DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL

NUMERICAL RE L.AY .

ADISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(With Specialization in Power System Engineering)

By
RA MESH PADARLA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE - 247 667 (INDIA)
JUNE, 2010
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Candidate's Declaration

I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the

dissertation thesis entitled "Development of Multifunctional Numerical
Relay" submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree Master of Technology in Electrical Engineering with
specialization in Power System Engineering, submitted in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India-
247667. This is an authentic record of my own work carried out in the period of
last two semesters from July 2009 to June 2010, under the supervision of
Shri. Bharat Gupta, Assistant professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India-247667.
The matter embodied in this dissertation thesis has not been submitted
by me for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Date: 3 D— Q -(0
Place: Roorkee (Ramesh Padarla)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statements made by the candidate are
correct to the best of my knowledge.

Shri. Bharat Gupta

Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
IIT Roorkee,
India.
 a
Acknowledgment

It is my proud privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to my guide Shri. Bharat Gupta, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee,
for pointed me to the topic development of multifunctional numerical relay, as
well as providing me all the necessary guidance and the inspirational support
throughout the Dissertation. I am grateful for the hours he spent in discussing
and explaining even the minute details of the work in spite of his hectic
schedule of work. He listened patiently and authoritatively as he guided me and
gave his valuable suggestions.

My heartful gratitude and indebt ness goes to all my teachers of Power

System Engineering group for their suggestions and constant encouragements.
Timely assistance and help from laboratory staff of Power System Simulation
(PSS) Laboratory is sincerely acknowledged. I would never forget the
consistent effort of my friend CH.B. Naidu that has been encouraged me always
during dissertation work and my friend Karthik who helped me during
dissertation work.

My heartiest gratitude to my parents, my family members and my

mentors for their continuous encouragement and blessing whose sincere
prayers best wishes, moral support and encouragement have a constant source
of assurance, guidance, strength and inspiration to me.

Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the almighty and

thank him from the bottom of my heart.

f . ~
Ramesh Padarla
M. Tech (Power System Engineering)
 ABSTRACT

The author in this report presents the development of multifunctional

numerical relay. The functions implemented are distance relay and over current
relay. The user can select any of the relay.
Characteristics provided for distance relay is impedance characteristics
and for over current relay is Inverse Definite Minimum Time, Very Inverse and
Extreme Inverse characteristics. Programming for implementing all the relays is
done on Matlab platform. Over current relay is tested for practically for different
standard settings and compared with standard characteristics and results are
tabulated.
Impedance relay is also tested practically with laboratory setup
transmission line of length 100km. Impedance relay for the same transmission
line model is also simulated in PSCAD.
 CONTENTS
Title Page No.
Candidate's Declaration
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Contents
_ iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
1 Introduction I
1.1 Relay technology 1

1.2 Generalized Numerical Relay Structure 2

1.3 Literature review 4

1.4 Dissertation Outline 7

2 Description of the Emulated Model for Multifunctional 8

Numerical Relay
3 Working Of Multifunctional Numerical Relay 13
3.1 Impedance relay 13
3.2 overcurrent relay 13
4 Distance Protection 17
4.1 Introduction 17
4.2 Impedances seen by distance relays 18
4.3 Distance Relay Protection Zones 19
5 Overcurrent Protection 21
5.1 Introduction 21
5.2 Types of overcurrent relays 21
5.2.1 Definite - current relays 21
5.2.2 Definite - time relays 23
5.2.2 Inverse - time relays 23
5.3 Mathematical expressions for the relay characteristics 23
5.4 Standard characteristics of overcurrent relays 24

iv
 5.4.1 IDMT Characteristics for the current setting of 1A and
25
for a TSM of 1.0
5.4.2 Very Inverse characteristics for pick up value of 1A
26
and for aTSMof1.0
5.4.3 Extremely Inverse characteristics for pick up value of
27
1A and fora TSM of 1.0
6 PSCAD SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS 28
6.1 Introduction 28
6.2 Transmission line Simulation Model 28
6.3 Simulation Flow Chart for Impedance relay 29
6.4 Simulation Results for Impedance relay 30
7 TEST RESULTS 35
7.1 Test Results for impedance relay 35
7.2 Test Results for overcurrent relay 43
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 51
8.1 Conclusion 51
8.2 Future Scope 51
References 52
Appendix A 55
Appendix B 56
Appendix C 59
Appendix D 61
 List of Figures
Fig. No Legend Pg No
Fig.1.1 Block diagram of Numerical relay 3
Fig. 2.1 Voltage fed to the DAQ card through step-down transformers 9
Fig. 2.2 Photograph of voltage fed to DAQ card through step-down 9
transformers
Fig. 2.3 Voltage fed to the DAQ card from LEM Module LA-50P current 10
transducers
Fig.2.4 Photograph of LEM module LA-50P current transducers 10
Fig.2.5 Block diagram of the Emulated model of NI USB-6212 DAQ 11
card
Fig.2.6 Photograph of NI USB-6212 DAQ card 11
Fig.2.7 Pin assignment of the DAQ card 11
Fig.2.8 Photograph of Laboratory setup for 100km transmission line 12
Fig.2.9 Photographs of Laboratory setup 12
Fig.3.1 Flowchart for selecting the type of operation of the 14
Multifunctional relay
Fig. 3.2 Flowchart for Impedance Relay. 14
Fig. 3.3 Flowchart representing the settings of an overcurrent relay 15
Fig. 3.4 Flowchart representing the operation of an overcurrent relay 16
Fig. 4.1 Types of impedance relay characteristics 17
(a) Impedance, (b) Admittance or mho
(c) Reactance (d) Quadrilateral
Fig. 4.2 Distance relay protection zones 20
Fig. 4.3 Impedance relay characteristics for three zones of protection 20
Fig. 5.1 Time/current operating characteristics of overcurrent relays 22
Fig. 5.2 IDMT characteristics of over current relay 25
Fig. 5.3 Very Inverse characteristics of over current relay 26
Fig.5.4 Extremely Inverse characteristics of over current relay 27
Fig 6.1 PSCAD Simulation model 28
Fig. 6.2 Simulation flow chart for Impedance relay 29
Fig. 6.3 Impedance trajectory for ABC fault 30

vi
Fig. 6.4 Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip 30
signal to the circuit breaker for ABC fault
Fig. 6.5 Impedance trajectory for AB fault 31
Fig. 6.6 Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip 31
signal to the Circuit Breaker for AB fault
Fig. 6.7 Impedance trajectory for ABG fault 32
Fig. 6.8 Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip 32
signal to the circuit breaker for ABG fault
Fig. 6.9 Impedance trajectory for ABCG fault 33
Fig. 6.10 Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip 33
signal to the circuit breaker for ABCG fault
Fig. 6.11 Impedance trajectory for AG fault 34
Fig. 6.12 Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip 34
signal to the circuit breaker for AG fault
Fig. 7.1 Impedance Trajectory of the AB element for ABC Fault 35
Fig. 7.2 Result of Impedance relay for ABC fault 36
Fig. 7.3 Trajectory Impedance of the AB element for AB Fault 37
Fig. 7.4 Result of Impedance relay for AB fault 38
Fig. 7.5 Trajectory Impedance of the AG element for ABCG Fault 39
Fig. 7.6 Trajectory Impedance of AG,BG and CG elements for ABCG 39
Fault
Fig. 7.7 Result of impedance relay for ABCG fault 40
Fig. 7.8 Trajectory Impedance of the AG element for ABG Fault 41
Fig. 7.9 Result of impedance realy for ABG fault 42
Fig. 7.10 Result of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of 1A and 44
TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'
Fig. 7.11 Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of 1A 46
and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'c'
Fig. 7.12 Result of Extremely Inverse Overcurrent relay for a pickup value 48
of 1A and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'
Fig. 6.4 Results of Very Inverse Over current relay for a pickup value of 81
IA and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'

