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Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt and Glass Fibers: A Comparison
Tamás Deák and Tibor Czigány
Textile Research Journal 2009 79: 645
DOI: 10.1177/0040517508095597

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 Textile Research Journal Article

Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt

and Glass Fibers: A Comparison
Tamás Deák and Tibor Czigány1
Abstract The geometrical and mechanical prop- Department of Polymer Engineering, Budapest
erties and chemical composition of different basalt University of Technology and Economics, H-1111
and glass fibers have been investigated. Tensile tests Budapest, Muegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary
were performed on short basalt fiber made by melt
blowing, glass fiber and three different types of con-
tinuous basalt fibers made by spinneret method. The
chemical composition was evaluated by plasma
atomic emission spectroscopy. The geometrical and
mechanical properties of continuous basalt and glass
fibers were similar to each other in terms of diame-
ter, tensile strength and modulus. Short basalt
fibers had considerably lower average diameter and
mechanical performance with relatively high stand-
ard deviation. The SiO2 and Al2O3 content of basalt
fibers showed correlation with tensile properties of
fibers. Results revealed that continuous basalt fibers
were competitive with glass fibers and short basalt
fibers were weaker in terms of quality and mechani-
cal properties. It was observed that the joint SiO2
and Al2O3 content of basalt and glass fibers showed
correlation with tensile properties of fibers.

Key words Basalt fibers, glass fibers, mechani-

cal properties, chemical composition

In the last two decades, basalt fibers have come into consid-
eration as potential reinforcement of composite materials.
Basalt is a common volcanic rock that can be found in most
countries around the globe and is directly suitable for fiber
manufacturing. Its chemical structure is nearly related to
glass. The most important components of basalt are SiO2,
Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3 and FeO [1–3]. The different
oxides compose a large crosslinked molecule with primary
bonds, therefore basalt and glass can be regarded as a spe-
cial kind of polymer. Basalt rocks are molten approximately
between 1350 and 1700 °C [4–6]. When cooled rapidly,
basalt solidifies in a glassy amorphous phase. Slower cool-
ing results in a partially crystalline structure, an assembly of
minerals. Basalt fibers are good electric insulators, biologi-
cally inactive and ± environmentally friendly. The average
density of basalt is 2.6–2.7 g/cm3, while glass has a density of
2.5–2.6 g/cm3 [7, 8].1
Basalt materials are classified according to their SiO2
content as alkaline basalts (up to 42 % SiO2), mildly acidic
basalts (43 to 46 % SiO2) and acidic basalts (over 46 % SiO2).
The color of basalt ranges from brown and gray to dull green
depending on the chemical composition. Basalt fibers are
more resistant to strong alkalis than glass fibers, but glass can
better withstand strong acids. Basalt fibers can be used over a
wide range of temperature, from –200 °C to +600 °C [9–11].
At higher temperatures structural changes occur. For con-
tinuous fiber manufacturing, basalt rocks must meet the fol-
lowing requirements: SiO2 content above 46 % (acidic basalt)
with constant composition, ability to melt without solid res-
1
Corresponding author: Department of Polymer Engineering,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Buda-
pest, Muegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary. e-mail: czigany@eik.bme.hu

Textile Research Journal Vol 79(7): 645–651 DOI: 10.1177/0040517508095597 www.trj.sagepub.com © 2009 SAGE Publications
Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore

