Polyphase Induction Machines

In an induction motor, alternating current is supplied to the stator directly and to the rotor by induction
or transformer action from the stator. When excited from a balanced polyphase source, the stator
winding will produce a magnetic field in the air gap rotating at synchronous speed.

Two types of rotor:

Wound rotor is built with a polyphase winding similar to, and wound with the same number
of poles as, the stator.
Squirrel-cage rotor: a winding consisting of conducting bars embedded in slots in the rotor
iron and short-circuited at each end by conducting end rings.

Assume that the rotor is turning at the steady speed of n r/min in the same direction as the rotating
stator field. Let the synchronous speed of the stator field be ns r/min.

Rotor slip: ns – n
ns - n
fractional slip : s=
ns

rotor speed in r/min in terms of the slip: n = (1 - s )ns or wm = (1 - s)ws

The relative motion of the stator flux and the rotor conductors induces voltages of frequency

fr = s fe : slip frequency.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The equivalent circuit representing stator phenomena is exactly like that used to represent the primary
of a transformer.

The synchronously-rotating air-gap flux wave generates balanced polyphase counter emfs in the
phases of the stator. The stator terminal voltage differs from the counter emf by the voltage drop in the
stator leakage impedance Z1 = R1 + jX1.

Vˆ1 = Eˆ 2 + Iˆ1 ( R1 + jX 1 )
Vˆ1 = Stator line-to-neutral terminal voltage
Eˆ = Counter emf (line-to-neutral) generated by the resultant air-gap flux
2

Iˆ1 = Stator current

R1 = Stator effective resistance
X 1 = Stator leakage reactance
Iˆ2 : load component of stator current; produces an mmf that corresponds to the mmf of the rotor current.
Iˆ = Iˆ + Iˆ : exciting component; additional stator current required to create the resultant air-gap flux.
j c m

Iˆc : core-loss component

Iˆ : magnetizing component
m

The rotor can be represented by an equivalent impedance corresponding to the leakage impedance of
an equivalent stationary secondary:
Eˆ 2
Z2 =
Iˆ
2

The rotor of an induction machine is short-circuited. The impedance seen by the voltage induced on
the rotor winding is the rotor short-circuit impedance.

The leakage impedance of the rotor can be referred to the stator as

Eˆ 2 s �Eˆ �
Z2s = = N eff2 � rotor �= N eff2 Z rotor
ˆI ˆI
2s � rotor �

Neff : effective turns ratio between the stator winding and that of the actual rotor winding.
Z rotor : slip-frequency leakage impedance of the actual rotor.
Z 2s : slip-frequency leakage impedance of the equivalent rotor (referred to stator).

The rotor currents are at slip frequency sωs. Hence, the leakage reactance of the rotor is the leakage
inductance times this slip frequency. The slip-frequency leakage impedance of the referred rotor is

Z 2 s = R2 + jsX 2 R2 = referred rotor resistance

X 2 = referred rotor leakage reactance (at stator freq. f e )

The slip-frequency equivalent circuit of one phase of the referred rotor (as seen in the slip-frequency
rotor reference frame):

Iˆ2 and Iˆ2 s are equal in magnitude and phase (they represent currents at different frequencies),
Iˆ = Iˆ 2 2s

The resultant flux wave induces both the slip-frequency emf in the referred rotor, Eˆ 2 s and the stator
counter emf Ê2 . If it were not for the effect of speed, these voltages would be equal in magnitude.
because the relative speed of the flux wave with respect to the rotor is s times its speed with respect to
the stator, the relation between these emfs is

Eˆ 2 s = sEˆ 2
 Eˆ 2 s sEˆ 2 Eˆ 2 R2
� = = Z 2 s = R2 + jsX 2 � Z2 = = + jX 2
Iˆ2 s Iˆ2 Iˆ2 s

Z2 is the impedance of the equivalent stationary rotor.

The single-phase equivalent circuit of the induction machine:

The equivalent circuit shows that the total power Pgap transferred across the air gap from the stator is

�R �
Pgap = n ph I 22 � 2 � n ph : number of stator phases
�s �

The total rotor I2R loss,

Protor = n ph I 22 R2

The electromagnetic power Pmech developed by the motor

�R �
Pmech = Pgap - Protor = n ph I 22 � 2 �- n ph I 22 R2
�s �
1- s �
�
= n ph I 22 R2 � �
�s �

� Pmech = (1 - s ) Pgap Protor = sPgap  an induction motor operating at high slip is an inefficient device.
Example 6.1

A three-phase, two-pole, 60-Hz induction motor is observed to be operating at a speed of 3502 r/min with an
input power of 15.7 kW and a terminal current of 22.6 A. The stator winding resistance is 0.20 Ω/phase.
Calculate the I2R power dissipated in rotor.

Solution

The power dissipated in the stator winding

Pstator = 3I12 R1 = 3 �22.62 �0.2 = 306 W

The air-gap power
Pgap = Pinput - Pstator = 15.7 - 0.3 = 15.4 kW

120 f e
Synchronous speed ns = = 60 �60 = 3600 rev/min.
P
n - n 3600 - 3502
Slip s= s = = 0.0272
ns 3600
� Protor = sPgap = 0.0272 �15.4 kW = 419 W

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Electromechanical torque

Pmech (1 - s ) Pgap n ph I 2 ( R2 / s )
2

Tmech = = =
wm (1 - s )ws ws

The net mechanical power supplied to the load (shaft power)

Pshaft = Pmech - Prot Prot is the sum of rotational losses: friction, windage etc.
Pshaft
Net output torque Tshaft =
wm

Example 6.2

A three-phase Y-connected 220-V (line-to-line) 7.5-kW 60-Hz six-pole induction motor has the following
parameter values in Ω/phase referred to the stator:

R1 = 0.294 R2 = 0.144 X1 = 0.503 X2 = 0.209 Xm = 13.25

The total friction, windage, and core losses may be assumed to be constant at 403 W, independent of load. For a
slip of 2 percent, compute the speed, output torque and power, stator current, power factor, and efficiency when
the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency.