vii
 List of Tables
Table No Title Page No

Table 3.1 Channel allocation of the analog inputs 13

Table 4.1 Fault impedance calculation on different faults 18

Table 5.1 ANSI/IEEE and IEC constants for standard 24

overcurrent relays
Table 7.1 Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current 43
setting of 1 A and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'
Table 7.2 Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current 45
setting of 1A and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'c'
Table 7.3 Results of Extremely Inverse Overcurrent relay for a 47
pickup value of 1A and TSM of 1.0 for phase'a'
Table 7.4 Results of Very Inverse Overcurrent relay for a 49
pickup value of 1A and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
One of the most important equipments employed in the protection of
power systems are protective relays. For several decades, the power system
protection relay has experienced many important changes, from purely
electromechanical type to the mixture of electronic and electromechanical type,
then to fully static and now fully numerical relays based on microprocessors. In
the transmission line protection area similar changes can be seen. The
developments in digital technology led to the incorporation of microprocessors
in the construction of relays. Digital and numerical relays are sophisticated,
multiple purpose equipment with the capacity to record signals during faults,
monitor themselves and communicate with their peers. Numerical relays
employ microprocessors especially constructed to process digital signals,
which make them faster and more powerful, while preserving their economic
advantages

1.1 Relay technology

The technology employed to construct relays have improved drastically relay
size, weight, cost and functionality. Based on the technology employed for their
construction, relays can be classified as electromechanical, static or solid state,
digital and numerical.
a. Electromechanical relays: the first relays employed in the electric industry
were electromechanical devices. These relays worked based on creating a
mechanical force to operate the relay contacts in response to a fault
situation. The mechanical force was established by the flow of a current that
reflected the fault current through windings mounted in magnetic cores. Due
to the nature of its principle of operation electromechanical relays are
relatively heavier and bulkier than relays constructed with other.
technologies. Besides, the burden of these relays can be extremely high,
affecting protection purposes. However, electromechanical relays were so

1
 largely employed, tested and known that even modern relays employ their
principle of operation, and still represent a good choice for certain
conditions of application.
b. Solid state relays: with the advances on electronics, the electromechanical
technology presented in the relays of the first generation started to be
replaced by the static relays in the early 60's. Static relays defined the
operating characteristic based in analog circuitry rather than in the action of
windings and coils. The advantages that static relays showed over
electromechanical relays were a reduced size, weight and electrical burden.
However, static showed some disadvantages since analog circuitry is
extremely affected by electromagnetic interference and the ranges of
current and voltages values are strongly restricted in analog circuits,
affecting the sensitivity of the relay.
c. Digital relays: incorporating microprocessor into the architecture of the
relay to implement relay and logic functions started happening in the 80's.
digital relays incorporated analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to sample the
analog signals incoming from instrument transformers, and used
microprocessor to define the logic of the relay. Digital relays presented an
improvement in accuracy and control over incoming signals, and the use of
more complexes relay algorithms, extra relay functions and complementary
task.
d. Numerical relays: The difference between numerical relays and digital
relays lies in the kind of microprocessor used. Numerical relays used digital
signal processors (DSP) cards, which contain dedicated microprocessors
especially designed to perform digital signal processing.

1.2 Generalized Numerical Relay Structure

The following functions constitute the generalized numerical relay.
• Isolation and analog signal scaling: Current and voltage waveforms
from instrument transformers are acquired and scaled down to convenient
voltage levels for use in the digital and numerical relays.

2
• Analog anti-aliasing filtering: Low pass filters are used to avoid the
phenomena of aliasing in which the high frequency components of the
inputs appear to be parts of the fundamental frequency components.
• Analog to digital conversion: Because digital processors can process
numerical or logical data only, the waveforms of inputs must be sampled
at discrete times. To achieve this, each analog signal is passed through a
sample and hold module, and conveyed, one at a time, to an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) by a multiplexer.
• Phasor estimation method: A software algorithm implemented in a
microprocessor estimates the amplitude and phase of the waveforms
provided to the relay.
• Relay algorithm and trip logic: The equations and parameters specific
to the protection algorithm and the associated trip logic are implemented
in the software of the microprocessor used in the relay. The
microprocessor calculates the phasors representing the inputs, acquires
the status of the switches, performs protective relay calculations, and
finally provides outputs for controlling the circuit breakers. The processor
may also support communications, self-testing, target display and other
tasks

Digital Output to Power

Digital input from Power

Analog Analog Sample

W
Z Scaling Filter and Hold
0
Cl,
N analog Analog Sample X N
W
Scallop Filter and Hold W V
0
Cl)
a AID
Converter
a
Cl)
Analog
Scaling
Analog
Filter
Sample
and Hold J
W c
3 Analog Analog Sample 0
0 scaling Filter and Hold

Fig 1.1: Block diagram of Numerical relay

3
The figure 1.1 shows block diagram of numerical relay numerical relay.
Relaying voltages and currents are passed through Isolation Transformers.
Since analog to digital conversion is usually performed on voltages, the current
signals are converted to representative voltages by passing them through a
known resistance. All the signals are then filtered using simple analog Anti
aliasing Filters. Since ADCs are expensive it is common to use only one in a
numeric relay. Thus an analog Multiplexer is used, under microprocessor
control, sequentially to select the required signal into ADC. Since an ADC takes
a finite conversion time usually 25 micro seconds, it is necessary to hold the
incoming signal for the duration of conversion. This is achieved by a Sample
and Hold amplifier. Having been manipulated by the ADC the signal can be fed
to Microprocessor. There may be one or more processors, one for running
algorithm and another for scheme logic. The relaying program will be located in
ROM and a RAM will be used for storing sampled quantities and - intermediate
products in relaying algorithm. Relay settings will be stored in EEPROM.

1.3 Literature review

In the year 1969, Fault Protection with a Digital Computer' by Rockefeller
[1] published the first work that described the possibility of using a computer for
protection of various power system elements. This work was followed by
development of the first computer based distance relay that remained in service
for eight years providing excellent performance. Other experimental systems
followed and were developed using the class of computer known as mini
computers. At the same time, new algorithms and techniques for computer
based protection were being developed.

In the year 1970,'Digital Calculation of Impedance for Transmission Line

Protection' by Barry J. Mann and I. F. Morrison [2] proposes a method of
distance-type protection suitable for on-line digital computer protection of
transmission lines and also described the results of experimental work on a
model transmission line and on a high voltage transmission system

0
In the year 1971, 'A New Algorithm for Digital Impedance relays'by M. S.
Sachdev, M. A. Baribeau [3] presented a new algorithm suitable for calculating
impedances with the assumption input having decaying d. c. component and
components of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies and also explained
determination of parameters of a digital filter by using the least error squares
approach used to compute the real and imaginary components of the voltage
and current phasors.

In the year 1979, 'The design and test of a digital relay for transformer
protection' by R. R Larson, A. J. Flechsig, E. 0 Schweitzer [4] published the
algorithm for the digital relay to operate in real time and provided outputs
correctly, indicating the presence of either inrush, fault or low differential current
conditions.

In the year 1980 'A statistical decision theoretic approach to digital

relaying' by Toshiaki Sakaguchi [5] published the ability of the digital systems
over analog ones in making decisions in the final process and also presented a
determination method of the sampling rates for the digital relays.
In the year 1982, 'A Prototype of Multiprocessor Based Distance Relay' P.
Bornard and J.C. Bastide [6] presented the design and realization of a digital
relay for EHV systems and also described the algorithm. This paper explained
how a prototype has been built with four 16-bit microprocessors, to allow the
simultaneous real-time computation of three apparent impedances. The
hardware and software architecture are also described.

In the year 1986, 'Microprocessor based overcurrent relays' by M. A. Al

Nema, S. M. Bashi, and A. A. Ubaid [7] described a proposed scheme of
overcurrent relays dealing with programming of a single-board microcomputer
TK-85, built by NEC around the Intel's 8-bit 8085 microprocessor.

