KINGDOM PLANTAE

http://www.perspective.com/natu
re/plantae/
Evolution
• There are over 280,000 species of plants on
Earth.
• They are estimated to have evolved from green
algae 450-630 million years ago.
• The fist plants to evolve where similar to
mosses and reproduced using spores, an
adaptation to being on land.
• Over time, selection favored plants that could
tolerate dry land which lead to seed evolution.
• Plants with true seeds evolved around 390-320
million years ago.
• As selection began to favor plants with seeds a
new adaptation was seen, flowers and fruits,
around 130-200 million years ago.
• Some flowering plants have adapted to live
back in the aquatic environment from wince
they first evolved (aquatic angiosperms)
Life Cycle
• Plants have a life cycle that consists of alternating phases.
“Alternating of Generations”
• Sporophyte (2N)
• Gametophyte (1N)

• In seeded plants the

sporophyte is the most
dominant form. The
gametophytes are
structures on the
sporophyte. (Ex. flowers)
Classification
• Botany is the study of plants.
• In botany, plants are classified into divisions instead of phyla.
• The divisions are based on three factors:
• Vascularization
• Seed Production
• Flowering
Embryophyta

LAND PLANTS
Embry0phytes
• In general, land plants are:
• autotrophs (photoautotrophs)
• reproduce asexually and sexually
• multicellular
• Phototropic- grow toward light
• cell walls made of cellulose

• The phyla of kingdom

Plantae are divided into four
major divisions…
• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
Bryophyta (the mosses)
• Non Vascular
• Reproduce with Spores

• Includes the mosses, liverworts,

and hornworts
Tracheophytes

VASCULAR PLANTS
 Tracheophytes- Vascular plants

• Tracheophytes are land plants that have vascular tissue. They include all
plants except for bryophytes.
• Vascular tissue forms vessels that carry water, plant products and nutrients up and
down the plant.
• Xylem: Vessels that carry water and soil nutrients from the roots to the plant parts.
(flows up!) They are always interior to the phloem.
• Phloem: Vessels that carry food (products of photosynthesis) form the leaves to the
rest of the plant (flows down!) They are always exterior to the xylem.
• This allows them to grow taller/larger than non-vascular plants such as the
bryophytes.
Pteridophyta (the ferns)
• Vascular
• Reproduce with Spores

• Clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns.

Spermatophytes

SEED PRODUCING
PLANTS
Spermatophytes
• Spermatophytes are plants that reproduce
with seeds instead of spores.
• larger than spores.
• multicellular.
• produced by the fertilized gametes (ovules and
pollen) of plants.
• germinate more easily than spores because they
do not require much moisture.
• spread by the plant itself, animals, or the wind.
• can be naked or enclosed in the ovary of a
flower/fruit.
• Two groups of seed producing plants
angiosperms (enclosed) and gymnosperms
(naked).
• http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/
02/120221-oldest-seeds-regenerated-plants-
science/
Gymnosperms (conifers)
• Vascular
• Sporophyte dominant life-cycle
• Tend to be large and woody
• Reproduce with Seeds
• Includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgos, and Gnetales
Magnoliophyta

FLOWERING PLANTS
Flowers

• Stamen= male reproductive organ (pollen is released here)

• Pistal= female reproductive organ (ovule is housed here)
• http://www.mnh.si.edu/museum/news/firstflower/
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Became the most dominant plant type about 60-100 million years
ago.
• The largest and most diverse division of plants.
• Come in two basic types: monocots and dicots
• Flowers are found on specialized stems called inflorescence.
• Autotrophic
• Vascular
• Flowering/fruiting
• Seed Reproduction
Heterotrophic Angiosperms
• Carnivorous/insectivorous Plants:
• Heterotrophic adaptation increases
the growth and reproduction of the
plant- most can grow strictly from
autotrophic plant products but grow
and reproduce better when
heterotrophic.
• They capture prey and externally
digest it, then absorb the nutrients.
• Parasitic and Saprophytic plants:
• Heterotrophic- some are still slightly
autotrophic but some lack cholorphyll
completely and are strictly
heterotrophic
• Steal food, nutrients, and water from
other plants
• Usually do not have roots
• Chemotrophic
Mimicry in Plants
• There are many types of mimicry in the plant kingdom, most involve
attracting a pollinator or avoiding a predator.
• Plants have evolved that mimic the scents and appearances of other plants
and animals.
• Mimicry gives them reproductive advantage. Those that closely resemble
the characteristic that is being mimicked will survive and reproduce better
than those that do not.
• http://labs.eeb.utoronto.ca/barrett/pdf/schb_54.pdf