3NewCOSH Manual

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Module 1 – Introduction to OSH/OSH Standards

 Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives
o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

o To reinforce participants positive behavior towards Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
o To increase awareness of the participants on the implementation of Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) program
o To familiarize with the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as promulgated by
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
o To know the requirements for the appointment of a Safety Officer and for OSHC-DOLE
accreditation as OSH Practitioner/Consultant
o Individually, the participants shall develop a safety and health action plan or program
designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases in accordance with the
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
 Introduction of Speakers and Participants
o Day 1 ______________________________
o Day 2 ______________________________
o Day 3 ______________________________
o Day 4 ______________________________
o Day 5 ______________________________
 Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test
 OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of Safety
Movements in the Philippines
OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement
VISION & MISSION

 Attainment of full, decent and productive employment for every
Filipino worker.
 Promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect workers and
promote their welfare and maintain industrial peace.
Eleven (11) Attached Agencies
1|Pa g e
 Employees Compensation Commission
 Institute for Labor Studies
 Maritime Training Council
 National Conciliation and Mediation Board
 National Labor Relations Commission
 National Maritime Polytechnic
 National Wages and Productivity Commission
 Occupational Safety and Health Center
 Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
 Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
 Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions
What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the
safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As a
secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers,
nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine,
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics,
ergonomics, toxicology, epidemiology, environmental health, industrial relations, public policy,
industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, labor law and occupational health psychology.
The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health promulgated
pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines, P.D. 442.
2|Pa g e
BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Art. 162. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by appropriate
orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing,
programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.
Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and Employment to
conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods, techniques and
approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to discover latent diseases by
establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental conditions; and to
develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no employee will suffer
impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work
and working conditions.
• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the job
without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to practices
related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or
employee to perform the job normally.
3|Pa g e
• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death
that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is
an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the workers.
• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?
All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural enterprises
whether operating for profit or not, except:
 Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
 Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?
It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury, sickness
or death through safe and healthful working conditions.
• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?
The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free from
work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property. Thus, the
worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
 Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
 Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
 Separate facilities for men and women;
 Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats or first-
aid kits;
 Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.
• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?
Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working stations:
 Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings, goggles,
gloves aprons and respirators;
 A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or general ventilation
to keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone;
 Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
 Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or explosive
materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable substances, and containers that have
held explosives or flammable materials;
• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments?
Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

 Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and safety instructions
of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
4|Pa g e
 Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as STOP,
YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the establishment
shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
 Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as
practicable and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient
movement within the establishment;
 Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards,
machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of process operations,
storage and filing materials;
 Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and
female workers shall be provided.
•Who enforces OSH Standards?
The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial and enforcement powers.
•What is visitorial power?
Visitorial power refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises of an
employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken. This is necessary to
determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the Labor Code. Under this power, the
employer may be required to submit reports and other documents to determine any violation.
• What is enforcement power?
Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an
erring employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards and issue a writ of
execution in case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and imminent danger to the health
and safety of workers, suspension or cessation of the operations may be effected within 24 hours
from the issuance of the order.
•How are these Standards enforced?
These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer shall provide to
the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative access to its premises or records at any
time of the day or night whenever there is work to determine and effect compliance.
Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special
inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related accidents,
occupational illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up inspection
recommendations, or to conduct investigations or inspections upon request of an employer, worker or
labor union in the establishment.
5|Pa g e
•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned person believes that such a
violation of the OSH Standards exists which threatens with physical harm or poses
imminent danger to life, what shall he do to correct the danger?
The said worker or workers’ representative shall request the RO for an inspection of their area by
giving full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.
• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?
The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation
immediately in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the outcome of such
investigation.
What are the duties and responsibilities of the employers and the employees in relation to
enforcement and compliance with OSH Standards in the workplace?
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions.
• Comply with the requirements of the Standards.
• Give complete job safety instruction to all his workers
• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
6|Pa g e
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS
 Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the Standards;
 Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies adopted
and the safety organization established;
 Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once in every
three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its recommendations
and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
 Act on recommended safety measures;
 Provide access to appropriate authorities.
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

 Cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the Standards.
 Report any work hazard to his/her supervisor
 Follow all instructions by the employer in compliance with the OSHS provisions
 Make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

 Follow safety policies;
 Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;
 Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;
 Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
 Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.
General Provisions (Rule 1010)

DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS
 Any person including builders or contractors, who visits, builds, innovates or installs devices in
establishments or workplaces shall comply with the provision of OSHS rules and all
regulations issued by the employer in compliance with the Standards and other issuances of
the Secretary.
Rule 1020 - Registration

 Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office or authorized
representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its enforcement activities.
 Free of charge
 Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening after
previous closing
Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing training
programs to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry out the provision of
this Standards.
Employer to appoint a safety officer on a full-time or part-time basis depending on the type of
workplace (whether hazardous or non-hazardous) and number of workers in the workplace.
7|Pa g e
Source:ww
w.d ole.gov.ph/f
ndr/ bong/files/D
O %2016-
01.pdf
A workplace
is deemed
hazardous if:
 The nature of the
work exposes
workers to
dangerous
environmental
elements,
contaminants or
work conditions,
including ionizing
radiation,
chemicals, fire,
flammable
substances,
noxious
components, and
the like
 The workers are
engaged in
construction work,
logging, fire-fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and
mechanized farming
 The workers use or are exposed to heavy or power-driven machinery or explosive powder-
actuated equipment
 The workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other pyrotechnic
products
 The workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and other
parasites.
Considered “highly hazardous workplace"
• Where potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not
only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are
workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:
1. Petrochemical works and refineries;
2. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
3. LPG storage and materials;
4. Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals;
5. Large fertilizer stores;
8|Pa g e
6. Explosives factories;
7. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above;
9. Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to
classification of establishments
Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH
 All Safety Officers must complete the Bureau prescribed Training Course
 A full-time safety officer must be duly accredited by the OSHC.
 ACCREDITATION PROGRAM OF DOLE
Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the employer enters
into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties
and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safety practitioner as stated in this Rule. The
employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training
of his supervisors or technical personnel.
NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Requirements for Accreditation
OSH PRACTITIONER
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH training from DOLE accredited or
recognized organizations.
2. Relevant experience in OSH
 Three (3) years’ experience if applicant is duly licensed by PRC
9|Pa g e
 Four (4) years’ experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4 or 5-year
college course without PRC license.
 Ten (10) years’ experience if applicant is a college undergraduate
What are the requirements for Accreditation?
1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).

2. Updated Original Certificate of employment
3. Original actual functions/job description duly signed by the employer or authorized official of
the company.
4. Photo copy of previous employment certificate (if necessary)
5. Photo copy of Certificate of Completion on the 40-Hour Bureau prescribed BOSH training
course from DOLE-BWC Accredited STOs
6. Photo copy of Certificate of Attendance/ Participation to other OSH related trainings/ seminars
from DOLE accredited / recognized organizations/institutions
7. Photo copy of college diploma, transcript of records and/or PRC license, if any
8. Proof of applicant’s achievements/ accomplishments/participation on OSH
(i.e. awards/recognitions, reports, programs prepared and submitted)
Note: All pages of documents must be signed by the applicant and original of all documents
submitted must be presented to during applicant’s panel interview.
Validity and Renewal of Accreditation
 Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewed upon compliance with
minimum requirements pursuant to D.O. 16, unless suspended, cancelled or revoked
 Accreditation shall be renewed within the prescriptive period of 30 calendar days prior to
expiration thereof.
RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee
•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a group of employees or workers and management that
plans and makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and health in the workplace. All
establishments are required to have a Safety and Health Committee.
•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

In every workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty days after the
Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month from the date business starts
operating. In both cases the Safety and Health Committee shall reorganize every January of the
following year.
10 | P a g e
•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee?
The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized according
to the number of employees or workers in a workplace.
•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?
Safety and Health Committee shall:

 Plan and develop accident prevention
programs in the workplace;
 Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
 Review reports of inspection, results of
accident investigations and implementation of
accident prevention program;
 Conduct safety meetings at least once a
month;
 Submit reports to the manager/owner on its
meetings and activities;
 Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of
activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards;
 Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
 Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service units
as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the Emergency Preparedness
Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.
Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report requirements.
3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non-adoption,
informs the committee of the reason
What are the duties of the Safety Officer?
As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:
11 | P a g e
 Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
 Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
 Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
 Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
 Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
 Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
 Provides assistance to government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection
Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (OSHS Rule 1034.01)

o One who has been a Safety and Health Practitioner for at least five (5) years and has
taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau
o Safety Practitioners with at least ten (10) years of experience in all levels of occupational
safety and health may not be required to undergo the required training provided they
secure from the |Bureau a certification attesting to their competence to qualify as
Consultants
o All Safety Consultants or consulting organizations, shall be accredited by the Bureau and
registered with the Regional Office Concerned.
No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice of

Occupational Safety and Health unless the requirements of the Rule are complied with.
Module 2: DO 13
D.O. 13-- Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in

Construction Industry:
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.

13
Series of 1998
GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY
In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the
construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and
around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the
promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction
industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction
industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government
requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:
Section 1. Definition of Terms. As used herein, the terms below shall be

defined as follows:
12 | P a g e
a) “Accredited organization” means any organization duly accredited by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to
perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety and health in
the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other
similar activity.
b) “Certified first-aider” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to
administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization
accredited by the same.
c) “Construction project manager/consultant” means a person or entity who is

hired by the project owner, to act in the owner’s behalf concerning
supervision and monitoring of all matters related to the overall execution of a
construction project. The construction project manager shall be a separate
entity from the general constructor or any subcontractor of the construction
project.
d) “Construction safety and health committee” means the general safety and
health committee for a construction project site that shall be the overall
coordinator in implementing OSH programs.
e) “Construction safety and health officer” means any employee/worker

trained and, in addition to their regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by
his employer to implement occupational safety and health programs in
accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS).
f) “Construction safety and health program” refers to a set of detailed rules

to cover the processes and practices that shall be utilized in a specific
construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including the personnel
responsible and the penalties for violations thereof.
g) “Construction safety signage” refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or
danger sign, warning sign or safety instruction, of standard colors and
sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of
the OSHS
h) “Constructor” is deemed synonymous with the term “builder”. It refers to any

person or organization who undertakes or offers to undertake or purports
to have the capacity to undertake or submits a bid to, or does himself or by or
through others, construct, alter, repair, add to, subtract from, improve, move,
wreck or demolish any building, highway, road, railroad, excavation or other
structure, project, development or improvement, or to do any part thereof,
including the erection of scaffolding or other structures or works in connection
therewith. The term constructor includes subcontractor and specialty contractor
i) “Emergency health provider” means any person or organization who is

certified or recognized by the Department of Health and who can provide
the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergency
hospital, including emergency treatment of workers on site, emergency
transport and care during transport of injured workers to the nearest
13 | P a g e
hospital, with adequate personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete
immediate treatment of injuries or illnesses.
j) “General constructor” means a constructor who has general supervision

over other
constructors in the execution of the project and who directly receives
instructions from the owner or construction project manager (if one is appointed
by the owner).
k) “General safety and health inspection” refers to inspection of the work

environment, including the location and operation of machinery other than those
covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy of work space, ventilation,
lighting, conditions of work environment, handling, storage or work procedures,
protection facilities and other safety and health hazards in the workplace
l) “Heavy equipment” refers to any machine with e n g i n e or electric motor as

prime mover used either for lifting, excavating, leveling, drilling, compacting,
transporting and breaking works in the construction site, such as but not
limited to crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road compactor, prime mover and
trailer, with minimum operating weight and horsepower rating of 1,000 KG and
10 HP, respectively.
m) “Imminent danger” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be

expected to cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under the
normal enforcement procedures can be accomplished.
n) “Occupational health personnel” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or

physician, engaged by the employer to provide occupational health
services in the establishment/undertaking.
o) “Project manager” means the overall technical personnel of the general

contractor and/or the subcontractor in charge of the actual execution of a
construction project.
p) “Resident engineer” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be

present at the construction site at all times, whenever work is being
undertaken, and shall have the responsibility of assuring the technical
conformance of all designs, materials, processes, work procedures rendered for
the execution of the construction project, including safety and health of all
persons within the construction site.
14 | P a g e
q) “Safety and health audit” refers to a regular and critical examination of project sites,
safety programs, records and management performance on program standards on safety
and health.
r) “Safety and health committee” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor,
inspect, and investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health
and safety of construction workers.
s) “Safety organization” means any organization recognized and accredited by the

DOLE to conduct occupational safety and health training and/or safety and health audit.
t) “Safety personnel” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained,

accredited by DOLE and tasked to provide occupational safety and health
services for the workers/employees in any construction project.
u) “Skills standards” refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge
and skills a worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description
of his occupation.
v) “Technical safety inspection” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination
of boilers, pressure vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations,
elevators, hoisting equipment and other mechanical equipment.
w) “Trade test” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based
on the requirements of the skills.
x) “Treatment Room” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary
medical facilities and supplies and located within the premises of the establishment
where workers maybe brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or
illnesses in cases of emergency.
y) “Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and
t h e i r respective supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper
briefing on the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual
occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible
accidents and other related matters.
z) “Unguarded surface” refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary
or permanent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to
the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb.
Section 2. Jurisdiction
The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in
the preparation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction
Industry including its very enforcement, as provided for by law.
15 | P a g e
2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code
of the Philippines, "The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by
appropriate orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and
health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health
hazards in all work places and institute new and update existing programs to
ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment."
2.2. As embodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code
of the Philippines, "(a) The Department of Labor and Employment shall be
solely responsible for the administration and enforcement of occupational
safety and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments
and workplaces wherever they may be located"
Section 3. Delegation of Authority and Accreditation
The authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the
construction industry may be delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment,
under the following conditions:
a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical

Safety Inspections and general safety audit of construction project sites within their
respective jurisdiction where they have adequate facilities and competent personnel
for the purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards
established by the latter, provided they submit for approval an application for such
authority.
b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate facilities and competent personnel for
the purpose, may be accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general
Safety and Health Audit of construction project sites, for and in behalf of the
company or establishment.
c) Accreditation of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with

Rule 1030 of the OSHS.
Section 4. Coverage
This issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry
and its subdivisions, namely, general building construction, general engineering construction
and specialty trade construction, based on the classification code of the Philippine
Construction Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority of the
Philippines (CIAP); to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to those
falling within the construction industry as may be determined by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment.
Section 5. Construction Safety and Health Program
16 | P a g e
Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program,
which must be in accordance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the
DOLE. The Construction Project Manager, or in his absence, the Project Manager as
authorized by the owner, shall be responsible for compliance with this Section.
5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the
following:
a) Composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one

has been formed, otherwise, an undertaking to organize such
committee and appoint its members before the start of construction
work at the project site;
b) specific safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes

to observe and maintain in its construction site, including the frequency
of and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang meetings;
c) Penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and

