Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102

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Optics and Laser Technology

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Full length article

Downstream performance analysis and optimization of the next

generation passive optical network stage 2 (NG-PON2)
Vivek Kachhatiya, Shanthi Prince ⇑
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamil Nadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The increase in the number of users and high end to end demand of massive data-rate directs the atten-
Received 13 April 2017 tion towards innovative point to multipoint links that satisfy the need for next-generation passive optical
Received in revised form 24 November 2017 network stage 2 (NG-PON2). NG-PON2 architecture has the capability to support power-split and
Accepted 2 February 2018
wavelength-split optical distribution network (ODN) as well as a hybrid of two ODNs. Wavelength rout-
ing (WR) ODN has adequate low insertion loss than the power splitter (PS) ODN which can fulfill the
exponential increase in demand for greater connectivity. The wavelength routing passive optical network
Keywords:
(WR-PON) is investigated using the OptiSystem-13 simulation design tool. In this paper, we optimize the
Passive optical network (PON)
Next generation passive optical network
downstream transmission of eight channels WR-PON over 60 km and 40 km of standard single mode
(NG-PON) practical fibers (G.655 and G.652) with 10 Gb/s per channel and compared it with PS-ODN based passive
Optical access network optical network (PON). Both WR-PON and PS-PON are analyzed in detail under the specifications of
Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) deployed optical fibers like ITU-T G.652.A fiber, ITU-T G.652.B fiber, Alcatel 6912 Tealight Ultra 1625
Wavelength routing optical distributed fiber, Corning LEAF 1625 fiber, and Lucent True-Wave RS 1625 fiber. Next generation multi-
network (WR-ODN) wavelength system performance is limited predominantly due to fiber dispersion and nonlinearities.
Power split optical distributed network Fiber nonlinearities and dispersions are mitigated and performance is enhanced by characterizing the
(PS-ODN)
system and optimizing optical launch power for both WR-PON and PS-PON. Furthermore, the effect of
Next generation passive optical network
optical launch power on performance is investigated and evaluated for each practical fiber configuration
stage 2 (NG-PON2)
Fiber nonlinearity with common optical modulation formats, return to zero external modulation (RZ-EM) and non-return to
Dispersion mitigation zero external modulation (NRZ-EM). Power budget for each configuration is calculated and tabulated.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Passive optical network (PON) is widely considered as the most
promising optical access network solution considering its cost-
effectiveness and high-speed broadband services to individual
and enterprise users. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) based
Gigabit Ethernet PON (GE-PON) and Gigabit-capable PON (GPON)
are widely deployed and utilized worldwide rigorously under the
standard IEEE 802.3ah and ITU-T G.984 respectively [1–3]. To
address the exponential increase in bandwidth requirement, the
deployed GE-PON and G-PON have undergone many upgrades in
data rates. It evolved as the 10 GE-PON [4] and ten-Gigabit passive
optical network (XG-PON) [5] which were standardized in 2009,
known as the next-generation passive optical networks stage 1
(NG-PON1). The global IP traffic and global mobile data traffic are
expected to increase three-fold and eleven-fold respectively from
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: vivek.kachhatiya@gmail.com (V. Kachhatiya), shanthi.p@ktr.
srmuniv.ac.in (S. Prince).
2013 to 2018 [6,7]. Hence, in order to meet the rapidly growing
bandwidth requirements for high-speed data transmission and
the constant exponential need for even greater connectivity of con-
sumer applications, it is necessary to further upgrade the network.
In 2011, the next-generation PON stage 2 (NG-PON2) outlined
by the Full-Service Access Network (FSAN) community. In 2015 it
is standardized to deliver 40 Gb/s aggregated data rate with 10
Gb/s per wavelength [8,9]. FSAN community has selected time
wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network
(TWDM-PON) as the most promising solution for NG-PON2, which
is widely admitted by the majority of industries and researchers
due to its cost-effectiveness, lower power consumption, and back-
ward compatibility [10–21]. The 40-Gb/s capacity will soon be
obsolete as the demand grows exponentially. Hence, an option of
eight WDM channels in each direction must be preferred to pro-
vide higher capacity and support more users [6,18].
Several researchers have proposed arrayed waveguide grating
(AWG) based wavelength routing passive optical network
(WR-PON) architecture during PON evolution in different ways
[22–24]. It was first recommended by FSAN as one of the NG-PON2

