Engineers and Entrepeneurs Specific Contributions Demonstration

CIV 102 & CIV 102W
LECTURE ENGINEERS AND SPECIFIC LECTURE

ENTREPENEURS CONTRIBUTIONS DEMONSTRATION
September 15 Private Innovation = Engineering is a Website is located at
Invention + profession based upon http://www.
Engineering in the Entrepeneur experiment, analysis, princeton.edu/ ~civ102
Modern World development, and
Public Innovation = refinement. Lecture demonstrations
Independence, Iron and Crisis + Entrepeneur highlight key
Industry Engineers design technical ideas.
1776 1855 The innovators brought objects and systems:
ideas into practice
Connecting the which have lasted. performance:
Continent They pioneered new scientific prediction
1830 1883 fields by individual
genius, by applied production: economic
Rise of Great American science, and through a fabrication
Industries social process.
1876 1939 perception:
aesthetic stimulation
Regional Restructuring
1921 1964
Information and
Infrastructure
1946
MODERN LEGACY TRANSFORMATIONS KEY IDEAS
There are legacies to Force, power, Structures:

every technology distance, or material large scale, custom
discussed. made, static, public
Social patterns and works
behavior
Structures and Machines:
Networks: permanent Symbolism and form small scale, mass
provided that they are produced, dynamic,
maintained private industry
Structures:
Machines and components to monolith Networks:
Processes: principles large scale, static
are permanent with Machines: system, transmit,
refinements boxlike to streamlined public and private
Networks: Processes:
Corporations and point to continuous small scale, dynamic
Public Agencies. service system, transmute,
private
Processes:
batch to continuous
process
SOCIAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC FORMULAS
Public works and Transformation of Public finance Formulas express

multistate agencies society through requires political social issues and
versus private engineering activity from a public tradeoffs: costs,
industry and large service entrepeneur. risks and benefits.
corporations American private
universities and Private finance Codes and standards
Monopolies vs. foundations grew from connects with contain formulas
competition: donations of many capitalist system driven by societal
government can both innovators (market economy) demands.
create and destroy leading to a private
monopolies Personal enterprise Congress has the right
transportation, entrepeneur. to regulate interstate
Patents vs. personal light, commerce (US
regulations: patents personal New products must Constitution).
encourage invention, communication, compete with existing
regulations protect personal products.
consumer entertainment,
personal computing
FORMULAS
Costs, risks and
benefits:
Structures materials
and construction,
failure, convenience
Machines fuel,
environment and
safety, value of power
Processes labor and
materials,
environment, product
Networks
infrastructure,
failure, service
NATURAL SCIENCE
PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATERIALS FORMULAS
Equilibrium of Mass conservation in Refined materials Formulas express

forces and moments chemical reactions obtained from raw relationships in their
balancing equations materials: simplist form.
Unbalanced forces
cause accelerations Combustion of coal cast iron, wrought Horizontal force in a
and hydrocarbons: iron, steel and structure.
Mechanical: energy source concrete
Power equals force Mechanical power in a
times velocity Refining of valuable petroleum, lamp oil, machine.
resources: iron, gasoline, rubber, and
Work equals force aluminum, gasoline jet fuel Electrical power in a
times distance network.
plastics, white
Electrical: pigment, silicon. Chemical equation for
Power equals voltage a process.
times current
Energy equals charge
times voltage
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
VISUAL ARTS LITERATURE AND FORMULAS
AND FINE ARTS EDUCATION
Art reflects society How american Formulas describe form
and technology literature is and symbolism. Form
influences art. influenced by is an aesthetic choice
Examples: technology: within the framework
of efficiency and
Thomas Cole: Leo Marx: The Machine economy
in the Garden
1828 Landscape with Different forms
Dead Tree Hawthorne, Thoreau, illustrate choice:
Emerson, Melville, Ohio River bridges
1846 The Picnick James, and Fitzgerald
The choice of a flat
Mondrian: Cecelia Tichi: parabolic arch yields
Shifting Gears an elegant design
1932 Composition B which is also
Light Grey and Yellow Hemingway, Dos Passos, efficient
Williams
1944 Broadway Boogie
Woogie
September 17 Thomas Telford Telford engineered Vertical and
"Structural Artist" metal bridges. His Horizontal Forces:
Engineered Large Scale "Father of Civil arch bridges and
Structures: Arch and Engineering" suspension bridge are Menai Straits Bridge
Suspension Bridges (1757 1834) built in the modern Model: scale and
form. Unlike previous behavior of suspension
The first modern designers, Telford bridge.
suspension bridge: realized that using
Menai Straits Bridge iron in bridges Cable Forces and
required new forms to Form: vector
The first modern arch achieve elegance, decomposition, axial
bridge: efficiency and tension; polygonal
Craigellachie Bridge economy. shape for point loads,
parabolic shape for
uniform load.
Longest spanning The cable transforms The new material of

suspension bridge: vertical loads into iron allowed for a new
Kobe, Japan horizontal tension type of structure to
forces. be built at
Longest spanning unprecedented scales.
arch bridge: New River The arch transforms Telford was both a
Gorge Bridge in vertical loads into structural designer
Virginia horizontal compression and an artist he
forces. choose elegant designs
within the constraints
River crossings are of economy and
transformed from ferry efficiency.
to bridge.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
The traffic loads and Industrial Revolution: A high span to sag Safety is a social

safety factors must be New material of iron ratio (~10) allows for choice.
decided by public allows entirely new the efficient use of
agencies. When and structures. Large materials. Repetitive f = allowable stress
where to build a scale structures have pieces allow for the fb = breaking stress
bridge are important the potential for economical casting of S.F. = safety factor
decisions. There is a major failures. pieces.
tradeoff between Costs of cable / arch, for steel fb can be
economy and safety. deck, towers, and from 30 ksi to 300 ksi
anchors / abutements
each need to be society must choose
considered. the safety factor
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Equilibrium of forces: Cast iron and wrought Arch/Cable Bridge