Health Program;
d) frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing

and training all workers at the site with regard to the Construction
Safety and Health Program under which they operate; and
e) The manner of disposing waste arising from the

construction.
5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by
the Construction Project Manager or Project Manager and shall be
submitted to the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) which may approve,
disapprove or modify the same according to existing laws, rules and
regulations and other issuances by the DOLE.
5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be integrated into the project’s construction cost, provided, that said cost
shall be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender
documents and construction contract documents
Section 6. Personal Protective Equipment
Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for
eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers
whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment, chemical or
radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or
impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical
agent.
17 | P a g e
Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of
the OSHS. The equivalent cost for the provision of PPE (life span, depreciation,
replacement, etc.) Shall be an integral part of the project cost.
6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective
equipment. Workers within the construction project site shall be required
to wear the necessary PPE at all times.
6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters
or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform,
scaffold or where they are exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous to life or
limb, must be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.
6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided with special

protective equipment, such as specialized goggles or respirators for welders
and painters or paint applicators.
6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction
site shall wear appropriate PPE.
Section 7. Safety Personnel
To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at
the construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum
required Safety Personnel, as described herein:
7.1. The General Constructor must provide for a full-time officer, who shall be
assigned as the general construction safety and health officer to oversee full
time the overall management of the Construction Safety and Health Program.
The general construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor
and inspect any health and safety aspect of the construction work being
undertaken. He shall also assist government inspectors in the conduct of
safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or
during the conduct of accident investigation.
7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional Construction Safety
and Health Officer/s in accordance with the requirements for Safety
Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and Personnel Complement), depending
on the total number of personnel assigned to the construction project site,
to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health
Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general construction
safety and health officer.
7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and
Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the
project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety
18 | P a g e
and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy
equipment utilization and maintenance.
7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall
have the same qualifications as a Safety Man/Officer, to oversee the
management of the Construction Safety and Health Program for the
subcontractor’s workforce and the specific area of work operations in
accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSHS.
All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis should be
accredited by the BWC of the DOLE.
Section 8. Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities
8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized representative shall
provide competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly
complemented by adequate medical supplies, equipment and facilities, based
on the total number of workers in the site as indicated below:
a) The services of a certified first-aider when the total number of workers

is fifty (50) or less;
b) The services of a full-time registered nurse when the total number

of workers exceeds fifty (50) but not more than two hundred (200);
c) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a part-time physician

and a dentist, and an emergency clinic when the total number of workers
exceeds two hundred (200) but not more than three hundred (300); and
d) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a full-time physician, a

dentist and an infirmary or emergency hospital with one (1) bed capacity when
the number of employees exceed three hundred (300). In addition,
there should be one (1) bed capacity for every one hundred (100) employees
in excess of three hundred (300).
19 | P a g e
8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he shall
provide for his workers in case of emergency, access to the nearest
medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic located within five (5)
kilometers radius from the workplace and can be reached in twenty-five
(25) minutes of travel. Such access shall include the necessary
transportation facilities. In such situation, there shall be a written
contract with the medical/dental clinic to attend tosuch workplace
emergencies.
8.3 The engagement of an Emergency Health Provider for the construction

project site shall be considered as having complied with the requirement
of accessibility to the nearest hospital facilities.
8.4 The employer shall always have in the construction site the required
minimum inventory of medicines, supplies and equipment as indicated
in Table 47 of the OSHS.
Section 9. Construction Safety Signages
Construction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace. Signages shall be posted in prominent positions at
strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most
of the workers employed.
9.1 The signages include but are not

limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective

equipment prior to entry to the project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used or

stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant

airborne. Contaminants/substances may exist which should
indicate the name of the contaminant/substance involved and the
type of respiratory equipment to be worn
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/facility

equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come in contact with

dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment.
j) Instructions on the usage of specific construction

equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.

9.2 Signages should be regularly inspected and maintained in good
condition. Signages that are damaged or illegible or that no longer apply
should be removed and replaced by the safety officer, as needed.
Section 10. Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment
In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are
required in the different phases of the project.
10.1 Pre-Construction
The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE
duly accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be

tested and certified in accordance with a standard trade test
prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA) in coordination with its accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance

with the standards prepared by DOLE or its recognized
organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
10.2 During Construction
The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions

are met or complied with:
10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy

Equipment.
a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment.
b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as

imposed by Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) for all roads
and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and

unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to

the trailer.
10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy quipment.
a) Existing hazards must be avoided.
b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be

observed.
c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be

available and properly utilized.
10.2.3. Routine Inspection

In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and
operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy
equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set
by TESDA in coordination with the Association of Construction
Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be

performed by DOLE accredited professionals in
accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized
equipment suppliers.
b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum

safety
standards for equipment certification shall be immediately
removed from the work site for restoration or repair until
they meet said standards or requirements.
The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a

separate logbook for data on maintenance, repairs, tests and
inspections for each heavy equipment. Such logbook shall be
used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment
inspection.
10.2.4. Certified Operators
a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to

operate their designated heavy equipment.
b) All operators and riggers must wear personal protective

equipment as prescribed in the above pertinent sections.
10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction
The procedures for dismantling and demobilization of heavy

equipment shall follow the same requirements as listed under 10.2.1 and
10.2.2 above.
Section 11. Construction Safety and Health Committee
11.1 Composition
To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and Health
Program are observed and enforced at the project site, each site
shall, at the start of the construction have a construction safety and
health committee composed of the following personnel as described
under Section 7 above:
a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex officio;
b) General Construction Safety and Health Officer;
c) Construction Safety and Health Officers;
d) Safety representatives from each subcontractor,
e) Doctors, Nurses and other Health personnel, pursuant to the

requirements stated in Rule 1042 of the OSHS, who shall be members
ex officio;
f) Workers’ representatives (minimum of 3, union members if

organized, not necessarily from one employer).
The persons constituting the Safety and Health Committee shall,
as far as practicable, be found at the construction site whenever
construction work is being undertaken.
The time spent by the members of the Safety and Health

Committee in the performance of their duties such as committee
meetings, seminars and training, investigation and other tasks that
maybe assigned or planned by the committee shall be considered
hours worked and therefore compensable time.
11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Committee
The chairperson shall convene the Construction Safety and Health Committee at
regular intervals so as to effectively and efficiently monitor the implementation of the
Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the following duties:
a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention programs for
the construction project;
b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in accordance
with these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program;
c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meetings or toolbox meetings every
day;
d) Review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations;
e) Prepare and submit to DOLE reports on committee meetings;
f) Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper

conduct of their enforcement and other activities;
g) Initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees;
h) Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency
service units as may be necessary to handle disaster
i) Perform all duties provided in the Construction Safety and Health Program
or those that are necessary and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties
herein described.
Section 12. Safety and Health Information
12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:
a) Informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace; and
b) Instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and
protection against those hazards.
12.2 No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a safety and
health awareness seminar conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health Center
(OSHC), BWC and other concerned offices of DOLE or by safety professionals or
safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited or recognized. The DOLE in
collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for the implementation of these
awareness seminars for construction workers.
12.3 Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety and
health measures common to construction sites which shall include:
a) Basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site
b) Means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency situations
c) Measures for good housekeeping
d) Location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities
e) Proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and protective
clothing provided the workers
f)General measures for personal hygiene and health protection
g)Fire precautions to be taken
h)Action to be taken in case of any emergency
i) Requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.
12.4 The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or dialect
understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall be used to
ensure that the worker has assimilated the material.
12.5 E a c h supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, lead man, gang boss, etc.)
shall conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to
discuss with the workers and anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and
the potential solutions to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the
necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken
12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:
a) Drivers and operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-

handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature;
b) Workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds;
c) Workers engaged in excavations at least one meter deep or deep e n o u g h to cause

danger, shafts, and earthworks, underground works or tunnels;
d) Workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations;
e) Workers engaged in pile-driving;
f) Workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons;
g) Workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel s t r u c t u r a l frames

and tall chimneys, and in concrete work, form work and other such work;
h) Workers handling hazardous substances and materials;

i) workers as signalers; and
j) Other workers as maybe categorized by TESDA.
Section 13. Construction Safety and Health Training

The basic construction safety and health training shall be a forty (40)-hour training course
as prescribed by the BWC. The training course shall include the provisions of Rule 1410 of
the OSHS. The BWC, from time to time, may modify the basic construction safety and
health training course, as the need arises.
All safety personnel involved in a construction project shall be required to complete such
basic training course. Every constructor shall provide continuing construction safety and health
training to all technical personnel under his employ. Continuing training shall be a minimum of 16
hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.
Section 14. Construction Safety and Health Reports
All general constructors shall be required to submit a monthly construction safety and
health report to the BWC or to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The report shall
include a monthly summary of all safety and health committee meeting agreements, a
summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards assessment with the
corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.
In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in death or permanent

total disability, the concerned employer shall initially notify the DOLE Regional Office within
twenty- four (24) hours from occurrence. After the conduct of investigation by the
concerned construction safety and health officer, the employer shall report all permanent total
disabilities to DOLE Regional Office on or before the 20th of the month following the date of
occurrence of accident using the DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 for
Section 15. Construction Workers Skills Certificates
In order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction

workers, the TESDA shall:
a) Establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations;
b) Prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction occupations;
c) Accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade testing;
and d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.
In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo mandatory
skills testing for certification by TESDA.
An occupation shall be considered critical -
a) When the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs;
b) When the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies;
c) When the job requires a relatively long period of education and training;
d) When the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and
environmental concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
Section 16. Workers’ Welfare Facilities
The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working
conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.
a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed containers from
which the water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers should be cleaned
and disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15) days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that
is not fit for drinking purposes.
16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter.
16.3 Suitable living accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for their
families
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.
Section 17. Cost of Construction Safety and Health Program
The total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall be a
mandatory integral part of the project's construction cost as a separate pay item, duly
quantified and reflected in the Project's Tender Documents and likewise reflected in the
Project's Construction Contract Documents.
Section 18. Miscellaneous
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not inconsistent
with the above Guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health standards, rules and
regulations not specifically provided herein shall remain in full force and effect.
In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent authority, the
rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and effect.
Section 19. Violations and Penalties
19.1. A s circumstances may warrant, the DOLE shall refer to the Philippine
Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB) its findings, after due process, on any act or
omission committed by construction contractors in violation of labor standards, safety rules
and regulations and other pertinent policies.
Any such violation committed by construction contractors, whether general constructors or

sub-contractors, shall constitute as prima facie case of a construction malperformance of
grave consequence due to negligence, incompetence or malpractice contemplated under
R.A. 4566 (Constructors’ Licensing Law), as amended, and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations.
19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a stoppage
order, in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the OSHS and other
pertinent issuances for stoppage of operation or for other appropriate action to abate the
danger. Pending the issuance of the order, the employer shall t a k e appropriate
measures to protect his workers. The stoppage order shall remain in effect until the danger is
removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be penalized under existing
provisions of labor laws.
Section 20. Effectivity
This issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its
agencies in the administration and enforcement of applicable labor and social legislation
and their implementing regulations.
Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being enjoyed
by employees at the time of issuance hereof.
Module 3 – Construction Site Premises

Construction is inherently dangerous and present almost all hazards in every way and processes.
We must be responsible to help make it safe for everyone with Management support.
Coverage
 Good Housekeeping
 Safety Signage
 Fire Safety
 Electrical Safety
 Means of Access and Egress
 Heavy Equipment
 Lifting Equipment
 Excavation
 Scaffolding
 Ladder
 Safety Inspection
HOUSEKEEPING
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING
1. cluttered and poorly arranged areas

2. untidy or dangerous storage of materials
3. presence of items no longer needed or in excess
4. dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
5. tools and equipment left in work areas
6. no waste bins and containers
7. presence of spills and leaks
Disadvantages of Poor Housekeeping
 Low Morale
 Low Productivity
 Fire
WHAT IS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING?

Good housekeeping means there is a clean and orderly place for everything and everything is in
place.
The 5S of Good Housekeeping

Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
Seiton (Systematize/organize)
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
Shitsuke (Self-discipline/ training)
Controls
 Clean work area
 Provide waste bins
 Keep floors, aisles and stairs free from obstructions
 Properly stack & store materials, tools and equipment
Rule 1060 OSHS

– Premises of establishments
– Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines
and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage and filling of
materials.
Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and

health program.
SAFETY SIGNAGES
A Safety Sign provides information about health and safety at work by means of a signboard, a
safety color and a safety message to a specific object, activity or situation.
D.O. 13 Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of hazards
existing in the workplace. Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic locations and,
as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most of the workers employed.
Section 9.1 The signage should include but are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the project
site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used and stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
may exist which should indicate the name of the
contaminant/ substance involve and the type of
respiratory equipment to be worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/ facility
equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come into contact with
dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
j) Instruction on the usage of specific construction
equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
Safety Bulletin Board

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of
workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements of the
OSHS.
Where Signages are needed . . .

 Usage of PPE
 Falling/falling objects
 Explosives and flammable substances
 Tripping and Slipping Hazards
 Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/ substances
 Proximity to electrical facilities/equipment
 Moving parts of machines
 Location of Fire Fighting Equipment
 Instructional signs/Update of man-hours lost
PPE Safety Scoreboard
Effective Visuals
1. Change Periodically 4.Locate Properly
2. Employees Involvement 5. Use COLOR
3. LARGE Enough 6. K I S S
Module 10 - Electrical Safety

Like any other forms of energy, it can be completely safe provided it is treated and handled with care and
people know the basic principles in its use. Electrical abuse and misuse, however, can result to serious
injuries, fire, damage to plant and equipment, even death.
Every piece of equipment is a potential source of electrical shock. Even an electrical shock small enough not
to cause an injury can trigger an involuntary reaction that may result in physical harm.
Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of electric
facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by strong light from arc welding work; and fire or
explosion ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.
An effective electrical safety policy coupled with an employee training and hazard awareness program can
further prevent electrical shock. It is also recommended that an effective electrical inspection program be
implemented and conducted periodically as conditions warrant.
Myths and Misconceptions about electricity:
 Electricity takes the path of least resistance. This myth implies that current only takes low resistance
paths. Actually, current will take any path, high or low resistance in order to return to the source that
provides power.
 A person is led to believe that electricity wants to go to ground and simply disappear. In reality, current
uses the ground to get back to its grounded power source.
 When an electrical tool or appliance is into water, it does not short out. If the switch is ON, the item
will continue to operate. If it is switched OFF, it will do no harm.
 AC reverse polarity is not hazardous. The switch is supposed to be on the “hot” conductor supplying
power to the item.
 It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts AC is not dangerous. Current is. However, AC voltage as low as
60 volts can kill. At higher voltage, the body can be severely burned and yet the victim could live.
 Double- insulated power tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp locations.
Basic Electrical Terms
Voltage- the difference in potentials between points (measured in volts)

Current- The movement or flow of electric charges (measured in amperes)
Resistance- The property of material that opposes the flow of electric current (measured in ohms)
Ohm’s law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to
the resistance.
Conductor- permits electrons or electric current to flow through it Conductors have low resistance to
electricity and are used for wires, switches and electrical connections.
Insulator- Used to provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact). Insulators have a very
high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring and other electrical components
Semiconductors - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator. They are used
to make computer microchips.
Electrical Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to permit
electrons to travel in a continuous stream. Electricity may take multiple paths, flowing through all possible
circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through the path of least resistance, or lowest resistance, or
lowest impedance.
Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels creates a new
electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the ground. Equipment grounding
connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical lines. Bypassing grounds or careless handling of
grounding connections can result in electrical fires and fatal accidents
Circuit-Protection Devices (CPDs)

 Fuses
 Circuit breakers
 Ground fault circuit- interrupters (GFCIs)- A GFCI is a supersensitive appliance, rapid action
power switch which breaks a circuit when there is more than 5 milliamps difference between
the hot wire and the neutral or grounded conductors.
Rules for Circuit Protection

 Do not create an octopus connection
 Never bypass, bridge nor disable any circuit protection device in an energized or live circuit
 Always make sure the power is safely off.
 Replace a fuse with the exact duplicate.
 Use fuse pliers for added protection
 Be sure the markings on the old and new fuses match.
Electrical Shock – is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool or
machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor. The danger of an electric shock is not directly
related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the following conditions: current value, type of power supply,
duration of electric shock, passage of current and human condition.
The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz; the limit current at which
man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to 8 mA and the maximum current at which man can
still move is about 10 to 15 mA. The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric shock. The flow of the
current disturbs the hearts rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its vital functions. When the current
increases, the heart shivers and death results in few minutes.
Measures for Preventing Electric Shock Accidents