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.02.007
0030-3992/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102
architecture [8,9]. TWDM-PON can reuse available power and
wavelength-split optical distribution network (ODN), and work
simultaneously as a hybrid of both [20,21]. Hence, it is essential to
examine the WR-PON architecture compatibility and optimize the
performance for NG-PON2.
In this paper, Wavelength Routing-Passive Optical Network
(WR-PON) with eight wavelengths, each carrying 10 Gb/s is
designed and simulated under practical fiber specifications. The
fiber dispersion and nonlinear effects like cross-phase modulation
(XPM) and self-phase modulation (SPM) which degrade the trans-
mitted signal are analyzed. Fiber dispersion and nonlinearities can
be mitigated by efficient dispersion management techniques and
dispersion tolerant line coding techniques.
Since dispersion compensation methods are expensive, and it
needs dispersion estimator and dispersion management at the
optical line terminal (OLT) [25–29]. Relatively high optical launch
power for multi-wavelength system causes severe degradation of
the optical signal due to increase in nonlinearity and in turn
increase in an augmented fiber dispersion. Degradation of the
propagating signal due to fiber dispersion and nonlinearity signif-
icantly limits the data rate and the performance of the system [30].
Metro and core networks are using multi-wavelengths whereas
most of the access network are on single wavelength-time division
multiplex (TDM) or point to point wavelength division multiplexed
(WDM) links. NG-PON2 is the first multi-wavelength access net-
work. The mean channel maximum launch power for 10 Gb/s
downstream TWDM is issued in the NG-PON2 physical media
dependency recommendation G.989.2 [8]. Hence by keeping capi-
tal expenditure and operational expenditure of the access network
in mind, optimizing launch power [30] is the perfect solution. The
performance of WR-PON is enhanced by optimizing the optical
launch power, which will mitigate the nonlinear dispersion, SPM
and XPM.
Use of dispersion tolerance line coding for TWDM, 40 Km,
upstream is suggested in G.989.2 recommendation [8]. Advance
dispersion tolerant line coding like Miller coding, duobinary cod-
ing, and Manchester coding are demonstrated to enhance the sys-
tem performance significantly, but it also adds the complexity to
transceiver design [31–35]. Furthermore, the complexity of trans-
ceiver design increases as the data rate increases per wavelength.
Hence, advance dispersion tolerant line codes are not the best
option for access network segment as it is the best fit for the long
reach metro network [35–37]. Therefore, to abate the dispersion
and to make the network simple and dispersion-tolerant, conven-
tional 50% duty cycle return-to-zero external modulation (RZ-EM)
is analyzed and results are compared with non-return-to-zero
external modulation (NRZ-EM) comprehensively under practical
fiber configuration.
In this paper, Section 2 explains the WR-PON architecture. Sec-
tion 3 describes simulated architecture design and component
parameters. Section 4 discusses on the optimization of launch
power to mitigate fiber nonlinearities and dispersion, measured
BER performance plot and power budget calculation. Section 5 con-
cludes the work by highlighting the future research direction.
2. WR-PON architecture
WR-PON architecture is shown in Fig. 1. It is divided into three
sections, optical line terminal (OLT), optical distributed network
(ODN) and optical network unit (ONU). OLT consists of transmitter
block, WDM-multiplexer (WDM-MUX) and Erbium-doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) amplifier. Transmitter block consists of a return
to zero (RZ) and non-return to zero (NRZ) pseudo-random bit
sequence (PRBS) generator, continuous wave (CW) laser and
Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) as an external modulator (EM).
91
Eight such transmitters (Tx) with L-band wavelengths {k1, k2, k3,
k4, k5, k6, k7, and k8} are multiplexed using WDM-MUX and
amplified using EDFA.
WR-ODN consists of all passive optical components such as fee-
der fiber, arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and power splitter.
Feeder fiber carries all eight wavelengths up to 60 Km reach, and
AWG demultiplexes the wavelengths. Demultiplexed wavelengths
are distributed independently to the number of ONUs through the
distributed fiber and passive splitter. ONU consists of PIN photodi-
ode to detect the optical signal and low pass electrical filter (LPF) to
filter the electrical signal. When AWG at RN of WR-ODN is replaced
by power splitter/combiner unit at RN, the optical distributive net-
work is called PS-ODN.
AWG demultiplexes the downstream WDM signal and it offers
low insertion loss than power splitter. Power splitter provides
the loss of [10log(n)] dB where n is the number of splitting points
[38]. AWG offers 5–6 dB of insertion loss irrespective of the num-
ber of output ports (i.e. number of wavelengths) [39]. We are using
eight wavelengths downstream which will require 1X8 AWG
DeMux with insertion loss of 6 dB whereas 1:8 power splitter pro-
vides 9 dB of insertion loss. Hence, a number of users can be
increased in the case of WR-PON. Due to increase in the number
of users, operational and maintenance cost of ODN decreases per
user. Although in the absence of reconfigurability at ONU, the col-
orless ONU enables simple and low-cost wavelength independent
design with PIN and LPF. Designed ONU serves in high bandwidth,
high data rates applications, and enables plug and play feature for
the user. NG-PON2 wavelength plan is used in this work (L-band
wavelengths exclusively) for downstream.
10 Gbps system needs the external modulated laser (EML) to fit
into the required maximum spectral excursion (MSE). MZM is con-
sidered as an option for ONU Transmitter to fulfill the MSE require-
ment of
20 GHz for the NG-PON 2 [21]. G989.2 assumes the use
of external modulating lasers (EMLs) in deriving the optical path
penalties (OPP) from OLT to ONU [20]. Furthermore, expensive
MZM cost is paid by the service provider as the capital investment
and is going to be shared by 512 users.
3. Implementation of WR-ODN-PON architecture in OptiSystem
The WR-ODN-PON architecture is designed and simulated using
an innovative, powerful simulation tool OptiSystem-13, which pro-
vides the flexibility to design local area network (LAN), wide area
network (WAN), other optical networks, and analyze in frequency
as well as in time domain. Simulated WR-ODN-PON architecture
design is shown in Fig. 2.
The parameters of component used in the simulated architec-
ture designed are tabulated in Table 1. In the WR-ODN-PON archi-
tecture, a different splitter at each output arm of 1X8 AWG
demultiplexer (DeMUX) is replaced by an equivalent tunable
attenuator whose loss is equal to the loss of the corresponding
splitter. WDM-Tx modulates eight L-band wavelength channels
starting from 187.1 THz to 187.8 THz with channel spacing of
100 GHz. Each wavelength is modulated at the peak rate of 10
Gb/s using NRZ-EM or RZ-EM modulation and multiplexed using
WDM-MUX. Multiplexed spectrum is amplified using L-band EDFA
amplifier with a gain of 20 dB. Amplifier pre-compensates the sig-
nal from insertion loss, optical fiber attenuation, splitter loss, and
connector loss in the network. Fiber dispersion and nonlinearities
are enabled in the simulation to carry out the study in real time
perspective.
ONU subsystem is equipped with PIN photodiode and Gaussian
electrical filter to filter out the electrical signal. The filtered signal
is regenerated using 3R regenerator. BER analyzer compares the fil-
tered signal with the regenerated signal, and calculates the bit
92 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102

Fig. 1. Architecture of WR-PON.

