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Reservoir of infection • Survivors of ERM epizootics become 1. Latent infected fish E. tarda is a common environmental agent
carriers. 2. The organism can survive in that can be found worldwide in numerous fish,
• Regular 36 to 40 days cycle of the hind gut for a long time amphibian, reptilian and invertebrate species.
intestinal shedding of Yersinia ruckeri
occurs.
• The organism can be recovered from
the GI tract of water rodents
Mode of infection 1. Direct contact 1. Waterborne route--Æ bacteria 1. Horizontal route (skin).
2. Orofecal invade the olfactory bulb 2. Orofecal
2. Orofecal route--Æ bacteria 3.
produce septicemia
Pathogenesis
• Surface antigens of the pathogen Waterborne route 1. The microorganism produces ECP
which act locally at the site of infection 1. Bacteria invade the olfactory (hemolysin and dermotoxins).
(intestine, mouth (Enteric Red organ of the fish through the nasal 2. Also, the bacteria are surrounded by slim
Mouth)…etc. opening then migrate into the layer which protect it from the host
• Causing endothelia lining of BVs to be olfactory nerve to brain. defense mechanism and help in the
damaged followed by hemorrhages 2. The infection spread from the adhesion to host cells.
due to escape of RBCs from the meninges to the skull and skin
damaged BVs and exopthalmia, leading to the “hole in the head
ascites. disease”.
Oral route
• A bacterium ingested and enters
the blood through the intestine
and produces septicemia causing
“enteric septicemia of Catfish”.
Clinical Signs 1. reddening (hemorrhage) in the mouth, • In Channel catfish: E. ictaluri Channel catfish:
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2. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis refuse feed 1. Small cutaneous lesions that progress into
3. Splenomegaly • Erratic swimming behavior such large abscesses 3-5 mm Ø are located
4. Yellow discharge from the vent with as spiral movement (head up- tail especially in the lateral sides of muscles and
vent prolapsed. down posture) or spinning caudal peduncle (posterior-lateral).
5. In chronic infections: the fish are dark, (circling) motion. 2. These abscesses become filled with
lethargic, and commonly show • External lesions include malodorous gas and necrotic tissue in chronic
bilateral exophthalmia, which may hemorrhage around the mouth, on infections.
progress to rupture of the eye. lateral and ventral portions of the 3. The most common manifestation in catfish
6. Peticheal Hhs scattered allover the body. and other species is generalized septicemia.
skin, muscles, internal organs • Exophthalmia and small Tilapia:
ulcerations on the body are 1. Loss of pigmentation, ascitis, and corneal
additional signs. opacity.
• “hole-in-the-head disease” : 2. Small white nodules may be present in the
Ulceration in the fontanelle of the kidney, liver, spleen, Intestine and gills.
frontal bones gives the diseases In eels:
its common name, in chronic 1. Suppurative interstitial nephritis form:
cases. Characterized by abscesses in the kidney
• Peticheal Hs through skin, 2. Suppurative hepatitis form:
muscles, and internal organs Characterized by ulcers and abscesses in
• Red and pale mottling of the liver the liver.
due to hemorrhage is common. 3. Peticheal hemorrhages on belly and fins
• Ascites and enlargement of the
liver, kidney, and spleen are
sometimes observed.
Diagnosis
1. Field Diagnosis
a. Case History
b. Clinical Signs
and PM
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2. Lab Diagnosis 1. From the kidney, spleen, liver in acute 3. From brain in chronic cases 1. from ruptured abscesses in catfish
Sampling cases ‘hole- in-the- head”. 2. white nodules in tilapia and from
2. From GIT content in chronic carriers 4. From kidney and liver in 3. Liver of all species as it is organ of
septicemic enteric cases. choice for isolation.
Isolation Yersinia ruckeri appear yellow green ( 5. E. ictaluri appear light green (0.5- E. tarda colonies appear light green with
0.5 – 1 mm) 1.5 mm) dark (H2S) centers (1.5-2.5 mm),
Differential media
(Shotts and Waltman Incubation temp: 20 - 25 ºC Incubation temp : 30 - 35 ºC Incubation temp: 25 – 30 ºC
medium)
6. Phenotypic and 1. A short, motile, gram-negative rod 1. A short, weakly motile, gram- • A short, motile, gram-negative rod
biochemical 1. Cytochrome oxidase negative negative rod • Cytochrome oxidase negative.
identification 2. O/F glucose into acid but no gas 2. Cytochrome oxidase negative. • Ferment glucose with both acid and gas
3. H2S, esculin and salicin negative. 3. H2S negative and indole test production
4. API 20 E profiles can be used for negative. • TSI (triple sugar iron) reaction should be
further identification of the retrieved 4. API 20 E profiles can be used for alkaline slant and acid butt, with gas and
isolates. further identification of the H2S production.
retrieved isolates. • API 20 E profiles can be used for further
identification of the retrieved isolates.
Serological and • Serological identification: Slide • Serological identification: Slide • Serological identification: Slide
Molecular Identification agglutination, FAT, EIA. agglutination, FAT, EIA. agglutination, FAT, EIA.
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