Accidents or deaths by an electric shock are mostly caused by contact with power transmission lines,
followed by movable or portable electric machines and equipment, switches, wiring, capacitors, and other
power facilities.
To prevent such accidents, even death, it is necessary to check the electric facilities and put them in order,
and to conduct training for handling electric equipment and working method around electric facilities.
1. Maintenance and Inspection of electric facilities
 Check the wiring, movable wires, switches and all electric machines and equipment if
provided with complete insulation cover and enclosures. If you found out that it is
faulty, they must be repaired immediately.
 Before using the electric equipment, check the earth conductor is connected and not
damaged and see to it that the earth pole is not floating.
 Before using the welding machines, check if the electrode holders, safety devices and
tools such as automatic voltage reducing device for AC welding machines and leakage
circuit breaking equipment for preventing electric shocks are complete.
2. Electric shock prevention when handling live lines and working near live lines
When handling hot lines, it is necessary to install an insulation protector, and have workers
wear safety garments such as insulation gloves and electric safety helmet. For high- voltage
live lines, it is preferable to use live line working tools such as live sticks, live line working
carts, and insulation bench. If working near a high- voltage live lines, workers must approach
within 30cm from overhead live lines or within 60 cm from sideway or underneath live lines.
The workers must wear insulation protective garments or the live lines must be provided with a
safety device. Low- voltage live lines must be protected in the same way.
 Electric safety Helmet. Or electric safety helmet is useful to prevent an electric
shock and protect the head from flying and falling objects. The helmet consists
of high- insulating synthetic resin, such as polyethylene. Polyester and hard
polyvinylchloride.
 Electric Rubber gloves
o For high voltage. When handling high voltage live lines, the gloves
protect the hands and forearms.
o For low voltage
Raw and synthetic rubbers are used, of which the latter has better wear
resistance. The withstand voltage is 2,000 V/min for raw rubber gloves
and 1, 000 V/min for synthetic gloves.
 Electric Insulation garments. Is used to protect both shoulders and back from
an electric shock.
 Electric sleeve cover. Protects arms from electric shock

 Electric insulation tube.
 Electric insulation sheet
 Protective tube for construction field.
3. Electric shock prevention when handling power failure

It is caused by misrecognition of hot lines, touching residual electric charges, and error of
power transmission and this accident is greater at power failure than at normal operation.
First Aid Procedures
Mild Shock
 Have the worker sit down
 Be sure muscle movement is normal
 Check for loss of feeling in any part of the body
 Check the pulse rate and breathing
 If there is no severe pain, the worker can return to work.
Continuous Shock
 Remove the contact of the worker from energized source using wooden chair, broom handle,
plastic pipe or rope.
 When you have freed the victim from the power source, assess if the victim’s condition. Check
the airway, breathing and pulse. Always bring the victim to the doctor for medical attention
after first aid.
Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and keeping it blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy during
service or maintenance.
Lockout- tag out procedure

 Place a lock on a disconnection switch, circuit breaker, valve handle to make sure it cannot be moved
from the OFF or closed position.
 Attach a written tag at the place where the equipment would be energized, such as the ON switch or
on a valve that opens a supply line.
 NEVER use you LOTO for blocking personal or unauthorized items
 NEVER lend or borrow a lock or tag
 NEVER remove someone else’s lock or tag
6 steps to lockout/ tag out

1. Preparation- know the equipment, its energy source before working on it
2. Shutdown- turn off the equipment
3. Isolation- find and isolate every form of energy that the machine uses. This includes pulling fuses,
throwing disconnects and capping any secondary sources of energy.
4. Application- anything that might restore the flow of energy to the work area must be locked out. In
situations where multiple pieces of equipment are being locked, an authorized employee places all
keys in a lock box to which each employee attaches his or her personal lock.
5. Control- even after the equipment is locked out, you must control the stored energy.
a. Relieve, disconnect or restrain any residual hazardous energy that could be present
b. Check that all moving parts have been stopped.
c. Relieve trapped pressure
d. Install ground wires to discharge electrical capacitors.
e. Block or support elevated equipment
f. Check continuously if energy build- up is possible
6. Verify
a. Energy source is shut down. Blocked off, controlled and locked out
b. Warn everyone in the lockout area and be sure they are moved to a safe place
c. Activate controls that might restore power to the machine you are working on
d. If equipment does not start, restore all controls to the OFF position and begin to work
3 steps to removal and Re- Energizing a System

1. Restore Work Area
a. Remove all tools
b. Double check all equipment components
c. Replace all safety features, such as machine guards
d. Close access panels that were opened to perform service on equipment
2. Notify Personnel. Notify all employees that LOTO devices are being removed. Remove employees
from the area or make sure they are at a safe distance from the equipment.
3. Remove LOTO Devices. The person who placed each device must be the one to remove it.
Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your supervisor who will follow specific
procedures. Never remove it yourself.
After all devices are removed, tell involved employees that LOTO is ended and that the equipment is being
re-energized.
Summary Key Points:

 Electricity is a form of energy.
 Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of
electric facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by strong light from arc welding
work; and fire or explosion ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.
 Electrical shock is the most serious electrical hazard.
 The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric shock.
 Lockout is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and keeping it
blocked out.
Module 12 - Fire Safety

Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in the presence of
enough heat. If any one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The relationship is called fire triangle. It is
important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows the main causes of fire, how fire spreads, how to fight
fire, and how to prevent fire.
Basic Chemistry of Fire
 Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural gas
(methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other living matter.
Inorganic substances are also combustible, substances like hydrogen, ammonium nitrate
magnesium, phosphorus, sodiumand sulfur.
 Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21 percent oxygen
and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
 Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where chemical
union of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the substance gives off these
vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is called the “flash point” of the substance.
 Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a
material, are carried into the flame
Three methods of Heat Transfer
 Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance

due to a temperature gradient. It takes place in solids, such as metals, timber, concrete and
glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better conductor of heat than woods, for example.
 Convection. Is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer. It takes place in
fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.
 Radiation. Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the heat of the
material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature. It is the process of heat
transmission through air and gases. If you are sitting close to a bonfire, he will feel the heat of
the fire, even though the surrounding is cold, this is an example of heat radiation.
Sources of Ignition
 Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a common
source of ignition.
 Spontaneous Ignition. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it may ignite
spontaneously without a present ignition source.
 Spontaneous Combustion. Is a type of combustion which occurs without an external ignition source.
Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer, such as oxygen, is present.
 Smoking. In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a certain area, can
be a source of fire.
 Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a machine comes to
contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or slide together during machine
operation.
 Engines, Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking areas, diesel-
petrol engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems can be a source of ignition.
 Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable heating
appliances, etc can be also a source of ignition.
 Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition.
Products of Combustion
 Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products of combustion.
 Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less luminous when
it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen.
 Heat. Is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact.
 Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.
Phases of Burning
 Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase

 Flame Producing or Free-Burning Phase
 Smoldering phase
INCIPIENT PHASE – or beginning of fire

• oxygen is plentiful
• Temp has not built to high peak
• Breathing not difficult
• Direct water application
• Ventilation: not a problem
• Little steam production
FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply and temperature greatly
increased.
• Fire has involved more fuels
• Oxygen supply is being depleted
• Heat accumulates at ceiling
• SCBA is a must
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production
SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a smoldering phase
where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room.
• Oxygen supply is below 15%
• Temp is very high
• Normal breathing not possible
• Backdraft hazard
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must
****************************************************************************************************
Fire Spread Control
 Starvation or Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation:

 Take the fuel away from the fire
 Take the fire away from the fuel
 Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.
 Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:
 Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing the inward flow of more oxygen
 Adding an inert gas to the burning mixture.
Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion by purging and
rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.
 Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most effective and
cheapest medium for fighting a fire.
Classifications of Fire and Extinguishing Methods
 Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood, cloth, paper, and natural fibers.
Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the burning material below its ignition
temperature. It is the most effective way of extinguishing the Class A fire.
 Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam, vaporizing liquids, carbon
dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B fires. There may be some restrictions on the type
of foam which can be used because some foam breaks down on contact with alcohols.
 Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be controlled by the use of
non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure is to always de-energize high voltage
circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the fuel.
 Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and
potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are ineffective on this kind of fire because
of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent available that will effectively control fires in all
combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in each of the metals
and are marked specifically for that metal.
 Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K" under
the US system, and "Class F" under the European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the special characteristics of these types of
fires are considered important enough to recognize separately.
Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and
cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1
to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms
(50+ pounds). These wheeled models are most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways,
heliports, as well as docks and marinas.
Portable Fire-Fighting
These are appliances designed to ba carried and operated by hand. These contains extinguishing medium
which can be expelled by action of internal pressure and directed on to a fire. The maximum mass of a
portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg.
 Water. These operate on the basis of cooling and reducing the temperature within a
fire, slowing down the rate of combustion and preventing reignition from taking place.
Water is the most efficient form of extinguisher for use on Class A fires.
 Foam. Foam applied to a fire has a smothering effect, preventing further air from
reaching the combustion area or seat of the fire.
 Carbon dioxide. It produces a snow that is converted to gas in the fire. This has the
effect of slowing down the rate of combustion, reducing the available oxygen through
the smothering effect created.
 Dry Chemical. These incorporate a specific powder mixture that interferes with the
combustion process, reducing the combustion rate until no further ignition and
reignition of the fuel can take place. They are designed for Class A and B fires.
Proper Use of Fire Extinguishers

The Parts of the Fire Extinguisher
Summary Key Points:

 Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in the
presence of enough heat.
 Fuel, Oxygen, Heat and chemical reaction are the basic chemistry of fire.
 Classifications of fire are Class A or combustible materials, Class B or Flammable Liquids,
Class C or energized electrical equipments, Class D or combustible metals and Class K or
kitchen fire
 Fire Extinguishers are an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense.
 P.A.S.S= Pull the pin, Aim at the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sway the nozzle side by side.
 The purpose of fire alarm is to give an early warning of fire in vicinity.
SAFETY IN LIFTING OPERATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS
Refers to any methods for moving materials:
 by people
 by people using equipment
MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING

Manual Material Handling means moving or handling things by lifting, carrying, placing, pushing,
or storing using own physical strength.
CORRECT MANUAL LIFT BAD MANUAL LIFT
Proper Lifting Method

4 Stand close to the load
4 Keep feet apart
4 Keep back straight
4 Bend your knees and not your back
4 Grip the object with the whole hand
4 Lift load gradually
4 Keep body weight directly over your feet and use muscle power of legs
What makes manual material handling hazardous?
•Load too heavy

•May have a shape that makes it hard to handle
•Wet, slippery, or have sharp edges
•Unstable or can shift its center of gravity
•Too big or high to block your frontal vision
•Located too high or low for a safe lift
Mechanical Handling Classification
• Manually Powered
• Push Cart
• Hand Pallet
• Motor/Pneumatic/Hydraulic driven
• Lifting Equipment
• Hoist
• Cranes
• Transport Equipment
• forklift
• tractor
• dump truck
How Do Accidents Occur?
Instability – unsecured load, load capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft
Lack of communication - the point of operation is a distance from the crane operator or not in
full view of the operator
Lack of training
Inadequate maintenance or inspection
Hazards in Crane Operations
 Structural failure
 Overloading
 Instability
 Falling or slipping load
 Electrical Hazards
Safety Precautions in Crane Operation
 Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load

 Never move load over people.
 Never allow personnel to ride on a load.
 Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist.
 Lift, move & lower loads smoothly.
 Do not leave suspended load unattended.
 Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use.
 Use tagline to stabilize and control loads.
 Respond to signals from designated signalman only.
 Maintain safe distance from electrical transmission lines.
Rigging
Is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine. The main part of this
process is the tying up of the load with sling and/or other connecting devices so that the load could
be hooked onto a crane.
Sling Inspection
 Broken Wires
 Abrasion
 Crushed Strands
 Corrosion
 Kinks
Safety Inspection
Is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a health and
safety problem.
Purposes of Safety Inspection
• Eliminate Hazards
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
• Display Visible Management Commitment to Safety
• Establish Accountability
• Identify Training Needs
• Fulfill Legal Obligations
Types of Inspection
Continuous Inspection
a process conducted as part of their job responsibilities in noting and correcting potential
danger
Periodic/Interval Inspection
a systematic process with specific intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety and health
inspection
Intermittent/Emergency Inspection
an unscheduled inspection may be
After Inspection
•Writing of inspection report

•Correction of hazards
•Monitoring and evaluation
Corrective Actions
•Immediately correct everything possible.

•Report at once conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest solutions.
•Take intermediate action as needed.
Our main goal in the

premises.....
Module 4: Demolition Safety

DEMOLITION
Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled

methods or procedures.
“SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING”

Why Plan?
 Identify the Hazards
 Meet Legislative Requirements
 Ensure Appropriate Equipment
 Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
 Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition
 Determine Cost of Demolition
Demolition Technique
Sequential
gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction
Induced
key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the structure to
collapse
Method of Demolition
Manual – use of hand held tools
Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
Explosives – use of explosives
Workplan
 Technique and Method of Demolition
 Sequence of Work Operation
 Estimate of Time of Completion
 Equipment to be Used
 Proposed Access and Egress
 Public Protection
 Bracing and Shoring
 Disconnection of Services
 Methods of Handing/ Disposal of Demolished Materials

 PPE Requirements
 Demolition Personnel and Supervisor
Hazards Associated with Demolition
 Falls
 Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
 Manual Handling
 Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
 Noise and Vibration
 Electric Shock
 Fires and Explosions
 Equipment
Falls
 Falling through fragile roofing material
 Falling through openings
 Falling from open edges
 Falling out of elevating work platforms
 Failure of equipment
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
 Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)

 Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
 Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
 Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
Manual Handling
 Using equipment
 Operating equipment
 Manual demolition
 Lifting material
 Clearing up
 Loading trucks/bins
Hazardous Substances
 Lead
lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
 Asbestos
sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement sheets,
flooring materials
 PCBs
stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
Dangerous Goods
Flammable liquids/ vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space
Noise and Vibration
 Equipment
 Falling debris
 Explosives
Electric Shocks
Live wires from structures
Fires and Explosions

 Flammable materials
 Welding or cutting
 Leaks of explosives gases from accidental damage of pipes
 Arson especially when the site is unattended
Equipment
 Electrocution
 Plant failure
 Dropping material
 Equipment striking persons
 Noise and vibration
 Flying particles
 Dust and other airborne hazards
 Falling objects onto operators
 Structural collapse of floors
 Welding and cutting hazards
 Falls
Isolation
 Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
 Install barriers and fences
 Mark off hazardous areas
Personal Protective Equipment

 Safety Helmets
 Harnesses and Lanyards
 Boots
 Gloves
 Respirators
 Hearing Protectors
Module 5 Excavation Safety

Excavation
 Is any man-made cut, cavity or depression in
an earth surface that is formed by earth
removal
Trench
• is a narrow excavation where the depth is greater than its width, and the width measured at
the bottom is not greater than 15 ft.
Hazards of Excavation Works
• Soil Collapse
• Falls
• Vehicular Traffic
• Underground Utilities
• Working Surface
• Confined Space Conditions
Principal Causes of Soil Collapse
• Steep cutting angle

• Super imposed load
• Shock & Vibration
• Water Pressure
• Drying
Prevention of Soil Collapse
Type A – Most stable: clay

Type B – Medium stability: silt and unstable rock (disturbed soil as type B)
Type C – Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping.
Prevention of Soil Collapse

 Cut the slope at a safe angle (H:V)
• Type A - 3/4:1 or 53°
• Type B - 1:1 or 45°
• Type C - 1½ :1 or 34°
Prevention of Soil Collapse…

• Provision of shoring and timbering
Plate Lining System
The walls of every

excavation over 1
meter deep shall
be supported by
adequate
shoring…
Falls
• Minimum Berm
not less than one third of the depth of the excavation
may be reduced to not less than 1 meter provided that materials are stable, shoring
and barriers are present
(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS)
• Barricades of at least 1 meter high should be provided.