Fig. 2. Schematic layout of WR-ODN-PON architecture in OptiSystem.

error rate (BER) and quality factor (Q-Factor) of the received signal,
thereby indicating the performance of the entire system.
4. Results and discussion
The performance of AWG based WR-ODN-PON system is ana-
lyzed for different external modulation format NRZ-EM and RZ-
EM. Deployed PON is installed with ITU-T G.652.A and ITU-T
G.652.B specification fiber. In simulation we have compared it with
ITU-T G.655 complied industrial fiber like Alcatel 6912 Teralight
Ultra 1625 fiber, Corning LEAF 1625 fiber and Lucent TrueWave
RS 1625 fiber [40–42] specifications to simulate the real-time sce-
nario as well as to show possible improvement in the access seg-
ment to fulfill the predicted demand. Compared fiber
specifications are tabulated in Table 2 and dispersion profile of
each fiber can be seen from Fig. 3 as dispersion versus wavelength.
In ITU-T G.655 specification, fiber attenuation is small 0.25 dB/
km whereas ITU-T G.652 based fibers have fiber attenuation almost
double than ITU-T G.655. ITU-T G.655 based fiber ODN is designed
with the 60 Km fiber reach and 1:64 splitter for both the modula-
tion formats (RZ-EM and NRZ-EM). However, ITU-T G.652 based
fiber ODN is designed with 40 Km reach and 1:32 splitter in the
case of ITU-T G.652.A and 1:64 splitter in the case of ITU-T
G.652.B due to high attenuation (a). The performance of the WR-
PON architecture is analyzed regarding the minimum logarithm
of bit error rate (Min Log (BER)) and quality factor (Q-Factor). Opti-
cal network with Min Log (BER) values less than 12 and Q-Factor
value greater than 7.03 is considered to be an error-free network
[5,8,43]. For each fiber specification, fiber nonlinearities and
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102 93

Table 1
Simulated parameters of various components of WR-PON.

Components name Component parameters Parameter value Unit Max power loss of component (dB)
L-band laser source Output power 10 to 3 dBm 0
Linewidth 10 MHz
MZM modulator Operating range 187.1–187.8 THz 0
Extinction ratio 13 dB
PRBS + pulse generator Bit rate 10 Gb/s 0
Order 9
Rise/Fall times 25 ps
8X1 WDM-MUX Number of input port 8 3
Wavelength Range = ITU channels 187.1–187.8 THz
Channel spacing 100 GHz
Bandwidth 10 GHz
Insertions loss 3 dB
Filter type Bessel Filter
Filter order 5
L-band amplifier Operating mode Gain Control 0
Gain 20 dB
Noise figure 7
Noise centre frequency 187.4 THz
Noise bandwidth 13 THz
Passive splitter 1:128 Insertion loss 21 dB 21.8
Other loss 0.8 dB
AWG demultiplexer Channel spacing 100 GHz 3
Number of channels 8
Adjacent channel crosstalk 30 dB
Peak insertion loss 3 dB
PIN diode Bandwidth 10 GHz NA
Capacitance 0.13 pF
Responsivity 0.90 A/W
Dark CURRENT 5 nA
Gaussian Filter Mode LPF NA
Cutoff frequency 7.5 GHz
Order 1

NA-not applicable.

Table 2
Specifications of industrial standard fibers.

Specification ITU-T G.652 ITU-T G.655

Parameters (1565 nm–1625 nm) G.652.A G.652.B Alcatel 6912 Teralight Corning LEAF 1625 fiber Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber
Ultra 1625 fiber
Attenuation (a) (dB/km) 0.5 0.4 0.25 0.25 0.25
Dispersion (1550 nm–1625 nm) (ps/nm/km) 17.53–21.72 17.53–21.72 5.47–13.4 2.17–11.2 2.31–8.9
Aeff (lm2) 65 65 63 72 62.21
 2 ) (m2/W)
Nonlinear index of refraction (n 26e21 26e21 26e21 26e21 26e21

nonlinear dispersion are mitigated by optimizing the optical

launch power per wavelength.

4.1. Optimization of launch power

The ITU-T recommendation defines optical launch power for a

Fig. 3. Simulated dispersion profile of industrial fiber.
single wavelength PON’s but for the multi-wavelength NG-PON2
system, it provides mean maximum optical launch power values,
which must be optimized to achieve the required performance.
There is no general conclusion on launch power, nonlinearities,
and dispersion for the access network. The high data rate multi-
wavelength systems are prone to the fiber nonlinearity due to opti-
cal Kerr effect [44]. The susceptibility of material changes due to
the anharmonic response of electrons in the optical field [45].
Hence the refractive index becomes a function of the intensity of
the optical waves. The modified refractive index of the core (n01 )
and cladding (n02 ) regions is given [44] as
94 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102

