SECTION 10: FOUNDATIONS
10.5.5.3.3—Other Extreme Limit States C10.5.5.3.3
Resistance factors for extreme limit state, including
the design of foundations to resist earthquake, ice,
vehicle or vessel impact loads, shall be taken as 1.0. For
uplift resistance of piles and shafts, the resistance factor
shall be taken as 0.80 or less.
10.6—SPREAD FOOTINGS
10.6.1—General Considerations
10.6.1.1—General
Provisions of this Article shall apply to design of
isolated, continuous strip and combined footings for use
in support of columns, walls and other substructure and
superstructure elements. Special attention shall be given
to footings on fill, to make sure that the quality of the
fill placed below the footing is well controlled and of
adequate quality in terms of shear strength and
compressibility to support the footing loads.
Spread footings shall be proportioned and designed
such that the supporting soil or rock provides adequate
nominal resistance, considering both the potential for
adequate bearing strength and the potential for
settlement, under all applicable limit states in
accordance with the provisions of this Section.
Spread footings shall be proportioned and located to
maintain stability under all applicable limit states,
considering the potential for, but not necessarily limited
to, overturning (eccentricity), sliding, uplift, overall
stability and loss of lateral support.
10.6.1.2—Bearing Depth
Where the potential for scour, erosion or
undermining exists, spread footings shall be located to
bear below the maximum anticipated depth of scour,
erosion, or undermining as specified in Article 2.6.4.4.
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10-51
The difference between compression skin friction
and tension skin friction should be taken into account
through the resistance factor, to be consistent with how
this is done for the strength limit state (see
Article 10.5.5.2.3).
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C10.6.1.1
Problems with insufficient bearing and/or excessive
settlements in fill can be significant, particularly if poor,
e.g., soft, wet, frozen, or nondurable, material is used, or
if the material is not properly compacted.
Spread footings should not be used on soil or rock
conditions that are determined to be too soft or weak to
support the design loads without excessive movement or
loss of stability. Alternatively, the unsuitable material
can be removed and replaced with suitable and properly
compacted engineered fill material, or improved in
place, at reasonable cost as compared to other
foundation support alternatives.
Footings should be proportioned so that the stress
under the footing is as nearly uniform as practicable at
the service limit state. The distribution of soil stress
should be consistent with properties of the soil or rock
and the structure and with established principles of soil
and rock mechanics.
C10.6.1.2
Consideration should be given to the use of either a
geotextile or graded granular filter material to reduce the
susceptibility of fine grained material piping into rip rap
or open-graded granular foundation material.
For spread footings founded on excavated or blasted
rock, attention should be paid to the effect of excavation
and/or blasting. Blasting of highly resistant competent
rock formations may result in overbreak and fracturing
of the rock to some depth below the bearing elevation.
Blasting may reduce the resistance to scour within the
zone of overbreak or fracturing.
Evaluation of seepage forces and hydraulic
gradients should be performed as part of the design of
foundations that will extend below the groundwater
table. Upward seepage forces in the bottom of
excavations can result in piping loss of soil and/or
heaving and loss of stability in the base of foundation
excavations. Dewatering with wells or wellpoints can
control these problems. Dewatering can result in
settlement of adjacent ground or structures. If adjacent
structures may be damaged by settlement induced by
dewatering, seepage cut-off methods such as sheet piling
or slurry walls may be necessary.
Highway
and Transportation Officials.
of Transportation/5950087001
of applicable
Resale, 09/07/2012 law.
16:59:20 MDT