Towers hold up cables iron: Development of
which in turn hold up process to produce V = Vertical component
the deck. Anchors large quantities of of axial force
hold tension in iron allowed for its H = Horizontal
cables. use in large component of axial
structures. force
Cable transforms T = Total axial force
vertical loads into at tower/support
horizontal forces. q = Angle of cable
f = stress (force per
area)
A = crosssectional
area
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Structural Art: Telford's writing on Flat and parabolic
structural art
elegance of a low explains his opinions qL = bridge weight
profile on elegant forms and L/d = bridge form
the possibility of H = cable force
lightness in large choosing a form within qL L/d > H
scale structures the disciplines of
economy and A high L/d ratio leads
clear presentation efficiency. to a low profile and
of how forces are elegant span.
carried
The visual appeal of a
Telford also liked the parabola.
appearance of stone
towers
September 22 James Watt Watt working as a true Machines: Atmospheric
"Brilliant Inventor" mechanical engineer Steam Engine
Atmospheric Steam "Father of Mechanical invented the separate
Engine Enginering" condensor, the flyball Change of state: when
(1736 1819) governor, and a rotary steam (gaseous water)
The Engineered engine. Boulton was a condenses a partial
Machine: Matthew Boulton true entrepeneur who vacuum is created.
The Watt Engine "Entrepeneur" guided Watt in what to
(1728 1809) develop and Piston: the area of a
established a research piston head and the
and development lab. pressure acting on it
lead to a force: F =
PA.
September 24 Robert Fulton Fulton was an Steam Boat: Drag of

(1765 1815) innovator who objects in water.
America's First Major organized a Watt
Contribution to World Robert Livingston engine for a Beaufoy's experiments.
Technology (de ( ) steamboat, developed
Toqueville) expressions for drag, Drag is a force that
Henry Miller Shreve designed the hull of limits the speed of
Mobile Machines: Steam (1785 1851) his boat, and realized boats
Boat the relationship
between engine power Drag increases with
The Washington and propulsion power. speed
River Networks:
The Mississippi
Steam turbines: The atmospheric steam Watt, the founder of

Paradise Power Plant engine transforms mechanical
water to steam through engineering, was a
Modern internal coal, steam to brilliant inventor who
combustion engine uses pressure through worked with Boulton,
same principles: condensation, and an entrepenuer, to
reciprocating, but pressure to produce major
with a different fuel. reciprocating force innovations. Steam
through pistons. Thus power replaced animal
The Corliss Engine, a coal is converted into and human labor and
high pressure steam useful work. required new resources
engine, is the last (coal).
great steam engine
Modern boats are The steamboat Fulton, an artist and

designed based on transforms rivers to engineer, puts
thrust and drag. transportation together existing
networks for people. technology to make an
efficient steam boat.
Fulton's partner and
financial backer,
Livingston, helps
secure a monopoly on
the Hudson, and
purchases the other
side of the
Mississippi River.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Boulton got parliament The atmospheric steam Watt's invention of The horse is replaced

to extend the patent engine is the machine the separate condensor by a machine.
for the separate that launched the allowed his engine to
condensor in 1775 industrial revolution perform three times as Steam pressure and
allowing Boulton and through the pump, much work while using steam pistons allowed
Watt to dominate the railroad, and steam the same amount of for a new power.
steam engine market boat. It transformed fuel.
for 25 years. society through static Work Force times
and mobile Distance
applications.
Power Force times
Velocity
PA > Piston Force
LN > Power Stroke
Frequency (Distance
per Time)
Livingston, a Regulation: Alfred Monopoly on Hudson Boilers explode when

contributer to the Guthrie (1805 1882) River secured by technology is pushed
drafting of the presents statistics on Livingston, but broken for performance.
Declaration of steam boiler in 1824 by supreme
Independence and explosions helping to court ruling: Ogden High pressure, P, and
Ambassador to France, establish the first vs. Gibbins. This small thickness, h,
negotiates the regulatory agency in establishes the Army lead to faster but
Louisiana Purchase (w/ 1852. This marks the Corps of Engineers' less safe (high f)
Monroe) securing the beginning of federal jurisdiction over steamboats.
Mississippi for steam regulation. rivers.
boat traffic.
Competition on the
Mississippi with
Shreve.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Properties of water: Coal: the fuel for Steam Engine

heating water
vacuum produced when Hp = Horsepower
steam condenses
1 hp = 33,000 ft lbs
converts heat to per minute
pressure
P = Pressure
L = Stroke length
A = Pistion area
N = Strokes (per
minute)
F = force (lbs)
V = velocity (ft /
min)
P = power in ftlbs
per min
Thrust equals drag. Steam Boat
Drag increases with
the velocity squared. D = drag force
p = water pressure
Power = Thrust x CD = drag coefficient
Velocity Pp = paddle power
T = thrust
Vp = paddle velocity
PE = engine power
pT = pressure for
thrust
Ap = paddle area
VT = thrust velocity
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Physical images of new British artistic Power versus mobility
machines: factories response to Industrial (weight): Form is
and cities, steamboats Revolution. embodied in LA
and railroads. Steam
and Horse Power. John Ruskin Big LA leads to
Gothic Revival heavy and powerful
Small LA leads to
light and weak
High pressure leads
to danger, but light
and powerful
Fast action leads to
fatigue, but light and
powerful
Paintings by Benjamin Samuel Clemens (1835 Big Government:

West and Robert 1910) as Mark Twain: conceptual shift
Fulton. Life on the
Mississippi (1883) government as the
Sketch for Giant saviour of the general
Steamboats at New public
Orleans (1850) by
Hippolyte Sebron equation for stress
in boiler pinpoints
what government can
control... pressure
and stress
f = P r / h
September 27 Francis Cabot Lowell Lowell was an Measurement of head:
(1775 1817) innovator who force or pressure of
America's First Major developed the water.
Industry (Regional): Uriah Atherton Boyden integrated textile
Textiles (1804 1879) mill. Raw cotton Measurement of flow
would go into the mill the weir.
Machines: Textile James B. Francis and a finished product
Mill (1815 1892) would come out. The turbine?
Francis was a pioneer,
The Francis Turbine stimulated by Boyden,
who designed, tested,
Network: Lowell Canal and implemented weirs
and turbines.
The Weir
The turbines in the The turbine transforms Lowell and Moody

Hoover dam are Francis flow to rotation. A create a new industry
turbines. head creates the flow, by utilizing the
The Lowell family is which is transformed natural power of the
major benefactor and by the turbine into Pawtucket Falls.
contributor to rotation, the rotating Lowell uses his
Harvard. Francis is mechanical drive shaft experiences from
one of the founders of runs the machinery in Britain to develop a
MIT. the mill. The mill factory that is
transforms cotton into innovative in both its
finished fabrics. machinery and labor
practices. Francis
creates a R & D lab.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Tarrif on Indian Society moves from Stimulus of existing Customers need to be