P values at 187.3 THz (1601.708 nm) is tabulated in Table 3 for all

2
n01 ¼ n01 þ n ð1Þ
Aeff operational fibers. Using Eqs. (7) and (8) respective scattering
threshold values for a range of wavelengths is plotted in Fig. 4.
P Raman scattering threshold value versus wavelength is plotted in
2
n02 ¼ n02 þ n ð2Þ
Aeff Fig. 4(a) and Brillouin scattering threshold value versus wave-
length is plotted in Fig. 4(b).
where n  2 is the nonlinear index coefficient of the guided medium, P
It is observed from Fig. 4 that as the wavelength of the operating
is the average optical power of the pulse, Aeff is the effective area of source increases the threshold power of Raman scattering and Bril-
the guided mode. louin scattering increases. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a
The length of the optical fiber is very long in comparison with mainly backward process and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)
the nonlinear index coefficient and the effective area. Hence, the can occur in both the directions in an optical fiber, and have an
accumulated phase change is quite substantial which leads to the optical power threshold higher than that of the Brillouin threshold.
self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) Metro and core network are designed for the long haul with
effects in the optical fiber. The accumulated nonlinear phase multiple amplifiers. In order to mitigate the aggregated dispersion
changes due to SPM and XPM over the propagation length L for and fiber nonlinearity, dispersion compensated fiber (DCF) and
multiple wavelengths is given by [46] digital signal processing (DSP) are used. But for the multi-
!
X wavelength access network it is not the economical solution, and
Uj ¼ cLeff Pj þ 2 Pm ð3Þ for the small reach and maximum split segment, optimizing the
m–j launch power is the viable solution to abate the fiber nonlinearity
and dispersion penalty for TWDM-PON. The performance of the
2pn
2
c¼ ð4Þ WR-PON system is evaluated for different launch powers and opti-
kAeff mum launch power is obtained, which abates the dispersion and
the nonlinearity.
Z L
As the optical launch power increases, the optical signal to noise
Leff ¼ PðzÞdz ð5Þ
0
ratio increases which in turn increases the Q-factor of the received
signal. On the other hand, as the optical launch power exceeds cer-
PðzÞ ¼ Pin eaz ð6Þ tain power level, fiber dispersion and nonlinearities dominates
over the optical signal and degrades the performance of the net-
where P(z)is the launch power at distance z, a is the attenuation
work, as a result, the Q-factor decreases. Hence, launch power opti-
coefficient of the optical fiber, Leff is the effective length, Aeff is the
mization study is necessary for the multi-wavelength system to
effective area of the fiber, c is the magnitude of the nonlinear effect,
achieve the optimum performance. Since NG-PON2 is the world’s
Pj is the launch power at a jth channel and m is the total number of
first multi-wavelength standard for the optical access network,
multiplexed channels. As the optical launch power increases the
maximum launch power and the optimum launch power must
fiber nonlinearity increases due to Kerr effect which in turn maxi-
be characterized using the simulation rather than evaluating
mizes the frequency chirping of the propagating signal and which
experimentally because higher optical launch power causes the
results in severe dispersion penalties. Fiber dispersion is governed
permanent changes to the guiding media properties and may cause
by the operating wavelength dependency on the refractive index
component failure.
of core n1 and the propagation constant b. From Eqs. (1–6), we know
The laser launch power is optimized by fixing fiber length 40
that n1 and b varies according to launch power so total accumulated
km in the case of ITU-T G.652.A and ITU-T G.652.B fiber specifica-
dispersion also depends on the launch power.
tion and 60 km in the case of ITU-T G.655 comply Alcatel 6912
Other nonlinear effects within optical fiber are due to inelastic
fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and Lucent truewavers fiber. Due to
scattering, termed as Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering.
higher fiber attenuation of ITU-T G.652.A fiber, 1:32 splitter is used
Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, are normally seen only
in the case of ITU-T G.652.A fiber specification and for rest of the
at high optical power densities in long single-mode fibers. The
fibers 1:64 splitter are used at the output of AWG. Optical launch
scattering phenomenon lowers energy level of an incident photon
power is varied from 10 dBm to 2 dBm per wavelength and sim-
and produces phonons with energy level equals to the difference
ulated results are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM
between the energy levels. In Raman scattering, high-frequency
respectively.
optical phonons generated due to the electronic vibration and in
Fig. 5 shows a plot of Q-Factor versus optical launch power at
Brillouin scattering, acoustic phonons or phonon of acoustic fre-
channel 187.3 THz for NRZ-EM modulation under different fiber
quency generated due to mechanical vibrations of the linkage
specifications. ITU-T G.652.A fiber provides error-free performance
between molecules.
at the launch powers from 4 dBm to 2 dBm and ITU-T G.652.B
Raman and Brillouin scattering is significant only above a
fiber provides error-free performance at the launch powers from
threshold power density. Assuming the polarization state of the
6 dBm to 2 dBm. Alcatel 6912 fiber provides error-free perfor-
transmitted light is not maintained, it is shown in [47,48] that
mance at the launch powers ranging from 6 dBm to 2 dBm,
the threshold power PR and PB is given by:
and Corning LEAF fiber provides error-free performance at the
PR ¼ 5:9  102 d k a Watts
2
ð7Þ
Table 3
PB ¼ 4:4  103 d k2 a v Watts
2
ð8Þ Threshold power at 187.3 THz (1601.708 nm).

where d is the fiber core diameter (mm), k is the operating wave- Fiber Threshold power (dBm)
length (mm), a is the fiber attenuation (dB/km) and m is the source Raman scattering Brillouin scattering
bandwidth (GHz). ITU-T G.652.A 35.9203 6.6902
Eqs. (7) and (8) shows the threshold power for Raman and Bril- ITU-T G.652.B 34.9512 5.7211
louin scattering. When the optical intensity crosses the threshold Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 32.7743 3.5442
then the number of scattered photons increases exponentially Corning LEAF 1625 33.3542 4.1241
Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 32.7195 3.4894
and the phenomena become a stimulated process. Threshold
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102 95

Fig. 4. Threshold power of commercial fibers versus wavelength for (a) Raman scattering and (b) Brillouin scattering.

Fig. 5. (a) Q-factor vs. laser launch power for commercial fibers with NRZ-EM modulation. Output optical spectrum of ITU-T G.652.B fiber at power level of (b) 1 dB less than
optimum optical launch power (4 dBm), (c) optimum optical launch power (3 dBm) and (d) 1 dB more than optimum optical launch power (2 dBm).

