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A PROJECT REPORT
for
by
VIT CHENNAI
APRIL 2018
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Motivation…………………………………………………………………1
1.1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Scope of the Work ...................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................ 3
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 3
2.1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT .............................................................................. 3
2.2 TASKS AND MILESTONES ........................................................................... 4
CHAPTER III .............................................................................................................. 5
3. DESIGN OF SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR................................................ 5
3.1 DESIGN APPROACH....................................................................................... 5
3.1.1 Codes and Standards ................................................................................... 6
3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 7
CHAPTER IV .............................................................................................................. 9
4. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION ............................................................................. 9
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9
4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................................................ 9
4.3 HARDWARE PHOTO .................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................. 11
5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 11
5.1 COST ANALYSIS/applications/benefits ........................................................ 11
5.2 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER I
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Today’s industries are increasingly demanding process automation in all sectors. Automation
results into better quality, increased production and reduced costs. The variable speed drives,
which can control the speed of A.C/D.C motors, are indispensable controlling elements in
automation systems. Depending on the applications, some of them are fixed speed and some of the
variable speed drives.
1.1.1 Motivation
The DC motor has been popular in the industry control area for a long time, because they have
many good characteristics, for example: high start torque characteristics, high response
performance and easier to be linear control. DC motor has a good speed control respondence, wide
speed control range. And it is widely used in speed control systems which need high control
requirements, such as rolling mill, double-hulled tanker, high precision digital tools, etc.
1.1.2 Objectives
This project is to design a PID controller that can be used to control the speed of a DC motor. As
a machine’s performance is a vital factor for a big production line, this project will examine the
efficiency and performance of a DC motor with implementation of control methodology. Thus, the
focuses of this project are as stated below:
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CHAPTER II
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The IR module and photo diode are used to measure speed using basic Arduino codes. The input
is a set value as desire value and the difference between desire speed value and actual speed of
DC motor has been taken as an error to speed then the frequency (speed) is converted as an error
voltage and given to an op-amp based subtraction with the actual input voltage. The op-amp
based subtraction has been made between the error voltage and the actual voltage and output of
op-amp is given to DC motor and the speed of DC motor has been controlled via feedback
control.
The DC motor has been popular in the industry control area for a long time, because they have
many good characteristics, for example: high start torque characteristics, high response
performance and easier to be linear control. DC motor has a good speed control respondence, wide
speed control range. And it is widely used in speed control systems which need high control
requirements, such as rolling mill, double-hulled tanker, high precision digital tools, etc.
3
There are two major parts of this system:
The major task was to measuring the motor speed and converting it to voltage i.e. F to V
converter. The F to V converter is made totally based on microcontroller. The analog input is
divided into 255 segments thus the ratio of set speed value to maximum speed value is multiplied
with the 255 segments of voltage i.e. 5 volt will give the error voltage.
The second task was to measure the speed of dc motor. The motor shaft was marked with
a white dot so that the photo diode will recognize it. When the photo diode detects the white dot
it will give 1 as an input to the microcontroller and the timer will start inside the microcontroller.
After the completion of one revolution of motor shaft the photo diode will again give a signal as
1 to microcontroller and the timer will stop. Now the code is made to calculate the RPM of motor.
The reciprocal of the difference between the on time and off time will give the speed in RPS, by
multiplying it by 60 will give the speed in RPM.
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CHAPTER III
The above figure Fig 3.1 shows the basic model of negative feedback block diagram. The
feedback of DC motor is taken through speed sensor (in our case its IR and Photo diode with
Microcontroller) Thus the feedback is taken and given it to microcontroller and the
microcontroller will convert it to error voltage. The set value is also given as an input to the
microcontroller. Using IC 741 subtractor is design and the error voltage is subtracted from the
input voltage and thus the DC motor is feed with required voltage and the desire rpm value is
measured.
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3.1.1 Codes and Standards
int ir = 0;
int n = 0;
int f = 0;
int flag = 1;
float set = 100;
int err = 0;
unsigned long stime = 0;
unsigned long curtime = 1;
float rpm = 0;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(2,INPUT);
pinMode(A0,OUTPUT);
analogWrite(A0, 0);
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(3000);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
ir = digitalRead(2);
if(ir == 1 && n == 0){
stime = millis();
n = 1;
flag = 1;
}
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if(ir == 0 && n == 1){
f = 1;
}
if(ir == 1 && f == 1){
curtime = millis() - stime;
n = 0;
f = 0;
flag = 0;
}
rpm = 60000/curtime;
if(rpm < set+10 && rpm > set-10){
err = 0;
}else{
err = (float) (set/350) * 255;
}
analogWrite(A0,err);
Serial.print("Error: ");
Serial.print(err);
Serial.print(" RPM: ");
Serial.println (rpm);
}
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3.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
8
CHAPTER IV
4. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The IR module and photo diode are used to measure speed using basic Arduino codes. The input
is a set value as desire value and the difference between desire speed value and actual speed of
DC motor has been taken as an error to speed then the frequency (speed) is converted as an error
voltage and given to an op-amp based subtraction with the actual input voltage. The op-amp
based subtraction has been made between the error voltage and the actual voltage and output of
op-amp is given to DC motor and the speed of DC motor has been controlled via feedback
control.
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4.3 HARDWARE PHOTO
10
CHAPTER V
5. CONCLUSION
5.2 REFERENCES:
www.google.com
www.youtbe.com
http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/the_pid_controller_part_1
http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/the_pid_controller_part_2
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