengiOi tir o tJ s is» f) l; n g f QuAn dao Kurile thu6e
Ho r¢n g nhat: Bien Caspi nhiengiiia cnsu A
va
eMu Au.
.., -; n A C S l b ert o .z.
Lien bang Nga, nhlJTJg NMt
Ban tuyen b6 nhiinghan dao
3 71 0 0 0 km 2
phia nam eva quAn dao nay
thu6e ehvquy§n eva minh.

:::c
Bien
c Philip pine

A 1'/ ,,1i Ad," Socot ru

}: »-- - " . :-, frlw (jl Yemen)
~Cf 1 t " , AUndanao
/ -1
SEOUL / <'V
Seo ul la thu do cua Han Qu ae. Ben can h
nlnmg khoi nha hi en dai, a Seoul van ca n
nhi eu eo n g trinh co. Nam Ma n (anh
d uoi ) , Quae xay d,mg vao cuoi the ky
XIV, la mot phan can lai cu a birc tu on g
thanh tru ce da y va y q u anh Seo ul. Ngay
na y, th anh p hd Seoul d a rna r¢ n g han
°N C
nhi eu so voi tr u oc da y do nen co ng
DONG TIMOR
nghi ep phat tri en doi h oi phai eo nh ieu Nsm 1975, Indonesia xam chiem D6ng
nha m ay. eo ng sa
va n ha han . a Timor, thu6e dia eva B6 Dao Nha nam a
phia d6ng eva dao Timor. Sau ao m¢t nam,
vimg nay tro thanh m¢t tfnh eua Indonesia.
Trang eu6e tnm g d u dim y do Lien Hi?p
Quae t6 ctusc nstn 1999, cac eu tn da phan
dOi su eai tri eua Indonesia va D6ng Timor
dii tro thanh quae gia d6e llip nsm 2002.

DAoJAVA
Dao Java la vu a lua ehi n h
(anh ph ai) eu ng cap lu ang
thuc eh o Ind o n esia. Tu y ch i
ch iern 7% di en tieh lanh th o
ella Indo nesia nh un g dao Java
lai chiem 60% da n so ella dat
mroc nay .

53
 ASIA, Hl ST O R Y O F

L lCH SUCHAD A
C HAu A RONG LON la noi xuat hien n hieu ne n van minh va ton giao lau
a m nha t tren the gi6i . Do bl ngan tro boi nnrrng sa mac m enh morig ,
n6ng b6ng va nhimg day nui eao ngat, kh6 VUQ't qua , ne n cac nuoc chau
A co dai hau nhir phat trien tach bie r nhau . Tuy nhien, khi cac lai buon
giao thuang qua Con du ong To lua , cac vi vua An Do xam luo c cac
nuoc lang gien g, cac nha sir vu ot day Himalaya va thuang nhan ARap
,.. . - , • .- " ' . f ur
vuot An DQ Du ang thi m oi lien he giua cac quoc gia nay a a duo c p hat
trien . Do do , cac ton giao 1611 la dao Phat, dao Hoi, dao Hin du a a duo c
NHUN G NEN VAN MINH truyen di khap luc dia nay. Tron g 500 na m qua , phan 1611 chau A bi n guoi
DAUTIEN chau Au eai tri. Til nam 1945, cac mro'c cha u Alan luot gian h duoc doc lap ,
VOi nh ieu vim g dar h eo lan h va each
tr<'t dia ly. cliell hinh la cac dinh nui Nhieu nuo c aa vuon len phat trien ngang tam the gi6i .
cao n gat cua day Himalaya phan
cac h An 89 va Tru n g Qu oc n en cac
nh l V;,ll h oa & lu c d ia nay it e6
DAO HINDU
Sit gi ao hru vot n hau va voi
Dao Hi nd u xuat hi en tran g cac n en van minh co
c.ic noi khac tren th e gioi . Vi da i cua luu vue so n g An D¢ khoa ng nam 2500
vay, nlnrng ncn dai van
truo c Cong n gu yen . Q ua nhieu the ky , Ion giao
m in h chau A d~ u ticn n h u
na y da d uoc truyen ba khap An Do sang Sri Lan ka
n ell vim m inh hru vu e son g An
va cac quan da o cua Dong Narn A. Dao H indu la
£) (') cua lieu luc dia An D¢ va
ton gia o la u doi nh at ca n duoc d u y tri oen nga y
a ieu <'1,ti nha Thuemg ella na y va la soi day ket noi xu yen sue t lich su An Do .
Tru ng Qu oc phat trien
gan 11 1m do c lap , hinh
rhan h n en cac n en van
h oa ra t ri (:n g bie r va
giau ban sac . LAl BUON ARAP
Lai buon ARap la nhfrn g th uorig nhan va nha
Lae oa hal blJCtu
bfin{? gamolJr;te lam phieu hru mao hi em vi Gill. H Q oa vUQ't qua
aTrung Quae. nhi~u sa mac va Gai duang o e tim thj tmang
trao Goi h an g hoa mm Tren Guang 01, h Q eli
C ON DUONG tr uy en ba ton gia o eua minh d o Muhammad
TO U) A sang lap ra 6 A Rap vao GaU nhung n am 600 .
Can Guemg T a Iva la tuyen GU'emg Chinh vi v~y. Gao H oi GUQ'e truy en ba kh ap
bu o n ban rat quan trQn g xu yen qua cha u A tm t~n cae quan GaO phia dong nam.
cha u A, b £t GaU tu' Lile Dt~ong , kinh GO
a
cva Trun g H o a co Gili phia Gong aen
a
bien f) ia Trung Hai ph ia tay GQi la
Can Guang T a Iva vi Iv a Trung H o a
oUQ'e mua ban dQe th ea 06. Can ouang
nay kh ong lien milch , rna la do cae ca n
ouang noi nhCmg th an h pho IOn tao
• nen. Sv tr ao o o i h ang h6a cva cae lai
bu on oa tilO ra moi lie n he gifra chau
Au va eM.u A.

PHAT GIAo
Tat Dat Da c6 Dam (56 3-483 MONG CO
tru6'c Cong n gu yen) , sinh ra & N guoi Mong Co trucJc kia la nhUn g
An Do , la nguOi sang l?p ra dao ch ie n binh dung manh. so n g du
Ph at Cho oen hi e nga i vien tjeh , ml .1C tren cac dong co & Trung A
nhlmg bai giang cu a n gai da Vi a nhtin g nam 1200 , oe che Mong
d uac truyen cii kM p An D¢ . Ttl' Co trai r¢n g tu: Tru n g Hoa t61 Dong
nam 100 . cae nM su cia vuQt Au . Nhu11g n am 1300, oe che M6 n g
Him alaya ciua ciao Ph?t tci Trung Co Slip cia. N h un g nam 1369 . Thiep
Q uo c vi thea Ca n ciuang Ta Iva M¢ c Nh i da trv th an h nguOi tri vi
d u a aen Tr ung A.. Ngi y na y, toin bQ vung Trung A. Ong cl ch o
phan LOn nhung ngu01 thea dao xay rat nhieu giao QUang It'm g lay 0
Phat tren th e gici so n g & cha u A.. kinh cio Sam arkand cu a minh.

54