Fig. 6. (a) Q-factor vs. optical launch power for commercial fibers with RZ-EM modulation. Optical spectrum at output of ITU-T G.652.B fiber at (b) optical launch power 1 dB
less than optimum launch power (3 dBm) (c) at optimum launch power (2 dBm) (c) at optical launch power 1 dB greater than optimum launch power(1 dBm).
96 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102
launch powers ranging from 7 dBm to 2 dBm, whereas Lucent
truewavers fiber provides error-free performance at the launch
powers ranging from 7 dBm to 4 dBm. Fig. 5 shows an output
optical spectrum after 40 Km, for ITU-T G.652.B fiber at different
optical launch powers per wavelength. It is observed from the
spectrum shown in Fig. 5(b), (c) and (d) that at the optimum
launch power (3 dBm), fiber nonlinearity is minimum than the
1 dB more optical launch power (2 dBm). Hence, it offers the
maximum performance of the network at optimum launch power.
It is also observed from Fig. 5(a) that optimum launch power of
the Lucent Truewavers fiber is 5 dBm that is 1 dB less than the
Alcatel 6912 and Corning LEAF fiber and 2 dB less than ITU-T
G.652.A and ITU-T G.652.B fiber. Total launch power into the
ODN is measured using optical power meter for each fiber specifi-
cation. In the case of Alcatel 6912 and Corning LEAF fiber the max-
imum total launch power into the ODN is 19.25 dBm, whereas in
the case of Lucent Truewavers fiber maximum total launch power
into the ODN is 18.25 dBm. For ITU-T G.652.A and ITU-T G.652.B
fiber, the maximum total launch power into the ODN is 20.25
dBm. According to [21], [22] the maximum total launch power into
the ODN among all the classes of ODN is 20 dBm, which is true for
two fibers (G.652.A and G.652.B) but in the case of Lucent Truewa-
vers fiber and Corning LEAF as well as Alcatel 6912 fiber optimum
maximum total launch power into the ODN is 18.25 dBm and
19.25 dBm respectively. As we know the maximum launch power
is the function of the fiber geometrical and material properties
hence optimization of the launch power is vital for the multi-
wavelength optical access network.
Similarly Fig. 6(a) shows a plot of Q-Factor versus optical launch
power per wavelength at 187.3 THz channel for RZ-EM modulation
under different fiber specifications. The output optical spectrum
after 40 Km reach of ITU-T G.652.B fiber is shown in Fig. 6(b), (c)
and (d) for optical launch power of 3 dBm, 2 dBm and 1
dBm respectively. ITU-T G.652.A fiber provides error-free perfor-
mance at the launch powers from 4 dBm to 1 dBm and ITU-T
G.652.B fiber provides error-free performance from 5 dBm to 1
dBm launch power. Alcatel 6912 fiber and Corning LEAF fiber pro-
vides error-free performance for the launch power ranging from
6 dBm to 0 dBm, whereas Lucent truewavers fiber provides
error-free performance for launch power ranging from 6 dBm to
1 dBm. It is observed from the spectrum shown in Fig. 6(d) that
at the launch power 1 dBm (greater than the optimum launch
power), the performance of a network is degraded due to increase
in fiber dispersion and nonlinearity. For the launch power 3 dBm
(less than optimum launch power) as shown in Fig. 6(b), the per-
formance is suboptimal on the scale of Q-factor than the optimum
launch power. Hence, the performance of the network is maximum
at optimum launch power.
It is inferred from Figs. 5 and 6 that the optimum launch power
of transmitter laser differs with the different modulation schemes
and for different fiber specifications. Total launch power into the
ODN is measured using optical power meter for each fiber specifi-
cation. In the case of Alcatel 6912 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and
Lucent truewavers fiber, optimum total launch power into the
ODN is 17.67 dBm. In the case of ITU-T G.652.A fiber, optimum
total launch power into the ODN is 19.65 dBm and for ITU-T
G.652.B fiber, optimum total launch power into the ODN is
18.66 dBm. In RZ-EM modulation case, all five practical fibers,
the optimum value of a total launch power into the ODN is not
the recommended 20 dBm. Hence, it is clear that the optimization
of the optical launch power for the multi-wavelength optical
access network with any modulation type is a vital step to mitigate
the fiber dispersion and nonlinearity.
The laser launch power is optimized for the case of PS-ODN by
fixing fiber length 40 km in the case of ITU-T G.652.A and ITU-T
G.652.B fiber specification and 60 km in the case of ITU-T G.655
comply Alcatel 6912 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and Lucent truewa-
vers fiber. Due to high attenuation loss of ITU-T G.652A fiber,
1:64 splitter is used in the case of ITU-T G.652.A fiber specification
and for rest of the fibers 1:128 splitter are used for PS-ODN. Optical
launch power is varied from 10 dBm to 4 dBm per wavelength
and simulated results are shown in Fig. 7(a) and 7(b) for NRZ-EM
and RZ-EM respectively.
Fig. 7 shows a plot of Q-Factor versus optical launch power at
channel 187.3 THz for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM modulation under dif-
ferent fiber specifications. ITU-T G.652.A fiber provides error-free
performance at the launch powers from 5 dBm to 1 dBm and
4 dBm to 1 dBm for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM respectively. ITU-T
G.652.B fiber provides error-free performance at the launch powers
from 6 dBm to 1 dBm and 5 dBm to 1 dBm for NRZ-EM and
RZ-EM respectively. Alcatel 6912 fiber provides error-free perfor-
mance at the launch powers ranging from 6 dBm to 2 dBm
and 6 dBm to 0 dBm for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM respectively. Corning
LEAF fiber provides error-free performance at the launch powers
ranging from 7 dBm to 2 dBm and 6 dBm to 0 dBm for NRZ-
EM and RZ-EM respectively. Lucent truewavers fiber provides
error-free performance at the launch powers ranging from 7
dBm to 3 dBm and 6 dBm to 1 dBm for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM
respectively.
Despite having different optimum launch power for different
modulation schemes and different fiber specification, it is evident
from Figs. 5, 6, and 7 that performance of the network is optimal
explicitly at optimum launch power. Hence, it is confirmed that
fiber penalties are minimum at optimum launch power. Respective
values of optimum launch power for each of the ITU-T G.652 and
ITU-T G.655 comply fibers are tabulated in Table 4. It is also
observed from Figs. 5, 6, and 7 that optimum launch power for
WR-ODN and PS-ODN is same.
4.2. Performance plot at optimum launch power
The performance characteristics of WR-ODN-PON at optimum
launch power for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM is shown in Fig. 8 as Min
Log (BER) versus received optical power. It is noticed from Fig. 8
that NRZ-EM provides error-free performance at the received opti-
cal power of 29.32 dBm for corning Leaf and RZ-EM provide
error-free performance on an average up to 31.37 dBm received
power. On an average 2.05 dB advantage is achieved by changing
modulation format from NRZ-EM to RZ-EM.
Fig. 8(b) to (f) shows the eye diagram for NRZ-EM of ITU-T
G.652.A fiber, ITU-T G.652.B fiber, Alcatel 6912 Tealight Ultra
1625 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and Lucent TrueWave RS fiber
respectively at error-free performance. Fig. 8(g) to (k) shows the
eye diagram for RZ-EM of ITU-T G.652.A fiber, ITU-T G.652.B fiber,
Alcatel 6912 Tealight Ultra 1625 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and
Lucent TrueWave RS fiber respectively at error-free performance.
Respective values of Min. BER and Q-factor are mentioned beneath
the eye diagram in Fig. 8(b) to (k). The receiver sensitivity of all the
simulated fibers at different modulation scheme as shown in Fig. 8
(a) is tabulated in Table 5 and performance in terms of Min Log
(BER) and Q-factor at receiver sensitivity are also tabulated in
Table 5.
The performance characteristics of PS-ODN-PON at optimum
launch power for NRZ-EM and RZ-EM is shown in Fig. 9(a) as
Min Log (BER) versus received optical power. It is noticed from
Fig. 9(a) that NRZ-EM and RZ-EM provides error-free performance
on an average same received optical power as of WR-ODN-PON.
Here also 2 dB advantage is achieved by changing modulation
format from NRZ-EM to RZ-EM.
Fig. 9(b) to (f) shows the eye diagram for NRZ-EM of ITU-T
G.652.A fiber, ITU-T G.652.B fiber, Alcatel 6912 Tealight Ultra
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102 97