In the year 1992, 'Microprocessor Based Multifunction Relay Switching' by

K. Balasubramanian and Mustafa Oral [8] presented A microprocessor

5
controlled general control signals 'needed for switching the purpose
programmable multifunction relay appliances. The microprocessor is supported
switching system is proposed.

In the year 1992, 'A Digital Multifunction Protective Relay, by Murty V. V. S.

Yalla [9] described the development of a digital multifunction relay for the
protection of the intertie between a customer owned generator and a utility
system. The relay uses state of the art digital signal processing techniques to
measure the relay parameters, thereby eliminating analog hardware.

In the year 2000, 'Numerical Algorithm for Overhead Lines Arcing Faults
Detection and Distance and Directional Protection' by Zoran M. Radojevic,
Vladimir V. Terzija, and Milenko B. Djuric [10] presented an overhead lines
protection numerical algorithm, based on one terminal data and derived in the
time domain.

In the year 2000, 'Removal of DC Offset in Current and Voltage Signals

Using a Novel Fourier Filter Algorithm,' by Jyh Cherng G, and Sun-Li Yu [11]
presented a novel Fourier algorithm to remove the dc offset in a voltage or
current signal.
In the year 2002, 'Commissioning Numerical Relays' by James R. Closson
and Mike Young [12] suggested changes to commissioning tests and revised
documentation of relay settings.

In the year 2007, 'Practical Considerations for Recursive DFT

Implementation in Numerical Relays' by Hatem A. Darwish and Magdy Fikri
[13] presented practical considerations for recursive Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) implementation in numerical relays.

In the year 2008, 'Algorithms and Hardware Design of Modern Numeric

Overcurrent and Distance Relays' by Ali Zain Saleem, Zohaib Akhtar Khan,
Ali Imran [14] described the fundamental design for a numeric relay and

[;j
presents algorithms to be used for different protection schemes i.e. Overcurrent
protection, Distance protection, Differential protection.

In the year 2009, `Modeling Of Numerical Distance Relays Using Matlab'

by A.A Abdirahem and H.H Sherwali, [15] described distance relay model using
MATLAB environment and the behavior of the distance relay model verified by
the Electromagnetic Transient Program. This paper demonstrates the benefits
achieved when using a computer simulation of a relay in conjunction with a
transient power system simulation

1.4 Dissertation Outline

The dissertation report is organized in eight chapters.
Chapter 2 discusses Emulated model of multifunctional numerical relay
in which circuit diagram for voltages and currents fed to DAQ channels are
given.
Chapter 3 deals with working of multifunctional numerical relay.
Flowcharts for impedance and over current relay are given in this chapter.
Chapter 4 deals with over current protection in which IEEE standard
characteristics for very inverse, extremely inverse and inverse definite minimum
time are given.
Chapter 5 deals with distance protection in which impedance
characteristics for three zones explained
In chapter 6, test results for over current relay and impedance relay are
given and over current characteristics are compared with that of standard
characteristics.
In chapter 7, PSCAD simulation results of impedance relay for different
faults are given; impedance trajectories for different faults are shown in this
chapter.
Chapter 8 draws conclusion of the dissertation and describes the future
scope of work.

7
 CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMULATED MODEL

FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL NUMERICAL RELAY

The description below constitutes the emulated model for a

multifunctional numerical relay. Here step-down transformers are used as P.T's
in the emulated model. The transformers isolate the voltage at the primary side
230V and secondary side is 3V. Three 230 / 3V Transformers are connected in
star and primary given to three phase supply. The secondary star point is
taken as common and connected to the ground and the other three terminals of
the secondary representing each phase is connected to each different channel
of the NI USB-6212 DAQ card as shown in the figure 2.1 below. To protect
DAQ card from high voltages zener overvoltage protection is used.
LEM Module LA-50P current transducer for the electronic measuring of
currents with galvanic isolation between primary and the secondary is used for
sensing high currents flowing through the line. The voltage conversion of the
current is done by placing a resistance in series with the `M' terminal and the
ground point. The voltage drop across the resistance is directly proportional to
the current. The drop across the resistance is directly fed to the DAQ card by
connecting the common point of card to ground point and the other channel
terminal to the variable point of resistor. In similar way all the current
transducer are connected to the DAQ card to determine the flow of current in
the line.
The figure 2.2 shows the connection diagram of the transducer and the
variable resistance is used in order to calibrate the value of voltage attained for
a known current flowing across the current transducer. The variable resistance
taken is from 0-100 ohms.
 R Y B

To Channel - 5

To Channel - 6

To Channel - 7

To Ground

Fig 2.1 Voltage fed to the DAQ card through step-down transformers

Fig 2.2 Photograph of voltage fed to DAQ card through step-down transformers


+ + ISV
LA 50-P SV
Current transducer — 0-100 oh „
o
IM
To channel -1

+15V
LA 50-P + - 15V
Current transducer 0-100 ohm
© To DAQ Ground
IM '~

To Channel - 2

+15V
LA 50-P - 15V
Current transducer 0-00 ohm

IM To Channel - 3

Fig 2.3 Voltage fed to the DAQ card from LEM Module LA-50P current
transducers

Fig 2.4 Photograph of LEM module LA-50P current transducers

10
 To USB Port of CPU

Analog Inputs

Channel 1 Ha1
Channel 2 2
} NI USB 6212
Channel 3
DAQ Card
Channel 5 HA'5
Channel6

Channel 7 r1a7

Fig 2.5 Block diagram of the Emulated model of NI USB-6212 DAQ card

Fig 2.6 Photograph of NI USB-6212 DAQ card

All Al2 AI3 NS AI4 AI5

Al
ND AI6 AI7

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Fig 2.7 Pin assignment of the DAQ card

11
 £r

ep 3~.pi~

.~~✓
f
, F
 CHAPTER 3

WORKING OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL
NUMERICAL RELAY
In this thesis 'development of multifunctional numerical relay' a Pentium
processor is considered. The programming is done on a MATLAB platform. The
relays which are implemented are impedance relay and over current relay.
3.1 Impedance relay
User can go the impedance relay by choosing 'S. No.1'. Laboratory set
up for transmission line of length100km is used for impedance relay.
Impedance relay is set for 80% of the transmission line and fault is created at
75km. effect of source impedance is also taken. According to the set values
provided the program constantly monitors the input signal and when fault
occurs it initiates the DAQ card and displays the type of fault.
3.2 Overcurrent relay
The characteristics that user can select are IDMT, very inverse and
extremely inverse characteristics.
For an IDMT relay current setting value in the range 0.5 — 2 Amperes
and the time setting multiplier in the range 0.1-1 are provided.
Pick up current in the range 0.5 — 2 Amperes, time setting multiplier 0.1 — 1for
very inverse and extremely inverse characteristics.
According to the set values provided the program constantly monitors
the input signal and when overcurrent occurs it starts the dock and
correspondingly to the relay characteristics chosen, the relay will trip at the trip
time given by the chosen relay characteristics.
Table 3.1 Channel allocation of the analog inputs
Analog Input Channel Analog Input Channel
Current, Ir 1 Voltage, Vr 5
Current, ly 2 Voltage, Vy 6
Current, lb 3 Voltage, Vb 7

13
 START

ENTER 1 FOR IMPEDANCE RELAY

ENTER 2 FOR OVERCURRENT RELAY

NO

IF N. IF
ENTERED ENTERED
,1. NO '2'

YES
YES

1 2

Figure 3.1 Flowchart for selecting the type of operation of the multifunctional
relay

I INITIALIZE THE NI USB- 6212 DAQ CARD AND ADD ANALOG INPUT CHANNELS

I READ VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SAMPLES FROM ANALOG INPUT PORTS

I REMOVE HARMONICS FROM VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SAMPLES