imports enacted farm to factory, mills in Britain billed in proportion
because of Lowell's country to city and allows Lowell, with to their use.
influence. craft to engineering. Moody, to create an
The complete factory efficient factory. The weir allows for
town created by Lowell Later, Francis works the accurate
is successful where with turbines and the measurement of flow
Robert Owen's town weir allowing the which dictates the
failed. Young, measurement of flow. power per factory.
unmarried women are
employed for a short Length (L), Height
period of time. (H), and number of
sides (n) >
Measurement of flow
(Q) without
interruption.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Efficiency = Power Out Water Turbine
/ Power In.
Hp = potential
horsepower
Q = flow
w = weight density
H = head (or drop)
Pin = power input (in
ftlbs/sec)
Pout = power output
T = thrust
V = velocity
E = efficiency
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Winslow Homer James Russel Lowell Transformation of a
morning bell at Lowell Poet and Professor at river valley with a
Harvard power network:
Constable water (1819 1891) controlling flow, Q,
wheel depicting craft and head, H
water power. Abbott Lawrence Lowell
President of Harvard Canals, dams and
(1856 1943) gates; weirs and
turbines
Amy Lowell
Poet Domesticating nature
(1874 1925) by harnessing water.
Robert Lowell Resculpturing the
Poet terrain (e.g. canal
(1917 ) walks) Landscape
architecture
The Lowell Offering, A
Repository written by
"Factory Girls"
September 29 George Stephenson The Stephenson's Friction K'NEX
"RR Pioneer" innovate the railroad Machine
Networks: Railroads (1781 1848) in Britain by using a
Watt engine and metal Incline experiments
Transcontinental Line Robert Stephenson wheels on metal rails.
(1803 1859) In America, Jervis
Machines: invents the bogie;
John Jervis Baldwin is the premier
The Rocket, designer and builder
The Lancaster Matthias Baldwin of locomotives.
"American Locomotive Thomson builds an
Designer" industry with the P &
(1795 1866) RR.
J. Edgar Thomson
"Engineer Executive"
(1808 1874)
Railroad Network for The railroad Thomson, the engineer

transportation and transforms an isolated executive, feeds
freight. country into connected profits back into the
cities and states railroads to continue
through a innovation and
transportation expansion. The
network. railroads connect the
continent making it
Local mean time to possible to quickly
standard time (1893) travel from east to
west.
River to rail
St. Louis to Chicago
SOCIAL SCIENCE
J.P. Morgan stops St. Louis fights for Competition: RR connects cities by

competition in 1885 on equality with Chicago Broad gauge versus moving freight and
the Corsair Yacht. with the Eads Bridge. narrow gauge in transporting people.
Britain
Regulation: Baltimore, Thrust must be large
1883 standard time Philadelphia and New to carry load.
zones York in the East Velocity must be high
1887 Interstate St. Louis and Chicago to transport people
Commerce Act in the midwest. quickly.
1903 Roosevelt makes
RR officials liable. T =thrust,
W =locomotive weight,
V =velocity,
DW =diameter,
N =strokes/min,
t =time,
d =distance
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Thrust equals drag. Steel bridges and Locomotive

steel rails: stronger
and more reliable T = thrust
material than iron. R = rolling resistance
Eads bridge is the D = drag (air)
first steel bridge H = hill resistance
made possible by CR = coeff rolling
Bessemer, Carnegie and resistance
Thomson. Thomson was W = weight on wheels
the first to use steel a = angle
rails. CD = drag coeff
p = air pressure
Af = frontal area
m = coeff friction
PT = traction power
PE = engine power
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Leo Marx: The Leo Marx: Power and Speed
Railroad in American The Machine in the
Art Garden Thrust, T, must be
large to scale the
Joseph Turner: Rain, mountains
Steam and Speed
Velocity, V, must be
Rolling Power (1939) large to cross the
by Charles Sheeler country quickly.
George Inness, Jason Railroads unified the
Cropsey nation by bringing
states together.
RR brought
impressionists to the The Golden Spike at
country.. e.g. Monet Promontory Point.
October 1 Joseph Henry Henry invents the Henry's telegraph and
"Scientist and strong electromagnet, electromagnet.
The First National Inventor" and he uses it for a
Company (1799 1878) telegraph. Morse puts
together a working
Networks: Samuel Morse system which leads to
"Innovator" Western Union.
The Telegraph & (1791 1872) Cornell is enlisted by
Western Union Morse and builds the
Ezra Cornell first telegraph line.
"Entrepenuer"
(1807 1874)
October 6 Thomas Alva Edison Edison was a great Light: the line

(1847 1931) inventor, entrepeneur, losses from the
Lighting the City and innovator. Upton resistance of copper
Francis Upton works as Edison's wire are a major
Networks: ( ) chief scientist factor in producing
/engineer. Tesla, an light. By using a
Power and Electric Nikola Tesla inventor, leaves high voltage and low
Light (1856 ) Edison to work on AC current these losses
with Westinghouse, an can be reduced. To
Machines: Elihu Thomson innovator. Thomson's achieve this system, a
(1853 1937) company merged with high resistance
Light Bulb, Edison's forms GE: filament is needed.
Pearl Street Power J. Pierpont Morgan Morgan.
Plant (1837 1913)
George Westinghouse
(1846 1914)
The telgraph, the The telegraph Morse, the engineer,

telephone and the transforms Henry, the scientist,
internet. Cornell's communication and and Cornell, the
wealth creates Cornell transportation: a entrepenuer, innovate
University. message can be sent the idea of
with no human (or intelligence at a
animal) carrier. A distance through the
battery tranforms telegraph. Western
metal into Union is the first
electricity; the major national
current creates an industry formed in the
electromagnet which U.S.
sounds a clacker.
Today, lighting is The light bulb Edison, with Upton's

provided through a transforms electricity assistance, creates a
network of alternating into light. The high direct current
current which allows resistance heats the lighting system, by
the transmission of filament which gives using a high
electricity at very off light when it is resistance filament to
high voltages and the hot. Edison's reduce power losses in
safe use at low networks light the transmission.
voltages. Some cities. Edison's company
railroads still use becomes general
direct current systems electric through the
where the voltage can merger of Thomson's
remain high. company via J. P.
Morgan.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Morse obtains a Safety had been a Western Union became a Instantaneous