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TRJ 646 Textile Research Journal 79(7)
idue, appropriate melt viscosity for fiber formation and
ability to solidify in a glassy phase without noticeable crys-
tallization [12, 13].
Basalt fibers are produced in one step, directly from
crushed basalt stone. Some melt blowing technologies (e.g.
Junkers method) are suitable for producing cheap, short
basalt fibers, but such fibers have relatively poor and une-
ven mechanical properties. In melt blowing technologies,
the molten basalt rock is poured onto an ensemble of rotat-
ing steel cylinders. As the melt is blown off from the cylin-
ders by air jets, fibers are formed in the air blast and solidify
quickly in a glassy amorphous phase. The characteristics of
Junkers technology cause the formation of the so-called
fiber heads. The fiber heads are spherical objects with the
diameter of 10 to 100 times the fiber diameter. While some of
them break from the fibers, the others – mostly the smaller
ones – remain on the fiber ends (Figure 1) [14]. Continuous
basalt fibers are made by spinneret method, similarly to glass
fibers (Figure 2). The basalt broken stone is molten in a rho-
Figure 2 A simplified scheme of a basalt fiberization
processing line: 1) crushed stone silo; 2) loading station;
3) transport system; 4) batch charging station; 5) initial
melt zone; 6) secondary heat zone with precise tempera-
ture control; 7) filament forming bushings; 8) sizing
applicator; 9) strand formation station; 10) fiber tension-
ing station; 11) automated winding station.
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Figure 1 Optical micrographs of
fiber heads on short basalt fiber
made by Junkers method.
dium-platinum pot, lead to a spinneret made from the same
material and spun gravitationally through holes in the spin-
neret bottom at 1350–1420 °C. The filament bundle is taken
up downwards at about 2000–5000 m/min, prepared at 1.0
to 1.2 meters below the spinneret, then spooled. In glass
fiber manufacturing, predominantly overhead gas burners
are used for heating the melt. In the case of basalt, it raises
difficulties because due to its dark color it absorbs infrared
energy near to the surface, thus homogeneous heating is
rather challenging. This can be overcome by holding the
melt in the reservoir for a longer time or by electric heating
using electrodes immersed in the bath. Basalt stone is mol-
ten in two steps: in the initial furnace it is fused, then con-
veyed to the secondary heating zone feeding the extrusion
bushings, equipped with a precise temperature control sys-
tem [11, 15].
The idea of using basalt fibers as reinforcement of
composite materials first emerged in the former Soviet
Union in an aerospace research program. Today most of
the continuous basalt fibers is manufactured in Russia and
Ukraine [11].
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical
properties and chemical composition of different basalt
and glass fibers.
Materials and Methods
Three types of fibers were tested: E-glass, short basalt fib-
ers made by melt blowing (Junkers method) and continu-
ous basalt fibers from three different manufacturers. Table 1
shows the type and manufacturers of investigated fibers.
Continuous basalt and glass fibers are produced in rovings.
Table 1 Basic data of investigated fibers.
Marking Type of fiber Manufacturer
SB Short basalt fiber Toplan Ltd., Hungary
CB1 Continuous basalt fiber Kamenny Vek Co., Russia
CB2 Continuous basalt fiber D.S.E. Group, Israel
CB3 Continuous basalt fiber Technobasalt Co., Ukraine
GF E-glass fiber Skoplast Ltd., Slovakia
 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt and Glass Fibers T. Deák and T. Czigány 647 TRJ