Fig. 7. Optimum laser launch power for commercial fibers under PS-ODN using (a) NRZ-EM modulation and (b) RZ-EM modulation.

Table 4
Optimum launch power.

Fiber Optimum optical launch power (dBm)

WR-ODN PS-ODN
NRZ-EM RZ-EM NRZ-EM RZ-EM
ITU-T G.652.A 3 1 3 1
ITU-T G.652.B 3 2 3 2
Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 4 3 4 3
Corning LEAF 1625 4 3 4 3
Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 5 3 5 3

Fig. 8. (a) Measured downstream BER performance, (b) to (f) shows Eye Diagram at 187.3 THz for different fibers under NRZ-EM modulation formats and (g) to (k) shows Eye
Diagram at 187.3 THz for different fibers under RZ-EM modulation formats for WR-ODN-PON.

1625 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber and Lucent TrueWave RS fiber
respectively at error-free performance. Fig. 9(g) to (k) shows
the eye diagram for RZ-EM of ITU-T G.652.A fiber, ITU-T G.652.
B fiber, Alcatel 6912 Tealight Ultra 1625 fiber, Corning LEAF fiber
and Lucent TrueWave RS fiber respectively at error-free perfor-
mance. The receiver sensitivity of all the simulated fibers at dif-
ferent modulation scheme as shown in Fig. 9(a) is tabulated in
Table 5 and performance in terms of Min. Log (BER) and Q-
factor at receiver sensitivity are also tabulated in Table 5.
It is clear from Table 5 that simple RZ-EM not only gives the
advantage of receiver sensitivity but also outperforms NRZ-EM in
terms of the performance parameter for both types of ODN. In
addition to the launch power optimization, inherent dispersion
tolerant, simple and efficient RZ coding is strongly recommended
for multi-wavelength next-generation PON.
It is observed in Figs. 5 and 6 that the optical launch power
value higher than the optimum launch powers has also performed
error free. The WR-PON is also characterized by comparing the per-
formance of the launch power value higher than optimum launch
power with the optimum launch power. Fig. 10 shows the Q-
Factor vs received optical power at optimum launch power and
highest error-free launch power.
It is observed from Fig. 10(a) and (b) that when optical launch
power is higher than that of the optimum launch power (tabulated
98 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102

Table 5
Performance of 187.3 THz channel at its receiver sensitivity.

Fiber External WR-ODN-PON PS-ODN-PON

modulation
Received optical power Min. Log Max. Q- Received optical power Min. Log Max. Q-
(dBm) (BER) factor (dBm) (BER) factor
ITU-T G.652.A NRZ-EM 28.8167 12.1059 7.0643 29.6061 12.0793 7.05656
RZ-EM 31.0237 12.0513 7.04941 31.4835 12.309 7.13279
ITU-T G.652.B NRZ-EM 29.0285 12.0384 7.0426 29.7683 12.0119 7.0349
RZ-EM 31.2643 12.08 7.05941 31.6214 12.3163 7.13529
Alcatel 6912 NRZ-EM 29.1235 12.0203 7.03719 29.2132 12.0322 7.04135
RZ-EM 31.137 12.2444 7.11173 31.5929 12.1551 7.08395
Corning LEAF NRZ-EM 29.3271 12.1398 7.07486 29.5668 12.0181 7.03686
RZ-EM 31.3735 12.1097 7.06838 31.5312 12.114 7.0708
Lucent NRZ-EM 29.0347 12.022 7.0374 29.7246 12.0249 7.03973
TrueWave RZ-EM 31.0847 12.1874 7.09204 31.547 12.056 7.05128

Fig. 9. (a) Measured downstream BER performance, (b) to (f) shows Eye Diagram at 187.3 THz for different fibers under NRZ-EM modulation formats and (g) to (k) shows Eye
Diagram at 187.3 THz for different fibers under RZ-EM modulation formats for PS-ODN-PON.

Fig. 10. Q-factor vs Received optical power for (a) NRZ-EM and (b) RZ-EM at 187.3 THz.

in Table 4) receiver sensitivity degrades due to increasing fiber
dispersion and nonlinearity. It is depicted that the system perfor-
mance is maximum only at optimum launch power than any other
launch powers. It is noted that in both the modulation format, opti-
cal launch power, 1 dB higher than that of optimum launch power
degrades the performance by more than 1 dB so overall no
improvement in power budget. Similarly, if maximum error-free
power is 2 dB or 3 dB greater than optimum launch power than
receiver sensitivity to performance error-free degrades by 2 dB
and 3 dB respectively hence overall no improvement in power bud-
get same is meticulously calculated in following power budget
section.
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102 99