$30,000 grant from major problem on wealthy industry communication at a
Congress. Patent single line railroads because of the distance.
dispute Morse vs because of head on economic construction
Henry, 1854. Morse's collisions. The of a telegraph A circuit with lots of
patent is upheld. telegraph allowed for network. Without the turns of wire
efficient schedules inventions of Henry overcomes the
Morril Act of 1862 and safe transport. and innovations of difficulty of
helps Cornell found Morse and Cornell this transmitting
Cornell University in would not be possible. electricity over a
Ithaca, NY. distance. A high
voltage (V), high
current (I) battery is
needed for long
distances (L).
Grant for research lab In 1931, Hoover wanted Competition with gas Affordable personal

in 1876. Wall street a day where light and arc light. lighting
and Morgan. 1879 electricity would be The high resistance
patent for lamp and shut off. At this filament and direct The current, I, in a
1882 Pearl Street time, it was realized current system circuit is determined
Plant. Edison patents that it was not replaces old lighting by the voltage, V, and
everything and never feasible. systems in cities. the total resistance,
loses a patent battle. Alternating current R. A high resistance
can be used at larger filament leads to a
distances. lower current. The
power loss depends on
the current squared
and the resistance in
the lines.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Ohm's Law and Strong Electromagnet
Kirchoff's Laws. and Telegraph
Ohm's law tells us
that the voltage and R = resistance
current are linearly r = resistivity
related through the L = length
material property of A = wire area
resistance. V = voltage
Kirchoff's laws state I = current
conservation of charge F = force
and potential. B = flux density
A = pole area
Transformation of High resistance Electric Light

power: fuel > heat filament and copper
> steam > horsepower wires. V = voltage in volts
> kilowatts > lines I = current in amps
> lights. R = resistance in ohms
P = power in watts
Rs = system resistance
r = resistivity
L = length
A = wire area
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Morse, a first rate Princeton Henry Action at a distance:
artist, learned the telegraph sent a
painting from Benjamin Yale Morse message
West. instantaneously (near
Morse was the first Cornell Cornell the speed of light).
professor of art in
the US, he founded the Communication over
National Academy of the mountains unified
Design. the country.
Communication along
the single line
railroads improved
safety and RR speed.
Joseph Stella: New Henry Adams: The Indoor light:

York Interpreted: The Education of Henry extension of the day
White Way Adams (The Virgin and
the Dynamo) Paradox: the light
World Columbian bulb is able to 'burn'
Exhibition in without being
Chicago:1893... the consumed. (in fact,
Tower of Light it is not burning but
merely hot).
October 8 Rudolph Otto Otto presents his The 2stroke internal
(1832 1891) internal combustion combustion engine.
Machines: Automobile, engine at 1876 World's
IC Engine Henry Ford Fair. Ford uses Ping Pong Rocket:
(1863 1947) assembly line to thermal expansion
The Model T create an inexpensive during combustion: 7
Alfred P. Sloan car. Sloan creates a to 1 change in
Processes: ( ) hit by introducing new temperature creates a
Internal Combustion, models every year. 7 to 1 change in
Assembly Line Seldon Seldon receives patent pressure. Experiment
for car in 1895 Ford will combust hydrogen,
Network: Interstate successfully fights obtained through
Highway System patent. electrolysis of water,
firing ball.
Structures: New
Bridges Designed for
Cars
The automobile Dirt roads to paved Ford's Model T

continues to dominate roads. dominates the market
transportation, for 19 years. It's
particularly in the From rail to road the first car for the
US. (e.g. Pennsylvania masses.
Turnpike built on RR
The car is dominantly rightofway)
a private vehicle for
personal Creation of long span
transportation. bridges for cars.
Gasoline to
heat/pressure to
motion.
Factories : individual
assembly (batch) to
assembly line
(continuous).
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Seldon gets patent in New leisure and The five dollar day Fast personal

1895 based on rough mobility: the family enables workers to buy transportation with
idea of automobile. car. Assembly line the ModelT. Fordism quick acceleration.
He does not build a changes factory focuses on whole
working model. Ford environment. factory operation The rapid acceleration
fights patent and wins rather than individual appealed to the
in 1911 after years of tasks. masses. The IC engine
litigation. has a quick response.
T = traction force
Fp = piston force
m = mass of car
r = gear ratio
Smog from NOx.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
4stroke internal Process of internal In 1938, auto industry Automobile

combustion engine: combustion. uses most amount of
intake, compression, gas, rubber and steel: T = thrust
ignition and exhaust. One filling of % of total US R = rolling resistance
cylinder with air consumption D = aerodynamic drag
Thrust = rolling determined power. Gasoline 90% H = hill resistance
resistance + Rubber 80% a = angle of hill
aerodynamic drag C8H18 + 11.5O2 + Steel 17% m = coefficient of
43.7N2 friction (rubber on
> 6CO2 + 9H20 + 2CO + See Automobile Facts road)
43.7N2 and Figures. W = weight on driving
wheels
PT = traction power
V = velocity in mph
PE = engine power
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
"Dynamism of an Fitzgerald, Speed or velocity is
Automobile," by Luigi The Great Gatsby the central image of
Russolo the car.
Dos Passos, It is impeded by
Balla 1913 "Speed Shifting Gears rolling resistance and
and Light" (Ford and drag:
Edison) Naturalist John
Burrows T = CRW + CDpAf
JacquesHenri Lartigue
"Grand Prix of the Paved roads and
Automobile Club of streamlining are
France 1912" visual consequences of
these impediments.
Bacionni Car racing Thrust is needed to
beagles climb hills quickly.
Chaplin, Modern Times.
October 13 Orville Wright Wright Brothers: the Drag Balance
(1871 1948) first sustained
Machines: The flight, at Kitty Hawk. Lift?
Airplane Wilbur Wright Wind tunnel tests,
(1867 1912) special engine design, Control?
The Wright Flyer and manual controls
Samuel Langley for flight.
(1834 1906) Langley secretary of
Smithsonian, and well
Douglas known competitor.
Boeing
Public global Very large airports The development of the

transportation system built away from cities airplane was not a
result of applied
Wright Flyer > Speed is 10 times that science but rather
Douglas DC3, Boeing of RR and car, driven by
707 > 747, Concord connecting nations and entrepenereurial
shrinking the world motives. Wright
Romantic idea of Brothers succeeded
flight is realized. Biplane to monowing; because they
IC engine to jet; wind understood stability,
to lift; rotary motion studied the
to thrust literature, used full
scale tests, and
From bicycles to worked methodically.
planes
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Smithsonian authorizes Airplane is too large, Army contracts. Long distance, high

fake in 1914. Orville expensive and Investment cost and speed, and high
sends the Flyer to dangerous for operating cost too visibility.
London in 1925. individual ownership. high for private
Finally in 1942, sector. Fuel and passengers
Smithsonian recants increase weight (W).
and the Flyer is High speed (V)
returned in 1948. requires a high thrust
Wright brothers (T) to overcome drag
approach US Army and (D).
Post Office for
funding. Safety. Risk of
stalling or loosing
lift depends on the
velocity (V) and
weight (W).
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Lift and weight Jet fuel from Light metal required Airplane