The mechanical properties of the fibers were investi-
gated by tensile tests. The elementary fibers were stuck to
paper windows and their diameter was measured on a Pro-
jectina 4014/BK-2 projection microscope fitted to an image
processing system and equipped with a CCD camera, with
400x magnification. The diameter of fibers was measured at
three different points to determine the variations in diame-
ter. Subsequently the specimens were clamped to the test-
ing machine, the paper window was cut and the fiber was
tensioned. The tests were executed according to the EN
ISO 5079 : 1999 standard, with 25 mm gauge length on a
Zwick Z002 testing machine, at ambient temperature. The
test speed was v = 2 mm/min. 100 specimens of each mate-
rial were tested and the mean values and standard devia-
tions were calculated. The tensile tests of short basalt fibers
have been presented in our previous work [16]. The tensile
strength was defined as the tensile stress at break, while the
elastic modulus was the gradient of the stress-strain curves
between 0.05 and 0.25 % nominal strain.
The chemical composition of the fibers was determined
by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectros-
copy (ICP-OES) method, using a Labtest Plasmalab ICP
spectrometer. The amount of oxides was calculated from
the elementary composition. The entire Fe content was
considered as Fe2O3.
Results and Discussion
The chemical composition of investigated fibers can be
seen in Table 2. SiO2 was a basic component of both basalt
and E-glass. Its proportion was relatively uniform, between
50 and 56 mass percentage (m%) in continuous basalt fib-
ers. Short basalt fibers had a lower SiO2 content, while in
glass fibers it was over 58 m%. E-glass had less diverse
chemical composition than basalt fibers. It was mainly built
up from four essential compounds: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and
B2O3. Although boron was not evaluated in our experi-
ments, it is known from literature that B2O3 can be found
in E-glass, but it is absent from basalt rock [4, 16]. All other
oxides were below 1 m% in E-glass. Some compounds
which scarcely occurred in E-glass fibers, could be found in
basalt in a large quantity, e.g. Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, Na2O and
TiO2. These compounds determined the differences
between basalt and glass fibers. The higher heat resistance
and dark color of basalt fiber were mostly due to its Fe con-
tent. The results of optical, density measurements and ten-
sile tests can be seen in Table 3.
The tensile strength of short basalt fibers was consider-
ably lower compared to other invesigated fibers. The elas-
tic modulus of short basalt fibers was also relatively small
and had a large deviation. The moduli of other fibers con-
curred, although CB3 continuous basalt fibers and glass
fibers had slightly smaller elastic modulus. The diameter of
short basalt fibers was small and varied in a broad range.
The tested E-glass fiber had relatively large diameter,
while the continuous basalt fibers had a diameter between
12 and 15 µm uniformly. The relation between the average
breaking strain values (εfs) was similar to that of the tensile
strength. This was evident, because the modulus of glass
and continuous basalt fibers was in the same order of mag-
nitude. Figure 3 shows the tensile test diagrams of fibers.
All tested fibers had a rigid behavior, without plastic defor-
mation. The modulus and failure method of continuous
basalt fibers and glass fiber were quite similar, while short
basalt fibers were considerably less stiff.
The relationship between geometrical and mechanical
properties of all three tested continuous basalt fibers and
glass fiber had a similar nature, thus only CB1 is presented
on diagrams in Figures 4–7. On the other hand, short
basalt fibers had notably different properties. Tensile
strength of short basalt fibers showed a large hyperbolic
dependence on diameter below 9 µm. Over this value, the

Table 2 Chemical composition of basalt and glass fibers.

SB CB1 CB2 CB3 GF
Element Oxide
Element Oxide Element Oxide Element Oxide Element Oxide Element Oxide
m% m% m% m% m% m% m% m% m% m% m% m%
Al Al2O3 9.17 17.35 8.20 15.44 6.49 14.21 9.51 17.97 6.30 11.86
Si SiO2 19.76 42.43 26.04 55.69 24.95 53.36 23.66 50.62 27.24 58.25
Ca CaO 6.35 8.88 5.31 7.43 5.54 7.74 6.32 8.85 15.05 21.09
Fe Fe2O3 8.17 11.68 7.55 10.80 7.68 10.98 7.77 11.11 0.21 0.30
K K2 O 1.94 2.33 1.25 1.51 0.88 1.06 1.43 1.73 0.36 0.43
Mg MgO 5.70 9.45 2.45 4.06 3.22 5.35 3.13 5.19 0.32 0.54
Na Na2O 2.81 3.67 1.78 2.40 2.81 3.79 1.76 2.38 0.22 0.30
Ti TiO2 1.53 2.55 0.74 1.23 1.04 1.73 0.66 1.10 0.25 0.41

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TRJ 648 Textile Research Journal 79(7)

Table 3 Results of fiber optical, density measurements and tensile tests.