REMOVE DC OFFSET FROM CURRENT SAMPLES

I CONVERT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SAMPLES INTO PHASOR FORM

CALCULATE FAULT IMPEDANCE (ZcaI) FOR SIX ELEMENTS

(Zab, Zbc, Zca AND ZaR, Zbg, Zcg)

N O
IS
Zcal <= Zset
YES

I INITIALIZE THE DAQ OUTPUT AND DISPLAY FAULT TYPE

Figure 3.2: Flowchart for Impedance Relay

m
 2

INITIALIZE THE NI USB- 6212 DAQ CARD AND ADD ANALOG

INPUT CHANNELS FROM 'j:3

OVER CURRENT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS SETTING

ENTER 1 FOR IDMT CHARACTERISTICS
ENTER 2 FOR VERY INVERSE CHARACTERISTICS
ENTER 3 FOR EXTREMELY INVERSE CHARACTERISTICS

NO

IF ENTERED IF ENTERED IF ENTERED

NO NO

ENTER THE VALUE OF ENTER THE VALUE OF ENTER THE VALUE OF

CURRENT SEETING PICK UP CURRENT'I' PICK UP CURRENT'I'
(0.5- 1.5) (0.5- 2.0) (0.5-2.0)

YES YES YES

IF ENTERED IF ENTERED IF ENTERED

<0.5OR>1.5 <0.5 >2.0 <0.SOR>2.0

NO NO NO

ENTER THE VALUE OF ENTER THE VALUE OF ENTER THE VALUE OF

TSM (0.1- 1.0) TSM (0.1-1.0) TSM (0.1-1.0)

YES YES YES

IF ENTERED IF ENTERED IF ENTERED

NO
NO NO

0 O O

Figure 3.3 Flowchart representing the settings of an overcurrent relay

15


START
THE
CLOCK RESET THE
CLOCK

AQUIRE SAMPLES OF DATA FROM NI USB -

6212 DAQ CARD FROM THE ANALOG INPUT
CHANNEL-1 TO CHANNEL-3 AND FILTER THE

FIND THE MAXIMUM FIND THE MAXIMUM FIND THE MAXIMUM

OF CHANNEL- 1 OF CHANNEL - 2 OF CHANNEL - 3

NO
/\ NO NO

IF MAX VALUE IF MAX VALUE ' IF MAX VALUE

> PICK UP'1' > PICK UP'I' > PICK UP'I'

YES YES YES

FIND OUT THE TIME OF FIND OUTTHE TIME OF FIND OUT THE TIME OF
TRIPPING FOR CURRENT'I' TRIPPING FOR CURRENT'I' TRIPPING FOR CURRENT'I'
FROM THE CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE CHARACTERISTICS

STORE THE TIME IN A VARIABLE 'A' STORE THE TIME IN A VARIABLE 'B' STORE THE TIME IN A VARIABLE 'C'
NOTE THE CLOCK AND FIND THE NOTE THE CLOCK AND FIND THE NOTE THE CLOCK AND FIND THE
DURATION TIME FROM IT DURATION TIME FROM IT DURATION TIME FROM IT

NO
FAULT DURATION FA r
DURATION FAULT DURATION
EXCEEDS EXCEEDS
CHARACTERISTIC CH CHARACTERISTIC
TIME? TIME?

YES

INITIALIZE
THE OUTPUT
FROM DAQ

Figure 3.4: Flowchart representing the operation of an overcurrent relay

16
 CHAPTER 4
DISTANCE PROTECTION

4.1 Introduction
Distance relays are normally used to protect transmission lines. They
respond to the impedance between the relay location and the fault location. As
the impedance per mile of a transmission line is fairly constant, these relays
respond to the distance to a fault on the transmission line and hence their
name. As will be seen shortly, under certain conditions it may be desirable to
make distance relays respond-to some parameter other-than the impedance,
such as the admittance or the reactance, up to the fault location. The R—X
diagram is an indispensable tool for describing and analyzing a distance relay
characteristic. According to the shapes of their operating zones distance relays
are classified into four types shown Figure 4.1

x
X

R 0~ V
R

(a) (b) (C) (d)

Figure 4.1 Types of impedance relay characteristics
(a) Impedance, (b) Admittance or mho(c) Reactance (d) Quadrilateral

These four relay characteristic shapes are illustrated in Figure 5.1. The
impedance relay has a circular shape centered at the origin of the R—X
diagram. The admittance (or mho) relay has a circular shape which passes
through the origin. The reactance relay has a zone boundary defined by a line
parallel to the R axis. The zone extends to infinity in three directions as shown

17
in Figure 4.1(c). The quadrilateral characteristic, as the name implies, is
defined by four straight lines. This last characteristic is only available in solid-
state or computer relays.

4.2 Impedances seen by distance relays

Distance relays are designed to protect power systems against four
basic types of faults three-phase, phase-to-phase, phase-to-phase-to-earth,
and single-phase faults. In order to detect any of the above faults, each one of
the zones of distance relays requires six units- three units for detecting faults
between phases (A-B, B-C, C-A) and three units for detecting phase-to-earth
faults (A-E, B-E, C-E).
The setting of distance relays is always calculated on the basis of the
positive-sequence impedance. Different formulas should be adopted when
calculating the fault impedance due to different fault types. Table 5.1 indicates
calculation formula for all of the fault types

Table 4.1 Fault impedance calculation on different faults

Fault type formula

AG Z„ = VA / CIA + 3 k.to

BG Z$ =V~/ Is +3kIJ

CG Z. = 'c/(lc + 3kl,)
AB or ABG Zia = " /(MA —1a)

BC or BCG

CA or GAG Zca = VcA /(' — I)

Where, .k = (ZO — Z1 )/Z1, ZU and za are line of impedance zero-sequence,

positive- sequence respectively and to is zero-sequence current.

18
4.3 Distance Relay Protection Zones
Distance relays are set on the basis of the positive-sequence impedance
from the relay location up to the point on the line to be protected. Normally,
three protection zones in the direction of the fault are used in order to cover a
section of line and to provide back-up protection to remote sections (see Figure
4.2). Some relays have one or two additional zones in the direction of the fault
plus another in the opposite sense, the latter acting as a back-up to protect the
busbars. In the majority of cases the setting of the reach of the three main
protection zones is made in accordance with the following criteria:
Zone 1: This is set to cover between 80 and 85 per cent of the length of the
protected line;
Zone 2: This is set to cover all the protected line plus 50 per cent of the
shortest next line
Zone 3: This is set to cover all the protected line plus 100 per cent of the
second longest line, plus 25 per cent of the shortest next line.
In addition to the unit for setting the reach, each zone unit has a timer
unit. The operating time for zone 1, ti, is normally set by the manufacturer to
trip instantaneously since any fault on the protected line detected by the zone 1
unit should be cleared immediately without the need to wait for any other
device to operate. The operating time for zone 2 is usually of the order of 0.25
to 0.4 s, and that of zone 3 is in the range of 0.6 to 1.0 s. When there are power
transformers at adjacent substations the zone 2 timer should have a margin of
0.2 s over the tripping time of any associated transformer overcurrent
protection. In the case of zone 3, when the settings of relays at different
locations ,overlap, then the timer for the zone 3 of the furthest relay should be
increased by at least 0.2 s to avoid incorrect co-ordination. However, the
operating time for the zone 3 units should also be set at a value that will ensure
that system stability is maintained and therefore, if necessary, consideration
may have to be given to reducing the zone 3 operating time in such
circumstances.
Since the tripping produced by zone 1 is instantaneous, it should not
reach as far as the busbar at the end of the first line (Figure 4.2) so it is set to

19
cover only 80-85 per cent of the protected line. The remaining 20-15 percent
provides a factor of safety in order to mitigate against errors introduced by the
measurement transformers and line impedance calculations. The 20-15 per
cent to the end of the line is protected by zone 2, which operates in t2 seconds.
Zone 3 provides the back-up and operates with a delay of t3 seconds. Since the
reach and therefore the operating time of the distance relays are fixed, their co-
ordination is much easier than that for overcurrent relays.
Z3

EbJ
x
A Instantaneous B C

Figure 4.2 Distance relay protection zones

Figure 4.3 Impedance relay characteristics for three zones of protection

W
 GIN nrL cre~

ACC No .................
Date ....................