Thrust and drag petroleum. for airplanes
aluminum. W = weight
Aerodynamic stability. L = lift
V = velocity
Kinship between S = wing area
bicycle and airplane CL = lift coeff.
in that both require T = thrust
control for their D = drag
successful operation. Sf = frontal area
CD = drag coeff.
PP = propellor power
PD = drag power
PE = engine power
E = transmission and
propellor efficiency
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
A new vision: the Ernest Hemingway Form drag for wire and
world from above; The Snows of airfoil
streamlining and Kilamanjaro
speed. Coefficient of drag
airplane imagery for wright flyer and
Robert Delaunay: DC3
Windows
Cubism: Picasso and
Braque called
themselves Orville and
Wilbur.
October 15 J. C. Maxwell Maxwell, Hertz: Microphone:
explain electricity Bell uses
Networks: H. Hertz and magnetism electrolytic
Telephone, Wireless Marconi: develops microphone.
Telegraph and Radio G. Marconi wireless telegraph Edison invents the
Deforest, Armstrong: carbon microphone
Machines: Deforest radio development AM
Telephone, Radio and FM Loudspeaker:
Armstrong Sarnoff: RCA, radio Joseph Henry advises
giant Bell about how to make
Sarnoff Bell: telephone, a loudspeaker
variable resistance
A. G. Bell Grey: Bell's Resonance frequency of
competitor a dipole aerial and
E. Grey Vail: first AT & T wire loop.
executive
T. Vail
AT & T telephone Transformation of code Marconi develops a

or voice to electric wireless telegraph
RCA television signals or radio waves system. He forms a
and back again to code company which
Radio broadcast or voice. manufactures, sells
and operates his
Internet Transformation from telegraph for boats.
distortionless network slow communication to Sarnoff creates
instant communication. american radio
Cellular phones corporation with the
backing of the US
Navy. Vail starts the
telephone company, AT
& T.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
President Roosevelt Changes living AT & T becomes the S.O.S. and Sarnoff's

initiates the patterns. Instant biggest US music box and 'phone
'Fireside Chats' with communication kills corporation. Bell's home'.
the American people.. the letter. patent allows AT & T
shrinks the scale of to monopolize market. 2 wire 2 direction
the country. Radio brings news, communication is
drama, and music to Bell beats Grey to economical.
Patent disputes: America's livingroom. patent office by 2
DeForest vs. Armstrong hours. Bell fights
(19141934) Armstrong In US, the phone off 600 challenges to
loses. company AT & T remains his patent.
private, but
FM: Sarnoff vs. regulated. Telephone
Armstrong. Armstrong companies in the rest
loses. of the world are
public.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Maxwell's prediction Copper: abundant Radio and Telephone

of electromagnetic material of low
waves that travel at 3 resistivity. f = frequency
x 108 m/s. l = wavelength
AT&T reclaims copper c = speed of light
Variable resistance in 19 making it the L = antenna length
(current loop) as largest copper
method of 2way producer in the world. I = current
communication. V = voltage
R = resistance
Modulation of carrier
wave to enscribe audio oscillators: from
information. spark to alternator to
electronic valve
modulation:
intermittent to
continuous waves
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Radio kills the Radio drama: "War of Modulated Carrier Wave
concert. Piano in the the Worlds," by Orson
living room is Wells Modulation maintains
replaced by radio. tone of voice radio
personalities.
RCA buys an orchestra
and internationally V = Sin(wmt)Sin(wct)
known conductor.
where
wm << wc
wc = 2pf
Speed of EM waves:
instant communication.
October 20
Review: Themes
October 22
Midterm Exam
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Monopolies vs Costs and risks take
competition : examples different forms. The
Standard Oil and AT cost of a structure
& T depends on materials
and labor, the risk
Patents and a 'patent depends on design and
monopoly': encourage use. Network failures
entrepeneurial cause secondary system
behavior by reducing failures (hospitals).
risks of competition. Machines and processes
have environmental
consequences.
FORMULAS
Many benefits are
explained by what was
replaced. The machine
has an output of
horses. The bridge
replaces the ferry or
time consuming
crossing. The network
replaces old networks
(hand delivered
mail). The process
creates a new material
(steel).
NATURAL SCIENCE
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
November 3 Andrew Carnegie Carnegie, an Cast iron, wrought
(1835 1919) innovator, sees the iron and steel:
Dominant Steel Company market for steel demonstration of
Henry Clay Frick rails. Holley, the material properties:
Processes: Steel ( ) first consulting brittleness.
engineer, designs
Blast Furnace and Henry Bessemer Carnegie's steel plant
(1813 1898) which uses the
Bessemer Process Bessemer process.
Alexander Lyman Holley Frick, a coke
J. Edgar Thomson Steel (1832 1882) supplier, becomes
Works Carnegie's partner.
James B. Eads Eads designs the first
"RR Bridge Innovator" steel bridge.
(1820 1889)
US Steel Iron ore is tranformed Carnegie obtains

into steel. experience in many
We live in a steel industries, and takes
world. If steel was Change to higher business practices of
removed, what would be strength and greater RR (on frequenct
left? reliability with accounting) to steel
reasonable cost. industry.
Carnegie's
philanthropy. Creation of new Holley, the first
buildings, bridges and consulting engineer,
machines. is the best designer
of steel plants. The
Strain is transformed Thompson plant is a
to stress through huge, integrated plant
Hooke's law.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Eads bridge Private profits and Accounting practices Pittsburgh: the

controversy: public environment and cutting prices to industrial city
(i.e. Pittsburgh). eliminate competitors.
Eads vs. Army Corps When carbon is not
of Engineers. Labor disputes such as Reinvestment in entirely burned, soot
the Homestead Strike. company avoids (carbon) is released
Competition between borrowing. into the atmosphere.
St. Louis and Chicago. Skyscrapers and new Impurities also lead
cities. Carnegie pays to sulfur compounds
executives low (acid rain). Carbon
salaries, but gives dioxide is always
them a piece of the released from the
company. reaction.
Carnegie, Morgan and
Schwab form US Steel.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Yield point of Processing or iron Pig Iron: 34.5% C Xs = unknown number of