Maximum Extension Tensile Breaking Elastic
Diameter Cross-section Density
force at failure strength strain modulus
Dav Af Ffs ∆lfs σfs εfs Ef ρ
Marking
[µm] [µm2] [N] [mm] [MPa] [%] [GPa] [g/cm3]
SB 10.3 ± 3.1 90.2 ± 56.7 0.05 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.12 602 ± 295 1.29 ± 0.48 48.2 ± 20.6 2.66
CB1 14.2 ± 1.4 160.2 ± 30.3 0.32 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.22 2016 ± 434 3.56 ± 0.89 61.9 ± 3.5 2.56
CB2 12.7 ± 1.5 128.1 ± 31.5 0.21 ± 0.07 0.68 ± 0.17 1608 ± 350 2.72 ± 0.67 62.0 ± 3.6 2.64
CB3 14.1 ± 2.9 163.5 ± 63.3 0.30 ± 0.13 0.87 ± 0.18 1811 ± 331 3.47 ± 0.70 53.2 ± 7.4 2.63
GF 16.8 ± 1.6 223.4 ± 42.0 0.32 ± 0.08 0.68 ± 0.22 1472 ± 395 2.71 ± 0.86 57.0 ± 3.0 2.61

The relationship between the breaking strain and tensile

Figure 3 Typical tensile diagrams of basalt and glass
fiber tensile tests (see markings in Table 1).
average tensile strength was nearly constant (Figure 4(a)).
In the case of CB1 continuous basalt fiber, the same con-
nection showed a slightly decreasing trend, but due to
the poor correlation coefficient (R = 0.14), it could
rather be regarded as stochastical arrangement, the ten-
sile strength having irrelevant coherency with fiber diam-
eter (Figure 4(b)). The elastic modulus of short basalt
fibers also had a tendency to grow below 9 µm (Figure 5(a)).
The elastic modulus of continuous basalt fibers had little
standard deviation and it was independent from the diame-
ter (Figure 5(b)).
strength of short basalt fibers had a linear characteristic
with a relatively low correlation coefficient (R = 0.42). It
could be ascribed to the inequality of elastic modulus of SB
fibers (Figure 6(a)). CB1 had a similar characteristic with
better correlation coefficient (R = 0.90), due to the smaller
standard deviation of elastic modulus (Figure 6(b)). The
constancy of elastic modulus (i.e. the linear connection
between deformation and stress) could be characterized by
the relationship of breaking strain and elastic modulus (Fig-
ure 7). The elastic modulus of short basalt fibers was decreas-
ing with increasing breaking strain. Generally, SB fibers with
a lower elastic modulus had a tendency to reach a higher
breaking strain (Figure 7(a)). The elastic modulus of CB1
had a significantly smaller standard deviation and it was
independent from breaking strain (Figure 7(b)).
The mechanical properties of investigated continuous
basalt and glass fibers were quite independent from the
diameter. In contrast with this, the tensile strength and elas-
tic modulus of short basalt fibers were higher at diameters
under 9 µm. Supposedly continuous basalt fibers also have a
tendency to become stronger at smaller diameters, but in
our case, they all had a diameter above 10 µm, so this phe-
nomenon could not occur.
Continuous basalt fibers and short basalt fibers had two
main differences: first, SB had greater deviances in diame-
ter and elastic modulus, and secondly, continuous fibers
showed higher modulus and strength values. Both phe-
nomena arose mainly from technological reasons. The
production technology of continuous basalt fibers is char-
acterized by long stages of melting and vitrification, degas-
sing, homogenization and melt chilling, which – together
with the fiberization by spinneret method – ensures the
uniformity of diameter and physical-chemical properties.
On the other hand, short basalt fibers are produced by a
technology where the time of material going through the
melting and fiberization process is not sufficient for equaliz-
ing its chemical composition through thermal diffusion and
for stabilizing the process of vitrification and homogeniza-
tion. Supposedly the inhomogenity of melt is the main reason
of irregular fiber and fiber head diameters [15]. Generally,

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 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt and Glass Fibers T. Deák and T. Czigány 649 TRJ

Figure 4 Diameter-tensile strength

relationship: (a) SB; (b) CB1.

Figure 5 Diameter-elastic modu-

lus relationship: (a) SB; (b) CB1.