Solution

�R � (7.2 + j 0.209)( j13.25)

Z f = � 2 + jX 2 �P jX m = = 5.42 + j 3.11
Let �s � (7.2 + j13.459)
= 6.76�32.3o W
Z in = R1 + jX 1 + Z f = 5.71 + j 3.61 W
 Stator terminal voltage V1 = 220 / 3 = 127 V
Stator current,
V 127�0o
Iˆ1 = 1 = = 18.79�- 32.3o A  power factor = cos(32.3)=0.845 lagging
Z in 6.76�32.3o
Synchronous speed,
120 f e 1200
ns = = 20 �60 = 1200 rev/min. � ws = �2p = 125.7 rad./sec.
P 60
Rotor speed,
n = (1 - s) ns = 0.98 �1200 = 1176 rev/min. � wm = 0.98 �125.7 = 123.2 rad./sec.

Pgap = n ph I12 R f = 3 �18.79 2 �5.42 = 5740.8 W

since the real power absorbed by R2 / s is the same as the real power absorbed by Zf .

Shaft power, � Pshaft = Pmech - Prot = (1 - s ) Pgap - Prot = 0.98 �5740.8 - 403 = 5223 W

Pshaft
5223
Shaft torque, Tshaft = =
= 42.394 N-m
wm 123.2
To find the efficiency, the input power must be calculated

Vˆ1 Iˆ1* �
Pin = n ph Re �
� �= 3 �Re �
� �= 6051.2 W
127 �18.79�32.3o�
Pshaft 5223
� h= = = 86.3 %
Pin 6051.2

TORQUE AND POWER USING THEVENIN’S THEOREM

The Thevenin equivalent of the equivalent circuit to the right of the parralel branch (included):

� jX m � ( R1 + jX 1 ) jX m
Vˆ1,eq = Vˆ1 � � Z1,eq = R1,eq + jX 1,eq = ( R1 + jX 1 ) P( jX m ) =
�R1 + j( X 1 + X m ) � R1 + j ( X 1 + X m )

Vˆ1,eq
Iˆ2 =
Z1,eq + jX 2 + ( R2 / s )
Torque was obtained as,
n ph I 22 ( R2 / s )
Tmech =
ws

1 � �
2
n phV1,eq ( R2 / s )
� Tmech = � �
( 1,eq 2 ) ( 1,eq 2 ) �
ws � 2 2

�R + ( R / s ) + X + X �
Maximum torque

dTmech R2
= 0 � smax,T = proportional to R2
ds R2
1,eq + ( X 1,eq + X 2 )2

1 � 2
0.5n phV1,eq �
� Tmax = � � independent of R2
ws �R1,eq + R1,eq
2
+ ( X + X ) 2
�
� 1,eq 2 �
Example 6.3

For the motor of Example 6.2, determine (a) the load component I2 of the stator current, the electromechanical
torque Tmech, and the electromechanical power Pmech for a slip s = 0.03; (b) the maximum electromechanical
torque and the corresponding speed; and (c) the electromechanical starting torque Tstart and the corresponding
stator load current I2,start.

Solution:

Thevenin-equivalent:
Xm 220 13.25
V1,eq = V1 = = 127.02 �0.9632 = 122.35 V
R + ( X1 + X m )
2
1
2
3 0.2942 + 13.7532
( R1 + jX 1 ) jX m (0.294 + j 0.503) j13.25
Z1,eq = R1,eq + jX 1,eq = = = 0.2728 + j 0.4904 W
R1 + j ( X 1 + X m ) 0.294 + j13.753
V1,eq 122.35
At s = 0.03 I2 = = = 23.9 A
( R1,eq + R2 / s ) + ( X 1,eq + X 2 ) 5.0732 + 0.69942
2 2

n ph I 22 ( R2 / s )
3 �23.9 2 �(0.144 / 0.03)
Torque: Tmech = = = 65.4 N-m
ws 125.7
Mech. Power: Pmech = wmTmech = (1 - s )wsTmech = 0.97 �125.7 �65.4 = 7974.2 W

R2 0.144
Max. Torque: smax,T = = = 0.1918
R2
1,eq + ( X 1,eq + X 2 ) 2
0.27282 + 0.6994 2
 The speed at which maximum torque occurs: n = (1 - sT ,max ) ns = 0.8082 �1200 = 969.8 rev./min.

1 � � 1 �
2
0.5n phV1,eq 0.5 �3 �122.352 �
Tmax = � �= � �= 175 N-m
ws �R1,eq + R1,eq + ( X 1,eq + X 2 ) � 125.7 �
2 2
0.2728 + 0.2728 + 0.6994 �
2 2
� �

V1,eq
Starting torque: At start s =1 I2 = = 150 A
(R1,eq + R2 ) + ( X 1,eq + X 2 )
2 2

n ph I 22 R2 3 �23.92 �0.144
Tstart = = = 77.3 N-m
ws 125.7

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Speed control by changing rotor resistance (for wound rotor machines):