ordinary steel is 40 ore: major molecules
ksi. Breaking ingredients are coke, Steel: <2% C
strength is 60 ksi. iron ore, oxygen and C = carbon
Modulus of elasticity limestone. Waste Progression: S = sulfur
(Young's modulus) is products are slag (impurities)
29,000 ksi. (calcium sulfide) and Cast Iron is brittle. O2 = oxygen
carbon dioxide. Fe203 = iron ore
Wrought Iron is CaCO3 = calcium
ductile. carbonate (limestone)
Steel is stronger, Fe = iron
more reliable, and as CaS = slag (waste)
ductile as wrought CO2 = carbon dioxide
iron.
f = stress
e = strain
E = Young's modulus
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
The Eads' Bridge, The The Morgan Library The Long Span
Brooklyn Bridge: both The Frick House
made from Carnegie's The Carnegie Libraries For bridges a stronger
steel. Joseph Stella Pension Plans for material allows for a
New York Universities lighter load qL: since
Interpreted: The f increases A must
Bridge decrease
A = H/f
This leads to a lower
force
H = (qL)(L/8d)
Alternatively, the new
material allows for a
longer span L.
November 5 Edwin L. Drake Drake creates the
(1819 1880) first oil well in
Dominant Oil Company 1859. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller amasses an industry
Processes: (1839 ) with Standard Oil and
Hydrocarbons and controls 90% of
Rubber FrŠesch industry (1883).
( ) FrŠesch removes
Machines: Automobile sulphur from 'skunk
Burton oil' for kerosene.
( ) Burton: batch process
for extracting
Goodyear gasoline from crude
( ) oil.
Harvey Firestone
( )
Oil industry is still Combustion: Rockefeller understood

world dominant. What transformation of need for control:
would happen without hydrocarbons to well, pipes, refinery.
oil? pressure (force), and He brought order by
water, carbon dioxide collecting small
Bayway refinery and other waste gases. companies into
Exxon conglomerate Standard
Refining of petroleum Oil. He took
Rockefeller into gasoline, calculated risks, e.g.
philanthropy kerosene and myriad of purchased sulphur
products. laden oil fields
without solution
From distilling to (later solved by
cracking. FrŠesch).
SOCIAL SCIENCE
In 1911, the supreme Kerosene needed for Rockefeller makes Exxon Valdez: high

court rules that light. fortune in producing capacity pipelines and
monopolies violate the kerosene for lighting. their hazards.
Sherman Trust Law. Kerosene allows for
Standard Oil is broken personal lighting. Oil Kerosene Pipelines:
up. lighting replaced by Rockefeller (for
Kerosene replaced electric lighting, control)
whale oil. rise of the car and
plane creates need for Alaskan (remote
gasoline. wells)
Rubber car tires. f = stress
P = pressure
r = pipe radius
h = pipe thickness
w = weight density
H = head
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Range of energy Refining oil by Crude oil obtained by Cracking: large

content: 12,000 to distillation. wells: first well at hydrocarbons are
20,000 BTU/lb Titusville, PA 1859. broken into smaller
FrŠesch process for ones by controlling
kerosene sulphurous oil. Gasoline has high pressure and heat.
vapor pressure Example shows alkane
gasoline Burton process for (volatile) broken into octane,
gasoline output. decane, eth.
diesel Plastics
Dubbs process for Yield of gasoline
continuous production. Synthetic rubber increased to 40% by
Burton process of
cracking.
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Oil is 'liquid gold' Rockefeller is devout Striking it rich
baptist. Gives money
before fortune made. x gallons of oil = one
pound of gold
Rockefeller and
Carnegie race to give
away most money
(Carnegie wins).
Rockefeller is major
benefactor to
U of Chicago
Rockefeller U
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller
Foundation
November 10 Aspdin Aspen invents Portland
( ) cement in 1824.
Processes: Cement and Hennebique develops
Reinforced Concrete Hennebique reinforced concrete
( ) designs (1892).
Structures: Bridges Maillart is a
Maillart structural artist
( ) using the new material
of reinforced concrete
Freyssinet (e.g. Tavanassa, 1905)
( ) Freyssinet invents
prestressed concrete
(1928).
November 12 Gustave Lindenthal Lindenthal forms

(1850 1935) private company to
The First Regional build Hudson River
MultiState Political Julius H. Cohen Bridge. Cohen has
Instrument ( ) idea to make bistate
agency. Governor
The Port Authority George Silzer Silzer (NJ) works with
( ) Ammann to get GW
Structures: Bridges bridge accepted by
Othmar Ammann Republican Bergen
The George Washington (1879 1964?) county. Ammann is
Bridge hired by Port
Authority to build GW.
Cooling towers, dams, Transformation from Concrete is composed

bridges and buildings. liquid to solid rock. of portland cement,
sand, gravel and
From stone to water. New forms are
Contrast to steel and concrete. possible with
oil industries: no reinforced concrete
major industry for From unrelated pieces because it can assume
cement production is to integrated any shape and is able
formed: cement (monoliths). to take both
components are compression and
universally available. tension.
The Port Authority The Port Authority is The Port Authority is

able to transform two created to deal with
The George Washington states: NY and NJ. the freight bottle
Bridge neck at the Hudson
(plus 6 major NYC Rural to suburban River. Ammann
bridges) realizes that a bridge
Short span to long accross the Hudson
A new class of bridges span will be needed for
at 3500 ft double automobile traffic and
the span of previous Heavy to light not RR traffic.
bridges. Ammann builds the GW
and heads Authority.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Patents did not play Concrete is a material Concrete is almost Concrete allows for

much of a role because for public works, but always available largescale public
not desirable for locally: material is works, but cement
materials are architecture used directly at the production produces 5
locally available personal housing construction site, 20% of world's carbon
except for manufacturing is part dioxide.
Portland cement is foundations. of the construction
not so expensive or process. Contrasts With large scale
difficult to produce. with steel which is public works comes the
fabricated offsite. potential of major
failures: dams,
Competes directly with cooling towers and
steel. thin shells.
The first multistate Crossing the Hudson For sake of economy Long Span Bridge

political instrument for automobiles. the design live load Maximum loading is
is formed: the Port Transformation of is reduced. improbable: live load,
Authority of NY and communities. q, is reduced allowing
NJ. The Port for an economic
Authority reports structure. C and K
directly to the are reduction factors
governors of NY and for number of lanes
NJ. (n) and length of
roadway (L),
respectively. qmax is
the maximum possible
loading imaginable.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Composite of two Curing of concrete: Thermal properties of Portland Cement

materials. Concrete exothermic and steel and concrete
is strong in irreversible chemical coincide. Lime and clay are
compression (3,000 reaction. (concrete heated to produce
psi), but weak in cures under water) Weight density of portland cement.
tension (300 psi). water = 62.4,
Steel bars are strong Concrete mix is a concrete = 150, Adding water to the
in tension (30,000 balance between steel = 490 cement (hydration)
psi) but will buckle strength (low water in lbs / ft3 sets (cures) the
in compression. content) and cement. Cement is the
Composite material is workability (high Concrete is relatively binding agent used in
strong in both tension water content). impervious to concrete. Concrete
and compression. environment in also contains sand and
comparison to steel. gravel.
Loads dead weight, High strength steel V = Vertical component

traffic weight and for cables (yield at of axial force
wind forces. Failure 150 ksi, break at 220 H = Horizontal
of the Tacoma Narrows ksi) component of axial
bridge because of force
problems with shape Alloy steel for ... T = Total axial force
and stiffness, and at tower/support
thin deck tossed by q = Angle of cable
the wind made f = stress (force per
catastrophic by area)
resonance. Open box A = crosssectional
has poor torsional area
stiffness.
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Museum of Modern Art: Hyperbolic Cooling
Robert Maillart Towers
Form of thin shells
H = qL2/8d
M. B. White William Carlos Elegant Form: GW