CHAPTER 5
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

5.1 Introduction
Very high current levels in electrical power systems are usually caused
by faults on the system. These currents can be used to determine the presence
of faults and operate protection devices, which can vary in design depending
on the complexity and accuracy required. Among the more common types of
protection are thermomagnetic switches, Moulded case circuit breakers
(MCCBs), fuses-and over current relays. The fist two types, which-have simple
operating arrangements and are principally used in the protection of low
voltage equipments. Fuses are also often used at low voltages, especially for
operating lines and distribution transformers.
Overcurrent relays, which are the most common form of protection used
to deal with excessive currents on power systems. They should not be installed
purely as protecting systems against overloads, which are associated with the
thermal capacity of machines or lines, since Overcurrent protection is primarily
intended to operate only under fault conditions. However, the relay settings that
are selected are often a compromise in order to cope with both overload and
overcurrent conditions.

5.2 Types of overcurrent relays

Based on the relay operating characteristics, overcurrent relays can be
classified into three groups: definite current or instantaneous, definite time, and
inverse time. The characteristic curves of these three types are shown in
Figure 5.1

5.2.1 Definite - current relays

This type of relay operates instantaneously when the current reaches a
predetermined value. The setting is chosen so that, at the substation furthest

21
 Definite time

Inverses time warn iusNflldnevuS unit

Fig 5.lTime/current operating characteristics of overcurrent relays

from the source, the relay will operate for a low current value and the relay
operating currents are progressively increased at each substation, moving
towards the source. Thus, the relay with the lower setting operates first and

22
disconnects load at the point nearest to the fault. This type of protection has the
drawback of having little selectivity at high value of short circuit current. Another
disadvantage is the difficulty of distinguishing between the fault current at one
point or another when the impendence between these points is small in
comparison to the impedance back to the source, leading to the possibility of
poor discrimination.

5.2.2 Definite - time relays

This type of relay enables the setting to be varied to cope with different levels
of current by using different operating times. The setting can be adjusted in
such-a-way that-the -breaker-nearest to--the fault is-tripped in the shortest time,
and then the remaining breakers are tripped in succession, using longer time
delays, moving back towards the source. The difference between the tripping
times for the same current is called the discrimination time. Since the operating
time for definite current relays can be adjusted in fixed steps, the protection is
more sensitive. The big disadvantage with this method of discrimination is that
faults near to the source, which results in bigger currents, may be cleared in a
relatively long time.

5.2.3 Inverse — time relays

The fundamental property of inverse-time relays is that they operate in a time
which is inversely proportional to the fault current. The advantage over definite
time relays is that, for very high currents, much shorter tripping -times can be
obtained without risk to the protection selectivity.

5.3 Mathematical expressions for the relay characteristics

IEC and ANSI/IEEE Standards define the operating time mathematically by the
expression
k13
t= (I/]s)zt_1 + L (5.1)

Where t = relay operating time in seconds,

k = time dial, or time multiplier, setting,

23
 I = fault current level in secondary amps,
Is = pickup current selected,
L = constant,
a and (3 determine the slope of the relay characteristics.

Table 5.1 ANSI/IEEE and (IEC constants for standard overcurrent relays

Curve description Standard a k L

Moderately inverse IEEE 0.02 0.0515 0.114

—Very-inverse - - ------IEEE------ 2.0-- - --1-9-61 -0.491 -

Extremely inverse IEEE 2.0 28.2 0.1217

Inverse C08 2.0 5.95 0.18

Short-time inverse CO2 0.02 0.0239 0.0169

Standard-inverse IEC 0.02 0.14 0

Very inverse IEC 1.0 13.5 0

Extremely inverse IEC 2.0 80.0 0

Long -time inverse UK 1.0 120 0

5.4 Standard Characteristics of overcurrent relays

The different types of characteristics of the relay are obtained by choosing
the appropriate values of 13, L and a given by the standard equation for the
characteristics of the relay. The relay characteristics are shown below.

24
5.4.1 IDMT Characteristics for the current setting of IA and
for a TSM of 1.0

IDMT Characteristics
30

25

20

V
c
0
U
N
15

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Operating current Expressed as a multiple of the setting

Figure 5.2 IDMT characteristics of over current relay

25
5.4.2 Very Inverse characteristics for pick up value of 'IA and
fora TSM of 1.0

Very Inverse Relay Characteristics

16

14

12

10

a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Multiple of pick up current

Figure 5.3 Very Inverse characteristics of over current relay

26
5.4.3 Extremely Inverse characteristics for pick up value of 1A and
foraTSM of1.0

Extremely Inverse Relay Characteristics

25

20

vcC 15
0
U
U)

1-10

0 1 2 3 4 5
Multiple of pick up current

Figure 5.4 Extremely Inverse characteristics of over current relay

27
 CHAPTER 6
PSCAD SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS

6.1 Introduction
Simulation tests were carried for the test model of a power system as
shown in figure 6.1. The power system has 0.400kV transmission line with
single end feeding source. Transmission line and sources data are given in
appendix A.

6.2 Transmission line Simulation Model

Transmission line of length 100km having positive impedance of 6.87+ j 62.832
ohms simulated in PSCAD. Fault is applied at the length of 75km. Setting
impedance is 80% of the total impedance i.e. 5.496 + j 50.2665

WI

Figure 6.1: PSCAD Simulation model

6.3 Simulation Flow Chart for Impedance relay

START

Read relay input voltage

V and input current

Extract fundamental frequency

components of V and I by FFT

Calculate impedance (Zcal) for

ground faults and phase faults
individually

If
NO
Zcal<=Zset

YES

Trip signal to the circuit breaker

11,
END

Figure 6.2: Simulation flow chart for Impedance relay

29
6.4 Simulation Results for Impedance relay

Figure 6.3: Impedance trajectory for ABC fault

Figure 6.4: Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip
signal to the circuit breaker for ABC fault

Figure 6.3 shows AB, BC and CA elements are coming inside the zone for ABC
fault. Setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line of length 100km. ABC
fault is applied at 75km and correspondingly we can see voltages, currents and
trip signal in figure 6.4

30
 100 50 0 54
..... ..... 100 150
--- ----- ---°'
Aperture 4 Wldth 0.6 a •
0.0005 " • 0.600: ` Posit ri, 0.000

Figure 6.5: Impedance trajectory for AB fault

ni "ii i i ri
VoRagb.CurrsrR and Trip; sl{ji
-
. . 040
0.30
0.20
Al
!'1!!!! H
~c 0.10
= 0.00

-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
O000
.1 .°.•-."~.••
—it ..........».,....,.w:...,_--•..- .. _
0.00eO _.........._..._.._._.._._.._ ..................._.._............ ...._ .._ _._ ..............._ ._.................................................................:..._..__............_.__.._................__................:....
.. ...............
0.0060 ......
O.0040 ......_..__....._...._.__. ._...._.....—..____.._ .............. ....._—. __._._.. - .... ..__..._._~.............._
__ -
a.0020 .... .......... .... .. ......... ...... ....... '.
.00ao '~
_ _.... _
.0040 [
._ -_ .___-• .._ ._- f ti - __ -... .._ ... _....
.0060 .... .............. j ~ .. .._..... .. ...
.anon
T^m

uSO° 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350 -0.375 0.400 .. 0.425 0.450 - 0.475

Figure 6.6: Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip
signal to the Circuit Breaker for AB fault