• Signs should be posted to prevent the public from going near the excavation.
Surface Crossing of Trenches
• Walkways or bridges must be provided

• Minimum clear width of 20 in.
• With standard rails
• Extended a minimum of 24 in. past the
surface edge
Vehicular Traffic
• Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable garments marked with reflectorized
materials
• Designate a trained flag person along with signs and barricades when necessary
• Use horn or give signals to ensure safety.
Underground Utilities
• Determine location of underground

facilities and take necessary steps to
prevent damage to these facilities.
• In an open excavation, support, protect or
remove underground installation.
Working Surface
• Excavation shall be kept free of water at all times

• And in muddy area, workers should be provided with boots to reduce the hazard of slipping.
Groundwater Control
Sump Pumping Well Pointing
Single-sided Well Point Double-sided Well Point
Confined Space Conditions

Hazardous Atmosphere:
• Oxygen, O2 : < 19.5% or > 23.5%

• Flammable gas concentration > 10% of Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
• Hazardous toxic chemicals
Excavation in confined space

Check the condition of the atmosphere before entry
Do not work alone in a confined space
Provide lifeline
Provide ventilation or blower before entering
Provide emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness and
line and basket stretcher
Working in Excavation
 Prior to opening
Check excavation permit
Identify all underground installations
Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards before
starting excavation
• During operations
Wear appropriate PPE
Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely affected by weather, moisture
content or vibration
Safe working distance between workers
Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warning lights
• During break time, workmen should never stand or take rest on high banks of soft material
• Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of excavations
• Do not use guardrails as resting place
Inspection
• Daily before start of each shift
• After heavy rain
• When fissures, tension cracks, undercutting, water seepage, bulging at the bottom or other
conditions occur
• When there is any indication of change or movement in adjacent structures or spoil pile
Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once everyday.
Summary Key Points:

 An excavation may not be safe to enter without a proper support structure being
provided.
 Back-filled grounds are especially dangerous.
 Water increases the possibility of a cave in.
 Excavation should be considered as a confined space.
 A worker does not have to be completely buried in soil to be seriously injured or killed.
Module 6: Heavy Equipment / Crane Safety

 Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction site
doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate within close proximity to
persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to hazards associated with this
equipment.
 In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile machines
working in the same area at the same time
CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT ACCIDENTS
TOTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT
1. Management Commitment
 Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
 Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
 Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.
 Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.
 Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.
2. Employee Involvement
 All must receive basic orientation.
 Attend operator’s Tool Box Meetings
 Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules.
 Realize that they must see and be seen.
DO#13 Sec. 12S & H Information

12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:
a. drivers/operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling equipment

and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.
b. Workers as signalers
3. Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis

 Identify Potential Known Hazards.
 Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.
 Lay down/Storage Areas.
4. HAZARD PREVENTION and CONTROLS

 Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.
 Spotters provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment.
 Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
 Temporary Barricades around Hazards.
5. Equipment maintenance
 Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection
 Inspect before operation
 Check instrumentation
 Check safety devices; horns, lights
 Warm up and make trial run
 Keep machine clean
 Be aware of abnormalities
SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES
1. AUTHORIZED OPERATOR
 Qualified with license
 Well trained
 Good physical condition
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
 Keep control of the Machine at all Times.

 Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate.
 Familiarity with the operating characteristics of your machine.
 Be on The Look-Out For Other Trades Working in the Same Area.
 Frequently check for the Location of other Machines. Keep Lights and Backup Alarm in Operating
Condition.
 Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason!
 Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or Changes made in
Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions.
 Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor.
 Talk Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain “Constant Awareness”.
 Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand.
 Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your Clearance. (Backing on the Blind
Side should be Avoided if at all Possible).
 Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!
2. Personal Protection
3. Physical Condition
4. SAFETY RULES
 Check job site condition
 Soil condition
 Working near utilities

5. SALIENT POINTS
HE Operators be tested and certified
All Heavy Equipment tested and certified
6. Alertness
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!
 Know where your Blind Spots are.

 Look for people walking around you.
 STOP! When Signaled; When waived at violently; Or if you are in doubt….
 Maintain a safe operating speed.
7. Avoiding Distraction
 Small Machines have small blind spots, where large machines have large blind spots, both
can cause serious injury or death!
 The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area.
8. Appropriate Use
 Specific equipment operation
 Equipment capacity
 Equipment capability
 Equipment restriction

CONCERNED PERSONNEL
 Equipment Operator
 Workers on foot
 Spotters
 Management people and supervisors
 Other construction site personnel
HAZARDS PRESENT IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
 Moving parts of the equipment

 Uneven terrain
 Energized electrical lines
 Fall
 Dust
 Overloaded equipment
 Noise
 Vibration
 Unsecured loads
 Improvised attachments
 Blind spot.
BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK
 Small heavy mobile equipment has small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large
blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
 The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area
 Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS ON FOOT
 Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s.
 Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
 Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees you
 Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
 Watch out for swinging parts.
SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES
 Wearing of high visibility vests and other appropriate PPE’s.

 Spotters should use clearly understood hand signals or traffic control devices, (i.e. signs,
etc.)
 Spotters should know operator visibility limitations, always remain visible to the operator and
be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
 Learn and follow Safe Work Practices!

 Review manufacturer’s operating manual
 Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment.
 Know how to operate and use safety features on equipment properly
 Allow NO ONE to ride outside the cab for any reason!
 Keep all lights, back-up alarm, seat belts, mirrors, shields and safety guards in place and in
good condition.
 Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in the area.
 Know where your blind spots are and always check the mirror on the blind side.
 Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.
 Must understand signals and always obey the spotter.
 STOP! When signaled; when waved at violently; or if you are in doubt!
 Maintain a safe operating speed.
 Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.
 Report any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it
is unsafe to operate
 Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
 Never get on or off a moving equipment. Park in a safe place, apply parking brakes, turn off
engine and remove the key before dismounting.
 Turn the engine off before refueling
OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION
 Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is reserved only for safe and
responsible operators
 A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in place. The
operator must be competent, trained and in good health.
D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT
 Section 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for
every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in
terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”
 Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its accredited
organization/s”
 Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment”
5 BASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
 When using heavy equipment, there are 5 basic guidelines that the operators must
always follow to ensure safety:
1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using
2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking prescription
medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition before beginning a job.
In addition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your equipment.
Crane Safety
Particular hazards exist when operating mobile cranes. Operators, and personnel in the vicinity of
the operating cranes must be alert to the potential for injury and\or damage at all times. These
hazards include but not limited to:
 Collision of the crane jib or its load, with personnel, equipment or buildings,
 Contact with live aerial conductors (overhead power lines),
 Overturning of the crane during lift,
 Introduction of a source of ignition to a hazardous area,
 Damage to underground services.
PROXIMITY HAZARDS
Consideration shall be given to the presence of proximity hazards. Proximity hazards include, but
are not limited to, the following:
(a) Overhead power lines.
(b) Nearby structures or other cranes.
(c) Excavations.
(d) Fixed hazards.
(e) Personnel movement within the crane working area.
(f) Mobile equipment movement within the crane working area.
(g) Public access areas including roadways, railways and rivers.
(h) The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) (e.g., busbars, strobe lights, induction furnaces,
welding) on radio, infra-red or electronic controls.
CLEARANCES
Where two or more cranes work within a site, or share the same air space, procedures shall be
established to maintain sufficient clearances to prevent contact between parts of the cranes and
crane loads except where multiple crane lifting is carried out . When cranes operate on adjacent
sites and may share the same air space, negotiations shall be carried out to formulate procedures
to ensure sufficient clearances are maintained between the cranes.
LOADING
Crane operators must understand and check the weight or load charts applicable to the crane to be
used. Weights should be marked on loads, contained on manifests or shown on drawings. If the
load weight is not available, estimate the weight (using weight charts or tables) and include the
weight of lifting beams, chains, slings, block and hook.(Hook could weigh up to 1 tonne on a 50
tonne crane). Note: All cranes with capacity of 16 tonne and upwards have a load indicator in the
cab.
CRANE STABILITY DURING ERECTIONAND DISMANTLING PROCEDURES
Precautions shall be taken when erecting and dismantling a crane to ensure that the stability of the
crane is maintained. In particular, the following procedures shall be followed where applicable:
 Only parts and components meeting the manufacturer’s specification shall be used.
 Jointing pins shall be assembled so that they can be removed by a person standing on the
outside of the assembly.
 All outrigger jacks shall be fitted with foot plates according to manufacturer’s instructions.
 All outrigger jacks shall be fitted and adjusted in accordance with the operating instructions.
 The correct amount of counterweight shall be fitted on the crane and at the appropriate location
before the boom or jib is raised.
 When the operating length of boom or jib is reduced, the specified counterweight shall be
removed to ensure that the backward stability of the crane is not adversely affected.
 Appropriate precautions shall be taken before a long boom is lowered to the ground level.
 To maintain the best margin of stability when a long boom is raised or lowered to the ground level,
the hook blocks shall be lowered and rested on the ground before the Boom or jib is lowered.
 Where timbers are used under outrigger footplates, they shall be arranged so that successive
layers are laid at 90o to each other (pig sty fashion) so that the top layer is in line with the outrigger
arm.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Observe the following precautions when operating a mobile crane:

 Do not leave a crane unattended even for a short time, unless all loads have been removed,
lowered to the ground or the engine shut down and brakes applied.
 Do not operate a crane in high or gusty wind conditions that may put the load or personnel at risk.
Always use the cranes load rating charts for guidance, these have wind and weather factors built
into them.
 Do not use flat web slings to raise, lower or suspend a load.
 Do not use a fibre rope slings if a suitable steel wire rope can be used.
 Faulty slings shall be tagged for destruction with an
Out of Service Tag and returned to the area
reliability planner.
 Discard any wire rope used on a crane, when the
visible number of broken wires in any length of
rope diameter exceeds 5% of the total number of
wires in the wire rope
 Check that there are no loose objects on a load
that could fall during lifting. Pay special attention to
the tops of the containers.
 All lattice boom cranes fitted with outriggers will
have the outriggers operational at all times. No
slewing of these cranes is to take place unless
outriggers are fully extended and in place.
 Do not use the crane to drag the load along the
ground. Severe overloading may result.
 Do not exert a sideways pull on a shackle or
eyebolt.
 Lower the load under crane power, except
where a chain and block system is attached
between the crane hook and the load.
 The work area, equivalent to that of the
extended jib, should be barricaded off to ensure unauthorized personnel do not enter the area.
Module 7: Hand and Portable Power Tools

 The Supervisor is primarily responsible for ensuring the safe use of tools.
 The use of hand and portable power tools must be accompanied with proper orientation.
 The use of right tools for the job eliminates potential hazards thus ensuring quality of work.
Hand tool accidents from;
 Human carelessness
 Not knowing the right tool for the job
 Ignorance of safety precautions
 Failure to maintain/keep the tools properly
 Not instructed for the correct usage
Basic tool check
 Are the tools right for the job?
 Are the tools in safe working condition?
 Are the tools being used properly?
 Are the tools kept in a safe place?
HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS

 Keep tools clean
 Check tools for good working condition
 Use the right size and type for the job
 Carry tools in tool box, bag or belt
 Do not use excessive force on the tool
 Wear appropriate PPE
MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS
 Electric
 Pneumatic
 Cartridge/powder actuated
 Gasoline
 Hydraulic
INJURIES CAUSED BY:
 Electric shock
 Particles in the eyes
 Fires
 Falls
 Explosions
 Falling tools
Wheel Breaking
• choose, right wheel for the task.

• don’t bend or stress wheel.
• ensure disc is compatible with grinder.
• ensure disc is correctly fitted.
• wear correct PPE for the task
PNEUMATIC TOOLS DANGER
 Leaving airline where it may cause tripping hazard of be damaged by traffic

 Leaving tool with air supply switched on
 Disconnecting the hose from the tool using it to clean machine or clothing.
 Squeezing the trigger before reaching the work
CARTRIDGE TOOLS
 Used for fastening fixtures and materials to metal, pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete, masonry,
block, brick, stone and wood surfaces
 Instructions for use, handling and storage must be available on hand
DANGERS
 Free shots
 Ricochet
 Atmosphere causing explosion
 Projectiles fired through the work
SAFETY TIPS
 Do not use if your hands are wet or if standing on wet surfaces

 Make sure that you know how to use the tool properly
 If tools are misused, it can result in injury or spoiled work
COMMON ERGONOMIC INJURIES
 Bursitis
 Osteo-arthritis
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Tendonitis
 Cellulitis
 Tenosynovitis
 Epicondylitis
 Tension Neck/Shoulder
 Ganglion
 Trigger finger
INJURIES CAUSED BY…
 Repeated overtime use of vibrating tool/equipment.

 Tools/tasks which require twisting hand or joint movement.
 Applying force in an awkward position.
 Applying excessive pressure on parts of the hands, back, wrists or joints.
 Working with the arms over-stretched or overhead.
 Working with a bent back.
TAKE NOTE!
The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools and work stations often develop slowly over
a period of months or years.
However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a long period of time indicating that
something is wrong.
THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Because power tools often come into close contact with the body, wearing the appropriate personal
protective equipment is necessary to prevent personal injury.
Module 8: Scaffolding Safety DO. 128 –13 (Amendment to OSHS Rules
1414)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety including
erection/installation and inspection of Scaffolds, working safety on heights including rescue and basic
standard safety procedures on handling ladders and eventual certification from TESDA NC II as Scaffold
Erector and competent person in compliance to Department Order No. 128-13 of the Department of Labor
and Employment.
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo) and its
supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting employees or materials or
both in the course of any construction works, including maintenance and demolition works.
Function
 As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to do their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and logistics to carry out their job
 As a platform and walking passage

• Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker as their walking path to
transport the material and logistics
Classification of Scaffolds
 Supported Scaffolds
 Suspended Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
 Supported Scaffolds are platforms supported by legs, outrigger, beams,

brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
Frame or fabricated scaffolds
 the most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to use.
 frequently used in one or two tiers by residential contractors, painters, etc., but their modular
frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large-scale construction jobs.
Mobile scaffolds
 a type of supported scaffold set on wheels or casters.
 designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things like painting and plastering,
where workers must frequently change position
Tube and coupler scaffolds
 they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices.
 are frequently used where heavy loads need to be carried, or where

multiple platforms must reach several stories high.
 Their versatility, which enables them to be assembled in multiple

directions in a variety of settings, also makes them
hard to build correctly.
Pole scaffolds
 Are types of supported scaffold in which every structural
component, from uprights to braces to platforms, is made of wood.
Cannot easily be reused, and considered old- fashioned and
are rarely used today.
Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds contains one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid
means from an overhead structure.
Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

 also known as swing- stage scaffolds, are perhaps the most common type of suspended
scaffold.
 Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically
used by window washers on skyscrapers.
Single-point Adjustable
 consists of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped with
means to permit the movement of the platform to desired work levels.
 The most common among these is the scaffold used by window washers to clean the outside
of a skyscraper (also known as a boatswain's chair).
Suspended Scaffolds:
 Support Device rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least four times the load imposed
 Counterweights
o Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping moment
o Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
o Made of non-flowable materials
o Tiebacks must be installed
 Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

 Falls from elevation
 Struck by falling tools / debris
 Scaffold collapse
 Electrocution
Recommended Control Measures

 Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Must be fully planked
• Use fall arrest systems
 Struck by falling tools or debris

• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
• Use panels or screens
• Build a canopy or net
 Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Firm foundation
• Plumbed and level
• All components installed
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Provide wall ties or anchorage
• Have a competent person check scaffold
 Electrocution
• Observe clearance/distances required between power lines and scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering
Clearance from Power Lines
Line Voltage Minimum Distance
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)
more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m) plus 4 inches for every 10 KV over 50 KV
Mobile Scaffolds
 Plumb, level and squared
 Braced to prevent collapse
 Casters and wheels locked to prevent movement while in a stationary position
 Not allowed to ride on scaffolds when moving
Three Stages of Scaffolding

1. Building Scaffolds
2. Using Scaffolds
3. Removing / Dismantling Scaffolds
4.
Stage 1: Building Scaffolds
1. Persons Involved – wear PPE