4.3. Power budget analysis for WR-PON and PS-PON
The budget analysis calculates the total loss in the network due
to active and passive components. Total loss of the network due to
passive components is calculated as follows.
LT ¼ a LF þ LS þ LC þ LAWG
where LT is the total loss in the network due to a fiber length of LF
with an attenuation coefficient of a, splitter loss in the network LS
and connector loss LC due to several connections in the network.
LAWG denotes losses due to the multiplexer and AWG demultiplexer
losses.
Receiver sensitivity is the minimum optical power required at
photodiode to detect the transmitted bit free of error. It differs
according to change in modulation type, fiber type as tabulated
in Table 5. Power margin is the amount of power budget loss that
the network can further afford and still be able to perform error-
free. Power margin is calculated from the loss budget, launch
power, EDFA amplifier gain and receiver sensitivity [49]. Power
budget and power margins are tabulated in Table 6 and Tables
7a and 7b. Table 6 shows detailed loss budget calculation of net-
work and Tables 7a and 7b shows the power margin for each con-
figuration of power budget of the network at optimum launch
power and highest error-free launch power.
As it is observed from Table 6 that maximum contribution to the
total loss in the network is splitting loss, followed by fiber loss and
connector loss. Connector loss is 0.3 dB per connection and there
are total 12 connecting points are assumed from OLT to ONU. In
Table 6 fiber attenuation 0.25 dB/km describes the ITU-T G.655
based fiber whereas 0.5 dB/km and 0.4 dB/km describes the ITU-T
G.652.A and ITU-T G.652.B fiber specification (Ref. Table 2).
In case of WR-ODN total number of user served is a combination
ð9Þ
of 1:8 AWG and power splitter used. Maximum user for any given
WR-ODN is splitter value multiplied to 8 (1:8 AWG) for any given
fiber configuration. So ITU-T G.652.A fiber configuration can sup-
port total 256 users and ITU-T G.652.B fiber and ITU-T G.655 fiber
configuration can support total 512 users.
Maximum user for any given PS-ODN is maximum splitter value
for given fiber configuration, which is tabulated in Table 6 under
splitter value for PS-ODN. For ITU-T G.652.A fiber configuration
can support maximum 64 users and ITU-T G.652.B fiber and ITU-
T G.655 fiber configuration can support maximum 128 users.
For each fiber and ODN configuration given in Table 6, power
margin is calculated for respective optimum launch power and
highest error-free launch power for each fiber. Receiver sensitivity
for optimum launch power is obtained from Table 5 and receiver
sensitivity for highest error-free launch power is calculated from
Fig. 10. Received optical power is observed and noted from the
simulation for the architecture configuration tabulated in Tables
7a and 7b for WR-PON and PS-PON respectively. Power margin is
the difference between the received optical power and the receiver
sensitivity.

Table 6
Loss budget analysis of WR-ODN network.

ODN type ITU-T fiber type Fiber attenuation Length of Total fiber 1:8 AWG loss (dB) Total connector Splitter Splitting Total loss
coefficient a (dB/km) fiber L (km) loss a.L (dB) loss (dB) value loss (dB) (dB)
WR-ODN G.652.A 0.5 40 20 6 3.6 1:32 15 44.6
G.652.B 0.4 40 16 6 3.6 1:64 18 43.6
G.655 0.25 60 15 6 3.6 1:64 18 42.6
PS-ODN G.652.A 0.5 40 20 NA 3.6 1:64 18 41.6
G.652.B 0.4 40 16 NA 3.6 1:128 21 40.6
G.655 0.25 60 15 NA 3.6 1:128 21 39.6

NA: not applicable.

Table 7a
Power margin analysis for different configuration of WR-ODN-PON network.

Fiber description Total loss (dB) Modulation Launch power (dBm) Received optical Receiver Power margin (dB)
power (dBm) sensitivity (dBm)
ITU-T G.652.A 44.6 NRZ-EM 3 27.1167 28.8167 1.7
2 26.1581 28.1581 2
RZ-EM 1 28.2237 31.0237 2.8
1 26.5357 28.5357 2
ITU-T G.652.B 44.6 NRZ-EM 3 26.1285 29.0285 2.9
2 25.1778 28.1778 3
RZ-EM 2 28.1643 31.2643 3.1
1 25.6723 27.6723 2
Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 fiber 42.6 NRZ-EM 4 26.1235 29.1235 3
2 24.2445 25.2445 1
RZ-EM 3 28.137 31.137 3
0 25.6162 28.6162 3
Corning LEAF 1625 fiber 42.6 NRZ-EM 4 26.1271 29.3271 3.2
2 24.2471 26.2471 2
RZ-EM 3 28.1735 31.3735 3.2
0 25.6449 28.6449 3
Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber 42.6 NRZ-EM 5 27.1347 29.0347 1.9
4 26.1821 28.1821 2
RZ-EM 3 28.2847 31.0847 2.8
1 26.6927 27.6927 1
100 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102

Table 7b
Power margin analysis for different configuration of PS-ODN-PON network.

Fiber description Total loss (dB) Modulation Launch power (dBm) Received optical Receiver sensitivity (dBm) Power
power (dBm) margin (dB)
ITU-T G.652.A 41.6 NRZ-EM 3 27.1561 29.6061 2.45
RZ-EM 1 28.2835 31.4835 3.2
ITU-T G.652.B 40.6 NRZ-EM 3 26.1683 29.7683 3.6
RZ-EM 2 28.2214 31.6214 3.4
Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 fiber 39.6 NRZ-EM 4 26.1632 29.2132 3.05
RZ-EM 3 28.1929 31.5929 3.4
Corning LEAF 1625 fiber 39.6 NRZ-EM 4 26.1668 29.5668 3.4
RZ-EM 3 28.2312 31.5312 3.3
Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber 39.6 NRZ-EM 5 27.1746 29.7246 2.55
RZ-EM 3 28.347 31.547 3.2

Table 8a
Performance tabulation for WR-ODN-PON at its optimum launch power and highest error free launch power.