Figure 6 Breaking strain-tensile

strength relationship: (a) SB; (b) CB1.

tensile strength has a larger statistical deviation than elas- ulus, but produces a decrease in tensile strength while the
tic modulus. The presence of volume defects, such as elastic modulus remains substantially constant.
cracks and cavities and surface defects (microcracks, According to literature data, the mechanical behavior
indents, swellings), has an irrelevant effect on elastic mod- of basalt, glass and ceramic fibers is strongly dependent

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TRJ 650 Textile Research Journal 79(7)
on their Al2O3 content. This recognition has resulted in
attempts to enhance the strength of these fibers by adding
additional Al2O3. SiO2 is the fundamental component of
glass and basalt fibers [17, 18]. This led to the hypothesis that
a relationship can be found between the amount of above-
mentioned components and mechanical properties of inves-
tigated fibers. Our measurements did not reveal a correla-
tion between the average tensile strength or elastic modulus
and Al2O3 or SiO2 content, but the effect of these two com-
ponents together (Al2O3 + SiO2) was demonstrable. As
these compounds are classified as ceramics, we denomi-
nated them ceramic-like materials. Figure 8 shows the rela-
tionship between the ceramic-like material content and the
tensile strength of investigated fibers. The correlation coef-
ficient here was R = 0.93. The tensile strength of basalt
fibers was growing in the function of ceramic content, at
the same time glass fibers had weaker tensile strength than
continuous basalt fibers, although the ceramic content of
glass was not lower. However, it must be taken into consid-
eration that the glass fibers had quite different chemical
composition and had the largest average diameter among
investigated fibers, which may have caused smaller tensile
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Figure 7 Breaking strain-elastic
modulus relationship: (a) SB; (b)
CB1.
Figure 8 Correlation of ceramics
(SiO2 and Al2O3) content and tensile
strength (a) and elastic modulus
(b) of investigated fibers.
strength due to the diameter dependence of strength. If
glass fiber was excepted from the comparison, unequivocal
relationship could be observed. The correlation coefficient
was R = 0.99 in this case.
Elastic modulus showed a similar characteristic to ten-
sile strength (Figure 8(b)). A difference between this and
the character of tensile strength shown on Figure 8(a) was
that measured points of elastic modulus showed no monot-
onic growth in the function of ceramic-like material con-
tent, on the other hand short basalt fibers clearly had a
smaller average modulus combined with lower ceramic con-
tent. The correlation coefficient was R = 0.77 with glass fib-
ers and R = 0.80 excluding glass fibers.
Conclusions
The chemical, geometrical and mechanical properties of
basalt and glass fibers have been investigated by micros-
copy, tensile tests and plasma atomic emission spectros-
copy analysis. The basalt fibers represented two different
 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Basalt and Glass Fibers T. Deák and T. Czigány
production technologies: short basalt fibers made by melt
blowing (Junkers method) and continuous basalt fibers
made by spinneret method. The main components of glass
were Al2O3, SiO2, CaO and B2O3, while basalts lacked
boron and contained considerable amounts of TiO2, K2O,
MgO, Na2O and Fe2O3. The geometrical and mechanical
properties of continuous basalt and glass fibers were simi-
lar to each other in terms of diameter, tensile strength and
modulus. Short basalt fibers had considerably lower aver-
age diameter and mechanical performance with relatively
high standard deviation. Short basalt fibers showed a
steep growth in modulus and tensile strength below 9 µm
diameter. Other investigated fibers did not feature such
dependence of properties on diameter, due to their higher
diameters, which well exceeded 9 µm. The joint SiO2 and
Al2O3 content (denominated as ceramic-like materials) of
basalt fibers showed correlation with tensile properties of
fibers, especially if basalt fibers were considered without
glass fibers. It was concluded that continuous basalt fibers
were competitive with glass fibers and short basalt fibers
were weaker in terms of quality and mechanical proper-
ties.
Acknowledgement
Kamenny Vek (Russia), Technobasalt (Ukraine), D.S.E.
Group (Israel) and Toplan Ltd. (Hungary) are kindly
acknowledged for the provision of basalt fibers. This work
was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
(OTKA K61424).
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