Figure 6.5 shows for AB fault AB element coming inside the zone, BC and CA
elements are outside the zone. Setting impedance is 80% of the transmission
line of length 100km. AB fault is applied at 75km and correspondingly we can
see voltages, currents and trip signal in figure 6.6

31
 a relay AG, BG and CG trjectories

Y Coordinate
..................._..._..............................._.,..........._............._..._,.a `i,
Xe
--5
XI'

Z1Xclrcle y ,r

net

0.40
0.30
0.20
3c 0.10
0.00
• -0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-D.40
.. ....... .._....i1 .,.._.,
.....
_ .,..,:,

....0.0146
O.00BO
0.0060
0.0040
0.0020
0.0000
U:oo20.
-~ _fl 01140
B -0 0000
0 0000
- ,-Fu
eK S1 1
~
2000 .... _.. .,.......
7.75
I 5
,.25
too .
0.75
0 5
0.25
t(se1l 0.20 - 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 O 475

Figure 6.10: Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip
signal to the circuit breaker for ABCG fault

Figure 6.9 shows for ABCG fault AG, BG and CG elements coming inside the
zone, setting impedance is 80% of the transmission line of length 100km.
ABCG fault is applied at 75km and correspondingly we can see voltages,
currents and trip signal in figure 6.10

33
 so - .... .._.__.._._.........

-50

_100

...
Aperture ~ V 1dth 0.6 a> •
0.000s 0.600s . Position 0.000

Figure 6.7: Impedance trajectory for ABG fault

.. ......... ..... _.~-

v _ .,., tiohe7~e~
- _.... ...._,CwrerrtahO
.,. ..,.,,. .,... ..:
TlP slSanel a ...... .:, .
.,. ....

j ly !i i
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10.
0.00-
0.10
-020
- 030
-0.40
O.Q'1
0.00 . . ........

1TJ
Q.00
0-00
0.00
0.00oo , H.. -

-0.00
6 000
S -0.00
-o .Q0
nn .........._.... .....1 .. _._............_.. L._ .. ...... _... ... --._ ............. .. _ .... ............. _ .._._..._ _.__

Figure 6:8: Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip
signal to the circuit breaker for ABG fault

Figure 6.7 shows for ABG fault AG and BG elements coming inside the zone,
CG element is outside the zone. Setting impedance is 80% of the transmission
line of length 100km. ABG fault is applied at 75km and correspondingly we can
see voltages, currents and trip signal in figure 6.8

32
 0—x

. .. ........

-100
y
-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Aperture 4. Width 06 v
0.000s 0.600s Position 0.000

Figure 6.11: Impedance trajectory for AG fault

C..rrrl r,d Trip alnI

%1% 1 1
040

1 IE IEL1 E
0 )0
0.20
010
000
-010
-020
0:10
-040
0.0100 . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ................ ..... . . . . . . .

000
20
000.
11,20

d o onnn
/\
7K yflj3-
0 0000
-00100 ]—
........................
rrn
. — fteI,yTrIpSIr..I 1 r1) — npr. ..
200
1 .75
I C1
I 25
-- -
0.50
0.25-
) 000 •--•-- ..-- -...---- ___
tCoco 0250 0 275 0.300 0 25 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.460 0.47

Figure 6.12: Voltage, current waveforms at impedance relay location and trip
signal to the circuit breaker for AG fault

Figure 6.11 shows for AG fault AG element coming inside the zone, BG and CG
elements are outside the zone. Setting impedance is 80% of the transmission
line of length 100km. AG fault is applied at 75km and correspondingly we can
see voltages, currents and trip signal in figure 6.12.

34
 CHAPTER 7
TEST RESULTS
7.1 Test results for impedance relay

150

is

an

-5

100L

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

Fig. 7.1: Impedance Trajectory of the AB element for ABC Fault

35


File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help

0 New to MATLAB? Watch this Video, see Demos, or read Getting 5tarted. x
Voltages angle Currents angles

V I =

233.2773 69.4933 0.0929 33.2297

236.0896 -172.5792 0.1047 152.7224
228.7728 -53.5931 0.1151 -94.6116

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+003

5.2286 + 3.63671
1.6283 + 0.42721
0.7814 + 1.24881
1.8894 + 1.43021
1.6780 + 1.4303i
1.7708 + 1.26131

Voltages angle Currents angles

V-1 =

185.7907 -9.2835 3.7570 -105.2331

189.8793 105.3821 3.6570 12.7731
178.8983 -133.3594 3.8328 132.6718

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex

5.6119 +49.42021
2.2370 +52.47141
2.9283 +46.36871
3.0642 +49.90731
4.3535 +49.49111
3.3887 +48.62511

.; . >>
ABC Fault occured on the system

4.~ if1 ._. <w.....a...,...,.......... ....~..w6x'^.=.`~X.R..ad

Figure 7.2: Result of Impedance relay for ABC fault

36


File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help

0 New to MATLAB? Watch this Video. see Demos. or read Getting Started. x

234.0334 116.6080 0.0921 79.3101

241.4417 -125.1008 0.1037 -159.2773
227.2920 -5.4814 0.1132 -47.6495

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex

1.Oe+003

4.8460 + 4.56981
1.6876 + 0.38791
0.7656 + 1.23741
1.9101 + 1.44521
1.7110 + 1.4811i
1.7725 + 1.30361

Voltages angle Currents angles

V 2 =

210.5969 -40.0890 3.1440 -176.7290

213.4675 56.0237 3.2110 1.6560
220.1264 -170.8412 0.1588 129.2923

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+002

0.4900 + 0.44231
0.4069 + 0.54181
4.4702 + 7.69671
0.0448 + 0.49551
1.0132 + 0.6512i
1.2033 + 0.4515i

AB fault occured on the system

]} r

Figure 7.4: Result of Impedance relay for AB fault

m
10

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 7.3: Trajectory Impedance of the AB element for AB Fault

37
 150

1C

-5

-100 '-
-100

Figure 7.5: Trajectory Impedance of the AG element for ABCG Fault

is U -
+
a0
60

4D

2D

+++++++++ ++4++++++4

-2

-4

-6 0

-8 0

-10 J
100 -80 -60 -40 -20

Figure 7.6: Trajectory Impedance of AG, BG and CG elements for ABCG Fault

39
 File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help
1 - .................::...._........,......,....,...................,.....,.........,.......:.........,........_.............,............,,.:,,..:..,,,,.................,,...,_.........a.
...__..._..New ..to MA7L.1 ? Watch this Video, see Demos or read Getting Started. X

Voltages angle Currents angles

V I =

234.4097 134.8163 0.0927 98.1670

241.9497 -106.4237 0.1043 -140.7045
225.0191 12.2881 0.1136 -29.7729

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+003

5.5346 + 4.26771
1.6538 + 0.33781
0.7351 + 1.23061
1.9206 + 1.36601
1.7345 + 1.45721
1.7629 + 1.27501

• Voltages angle Currents angles

V I =

• 186.1174 -113.9219 3.6949 150.4010

189.6407 2.5617 3.7129 -91.5436
181.5117 121.5912 3.8253 29.8305

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex =

5.4245 +50.1051i
3.5554 +51.50121
1.1870 +47.22941
4.0797 +50.24701
3.5307 +48.64021
2.4158 +49.85811

ABCG Fault occured on the system

Figure 7.7: Result of impedance relay for ABCG fault

40
 A A
5

-5

-10
-100 -50 0 50 100 150

Figure 7.8: Trajectory Impedance of the AG element for ABG Fault

El
File Edit Debug Desktop Window Help
O New to MATLAB? Watch this Video. see Demos. or read Getting Started. X

V_ I =

230.6932 86.9668 0.4541 59.7655

236.4698 -154.9426 0.4512 -179.1893
227.1614 -35.5235 0.4581 -61.1336

impedances Zag Zbg Zcg Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincomplex =

1.Oe+002

4.7314 + 2.6068i
4.8735 + 1.83241
4.1838 + 2.18161
4.6096 + 2.16871
4.6307 + 2.24461
4.5553 + 2.22381

Voltages angle Currents angles

V I =

200.0867 -146.6609 3.5216 87.0798

201.8159 -46.0056 3.8216 -97.0259
I ' 209.9584 81.3761 0.3990 52.0089

• impedances Zag Zbg Zag Zab Zbc Zca:

Zincornplex

1.Oe+002

0.3195 + 0.45781
0.3284 + 0.42611
4.8348 + 1.24291
• 0.0109 + 0.42231
0.7909 + 0.40251
0.9804 + Q.6419i

• ABG Fault occured on the system

>?.__ ___...........__ .__ -------
_ -.