Fiber description Modulation Splitter Launch power (dBm) Received optical power (dBm) Min. Log (BER) Q-factor Total no. of users
ITU-T G.652.A NRZ-EM 1:32 3 27.1167 14.1947 7.7026 256
2 26.1581 13.7797 7.5762 256
RZ-EM 1:32 1 28.2237 23.0711 9.9839 256
1 26.5357 15.7657 8.1359 256
ITU-T G.652.B NRZ-EM 1:64 3 26.1285 15.4196 8.0538 512
2 25.1778 14.3931 7.7554 512
RZ-EM 1:64 2 28.1643 27.3496 10.919 512
1 25.6723 14.8518 7.8708 512
Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 NRZ-EM 1:64 4 26.1235 15.5578 8.0935 512
2 24.2445 12.4271 7.1529 512
RZ-EM 1:64 3 28.137 28.1551 11.086 512
0 25.6162 16.2981 8.2774 512
Corning LEAF 1625 fiber NRZ-EM 1:64 4 26.1271 16.1575 8.2585 512
2 24.2471 12.6285 7.2151 512
RZ-EM 1:64 3 28.1735 28.3417 11.124 512
0 25.6449 15.5499 8.0687 512
Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber NRZ-EM 1:64 5 27.1347 14.6996 7.8490 512
4 26.1821 13.893 7.6086 512
RZ-EM 1:64 3 28.2847 22.0075 9.7364 512
1 26.6927 13.337 7.4252 512

Table 8b
Performance tabulation for PS-ODN-PON at its optimum launch power.

Fiber description Modulation Splitter Launch power (dBm) Received optical power (dBm) Min. Log (BER) Q-factor Total no. of users
ITU-T G.652.A NRZ-EM 1:64 3 27.1561 15.627 8.11342 64
RZ-EM 1:64 1 28.2835 32.8301 12.0132 64
ITU-T G.652.B NRZ-EM 1:128 3 26.1683 16.9269 8.4683 128
RZ-EM 1:128 2 28.2214 39.2232 13.1756 128
Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra 1625 NRZ-EM 1:128 4 26.1632 15.9384 8.19997 128
RZ-EM 1:128 3 28.1929 39.5019 13.2239 128
Corning LEAF 1625 fiber NRZ-EM 1:128 4 26.1668 17.0153 8.49216 128
RZ-EM 1:128 3 28.2312 36.895 12.7644 128
Lucent TrueWaveRS 1625 fiber NRZ-EM 1:128 5 27.1746 16.1849 8.26781 128
RZ-EM 1:128 3 28.347 30.3032 11.5205 128

It is observed from Table 7a that power margin is 2 dB for
ITU-T G.652.A fiber and Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber for both
the modulation format NRZ-EM and RZ-EM. It is also observed that
for remaining fiber configuration 3 dB power margin is achieved
only at its optimum optical launch power for both the modulation
format NRZ-EM and RZ-EM. It simply means service provider can
introduce one more 1:2 splitter in the ODN and number of user
can be doubled. It is also observed that even for highest error-
free launch power the power margin does not change much in case
of RZ-EM except in the case of Lucent truewavers fiber. It is
observed from Table 7b that power margin is 2.5 dB for ITU-T
G.652.A fiber and Lucent TrueWave RS 1625 fiber for NRZ-EM
modulation format and for rest other fiber it is more than 3 dB at
its optimum launch power. For RZ-EM modulation format 3.2
dB power margin is achieved irrespective of the fiber type at its
optimum launch power.
Meticulous performance parameters of WR-ODN-PON and PS-
ODN-PON are shown in Tables 8a and 8b respectively. Table 8a
tabulates performance parameters of WR-ODN-PON for each fiber
configuration given in Table 6 for both modulation format at its
 V. Kachhatiya, S. Prince / Optics and Laser Technology 104 (2018) 90–102
optimum launch power and highest error-free launch power. Sim-
ilarly, Table 8b tabulates performance parameters of PS-ODN-PON
for each fiber configuration given in Table 6 for both modulation
format only at its optimum launch power.
It can be inferred from Tables 8a and 8b that RZ-EM enhances
performance in terms of Q-factor and Min. Log (BER) when com-
pared with NRZ-EM. The performance of the system is maximum
only at the respective optimum launch power.
5. Conclusion
The number of users is increased in WR-ODN-PON architecture
as compared to PS-ODN-PON, due to the low insertion loss of an
AWG as compared to power splitter. As the number of ONU’s
(users) increases, the network operational cost reduces since the
network devices are shared with more users. WR-PON is analyzed
and performance is optimized by mitigating the fiber dispersion
and nonlinearity under commercial fiber specifications for differ-
ent modulation format (NRZ-EM and RZ-EM modulation). WR-
PON architecture is optimized to deliver 80 Gb/s downstream data
rate to 256 users and 512 users at 40 km of ITU-T G.652.A and
ITU-T G.652.B fiber reach respectively. Furthermore, 512 numbers
of ONUs with 60 Km fiber reach is achieved by replacing ITU-T
G.652 fiber with ITU-T G.655 fibers like Alcatel 6912 Teralight Ultra
1625 fiber, Corning LEAF 1625 fiber and Lucent TrueWave RS 1625
fiber without dispersion compensation. At its optimum launch
power, RZ-EM modulation significantly improves the performance
of the system when compared with NRZ-EM modulation over same
architecture. WR-PON’s colorless ONUs enable the plug and play
feature and it is independent of modulation type and the wave-
length at the transmitter. ONU design is simple and low cost, hence
it lowers the capital investment. Nonlinearity and dispersion are
trimmed and the performance is maximized by optimizing the
optical launch power in the designed WR-ODN-PON architecture
as well as for PS-ODN-PON. Although optimum launch power is
different for the different external modulation as well as for the
different fiber specifications, only at the optimum launch power,
the system provides maximum performance. Also it is noted that
the optimum launch power is same for both the ODN types,
(WR-PON and PS-PON) at a given commercial fiber specification.
System performance can further be enhanced by utilizing simple
and efficient dispersion tolerant RZ-EM modulation at its optimum
launch power for both ODN. Apart from the power optimization of
transmitter and simple dispersion tolerant line codes, in a future
novel, simple and low-cost, dispersion management component
with flat frequency profile is needed to mitigate the fiber disper-
sion and nonlinearity for the multi-wavelength access network.
Acknowledgements
Vivek Kachhatiya is grateful for the financial support from SRM
Institute of Science and Technology and he is also thankful to the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for
providing simulation and computational Support.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.02.
007.
101
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