2. Site Specific Hazards Identification
Erectors
Classification of Scaffolds
Inspect all scaffold parts before use (cracks, dents, bends, breaks, corrosion & bad
welds)
Condition of fittings (distorted, stripped, missing, bent parts)
Condition of scaffold planks (cracks, splits)
Damaged scaffold (tagged, set aside, repaired or replaced)
3. Erection of scaffolds
 Supervised by competent person
4. Means of safe Access
 Stairs/ Ladders
 Frame scaffolds
 Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object protection
Platform
• No paint on wood platforms

• Use scaffold grade wood
• Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must match and be of the same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
Platform Ends
 Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must extend over its
support by at least 6 inches
Proper Scaffold Access
 Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of
access
Permitted types of access:
 Ladders, such as portable, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and built-ins

 Stair towers
 Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come out window
Access
 No access by crossbraces
 When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches high
 Can use some end frames
 Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist
Stage 2: Using Scaffolds
 Training of personnel in the proper use of the scaffold and hazards associated
 Establish and communicate jobsite rules
Put in writing
Taught to all employees
Part of the safety culture
Scaffold Inspection
 Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations
 Defective parts must be immediately repaired
 Provide Scaffold tags
Stage 3: Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds
 Must be done by trained personnel

 Proceed in reverse order to its erection
 Workers should wear a safety harness and lanyard tied off to a secured anchor before
attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
 Do not hammer or pry apart the scaffold components.
 Do not throw scaffold components
THE FIVE MOST SERIOUS SCAFFOLD HAZARDS

Falls
Falling Objects
Scaffold Collapse
SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGIES
DEFINITIONS
Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood plank or other device used to support the
scaffold frame base plates or other support devices.
Base Plates - A device used to support and distribute the leg load of a scaffold system sized
according to the manufacturer’s specification.
Outrigger Stabilizers - A device used to extend the support length at the base of the scaffolding in
order to provide stability against overturning.
Bracing - A system of members connecting frames or sections of scaffolding to make the scaffold
structure and add strength and rigidity between members.
Tie-Backs - A reinforcing connection device which secures a scaffold to a fixed structure.
Guardrail - A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.
Platform - A working surface provided on a scaffold to support the weight of workers, tools and
materials.
Scaffold Wood Planks
12” width x 2 “ thickness x variable length
10” [min.] width x 2 “thickness x variable length
Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection system that prevents serious injury or death of a worker
due to a fall, usually consisting of a full body harness secured to a lanyard and lifeline.
Plumbness - Ensuring that the scaffold is balanced and erected at a 90-degree angle straight up
from a level surface.
Foundations - The surface upon which the scaffold is erected.
Coupling Devices - A connective device used to secure scaffold frames together.
Swivel Coupler - A load bearing fitting which rotates so that tubes can be joined at any angle.
Mainly used to connect braces to standards.
Double Coupler - Also referred to as right angle or 90? Couplers. Used to join tubes at right angles
where maximum load carrying capacity is required. Double couplers must always be used to join
ledgers and standards together.
Putlog Coupler - A fitting used for fixing putlogs to ledgers.The fitting must not be used to join
ledgers and standards together or in any load bearing situations.
End to End Coupler - Used to join tubes together end to end.
Sleeve coupler
Expanding joint pin
Standards [Post] - Make sure the standards are sitting on a base plate and where the ground
dictates a sole board. A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground or a structure.Used to
carry the ledgers.
Ledgers [Runners] - A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.It also acts as a
support for the transoms.It can also be used to form part of the ties in the scaffold.Ledgers
should be fixed to the standard using load bearing fittings. (double)
Transoms [Bearer]
Board overhang and Overlap do 128
All platforms must be fully decked or planked.
Each abutted end of a plank shall rest on a separate support surface.
Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to prevent
movement, i.e.” Cleating”.
The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working surface.
Toe board - A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against the falling of
materials or tools.
Engineering Design - The design of a scaffold system by a registered professional engineer,
drawings of a scaffolding system should include all appropriate information on loading capacities
and, detailing on tie-backs, foundations, etc. These drawings must be kept on site.
RESPONSIBILITIES/DESIGN APPROVALS
Management / Employers:
Ensure that proper scaffolding material and equipment is provided at the project site.
All workers must be trained in proper scaffold use, erection, and maintenance.
Provide all necessary personal protective equipment, (i.e. safety headwear, footwear, fall
protection systems, etc.) to workers erecting and using the scaffold.
Workers:
Ensure that they follow safe work procedures and use all necessary equipment and any
necessary personal protective devices when erecting and using scaffold systems. Workers
must also take care to protect other workers when working on scaffolding.
Design Approvals
All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a working

load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer and approved by
the appropriate authority.
Scaffolds of more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by a structural engineer and shall
be erected, installed and dismantled by TESDA certified erectors.
Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without failure at
least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds shall have six (6)
times factor of safety; and
All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the manufacturer’s design and
specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall be design by
structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.
Scaffold Competent Person - The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be
responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for personnel
erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.
Competent Person
o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
o The competent person shall have the following certification:
COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization.
Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
At least 2 years experience in scaffold erection.
Scaffold Erector
All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety training
organization.
Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II.
INSPECTION
Because of severe weather conditions, the scaffold system shall be inspected on a regular
schedule and a record of the inspections maintained at the job site.
SCAFFOLD TYPE AND SELECTION
Basic Consideration
The weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment to be carried by the scaffold system (safe
work load)
Site conditions (interior, exterior, backfill, concrete floors, type and condition of walls, access for
the equipment, variations in elevation, anchorage points, etc.)
Height to which the scaffold may be erected (overhead power lines, tie-backs
Type of work that will be done from the scaffold (masonry work, sandblasting, painting, metal
siding, mechanical installation, suspended ceiling installation)
Duration of work
Weather conditions, including wind
Requirements for pedestrian traffic through and under the scaffold area
Means of access to the scaffold
Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
Wind speed limit is 48kph (DO 128) and 40kph (International Practice)
SCAFFOLD CAPACITY
Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4x the expected load. Expected load includes:=
4xLive Load + Dead Load
 Live load includes: Tools

Workers
Materials
Equipment
Environmental [wind + earthquake]
 Dead loads includes:
Pipes
Couplings
Planks
Etc.
SCAFFOLD LOAD RATINGS

Scaffolds are designed to meet specific load ratings.
Standard Load Ratings:
25 lbs. per square

Light Duty foot
50 lbs. per square
Medium Duty foot
75 lbs. per square
Heavy Duty foot
The allowable working load of scaffolding is 3,450kg per leg [TESDA] The
allowable working load of scaffolding is 150 kg per sq. m [DO 128]
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 Tube and Coupler  Ladder Jack Scaffolds
 System Scaffold  Trestle Ladder Scaffold
 Frame Scaffolds  Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
 Cantilever Scaffold  Hanging Scaffold System
Rustgo Manual Work
 Hanging Scaffold Platform
 Tower Scaffold  Horse Scaffolds
 Shoring Scaffold  Adjustable Scaffolds
 Scaffold Public Protection  Scissor Lifts
 “Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold  Aerial Lifts
Two-Point Suspended
 Pump Jack Scaffolds  Scaffolds
USE AND MAINTENANCE
Scaffold Location
Checking the scaffold location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate many of the problems that
develop during construction and will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently and safely.
Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for:

Ground conditions Variation in surface elevation
Overhead electrical wires  Tie-in locations and methods
Obstructions Potential wind loading conditions
Overloading
Scaffold platforms are one of the most frequent violations of good scaffold practice.
Housekeeping
Scaffold decks are usually small, narrow and confined. Tools and materials to be used should be
stored in an orderly fashion. Debris and waste materials should not be allowed to collect on the
platform.
Safe Scaffold Use
Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
Do not work from any part of the scaffold other than the platform.
Do not alter the scaffold.
Do not move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold and the
proper procedures are followed.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery
materials.
Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead power lines.
Do not use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person decides
that doing so is safe.
Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift contraptions to raise your work height.
Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
Do not put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to hold.
SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
Scaffold systems and components should be inspected before each use to ensure structural
stability. Some main areas to check for include:
Damage to frames, braces and other structural components.
Damage to hooks on manufactured platforms. Splits,

knots and dry rot in planks.
De-lamination in laminated veneer lumber planks.
Compatibility of components.
Sufficient and proper components for the job.
Scaffolding that has been in place for long periods of time
Stability of the ground or work surface, proper
All components from the same manufacturer

mud sills when needed
Adjustable screw jacks with base pads in

every External ladder access for steel scaffold bucks not
post designed for climbing
Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on all working
supervision of a competent person levels
Fall protection in place once work deck

reaches Daily inspection performed by a competent person
or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional scaffolds before and during the shift
Scaffold must be designed to hold four times Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold exceeds
the four
intended working load (safety factor of “4”) times the minimum base dimension
Planks overlapped over horizontal support no less

Scaffold grade planking or better for all work than
surfaces 12”
Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized components,
personnel below proper PPE in use
Scaffolding Safety Inspection Checklist

SCAFFTAG SYSTEM
COLOR CODING OF SCAFFOLD MATERIAL
Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for wear / rusting etc. & certifies the material
for usability by changing color
st
 1 year - Red
-
nd
 2 year Yellow
rd
 3 year - Blue
th
 4 year - Red
Module 9: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

If a hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all employees
are not harmed in anyway. One way of reducing or controlling hazard is to isolate the process, which is
engineering control. The second is to control the hazard by administrative control, like increased breaks,
shifting, so on. If the two controls of hazards cannot be done, the use of Personal Protective Equipment or
PPE is necessary.
PPE usage is considered the last resort. PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not
eliminate the hazard.
Role of Management
 Development of PPE program

 Implementation
 Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
 Revision, refinement
Limitations of PPE
 Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
 Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
 Must be used properly
 Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required
when respiratory protection is used.
Benefits of PPE
 It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls are put in
place
 In an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting down
plant in hazardous atmospheres
 It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are impracticable.
But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous atmospheres, which are,
for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.
Options for Control

Management of PPE programs
 Risk Evaluation
 Hazards Identification  Ultimate responsibility of a PPE
 Choice of control options Program rests at Management
 Determination of control need level
Risk Evaluation  It should be supported by a
written procedure and controlled
 What particular job by a responsible person
 Nature and degree of exposure
 Magnitude of exposure
 Increased level of exposure
 Length of exposure
 Frequency of exposure occurrence
 Related circumstances
 Result of exposure
 Local or systemic effect
 Short or long-term effect
 Reversibility or otherwise
 Acceptable level of exposure
 Standards
 Accurate measurement
 Variations in concentration of contaminant
 Overall level of risk to the worker
Hazard Identification
 Agent
 Physical Characteristic
 Route of Entry
 Effect from exposure
Control Options selected should:
 Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level

 Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
 Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts
PPE Program is composed of the following elements:
1. Selection
 To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task, hazards,
personnel, materials, etc.
2. Fitting
 When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the equipment is
used.
 Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
 Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation, heat stress)
 A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment
4. Compatibility
 If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the harmony of
the individual items needs to be evaluated.
 The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
5. Issue
 Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees, remembering that
several types of equipment may be available.
 PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from hygiene
considerations, employees are then more willing to accept responsibility for the care and
maintenance of the equipment.
 A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is recommended
and can provide another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
 PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
 Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program equipment
that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used, may provide no
protection at all
 Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
7. Maintenance (Cleaning and Storage)

 Depending on type of equipment used, procedures need to be established for its cleaning
and maintenance when necessary
 Exempted here are single use (disposable) items
 Occasionally, during use, PPE may become contaminated with toxic materials. Provision
should be made to prevent contamination with other areas of the workplace or
employees engaged in cleaning or maintenance activities.
 Respirators can be placed in suitably labeled containers until sent for cleaning.
8. Disposal
 Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures need careful
consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment may need to be treated as
toxic waste
9. Information and Training

 Employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about the hazards
associated with their jobs to enable them to work safely with minimal risk to health.
 Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will be much aware
to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided
 Supervisors should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and any limitations
placed on the employee by the. PPE, ensuring that appropriate feedback is given to the Safety
Advisers, Occupational Health Personnel or Hygienist
10. Supervision
 A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
 Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by others as
required
11. Reviews
 Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and being
followed:
 Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
12. Checklist
 to ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
 It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its effectiveness may be
crucial to the health of the workers
Controlling Hazards
To develop an effective PPE program, the supervisor should:
 Be familiar with required standards and requirements of government regulations

 Be able to identify hazards
 Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market to protect specific hazards
 Know the company procedures for maintaining the equipment
 Develop an effective method for convincing employees to dress safety and wear the proper
protective equipment
 Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that require personal protective equipment for
protection against hazardous chemicals and materials
 Consider establishing an industrial hygiene evaluation procedure to determine whether PPE is
needed to meet MSDS requirement.
PPE and their Classifications
 Head Protection
 Face Protection
o Helmets
o Shields and Goggles
o Hoods
 Eye Protection
o Contact Lenses
o Goggles
 Ear Protection
o Earplug
o Muff Devices
 Respiratory Protection
o Air Purifying Device
o Mechanical Filter Respirator
o Chemical Cartridge Respirators
o Gas Masks
o Hose Masks
o Air Supplied Respirators
o Abrasive Blasting Helmets
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
 Arms, Hands, Fingers

o Heat Resistant Gloves- used to protect against burns and discomfort when the
hands are exposed to sustained conductive heat.
o Metal Mesh Gloves- used by those who work constantly with knives to protect
against cuts and blows from sharp or rough object.
o Rubber Gloves- Worn by electricians
o Rubber, Neoprene and Vinyl Gloves- are used when handling chemicals and
corrosive.
o Leather Gloves- are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and rough objects.
o Chrome Tamed Cowhide Leather Gloves- used in foundries and steel mills.
o Cotton Fabric Gloves- are suitable for protection against dirt, silvers, chafing or
abrasion.
o Heated Gloves- are designed for use in cold environments such as deep freezers
and can be part of a heated-clothing system
 Feet, Legs
o Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where there are
specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
o Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes of molten
metal or from welding sparks.
o Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal- are built into shoes worn in areas where
there are hazards from protruding nails and when the likelihood of contact with
energized electrical equipment is remote, as in the construction industry
o For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are effective
o Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards
o Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the bottom to
protect the instep and the entire leg.
2 Types of Head Protection
Hard hat
Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and from limited
electrical shock or burns.
Bump Cap
Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard hat protection
is not required.
How Hard Hat Protect You
Shell - resists and deflects blows to the head
Suspension - acts as a shock absorber
Non-Conducting Material - serve as an insulator against electrical shocks\
Major parts of a HARD HAT
SHELL
- provides a barrier between the head and the blow
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force of a blow (normally one inch)
BRIM OR VISOR
- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun
Hard Hat Shell
1. Class E (Electrical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. Class C (Conductive)
-no protection from electrical conductors
Hard Hat Suspension

4point suspension 6-point suspension
Types of Eye & Face
Protection
1. SPECTACLES
 Intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety of hazards.
2. GOGGLES
 Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes.