Figure 7.9 Result of impedance realy for ABG fault

42
7.2 Test results for Overcurrent relay

Table 7.1 Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of 1A and
TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'
Tripping time Tripping time
la (Amps) Error(sec)
Practical(sec) (standard)

1.3512 23.6272 23.18642 0.440782

1.5984 15.7172 14.85538 0.861817

1.6832 14.4003 13.37365 1.026653

1.8767 11.7850 11.04982 0.73518

2.1622 10.5158 9.007812 1.507988

2.2625 9.1865 8.50368 0.68282

2.6364 7.8680 7.151081 0.716919

3.0210 6.5533 6.261731 0.291569

4.0828 5.2582 4.90622 0.35198

6.0501 3.9642 3.819147 0.145053

6.9733 3.9555 3.53482 0.42068

8.0245 3.9547 3.291831 0.662869

8.8594 3.9541 3.139341 0.814 759

9.9797 3.9435 2.973283 0.970217

43
Figure 7.10 Result of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of 1A and
TSM of 1.0 for phase `a'
 Table 7.2 Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of IA and
TSM of 1.0 for phase 'c'

Tripping time Tripping time

la (Amps) Error(sec)
Practical(sec) (standard)

1.4262 20.8508 19.64764 1.203161

1.8277 11.7761 11.53764 0.238459

1. 6487 14.3601 13.93048 0.429622

1.5036 18.3209 17.09275 1.228147

1.9983 10.4429 10.04143 0.401469

2.2607 9.1524 8.512045 0.640355

2.7856 7.8775 6.763085 1.114415

3.6577 6.5409 5.328061 1.212839

4.4353 5.2423 4.629611 0.612689

5.7476 3.9623 3.933193 0.029107

6.5652 3.9477 3.650315 0.29 7385

7.2909 3.9610 3.454024 0.506976

8.1363 3.9417 3.269649 0.672051

9.1171 3.9769 3.097719 0.879181

10.5431 3.9768 19.64 764 1.203161

45
Figure 7.11: Results of IDMT Overcurrent relay for a current setting of 1A and
TSM of 1.0 for phase 'c'

46
 Table 7.3 Results of Extremely Inverse Overcurrent relay for a pickup value of
IA and TSM of 1.0 for phase `a'

Tripping time Tripping time

Ia (Amps) Error(sec)
Practical(sec) (standard)

1.4479 27.4399 25.8419 1.597998

1.4904 23.5831 23.212 0.371102

1.5494 20.9525 20.25535 0.69 7152

1.6330 18.2953 17.04147 1.253827

1.7859 14.4095 13.00171 1.407787

1.8922 11.7910 11.05015 0.74085

2.0463 9.1812 8.969193 0.212007

2.2362 7.8944 7.17066 0.72374

2.5587 6.5874 5.205579 1.381821

3.1476 3.9612 3.287612 0.673588

4.9356 1.3670 1.328884 0.038116

6.3773 1.3612 0.832565 0.528635

8.3087 1.3416 0.536196 0.805404

9.34 79 1.3245 0.448152 0.876348

47
 He Desktop window Help
Watch this Video, see Demos, or read Getting Started, X

s ib ic
1.4443

0.4263

0.4904

• current is ib ic
1.4407

0.4240

0.4930
k5 zv

current is ib ic
1.4479

0.4243

0.4887

current is ib ic
There is an over current in phase a
the elapsed time for tripping in seconds is:
27.4399

t~..

enter 0 to continue after reset With same settings:

Enter 1 to change the settings and continue:
Enter 2 to come out of the relay:

Figure 7.12 Result of Extremely Inverse Overcurrent relay for a pickup value of
IA and TSM of 1.0 for phase `a'
 Table 7.4 Results of Very Inverse Overcurrent relay for a pickup value of 1A
and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'

Tripping time Tripping time

/a (Amps) Error(sec)
Practical(sec) (standard)

1.3058 30.0298 28.30212 1.72768

1.3894 23.5056 21.56722 1.9383 77

1.4993 16.9658 16.20539 0.760406

1.6271 13.0912 12.39421 0.696987

1.7931 10.5107 9.343443 1.167257

1.8934 9.1690 8.07718 1.09182

1.9890 7.8519 7.124693 0.727207

2.1395 6.5725 5.972542 0.599958

2.2780 5.2620 5.171991 0.090009

2.6340 3.9585 3.793483 0.165017

3.6186 2.6550 2.11243 0.54257

5.4445 1.3591 1.175645 0.183455

6.4538 1.3454 0.973393 0.372007

7.1907 1.3518 0.877738 0.474062

8.6324 1.3535 0.757736 0.595764

9.4219 1.3455 0.714419 0.631081

Figure 7.13 Results of Very Inverse Over current relay for a pickup value of 1A
and TSM of 1.0 for phase 'a'

50
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 Conclusion
The Multifunctional numerical relay has been implemented. Results of
the relay operation at various settings and standard characteristics are
presented. The error in the overcurrent relay is due to the slow operation of 16
—bit NI USB DAQ card. The relays that are implemented are overcurrent relay
and distance relay.
For overcurrent relay characteristics implemented are Very inverse, Extremely
Inverse and inverse definite minimum time characteristics. And these
characteristics compared with that of IEEE standard characteristics.
For distance relay characteristics implemented is impedance. Impedance relay
has been tested for laboratory setup transmission line of 100km.

8.2 Future Scope

The number functions of functions implemented can be increased with
the use of high speed processors. It can be best implemented on a digital
signal processors, since digital signal processor has MAC (Multiply and
accumulate in single instruction) dual port RAM's for read write modify in one
machine cycle which are best for realizing filters and the total system of
protection can be directly integrated to the SCADA.

51
 REFERENCES
[1] G.D. Rockefeller, "Fault protection with a digital computer", IEEE
transactions on power apparatus and systems, vol. 4, pp.438-464,
April 1969

[2]Barry J. Mann and I. F. Morrison, "Digital Calculation of Impedance for

Transmission Line Protection", IEEE transactions on power apparatus and
systems, vol. 1, pp. 270-271, January 1971

[3] M. S. Sachdev, M. A. Baribeau,"A New Algorithm for Digital Impedance

relays" IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems, vol. 6, pp. 2232
— 2240, November 1979

[4]R. R Larson, A. J. Flechsig and E. 0. Schweitzer, "The design and test of a

digital relay for transformer protection", IEEE transactions on power
apparatus and systems, vol. 3, pp.795-804, May/June 1979.

[5] Toshiaki Sakaguchi, "A statistical decision theoretic approach to digital

relaying" IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems, vol. 5, pp.
1918-1926, September 1980.

[6] Bornard and J.C. Bastide "A Prototype of Multiprocessor Based Distance
Relay" IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems, vol. 2, pp. 491-
498, February 1980.

[7] M. A. Al Nema, S. M. Bashi, and A. A. Ubaid, "Microprocessor based

overcurrent relays", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 1, pp.
49-51, February 1986.

52
 [8] K. Balasubramanian and Mustafa Oral, "Microprocessor Based Multifunction
Relay Switching", IEEE Transactions on consumer Electronics, vol. 4, pp.
878-883, November 1992.