Photographer for LIFE Williams Poet Bridge
Magazine
The L/d ratio
indicates a flat
parabolic cable.
The short side spans
accentuate the long
main span.
The strange towers
were intended to be
covered with a stone
facade.
November 17 George Norris Senator Norris is
(1861 1944) responsible for
The First Federal starting the Tennessee
MultiState Agency Arthur E. Morgan Valley Authority
( ) (TVA). Morgan, a
Networks: civil engineer, heads
David E. Lilienthal the TVA in 1933 with a
Tennessee Valley Water ( ) vision of local
Shed development.
F.D. Roosevelt Lilienthal, a lawyer,
T. V. A. Power Grid: takes over and creates
Paradise Power Plant a power agency.
Structures: Dams
Norris Dam & Wilson
Dam
The dams, power Transformation of a The possible sale of

plants, and depressed region the Wilson Dam
experimental stations requires a new stimulates congress to
are still used; the political instrument create the TVA. This
river is navigable. because of the many agency has high
states involved. quality technical
Agency for social personnel, is removed
development to agency from local politics,
focused on selling and has a local
power. bureaucracy.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Norris proposes the Goals of the TVA: Selling power cheaply New Deal: organizing

TVA, which is navigation and floods to the masses. This the unemployed to
established by reforestation and also undercuts local restructure nature.
Roosevelt. The land use industry. Paradise plant
stimulus is nitrates agriculture and economics, low
for war: industry cost/kwh of
hydroelectric power is national defense and electricity because of
needed in nitrate nitrates high efficiency (E).
plants to produce
munitions. Rural electrification.
Morgan sees TVA for
restructuring
community life.
Lilienthal sees great
way to produce power
cheaply.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Hydroelectric power. Nitrates for munitions Massive Hydroelectric

and later for Power
Steam turbines. fertilizer. (Wilson
Dam) Hp = horsepower
Q = flow (cfs)
w = weight density
(lbs/ft3)
H = head (ft)
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Thomas Cole: Titan's Jordy Racoon Mountain's
Goblet (1833) Man Artificial Lake:
taming nature Creese symbolic of Titan's
Goblet and
Avant Garde House in restructuring nature.
the 30's TVA
prefabricated homes. At slack (low power
use) water is pumped
up to the lake. This
stored energy is then
used during peak
demand.

November 19 Arthur Powell Davis Davis heads the US Gravity dam demo:
(1861 1933) Reclamation Service in overturning of a dam.
The First MultiState 1902. Crowe is
River Compact Frank T. Crowe general superintendant
( ) in 1924 and builds
Structures: Dams Hoover in 1930.
William Mulholland Mulholland is chief
The Hoover Dam (1855 1935) engineer of water
department in LA.
Networks:
Water and Power for
Los Angelos
Bureau of Reclamation Transforming desert to Long distance power

agriculture. and water.
The Hoover Dam
Creation of a city: LA
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Hoover is secretary of Imperial Valley Flood Water is a valuable The improbable

commerce under Harding 1905 1907 caused by resource: allows for metropolis: Hoover
negotiates Colorado amateur canal agriculture to Dam allows LA to
River Compact. building. develop. develop.
The power lost in the
lines (Ps) depends on
the current (I)
squared and the
resistance (Rs).
The stress in a pipe
depends on the
pressure (P), radius
(r) and thickness (h).
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Behavior of Hoover: Curing of concrete Concrete. Triangular Concrete

arch dam or gravity produces heat which Gravity Dam
dam. must be dealt with for
large dams. SF = safety factor
Mo = overturning
moment
Mr = resisting moment
F = equivalent force
of water pressure
P = water wt density
H = head
B = base
V = vertical weight
w = concrete wt
density
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Transformation of Joan Didion, essayist Triangular Shape of
desert to agriculture: Gravity Dam
reclamation.
Dam is a visual icon
of the thirtees.
November 24 Major Henry Robert Robert's rules, report
to congress on
HydroElectric Power Roosevelt Columbia, Roosevelt's
Allows for new deal, Whipple
Industrialization Whipple writes control plan
for navigation,
Networks: Charles Martin Hall flooding/power and
irrigation. Hall
Navigation of the invents process for
Columbia River smelting aluminum ore.
Bonneville Power
Authority
Structures: Dams
John Day
Processes: Smelting
of Aluminum
The Dams: Highest From flooded to
Lift for navigation. industrially
developed.
Boeing Corporation
centered around hydro Rapids to navigation
power.
From water and flow to
power
Aluminum: from
expensive to
affordable
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Restructuring the
Pacific Northwest:
Boeing and Alcoa
thrive near a power
source for making
aluminum.
The mass produced per
mole of electrons (M)
equals the molar mass
(mm) divided by the
number of electrons
consumed per formula
unit (n).
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Columbia River has Hall process for
greatest power (drop aluminum:
times flow) of any electrolysis.
river.
Disassociation of
aluminum from oxygen.
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Aluminum: light,
strong and affordable.
November 26 C. Marcus Olson Olson purification Transistor switch
of Silicon (1940)
Machines: Microchips Frederick Seitz Vacuum tube switch
Seitz Diodes
Shockley, Brattain, Vacuum diode
and Bardeen Shockley, Brattain,
and Bardeen Semiconductor diode
Robert Noyce transistor for
( ) telephone switching
(1948)
Jack St. Clair Kilby
( ) Noyce integrated
circuit (1959)
Kilby monolithic
idea silicon as
transistor, resistor,
capacitor, conductor.
Moore's Law From big to small to Monolithic idea

tiny. optimizing component
Modern microchips parts would not lead
to the microchip,
MicroElectro since, for example,
Mechanical Systems silicon is a poor
(MEMS) resistor.
Chip is small, cheap,
mass produceable, and
versatile.
Seitz recognizes the
usefulness of pure
silicon for diodes.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Electronic revolution.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Voltage controlled Silicon purification. Silicon

valve tube. Doped silicon is semi
conductor.
Current controlled
valve transistor.
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
Tokyo City Hall as Smaller and smaller
microchip.
December 1 Leland Stanford Stanford creates a
university (1890) with
Silicon Valley Harris Ryan vision of engineering
working with local
Frederick E. Terman region.
(1900 1982)
Ryan High voltage
Hewlett, and Packard lab (1905)
Terman Ryan's
student works with
local industry (1927):
creates silicon valley
Hewlett, Packard
Terman's students
HP
Model for several Valley transformed Stanford / Terman's

university industry from fruit orchards to vision of university,
research parks. electronic industry. industry and
governement
cooperation.
Hewlett and Packard,
starting in their
garage, establish HP,
silicon valley's first
success story.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
End of WW II and Cold Silicon Valley:
War: pump money into Stanford's vision
Silicon Valley. realized: university
industry government
partnership.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Radar
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
December 3 George Boole Boole Boolean Combinatorial logic.
(1815 1864) algebra.
Machines: The Flipflop
Computer Alan Turing Turing invents
(1912 1954) Turing machine Register
general purpose
John Von Neumann programmable computer Stack
(1903 1957) (1937).