 Aside from impact/flying particles, it also protects the worker from liquid droplets, gases & vapors.
3. FACE SHIELD
 Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over goggles for extra
protection.
Types of Hearing Protectors:
1. Earplugs
a. Foam Type (Disposable)

b. Formable (Reusable)
c. Semi-Aural
2. Earmuffs
a. Head Band
b. Neck band
c. Hard Hat Mounted
Two Types of Respirators
For Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing area.
For Contaminated Air
Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone, either trap
particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors
I. Disposable Type
A. Foam Type
B. Polypropylene
II. Cartridge Type
A. Quarter Mask
B. Half Mask
C. Full Face Mask
Summary Key Points:

 PPE usage is considered the last resort.
 PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.
 Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby. Relies on
people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly. Must be replaced when it no
longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when respiratory protection is used.
Module 11: Emergency Preparedness In COnstruction

The potential for emergencies and disasters to happen at all plant facilities, even at home
can be devastating in terms of casualties, business interruptions, loss of capital
investments, etc. These events cannot be avoided but the management can reduce their
frequency of occurrence and severity of damage when effective preparation and planning is
done. No matter how committed an industrial company may be in terms of occupational
safety and health program implementation, the probability of an emergency may arise at
the least expected times. This module will help employees to make decisions and take
appropriate actions to keep a victim alive, keep injuries becoming worse and how prepare
in case of an emergency.
Emergency is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action. However, a

disaster is an extremely serious state of emergency where the possibility of loss of life,
severe injury or extensive damage to property exists. A disaster may or may not be
preceded by a state of emergency. Emergency planning involves the development of a
specific plan that details action/s to be taken by trained personnel during an emergency in
an effort to efficiently control it and minimize its negative impact.
Disaster
Sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or destruction
and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.
Design plans
Will provide established procedures and guidelines for the management and staff to follow in the
event of disaster.
 Communications
 General Emergencies
 Evacuation Procedures
 Natural Emergencies
 Man-made Emergencies
 Consideration for Emergencies
 Disaster Recovery
Response Plan Provide Guidelines
 Protect lives and properties
 Improve preparedness in the event of an emergency or disaster
 Provide for orderly and efficient transition from normal to emergency operation
 Reduce losses associated with emergencies through improved enterprise resources
 Assign emergency authority
 Assign emergency responsibility
 Improve safety awareness, emergency and disaster readiness
Application of this plan

Man Made Emergencies
• Hazardous material
• Transportation accident
• Terrorism
• Sabotage
• Kidnapping
• Fire
Natural Emergencies
• Typhoons
• Flood
• Earthquake
A. Communication
External Internal
- Telephone - two-way radio - personal contact
- Cellphones - warning system - megaphone
B. General Emergency Plan

1. Warning from Outside Agencies
Warning of a severe weather, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions or other emergencies which
can be foretold by gov’t.
2. Warning from Within

It is the responsibility of the Building Captain, head of Communications & Security
in the ERT organization to notify all personnel and visitors when it is necessary to
evacuate the facility/building or go directly to PAP.
3. PAP (Personnel/Pre-designated Assembly Point)

Personnel and visitors will immediately proceed to this area.
4. Education and Training

A. Personal and Personnel Survival.
B. Drills
Fire drills shall be held at least annually or more often if deemed
necessary.
Familiarity with evacuation routes/plans

Drills shall be held at both opportune and
inopportune times to cover almost any situation.
5. Special Duties
 Each head of department shall take notice of their personnel’s
attendance when each drill is conducted.
 Upon arrival at the pre- designated assembly point, the department
head shall count their personnel to assure that all are accounted.
 The evacuation plan provides for checking of restrooms, vacant
rooms, specialty rooms and elevator to ensure that all persons are
aware and are heeding the warning.
 Each employee is assigned during his/her shift certain task to
conduct closing doors, windows, and turning off lights in a disaster.
 ERT member from maintenance personnel shall shut off electricity
in an emergency and report for further assignment.
6. Employees
 Don’t take time to get belongings when the alarm is sounded.

 Certain employees will be designated by Area Marshall to be
responsible for closing windows, doors, turning off the lights and
equipment and other duties.
 Employees will proceed to the nearest exit and evacuate the
building in an orderly fashion to the designated area.
C. EVACUATION PROCEDURE
1. Employee seated near windows shall secure that the windows are close.
2. Any employee next to a restroom or vacant room shall check that room and, if anyone is
there, instruct that person(s) to proceed to the PAP.
3. Employees are not to take anything with them unless ordered by the Area Marshall for
important documents or in case of fire.
4. Employee closest to the doors/stairways will leave first; then the last person out of the room
will close the door.
5. Employees should move quickly and safely as possible without creating more hazards than
already encountered.
6. Keep calm and listen for information or instructions.
7. If primary exits are blocked, for any reason, then go to an alternative exit.
8. Department heads should account for all his/her personnel.
9. If a fire is in the corridor just outside the room or close enough to the exit route, then close
the door block all gaps around the door until a move can be decided. Delegation of Duties.
1. Floor warden
2. Building Captain
3. Head-count and reporting
4. Exit guards
5. Fire Extinguisher Squad
6. Hose and Nozzle Team
7. First Aiders
8. Search & Rescue Team
D. Considerations for Emergency Operations

I. Direction and Control.
Use of Emergency Response Team for emergency operation. To facilitate policy
making, coordination and control of operating force in a large scale situation.
Aspects:
• Indicate in-charge of each emergency
• Determine when to issue order to evacuate the facility
• Identify individual responsibility for issuing evacuation orders and how it will be
announced.
• Chain of command to assure continuous leadership, authority and responsibility in key
positions.
• Assignment of operational and administrative support for emergency response.
II. Emergency Information

-defining responsibility of the department and describing activation procedures.
-assignment of responsibility to assure employees understands the warning

signals, receive instruction, know and what to do in case of emergency -include
emergency response activities on the agenda of regular supervisors meeting.
-designation of information office as official point of contact during an emergency.
-timely forecast of all hazards that require emergency preparedness or response action
Facility Shutdown
-defines and assigns responsibilities for the protection of company property and
classified material before employee leave work stations.
Aspects:
 Indicate under what conditions shutdown must
 occurred to be considered
 Identify authority to shutdown
 Complete checklist for shutdown
 Diagrams to show where to turn everything off
III. Communication.
-Establishing, using, maintaining and providing back up for all channels of communications
needed for emergency response and recovery.
Aspects:
o Primary and back up communication with generator or extra batteries.
o Two way response radio communication between Bldg. Captain and Group Leader of
emergency response forces.
o Key telephone numbers for industry emergency assistance
organization.
IV. Emergency Services.

-plot plan of utility shut off, water hydrant mains, and building plan.
-traffic and security control.
-fire equipment storage
-damage assessment reports
-obtaining emergency medical support during emergency
-adequate water supply for drinking, firefighting and sanitation
A well-organized emergency procedure takes account of four stages:
 Preliminary action- the most important part of the emergency procedure o The
preparation of a plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of the site,
products and surroundings
o Briefing of employees on details of the plan, including the position of essential
equipment
o The training of personnel involved and appointment of competent persons for certain
actions.
o The implementation of a program of inspections of potentially hazardous areas,
testing of warning systems and specification of evacuation procedures
o Specifying the date at which the plan will be re-examined and updated.
 Action when emergency is imminent- when there is evidence that an emergency is
imminent, this stage will feature procedures for assembly of key personnel,
advance warning to external authorities and testing of systems connected with the
emergency scheme.
 Action during the emergency-there may however, be unexpected variations in a
predicted emergency. Decision- making personnel, selected beforehand for this
purpose, will need to make precise and rapid judgments to ensure that appropriate
action follows the decisions made.
 Ending Emergency- there must be a procedure for declaring plant, systems and
specific areas safe, together with the reoccupation of premises where possible.
The emergency plan should possess the following provisions:

1. The purpose of the emergency plan is to provide guidance on the
following:
a. A site emergency response organization’s structure and responsibilities
b. Develop a sample emergency scenarios and their consequences
c. Establish emergency control resources (human, equipment, training, etc.)
2. Make sure that the emergency plan is up-to-date
3. The emergency telephone numbers must be provided, including the

senior personnel or people that must be notified in case of emergency
EMERGENCY is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action.
General Procedures In Response To Different Types Of Emergencies.
FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
ROLE OF FIRST AIDER:
1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.
OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:
1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.

2. To prevent added injury to the victim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:
1. Survey the scene.

2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3. Activate medical assistance or transfer facility.
4. Do the secondary survey of the victim
SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough blood to
circulate throughout the body following a serious injury.
OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID TO SHOCK VICTIMS:
1. To improve circulation of the blood.

2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.
WOUND is a break in the continuity in the body either internal or external.

FIRST AID for closed wounds:
I – ice application provided to the affected portion of the body.
C – compression over the affected portion.
E – elevate affected portion above the heart to reduce swelling.
S – splint or immobilize
FIRST AID for open wounds:

C – control bleeding
C – cover wound with dressing
C – care for shock
C – consult or refer to physician
EARTHQUAKE - What to do:
 Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table or doorway
 Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.

 When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
 At the end of initial shock, evacuate building when given clearance by the Chief Marshal
 Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.
FIRE EMERGENCY – If you discover a fire:

 Activate fire alarm (break glass)
 Call for help, dial your hot line number

 Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.
 Do not take any personal risks.
 Follow instructions of evacuation team guide.  Proceed to the assembly area.
EVACUATION
 On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit near you.
 Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location  If you are away
from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor.  Do not attempt to return to your own
floor  Security will take any other action.
BOMB THREAT
 If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered – do not touch it, clear the area  Notify security office
 Prevent other personnel from going into the area
 Security will take any other action required
IF YOU RECEIVED A CALL…
 Attract the attention of another staff member to ring your local hotline
 Record details of threat as per procedure given: do not hang up your phone
 Try to record exact words; keep the caller TALKING (try to obtain as much information as possible)
 Security will take further action required
QUESTIONS TO ASK…
 When is the bomb going to explode?
 Where is it right now?
 What does it look like?
 What kind of bomb is it?
 What will cause the bomb to explode?
 Who place the bomb?
 Why?
 Where are you?
 What is your name?
DO NOT HANG UP THE PHONE!
SECURITY
 Most Senior Security Officer on-duty shall respond when an emergency arising from fire,
earthquake and explosions occurs upon notice given by the Chief Marshal
 The compound shall be cordoned to prevent unauthorized person’s entry
 Security Officers shall supervise crowd control to prevent employees and looters around the
affected area.
 Follow the safe and orderly evacuations of employees to the assembly area.
Module 13: Working at Heights / Fall Protection

Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various work phases involved
have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high places, falls are so
significant and need a lot of attention. Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding,
ladder, temporary structure, roofing and opening. Likewise, alarming, are falling materials that cause
damage to properties and even serious injuries and death to pedestrians. Amidst these rising falling
accidents, there is indeed an ever-growing need for fall protection principles and concepts in the
construction industry.
Evaluating the Risk
Employees exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more to a lower elevation must be protected. It is

important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the construction work in order
to identify potential sources of fall accidents. This evaluation can be done in the form of a job
hazard analysis, where the work task is broken down into a number of distinguishable steps. The
steps are then analyzed to determine the hazards and identify preventative measures to protect
against the hazards. It is important to regularly review and update the job hazard analysis,
especially if there are changes in the work environment or new technology, equipment and
machines are introduced.
Categories of Fall Hazards
1. Falls from elevation

Scaffolds
Ladders
Roof
Elevated workplaces
Floor openings
Leading edges
2. Fall on the same level

Slipping and tripping hazards
3. Being struck by falling objects
Objects that are
- Improperly stored
- disposed of
- mishandled at elevation
Control Measures
Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of falling
entirely. For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker from falling,
than a personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). In this way, the worker is never
in a position where an actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must rely on the personal
protective equipment system to safely arrest the fall.
Working at Heights & Fall Protection Systems Categories
1. Surface Protection against Slipping & Tripping Hazards
Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace. It is important to
keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are not required for the task at hand. Oil
spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared up immediately.
Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be provided with a
non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface. Footwear with special
soles may be also required.
2. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers
A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past the edge of a work
level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending on the
circumstances at the workplace. Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning barriers, & ladder
cages.
a. Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-rail and
toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from inadvertently stepping off a
working level and falling to a level below. Variations of guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope,
steel frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and others. Any of these variations
is acceptable, as long as the system meets the basic design specifications
b. Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a hazardous work
area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barriers used where it is not reasonably
practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been temporarily removed from
an area.
This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least2 meters from the
work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is increased when high
visibility flagging or other means issued to mark the warning barrier.
c. Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access, proper handrail
must be provided. These serve as both a physical barrier and a means of support to a worker
moving up and down the access way. Handrails should be designed the same as a guardrail.
d. Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a barrier between
the worker and the surrounding space. It serves as a support to a worker, if he needs to rest
against the barrier. The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side rail of the ladder at any
time during the climbing of the ladder. However, it does not provide complete fall protection on its
own. It should be used in conjunction with a full body harness and lanyard.
3. Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/Floor Coverings Surface openings in floors and

other walking surfaces where workers have access must be protected by guard railing or secured
wood or metal covers. The covering must be capable of supporting all loads to which it may be
subjected.
The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an opening below. When plywood is
used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be 19mm (3/4") with proper support for the
plywood.
4. Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/Lanyards/Anchorage a travel restraint

system is intended to limit a worker's movement so the worker is unable to reach a location
where there is a risk of falling.
The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline and/or lanyard
and anchor. The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is attached to a
secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only proceed to within
approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no circumstances should a travel restraint
system be rigged so that a worker is in a position to fall.
5. Fall Arrest Systems - A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint system. Unlike travel
restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall; it reduces the chance of injury when a fall
takes place. A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point, lifeline, fall arrestor,
lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
Specifications for a Fall Arrest System:

a. Anchorage point - anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it, as it is
dangerous to work above the point of anchorage. Belt anchors shall be made of metal of metal
machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a pull of 2730 kgs. (6,000
lbs.) applied in any direction. If the anchor is exposed to the elements, it must be corrosion
resistant.
b. Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and the user of the
system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs.)
without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point and be protected
from abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically or horizontally
(installed between two or more anchors), depending on the application. Temporary lifelines are
made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails,
wire ropes, or similar materials.
c. Fall arrestor (rope grab) - This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline when a fall
occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely on the lifeline until
there is a sudden downward motion. When this sudden motion occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs"
the lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms are also built into retractable life line
devices, which play out and retract as necessary, but hold fast in the event of a fall (similar to a
seat belt in an automobile).
d. Lanyard - A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the worker's
safety harness. Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with double action
devices.
e. Shock absorber - This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall occurs. It
is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The shock absorber
prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force transferred to the lifeline and anchor.
A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the lanyard design.
f. Full body safety harness - This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic area of a
worker and to support the worker during and after a fall. Body type harnesses of the parachute
type should be used. The harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline at the dorsal
(back) position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply sloping surfaces, the user
needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism
6. Fall Containment Systems a Safety Net - where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or
fall arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety nets are used most
often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or to provide a proper anchoring
and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work
and structural steel erection.
Safety nets requirements include:
It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling person or debris.