[9] Murty V. V. S. Yalla 'A Digital Multifunction Protective Relay, 'IEEE

Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7 No.1, pp. 193-201, January 1992'

[10] Zoran M. Radojevic, Vladimir V. Terzija, and Milenko B. Djuric, "Numerical

Algorithm for Overhead Lines Arcing Faults Detection and Distance and
Directional Protection' IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 15, pp.31-
37, January 2000.

[11] Jyh Cherng Gu and Sun-Li Yu, 'Removal of DC Offset in Current and
Voltage Signals using a Novel Fourier Filter Algorithm' IEEE transactions on
power delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, January 2000

[12] James R. Closson and Mike Young, "Commissioning Numerical Relays",

IEEE transactions on industry applications, vol. 38, pp.769-777, May/June
2002.

[13] Hatem A. Darwish and Magdy Fikri," Practical Considerations for Recursive
DFT Implementation in Numerical Relays", IEEE Transactions on power
delivery, vol. 22, pp. 42-49, January 2007.

[14] Ali Zain Saleem, Zohaib Akhtar Khan, Ali Imran, "Algorithms and Hardware
Design of Modern Numeric Overcurrent and Distance Relays" International
conference on Electrical Engineering ICEE, pp.1-5, March 2008

[15] A.A Abdlrahem and H.H Sherwali, "Modeling Of Numerical Distance Relays
Using Matlab", IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications
ISIEA, October 2009

53
[16] "IEEE standard Inverse Time characteristics equations for overcurrent
relays" IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 14, No.3, July 1999.
Prepared by working group G-7 of the relay standards committee of the
power systems relaying.

[17] Tan. J.0 Mclaren. P. G. Jayasinghe R.P. and Wilson, P. L, "Software model
for inverse time overcurrent relays incorporating IEC and IEEE standard
curves", Electrical and computer Engineering, 2002. IEEE CCECE 2002.
Canadian conference vol. 1, pp: 37- 41, 12-15 May 2002.

[18] IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee "Draft Guide for Protective Relay
applications to Power System Buses: IEEE Std PC37.234-200, June 2009

[19] A.K.S. Chaudhary, Kwa-sur Tam, and A. G.Phadke, "Protection System

Representation in the Electromagnetic Transient Program," IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 700-711, April 1994.

[20] R. E. Wilson, J. M. Nordstrom, "EMTP Transient Modeling of a Distance

Relay and a Comparison with EMTP Laboratory Testing," IEEE
Transactions on Power delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993.

54
 APPENDIX A
SOURCE AND TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

TABLE 1: SOURCE DATA

Voltage (L-L,RMS) 0.400kV

Positive Sequence Impedance 0.238+j5.7132

Zero Sequence Impedance 2.738+10

TABLE 2: TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

Positive Sequence Impedance (U) 6.87+j62.832

Negative Sequence Impedance(U) 6.87+j62.832

Zero Sequence Impedance(0) 34.34+j131.58

Positive Sequence capacitance(pF) 0.9

Negative Sequence capacitance(pF) 0.5

55
 APPENDIX B
NI DAQ 6212 SPECIFICATIONS

Analog Input:
Number of channels : 8 differential or 16 single ended
ADC resolution : 16 bits
Sampling rate : 400 kS/s single channel,
400 kS/s multichannel
'Input coupling : DC
Input range : 10, ±5, ±1, ±0.2 V
Maximum working voltage
For analog inputs (signal +
Common mode) :±10.4 V of Al GND
Input impedance
Device on
Al+ to Al GND : >10 G%2 in parallel with 100 pF
Al- to Al GND : >10 G' in parallel with 100 pF
Device off
Al+to AI GND : 1200Y
Al- to AI GND : 1200½
Input bias current : ±100 pA
Crosstalk (at 100 kHz)
Adjacent channels : -75 dB
Nonadjacent channels :90 dB
Input FIFO size : 4,095 samples
Scan list memory : 4,095 entries
Data transfers :NI signal streaming on USB

Analog Output:
Number of channels :2
DAC resolution : 16 bits

56
Maximum update rate
I channel : 250 kS/s
2 channel : 250 kS/s per channel
Timing accuracy : 50 ppm of sample rate
Timing resolution : 50 ns
Output range :±10V
Output coupling :DC
Output impedance :0.2V2
Output current drive :±2mA
Output FIFO size :8,191 samples shared
among channels used
Data transfers :Nl signal streaming on USB,
Calibration (Al and AO):
Recommended warm-up time 5 minutes
Calibration interval 1 year

Digital I/O/PFI
Static Characteristics:
Number of channels
Digital input/output
USB-6212mass terminal : 24
Ground reference : D GND
Direction control : Each terminal individually
Programmable as input or output
Pull-down resistor
USB-6212 : 50 k1/2 typical, 20 kV2 minimum
Bus Interface:
USB : Hi-Speed USB or full-speed USB
NI signal streaming : 4 high-speed data streams;
Can be used for analog input,
analog output, counter/timer 0,
Counter/timer 1

57
Power Requirements:

USB port : 4.5 to 5.25 V in configured state
Caution: Do not exceed 16 mA per DIO pin.

Maximum Working Voltage:

Channel-to-earth ground : 11 V, Measurement Category
 APPENDIX C
LEM MODULE LA 50-P
Definition:
The LEM Module LA 50-p is a current transducer for the electronic
measurement of currents: DC, AC, IMPL. It has galvanic isolation between
primary and the secondary circuits.

Electrical data:
Nominal current 50A rms
Measuring range 0 to ± 70A
Measuring resistance : Rm min. Rm max.
With ±15V at ±50A : 500 1000
at ±70A : 500 700
Nominal analog output current 50A
Turns ratio :1:1000
Overall accuracy at +25 deg. C ± 0.5% of nominal current
Supply voltage ±15V
Isolation between primary and secondary:
2 kV rms/5OHz/1 min.

Accuracy- Dynamic Performance:

Zero offset current at +25 deg. C max. ±0.2 mA
Thermal drift of offset current typical ±o.3 mA
Linearity better than 0.1%
Response time better than 1 ps
di/dt accurately followed better than 50 A/ps
Bandwidth 0 to 150 kHz (-1 dB)
General data:
Operating temperature
Storage temperature
Current consumption
Secondary internal resistance
Package
Weight
: (0 to 70) deg. C
:-25 deg. C to 85 deg. C
10 mA+ output current
90D at +70 deg. C
Insulated plastic case
20 g.
 APPENDIX D
PSCAD/EMTDC SOFTWARE

PSCAD represents a family of simulation products, which will eventually

encompass all types of power systems studies, including load flow and
transient stability solution engines. Presently, the primary solution engine is
EMTDC. EMTDC represents and solves differential equations for the entire
power system in the time domain. It is a simulator of electric networks with the
capability of modeling complex power electronics, control systems and non-
linear networks. When run under the PSCAD graphical user interface, the
PSCAD/EMTDC combination becomes a powerful means of visualizing the
transient performance of electric power systems. Together they provide a fast,
accurate and flexible solution for the simulation of virtually any electrical
equipment or system. The user can select time step, which can be varied from
nano-seconds to seconds.

EMTDC results are solved as instantaneous values in time, but they can
be converted into phasor magnitudes and angles via built-in transducer and
measurement functions (such as true-rms meters or FFT spectrum analyzers),
much the same way real system measurements are performed. In PSCAD V4,
a new component will be available to calculate the impedance vs. frequency
spectrum of any system, from any point of the system.

EMTDC users can easily write their own models, from very simple to
very advanced. They can write in Fortran, C and MATLAB. The PSCAD
Component Workshop also makes the task of designing the visual appearance
of models and the data entry forms easier. All features of the very powerful
MATLAB program can be utilized, including the numerical and graphical
visualization plot libraries.

61