Vannevar Bush Von Neumann first
(1890 1974) draft of EDVAC (1944)
first definition of
T. J. Watson, Jr. modern computer.
( )
Watson, Jr. Computer
S. Jobs industry entrepeneur
( )
December 8 Total internal
reflection.
Networks: Fiber
Optics
Machines: The Laser
December 10
Review
Personal computer From analog to digital Von Neumann makes use

of the idea of a
Internet Mechanical to stored program.
electronic (tube) to Watson grows computer
electronic industry through
(transistors) applications to
business (IBM). Jobs,
inspired by Ford, has
the vision of
providing a computer
for the masses.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Patent challenge by US is dominant in Creation of new

Mauchley and Ekert electronics industry.
fails. manufacturing.
An nbit address
specifies how many
memory (M) elements.
FORMULAS
NATURAL SCIENCE
Bit memory cell Si : silicon
flipflop.
GaAs : germanium
Sequencer or clock.
Pixelated, but
distortionless, copy.
FORMULAS
HUMANITIES
"Toy Story," computer "Soul of a New
animation Machine"
ISI building as
punched card, Venturi
architect.

Engineers and Entrepeneurs Specific Contributions Demonstration

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CIV 102 & CIV 102W

LECTURE ENGINEERS AND SPECIFIC LECTURE

There are legacies to ­Force, power, Structures:

­ Public works and ­ Transformation of ­ Public finance Formulas express

­ Equilibrium of Mass conservation in Refined materials Formulas express

­ Longest spanning The cable transforms The new material of

The traffic loads and Industrial Revolution: A high span to sag Safety is a social

Equilibrium of forces: Cast iron and wrought Arch/Cable Bridge

September 24 Robert Fulton Fulton was an Steam Boat: Drag of

Steam turbines: The atmospheric steam Watt, the founder of

Modern boats are The steamboat Fulton, an artist and

Boulton got parliament The atmospheric steam Watt's invention of The horse is replaced

Livingston, a Regulation: Alfred Monopoly on Hudson Boilers explode when

Properties of water: Coal: the fuel for Steam Engine

Paintings by Benjamin Samuel Clemens (1835 ­ Big Government:

The turbines in the The turbine transforms Lowell and Moody

Tarrif on Indian Society moves from Stimulus of existing Customers need to be

Railroad Network for The railroad Thomson, the engineer

J.P. Morgan stops St. Louis fights for Competition: RR connects cities by

Thrust equals drag. Steel bridges and Locomotive

October 6 Thomas Alva Edison Edison was a great Light: the line

The telgraph, the The telegraph Morse, the engineer,

Today, lighting is The light bulb Edison, with Upton's

Morse obtains a Safety had been a Western Union became a Instantaneous

Grant for research lab In 1931, Hoover wanted Competition with gas Affordable personal

Transformation of High resistance Electric Light

Joseph Stella: New Henry Adams: The Indoor light:

The automobile Dirt roads to paved Ford's Model ­ T

Seldon gets patent in New leisure and The five dollar day Fast personal

4­stroke internal Process of internal In 1938, auto industry Automobile

Public global Very large airports The development of the

Smithsonian authorizes Airplane is too large, Army contracts. Long distance, high

Lift and weight Jet fuel from Light metal required Airplane

AT & T ­ telephone Transformation of code Marconi develops a

President Roosevelt Changes living AT & T becomes the S.O.S. and Sarnoff's

Maxwell's prediction Copper: abundant Radio and Telephone

US Steel Iron ore is tranformed Carnegie obtains

Eads bridge Private profits and Accounting practices Pittsburgh: the

Yield point of Processing or iron Pig Iron: 3­4.5% C Xs = unknown number of

Oil industry is still Combustion: Rockefeller understood

In 1911, the supreme Kerosene needed for Rockefeller makes Exxon Valdez: high

Range of energy Refining oil by Crude oil obtained by Cracking: large

November 12 Gustave Lindenthal Lindenthal forms

Cooling towers, dams, Transformation from Concrete is composed

The Port Authority The Port Authority is The Port Authority is

Patents did not play Concrete is a material Concrete is almost Concrete allows for

The first multi­state Crossing the Hudson For sake of economy Long Span Bridge

Composite of two Curing of concrete: Thermal properties of Portland Cement

Loads ­ dead weight, High strength steel V = Vertical component

M. B. White ­ William Carlos Elegant Form: GW

The dams, power Transformation of a The possible sale of

Norris proposes the Goals of the TVA: Selling power cheaply New Deal: organizing

Hydroelectric power. Nitrates for munitions Massive Hydroelectric

Bureau of Reclamation Transforming desert to Long distance power

Hoover is secretary of Imperial Valley Flood Water is a valuable The improbable

Behavior of Hoover: Curing of concrete Concrete. Triangular Concrete

Moore's Law From big to small to Monolithic idea ­

Voltage controlled Silicon purification. Silicon

Model for several Valley transformed Stanford / Terman's

Personal computer From analog to digital Von Neumann makes use

Patent challenge by US is dominant in Creation of new

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There are legacies to Force, power, Structures:

Public works and Transformation of Public finance Formulas express

Equilibrium of Mass conservation in Refined materials Formulas express

Longest spanning The cable transforms The new material of

Paintings by Benjamin Samuel Clemens (1835 Big Government:

The automobile Dirt roads to paved Ford's Model T

4stroke internal Process of internal In 1938, auto industry Automobile

AT & T telephone Transformation of code Marconi develops a

Yield point of Processing or iron Pig Iron: 34.5% C Xs = unknown number of

The first multistate Crossing the Hudson For sake of economy Long Span Bridge

Loads dead weight, High strength steel V = Vertical component

M. B. White William Carlos Elegant Form: GW

Moore's Law From big to small to Monolithic idea