There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against contacting any
surface or structure below the net.
It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the work area & no
further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working surface.
No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.
b. Safety Mesh - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof installers
and offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair works. Safety mesh
should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails or fall arrest systems
and devices. However, it should not be used for access to or egress from a work area or as a
working platform.
Module 14 Behaviour Motivation for OSH

Accidents in the industry can occur when there’s a failure of some unit in the
industrial process: equipment, materials, methods, safety devices, or the
industrial worker- the human unit.
To influence work attitudes and motivation, the safety professional must work with
and through the line supervisors or foreman or the individual in closest contact with
a group of employees. A successful work program depends on trust and acceptance on the part of affected
employees.
Motivation is usually considered to most want to have something. It is also equally and often, not wanting
something. An employee may want to use a safety device, while others may not want to use. Others may
be motivated to avoid injury, others wants speed work to increase production. Motivation is derived from
generic, social, and cultural factors, attitudes of family, friends, workplace peers and supervisors.
Behavior motivation is a safety observation process that involves significant workforce participation,
targets specific unsafe behaviors, it is based on observational data collection, it involves data-driven
decision making process, involves a systematic observational improvement intervention, involves regular
focused feedback about ongoing performance, and lastly, it requires visible ongoing support from all
management levels.
 MOTIVATION is defined as inducing people to work with will to achieve a given task.
OBJECTIVE OF MOTIVATION
 To improve safety performance through behavior motivation.
 All of these are nothing if we would not use the above results of success as tools to attain or
provide “HAPPINESS”
The objective of MOTIVATION is for us and our subordinates to gain success where:
 We develop talents
 We strengthen or improve our position
 We gain power
 We reap honors
 We win friends
JOB MOTIVATORS
 Achievement
 Recognition
 Work itself
 Responsibility
 Professional growth
MOTIVATION
 Individual’s tendency toward action in a given situation.
 It is the individual who acts or behaves in a given situation
 Goal-Directed School of Motivation
 Needs Hierarchy Theory
 Need Achievement Theory
Theories of motivation
 Traditional theory- theory made by Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor’s ideas were based on his belief
that existing reward systems were not designed to reward employees/ individuals for high
production, but he felt that if productive people discovered that they are being compensated
basically the same with less productive people, then the output of highly productive people will
decrease. His solution for this was to design a system where an employee was compensated
according to individual production; thus, employees could in many cases significantly increase pay
for production above the standard.
 Hawthorne Effect- the attention to employees, not work conditions, was the dominant influence on
productivity.
 The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- the human needs in the form of a hierarchy should be
satisfied in order, form the lowest to the highest needs.
o Physiological Needs- the
needs of the human
body that must be
satisfied in order to
sustain life
o Safety and Security
Needs- are concerned with
participation against
danger, threat or
deprivation
o Social Needs- is the need for love, affection, belonging- all are concerned with establishing one’s
position relative to others.
o Ego or Esteem Needs- influences the development of various kinds of relationships based on
adequacy, independence and the giving and receiving of indications of self- esteem and acceptance.
o Self- Actualization or Self- Fulfillment Needs- are the needs of people to reach their full potential in
applying their abilities and interests to functioning in their environment.
 McGregor’s Theory X & Y- McGregor categorizes the assumptions upon which traditional
organizations based into theory “X” and the assumptions consisted with the modern organizations
and current research literature into theory “Y”.
 Theory X managers believes that:
o The average person is by nature lazy, he works as little as possible
o He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, prefer to be led
o He is inherently self- centered, indifferent to organizational change
o He is gullible and not very bright
 Theory Y managers believe that:
o If work can be made interesting, it becomes natural and needed part of human
existence.
o People are able to organize and direct their own if they are aware of what is
expected and are trusted.
o Everybody wants to feel important and will welcome responsibility if properly given.
o Most people are more intelligent, creative and interested than their supervisors
realize.
REINFORCERS
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
an act is followed by a pleasurable reward (e.g. you do something right and your boss
praises you)
 NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
you do something right and your boss doesn't criticize you as he usually does.
 EXTINCTION
you do something wrong and your boss doesn't praise you as he often does.
 PUNISHMENT
you do something wrong and your boss criticizes you
LAW OF EFFECT
If our actions have pleasant effects, then we will be more likely to repeat them in the future.
If however, our actions have unpleasant effects, we are less likely to repeat them in the future.
HABIT
 85% of our behavior in a given day is probably dictated by habit

 A tendency toward an action or condition, which by repetition has become involuntary.
 Formed through direct & repetitious experience
 Conscious thought process is bypassed
 Development of habit is automatic if the response is continued & reinforced
VALUES
 Enduring principles upon which a person’s life is built

 Result of continued development & usually take rigid form as the person matures
 “The life you save maybe your own”
Emotions & Human Behavior
 A disturbed psychological condition which can be described as disintegrative activity

 Any feeling, as of love, joy, fear, hate, anger, etc. accompanied by complex psychological changes.
 90% involved in accidents had instances of provocation, frustration, disappointment

 Emotions are integral part of the behavior pattern
Behavior enhancement Program
 Proper selection of personnel

 Prepared safety rules and regulations
 Adequate safety orientation/ familiarization
 Communicate “Must Do” on safety
 Monitor and rate safety personnel
 Communicate safety plans, limits and objectives
 Initiate motivational programs
 Know your employees
 Keep safety interesting
 Provide a safe working environment
Summary Key Points:

 Motivation is usually considered to most want to have something.
 Behavior motivation is a safety observation process that involves significant workforce participation,
targets specific unsafe behaviors, it is based on observational data collection, it involves data-driven
decision making process, involves a systematic observational improvement intervention, involves
regular focused feedback about ongoing performance, and lastly, it requires visible ongoing support
from all management levels.
Module 15: Communication in Safety including Tool Box

Meeting (TBM)
Communication is defined as the transfer of information, ideas, feelings, knowledge and emotions
between one individual and group of individuals and another. The elements of communication are the
Sender, Receiver, Message, and Feedback. In regards to safety, the success of preventing an accident,
a delay or miscommunication is in the effort of how well the workers communicate with one another.
The Supervisor holds the key to the communication between the top management and the workers.
Good communication is vital to the supervisor’s success in his accident prevention program, for creating a
zero accident workplace, etc. The workers are also vital in the supervisors success because they are the
ones who are receiving the message and gives feedback.
The Communication Cycle
Communication does not limit to what the workers and supervisor says, it also depends on what they do or
don’t do. This is an example of non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication can be communicated if the workers don’t do what they are supposed to do,
or if they do something that is not right.
Communication can also be written. Writing a memo is an example of a written communication, however,
getting the feedback may be difficult that face-to-face communication. Follow up verbal or oral
communication should be followed.
Basic Elements of Communication:

 The Sender- the one who delivers the message.
 The Message- the thought; the information
 The Receiver-the one who accepts the message
 The Feedback-the output of the communication cycle.

Importance of Communication
• It is about how information is sent and received within firms

• It is crucial for working successfully with others
• It enables to maintain relationships
• It allows to accomplish tasks while working with both individuals and groups
• It motivates
• It helps to overcome obstacles
• It creates a comfortable, trustful and psychologically safe feeling
7Cs for Effective Business Communication
 Clarity
 Completeness
 Conciseness
 Consideration (The 'You' Attitude)
 Correctness (Accuracy)
 Concreteness
 Courtesy
Questioning Techniques
It is crucial for effective communication to ask the right questions.

Asking the right questions help to:
 Gather better information quickly.
 To learn more about a situation.
 To build stronger relationships.
 To manage people more effectively.
 To avoid misunderstandings.
Open Questions
Open questions evoke longer answers. Open questions usually begin with what, why, how. Such a
question asks the respondent for his or her knowledge, opinion or feelings.
When to Use:
• To develop an open frank conversation
• To find out more detail
• To learn about other person's opinion, feelings or issues
Example:
• Why did he react that way?
Closed Questions
Closed questions generally evoke a single word or very short, factual answer
When to Use:
• To test your or the other person's understanding
• To conclude a discussion or making a decision
• To set a reference frame for the person within which to answer
Example:
• Are you hungry?
Funnel Questions
Asking funnel questions involves starting with general questions, and then zooming in on a point in each
answer. Then, you move on to asking more and more detail at each level. Hence, generally, when using
funnel questioning, start with closed questions. As you progress through the funnel, start using more open
questions.
When to Use:
• To find out more detail about a specific point.
• To gain the interest or increase the confidence of the person you're speaking with.
Example:
• "How many people were involved in the fight?"
• "About seven."
• "Were they kids or adults?"
• "Mostly adults.”
Probing Questions
Probing questions are asked to find out more detail. In such questions, use questions that include the
word "exactly" to probe further. An effective way of probing is to use the 5 Whys method, which can help
you quickly get to the root of a problem.
When to Use:
• To gain clarification
• To draw information out of people unwilling to give information
Example:
• Who, exactly, wanted this report?
Leading Questions
Leading questions are asked to try to lead the respondent to your way of thinking. It is important to note
here that leading questions tend to be closed.
When to Use:
• To get the answer you want but letting the other person believe
that they had a choice.
• To close a sale.
Example:
• Option 2 is better, isn't it?
*******************************************************************
Some Tips for Communication Safety in the workplace

Safety propaganda is the process of getting a range of messages across to people and may take a
number of forms; here are some examples:
Tool Box Meeting

Toolbox talks are a way to ensure all workers are participating in safety activities, and have an opportunity
to discuss hazards/controls, incidents and accidents.
As per DO#13 Section 1 Item Y
Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and their respective
supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the
assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions
on how to prevent possible accidents and other related matters.
As per DO#13 Section 12. Safety and Health Information
12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:
a)informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their workplace; and
b)instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection against
those hazards.
12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall conduct
daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the workers and
anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions to those problems.
The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken.
Running the Tool Box Meeting
1. Schedule the meeting
Let the team know where and when the meeting is. At the start of the day works best with most
workplaces.
2. Set the scene for the meeting — keep it real and be positive
Encourage everyone to join in and provide their own feedback, knowledge and experiences. Use simple
language for everyone to understand to convey the key health and safety messages.
Toolbox meetings are an opportunity to provide positive feedback for safe actions, hard work and
initiatives. It’s also important to avoid criticism and acknowledge everyone for their contributions. The
meeting shouldn’t be a lecture, but a chance for engagement with the team.
Ensure that running and attending toolbox safety meetings is recognized as an important part of a
person’s role. If the worker regards health and safety as an add-on, it will often be neglected.
3. Follow an agenda
Follow an agenda to make sure you cover everything off:
 Inform workers of changes to company procedures

 Identify new hazards and review existing hazards
 Develop/review hazard controls
 Discuss/review accident and incident data
 Discuss the work program for the day/week ahead
 Have company leaders talk about the business direction or a particular topic
 Discuss any new equipment on site
 Provide a short training session
4. Close the meeting
Thank the team for their time and let them get to work.
5. Record meeting notes
Details of meetings should be recorded and kept on file. Record meeting

dates, attendees and discussion items. Show follow-up items from previous hazards, accidents and
incidents.
Module 16 - Roles of Supervisor in Safety

A supervisor, foreman, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a manager in
business. A supervisor is first and foremost an overseer whose main responsibility is to ensure that a
group of subordinates get out the assigned amount of production, when they are supposed to do it and
within acceptable levels of quality, costs and safety. The supervisor is management on the front line.
They directly influence the quality and quantity of goods and services produced.
Managers or supervisors have a direct bearing on health and safety since they have control and can give
instruction. They are also the focal point of a lot of employee
attention and the manner of their behavior and the way they view
on safety and health greatly affects the employees’ attitudes.
Supervisors can influence safety performance by:
 Setting policies that requires high safety

performance.
 Providing resources, handouts, and materials to
achieve those policies.
 Demonstrating the commitment to safety by:
o Personal involvement in health and safety matters
o Encouraging employees to approach high standards on safety
o Giving health and safety equal consideration with everyone in the company.
o Being knowledgeable in health and safety issues.
Safety Responsibility of Line Supervisors
The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the job falls
on the shoulders of the supervisors, not because it has been arbitrarily assigned to him, but because
accident prevention and production control are closely associated to supervisory functions. Whether or not
a company has a safety program, the supervisor has these principal responsibilities:
 Establish work methods

 Giving job instructions
 Assigning people to jobs
 Supervising people at work
 Maintaining the equipment and the workplace.
 Instill safety consciousness
 Proper safety equipment
 Education and training program
Summary Key Points:

 The supervisor is management on the front line.
 The Supervisor’s behavior and the way he view on safety and health greatly affects the
employees’ attitudes.
 The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on
the job falls on the shoulders of the supervisors.
Module 17 Occupational Health

Occupational Health(OH) - defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at work can be exposed
to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational diseases and conditions. Some
people may die as a result of a contact; others may be permanently incapacitated, etc.
AIMS of Occupational Health:
1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate to his
capacity.
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGIC ERGONOMIC

HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS
 Noise Forms:  Bacteria  Improper tools
 Vibration  Liquids  Viruses and equipment
 Extremes of  Solids  Fungi design
temperature  Gas  Insects/  Unnecessary
 Illumination Route of entry Parasites and unusual
 Pressure  Inhalation design
 Ingestion  Repetitive
 Injection Motions
 Skin  Stress at work
 Eye
Contamination
Physical Hazards
1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a
message in both human and electronic communication.
Three Characteristics of Sound:
 Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time; measured in
Hertz cycles per second.
 Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
 Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning
Permissible Noise Exposure (OHSC 1074:02)
Footnote(1)
When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different
levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum
of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n) exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure
should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total time of exposure at a specified
noise level, and Tn indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to impulsive
or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level
Adverse Health Effects of Noise:
 Acute Effects:
o Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to permanent cochlear
damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure.
o Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
o Poor Communication
 Chronic or Long Term Effects:

o Permanent Threshold Shift (Noise Induced Hearing Loss); Noise-induced hearing loss
(NIHL) is an increasingly prevalent disorder that results from exposure
to high-intensity sound, especially over a long period of time.
Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
Purchase new equipment
Preventive maintenance
Isolation/damping
2. Administrative Control
Job rotation / breaks
3. PPE
Ear plugs / ear muffs
2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can
dissipate.
 High Temperature
 High Humidity
 Poor Ventilation
 Multiple Heat Source
Mechanisms of heat removal

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Evaporation
Acute Health Effects of Heat

 Prickly Heat- is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes
 Heat Fatigue-bad mood, water loss
 Heat Cramps- muscle spasm (water + salt)
 Heat Exhaustion- fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting (water + salts +
electrolytes )
 Heat Stroke- overheating, seizure, coma (failure of thermoregulatory system); a
temperature of greater than 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) due to environmental heat exposure
Control of Heat Problems

1. Engineering control
 Ventilation
 Water sources (fountains/showers)
2. Administrative control
 Job rotation/breaks
3. PPE
 Cotton clothes, multiple changes
3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature drops below that required
for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).
Acute Health Effects of Cold

 Hypothermia
 Frostbite- is the medical condition where localized damage is caused to skin and other
tissues due to extreme cold.
 Trench Foot- is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp,
unsanitary and cold conditions.
Chronic Health Effects of Cold

 Bradycardia- ("heart slowness"), as applied to adult
medicine, is defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats
per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops
below 50 beat/min.
 Skin Scaling- due to dryness of the skin.
 Callous Formation
Control Methods
1. Engineering Control
Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2. Administrative Control
 Shift work, rest periods
 Warm food and drinks / medical exams
3. PPE
 Thermal clothing / electric blanket
 Gloves / cap / jacket / wool lined shoes
4. Vibration- refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be
periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel
road; continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard; affects the body
through direct contact.
Health Effects of Vibration

 Inflammation of wrist, elbows, shoulders
 Carpal Tunnel syndrome- median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical condition in
which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to paresthesias,
numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms and waking up at
night is a characteristic of established carpal tunnel syndrome.
 Tenosynovitis- is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that
surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain, swelling and difficulty
moving the particular joint where the inflammation occurs.
 Fatigue- is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation,
because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue is considered an internal
precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively affects the human operator's
internal state.
Prevention & Treatment
1. Engineering
 Tool re-design
 Isolation
2. Administrative
 shifting
3. PPE
 gloves, dampers
5. Illumination- is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect.
Lighting includes use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of
interiors from daylight. Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often used as the main
source of light during daytime in buildings given its low cost.
The importance of Illumination or Lighting

 1915.92(a) of OSH Standards - all means of access and walkways leading to working areas as
well as the working areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated.
o A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse
o A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms
o A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving; planing of lumber
o A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent reading and
writing for filing and mail sorting
o A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting, drafting, stenographic
work.
o A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg; proofreading in
printing plants
Acute effects of low illumination
 Eye Strain- is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific
symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work, or
other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.
 Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary Eyes
Control Methods
 Improve illumination by adding:
 artificial light sources
 natural light sources
 Reduce by:
 Isolation or enclosure
 PPE
 Eye examination / Eye protection devices
6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is
the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the
body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially induced conditions; Pressure changes
cause body stress.
Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and in diving
operations, may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.
Acute Effects of Pressure:

Fatigue Dizziness Depressed Reduced Oxygen
Incoordination Headaches Sensorium Lowered
Temperature Apprehension Disorientation Narcosis Paresthesias
Excitability Tremors Death Pulmonary Edema
Control methods
 Pre-employment screening
 Training (Pre-event)
 Scheduled work duration
 Exercise (During event)
 Medical monitoring
 Medications
 Pressure vessels / chamber
 Rehabilitation (Post-event)
 Pressurized suits
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.
A chemical hazard arises from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
The Routes of Entry of Chemicals
 Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.

Health Effects
 Local irritation
 Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic reaction)
 Absorption is increased with high temperature and perspiration
 Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye.
Health Effects
 Irritation
 Blindness
 Swelling
 Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area;
smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of inhaled materials.
Health Effects
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Inhalation- most important route of chemical exposure;

concentration in the air; duration of exposure;
amount of air inhaled.
Health Effects
 Lack of oxygen
 Difficult to breathe
 Injection
Organs in that body that may be affected by chemicals:

 Skin
 Lungs
 CNS
 Kidney
 Liver
 Blood
 Heart
General Health effects
 Disorientation
 Euphoria
 Light headedness
 Confusion
 Unconsciousness
 Headache
 Nausea, vomiting
 Paralysis, convulsion, death
Control of Chemical Hazards

1. Engineering
Initial selection / substitution
Chemical hood
Redesign the process
2. Administrative
APE / SOP / shiftwork / housekeeping
SDS review
Environmental monitoring
3. PPE
Biological Hazards
Also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism,
virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health; these are the factors that
cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common problems among health care workers
and laboratory personnel handling biologic specimens.
Some Biologic Hazards that can are Contiguous or can lead to Death
 Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most
infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent
infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of
its victims.
 AIDS- This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune

system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic
infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous
membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as
blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.
 Hepatitis A,B,C,E- implies inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of
inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six
months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses
cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due to toxins (notably alcohol,
certain medications and plants), other infections and autoimmune diseases.
 Chicken Pox- is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster
virus. Chicken pox is spread easily through coughs or sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct
contact with secretions from the rash. Following primary infection there is usually lifelong
protective immunity from further episodes of chickenpox. Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is
generally more severe in adult males than in adult females or children. Pregnant women and
those with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious complications. Chicken
pox is now believed to be the cause of one third of stroke cases in children.
 URTI- Upper respiratory tract infections, (URI or URTI), are the illnesses caused by an acute
infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
 Sore Eyes- painful and uncomfortable, usually as a result of an injury, infection, or too much
exercise.
 Sexually Transmitted Disease- is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission

between humans or animals by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse,
oral sex, and anal sex.
 Other Skin Diseases
Ergonomic Hazards
It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems at work.
Job
 the task needed to achieve a result
 governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
 requires learning, training and skill
Workstation
 place of deployment
 where duties are carried out
 where equipment are located
 machines are the tools
 8 hours are spent
 most accidents happen
Tool
 integral part of the man-machine system
 powerful, fast, tireless
 enables man to accomplish his job with reduced effort
Man
 Integral part of the man-machine-system.
 intelligent, adaptive and versatile
 the basis of existence - survival
Workplace Design
Fit the workplace to the worker; not the worker to the workplace
Tool Design
Fit the tool to the worker; not the worker to the tool
****************************************************************************************************
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements
and its cognitive abilities.
The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system
performance.
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the design of
such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and equipment. Proper
ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and
can lead to long-term disability.
Five aspects of ergonomics

There are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance, and
aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples are given of how products or systems
could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic principles.
1.Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have
bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and label. Ergonomics could
design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.
2.Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing oneʼs eye to the light
when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast
principles.
3.Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street signs. This
could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
4.Productivity/performance - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular TV. So

when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically. Ergonomics
recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in loudness and hurts
human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel levels.
5.Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout the
workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is easily accessible
Risk Factors on Ergonomics

1. Position
a. Wrist straight, shoulders relaxed
b. Back and neck as close to their

natural alignment as possible
c. Elbows near the side, bent at a 90º angle to reach the work
d. Keep materials close to the body when carrying
e. Don’t twist, bend, reach
2. Force
a. Use as little effort as allowable
b. Push a cart, don’t pull
c. Seek assistance from others
d. Don’t exceed 25kgs when lifting
3. Frequency
a. Reduce the repetitions of movements in activities
b. Rest breaks
Source: https://www.microsoft.com/accessories/en-us/support/ergonomic-comfort
The Necessary Health Personnel in the Workplace
First Aider
 The one who gives immediate and temporary treatment in case

of sudden injury or illness and refer the injured to the physician or dentist if
necessary. The First aider must maintain the medical and dental services and
facilities.
Nurse
 Provide nursing care to the ill and injured. Performs health

examinations which are within the scope of nursing
profession, and refer the same to the physician if more intensive
examination is needed. He/she maintains health records and
submits annual medical report and gives suggestions to
improve conditions that affect the worker’s health.
Physician
 Organize, administer, and maintain an occupational

health services program. Conducts studies on
occupational health. Prevents disease or injury in the
workplace and conserve the health of the workers Provides medical and surgical
care. Maintains and analyze records of all medical cases. Continually monitors
the work environment for possible health hazards. Acts as an adviser to
management and labor health hazards. He/ she reports directly to the top
management.
Dentist
 The duties of the dentist employed in a

workplace shall be in accordance with the
Standards prescribed by the Bureau of Dental
health Services, Department of Health.
Summary Key Points
 Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree
of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
 Occupational Health Hazards are classified on the Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Ergonomic hazards.
 Noise is an unwanted sound.
 The characteristics of sound are: Frequency, loudness, duration.
 Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than
it can dissipate.
 Cold Stress or Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below that
required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F).
 Vibration is a continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard.
 Illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical

effect.
 Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.
 Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the
worker
Module 18 – Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to identification, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness,
impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of the
community.
Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional
experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in workplace and environmental
studies.
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual,
financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or
consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be
considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure
to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of
possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom from accidents.
Accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold limit of
the body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly progress of any
activity. Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay in operation.
Causes of Accidents
➢ Unsafe acts. A violation of safe procedure

• act of omission
• act of commission
➢ Unsafe Conditions. Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents
➢ Identify - to map a known quantity to an unknown entity so as to make it known

➢ Evaluate - to ponder on something.
➢ Correct - an action to rectify, to make right a wrong.
1. Identify = Hazard Identification. Identification of hazard is done through:
➢ Inspection. An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the

measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or activity.
The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for determining whether
the item or activity is in line with these targets. Inspections are usually non-destructive. It is done
before an incident or an accident occurs.
➢ Investigation. To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically. It is done after an

incident or an accident.
2. Evaluate = Risk Assessment
Compare what you identified with OSH standards
3. Correct = Control
➢ Engineering control. Eliminate or reduce the hazard through:
• Initial design specification

• Substitution
• Change the process
• Isolation (Place)
• Ventilation
➢ Administrative control. Control of employee’s exposure
• Increased breaks
• SOPs
• Isolation (time)
• Medical Exams
• Workplace monitoring
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas
➢ PPE. Use protective barrier to protect the worker from the hazard.
Other General Examples of Control Methods of Industrial Hygiene
1. Substitution of non-toxic or less-toxic for one which is harmful to health (lead in paint pigment
with zinc, barium or titanium oxide)
2. Change in the process to improve working condition (spray paint to dipping or brushing)
3. Isolation or enclosure of a process or work operation to reduce the number of employees
exposed
4. Wet methods to reduce generation of dust
5. Local exhaustion ventilation at the point of generation or dispersion of contaminants
6. Dilution ventilation to provide safe, healthful atmosphere
7. Personal Protective Equipment (devices) such as special clothing, eye or respiratory protection
8. Good housekeeping, including cleanliness of workplace, waste disposal, adequate washing,
toilet and eating facilities
9. Administrative exposure controls, including adjusting work schedules or rotating job
assignments so no employee receives an overexposure
10. Special control methods for specific hazards, such as shielding, monitoring devices and
continuous sampling with preset alarms
11. Medical controls to detect evidence of absorption of toxic chemicals
12. Training and education to supplement engineering controls
Environmental monitoring - describes the processes and activities that need to take place to
characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the
preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which
human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring
strategies and programmed have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish
the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all
cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and published. The design
of a monitoring programmed must therefore have regard to the final use of the data before
monitoring starts.
The Three Basic Components of environmental monitoring are:
1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace

environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in an opinion
as to the degree of health hazard that exists from chemical
of physical agents from industrial exposure.
3. Correct- Engineering, Administrative Control and PPE.
Sources of Data
1. Walk-Through Survey- is done to pinpoint the location of

the existing health hazard so that proper corrective actions
can be taken and to identify potential health hazards under
normal and abnormal conditions.
2. Chemical Inventory
 SDS (Safety Data Sheet) - Raw materials (it is available to anyone who requests for it.
It should be accompanied to any delivery or storage materials)
 PSDS (Product Safety Data Sheet) - Normal written on the labels of the products
themselves. It contains the necessary information about:
o Description
o Structural formula
o Hazard/ toxicity
classification
o First aid
o Physical data
o Fire and explosion data
o Emergency
Examples of Occupational Health Instruments/

Equipment
 Physical Agents
o Noise/ sound- sound level meters, waveband

analyzers, audiometer
o Light- Photometer, illumination meter
o Heat stress- heat stress monitor
o Radiation- radiation survey meter
 Chemical Agents-
o Gas/ dust- indicator tubes, stationary and personal

samplers
 Biological Agents- microscope, microbial samplers

 Other equipment- atomic absorption spectrophotometer, gas chromatograph
Summary Key Points:
 Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to recognition, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among
citizens of the community.
 Accident is usually a result of contact of a man with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body or structure.
 Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions are the Causes of Accidents.
 Steps to control the Hazard are Identify, evaluate, and correct.
 Inspection is done before an accident or an incident occurs. Investigation is after an incident or

an accident.
 Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as

well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the
natural environment.
 Work environmental monitoring is carried out to evaluate occupational hazards resulting from
exposure to the following agents: Physical Agents, Chemical Agents, and Biological Agents.
 It is important to recognize environmental hazards or stresses in the workplace. The

magnitude or level of hazards can be accurately determined by using industrial hygiene
equipment. Prevention is better than cure so it is necessary to assess and evaluate these
hazards.
Module 19 Site Safety Inspection / Site Actual Visit

An inspection is, most generally, an organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the
measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or activity. A
safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate existing and potential hazards
that may cause accidents in the workplace.
Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the standard
operating procedure. When a safety inspection has become part of a supervisor’s routine, the safety
responsibilities of each department will then be integrated to improve the whole company.
It is recommended that formal inspection must be done at least once a month, using a checklist. However,
in some areas, frequent safety inspections should be done.
Objectives and Purposes
 To maintain a safe work environment through hazards recognition and removal

 To ensure that people are following proper safety procedures while working
 To determine which operations meet or exceed acceptable safety and government standards
 To maintain product quality and operational profitability
A safety Inspection Program should answer the following questions:
 What items need to be inspected?

 What aspects of each item need to be examined?
 What conditions need to be inspected?
 How often must items be inspected?
 Who will conduct the inspection?
Types of inspections
 Continuous or On- Going Inspections

o This process is done by supervisors, employees and maintenance personnel as part of their
job responsibilities. This sometimes called informal because it does not have a schedule,
plan or a checklist.
 Planned inspection at intervals
o These inspections can be the foundation of a strong loss control program. This process is
what most people call as “real” safety and health inspection. It is deliberate, thorough and
systematic by design.
Three Types of Planned Inspection Intervals
 Periodic inspection- includes those inspections scheduled at regular intervals. It can

be made weekly, monthly, semi- annually or at other intervals.
 Intermittent Inspection- is those made at regular intervals and they are performed
unannounced.
 General Inspections- are planned and covers places not inspected periodically.
Checklists
A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of
human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A
basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a schedule, which lays out tasks to
be done according to time of day or other factors.
How to create checklists
1. Enumerate every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in our work area
2. Check the written source you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that needed to be checked,
and note the specific location of the hazards already listed.
4. Have your employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and
unidentified the locations of each one.
Chemical Hazard Mechanical Hazard Ergonomics Hazard
Checklists should have the following items:
 Hazardous locations, work processes, and machineries

 Grounds
 Loading and Shipping Platforms
 Outside Structures
 Floors
 Stairways
 Housekeeping
 Others- fire hazards, poor electrical installations, damaged chains, etc.
Samples of written records:
 Previous inspection reports

 JHA
 Maintenance of records
 MSDS
 Accident investigation reports
 Work environment monitoring
Tips for Scheduling Inspection
 Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection

 Inspect as often as possible
 Make sure each inspection is thorough so it will not be a waste of time
 If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections
 Stick to the schedule
Safety Observation Plan
There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. These are:
 Know what to look for.

 Practice observing.
 Keep an open mind.
 Do not be satisfied with general impressions
 Guard against habit and familiarity
 Record observations systematically
 Prepare a checklist.
Communicating the results
It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees. If poor work practices and bad
habits have developed, employees must be advised of the observations immediately and explain the
correct ways on how the work is to be done. Many supervisors forget to mention the positive actions and
practices that take place in their department. It is important to encourage people to follow good work
practices.
Site Visit
This activity would depend if there would be a construction site project that will allow the COSH
class to perform an exercise on what they have learn during the discussion of Safety Inspection.
The COSH Class will be divided into several groups and will be assigned to several allowed
locations within the selected construction (if allowed) and will perform simulated safety inspection
looking for any unsafe acts and unsafe conditions based on the recent learning of past COSH
Training topics.
If they may be allowed to take pictures, they will asked to show it during their group presentations
together with their findings and subsequent recommendations.
Summary Key Points:

 A safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate existing and potential
hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace.
 Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure.
 A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential
limits of human memory and attention.
 It is important to encourage people to follow good work practices.
 It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees
Module 20 - Incident / Accident Investigation
Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or future
accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas within the
organization. Investigations are conducted to prevent recurrence, comply with policies and
regulatory requirements, improve supervisor’s management approach, and maintain employee
awareness-HSE. Accident investigation must be fact-finding not faultfinding. This means that
investigation itself should be concerned only with facts. All accidents are incidents and should be
investigated. The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and makes out
reports. Supervisors are more familiar with the people involved; they have better understanding of
the operations and equipment, and have personal interest in investigations. LTI, NON-LTI,
Property Damage, Near Misses that did not happened and could happen need to be
investigated.
Accident Investigations are done to…
 prevent recurrence
 comply with policies and regulatory requirements
 improve supervisor’s management approach
 maintain employee awareness
Accident Investigations should immediately be investigated because…
 Operations are disrupted

 Memories fade
 Employees are at risk
 May be considered in the supervisor’s performance review
 Required by the law in some cases
 Upper management uses them to judge the quality of the investigation work
 They are often used in the system for managing the follow-up of the remedial action
Method of Investigation
Secure the Accident Site. It is essential to secure the accident site for the duration of
the investigation. In some cases, it may be necessary to barricade or isolate the
accident area to warn people about the accident. Nothing should be removed from the
site to preserve the evidence and not contaminate other passersby.
Step One: Gathering Information (Preliminary Facts)
Sources of information:
 Witnesses
 Physical Evidences
 Existing records

Collect facts/ Data Gathering. Start the investigation as soon as the accident has taken place to
preserve evidences like chemicals that are easy to evaporate and to prevent physical and
chemical changes. Time is of the essence during investigation.
Look for…
 Nature, Place, Date, Time

 Personnel involved
 Property damages
 Environmental harm
Existing Records
 Employee records
 Equipment records
 Job or task records
 Previous accident investigation reports.

a. Collect physical evidence and store them. Preserving this evidence in the
accident scene makes the investigative process much less frustrating.
b. Take photographs to record the actual condition of the accident site. The
camera is a useful tool for studying the accident site to prevent recurrence.
c. Make sketches and drawings. Objects involved in the

accident must be identified and measured to show
the proper perspective. Measurements are vital to
accident investigations.
Identify the Witnesses. Witnesses are important source

of information. Ask them to identify and document the names
of the persons involved, the time of accident so that all information are recorded.
Witnesses should be interviewed one at a time and ASAP. For their memories
fade and minimize the possibility for the witness to subconsciously adjust, edit, or
alter the story.
Whenever possible, interviews should be conducted inside the accident site. If

there is more than one witness, they should be interviewed one at a time and away
from other witnesses to imitate the thoughts of other witnesses.
Some witnesses could be the…
 Victim
 Onlookers
 Those who heard what happened
 Saw the area prior to the accident
 Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or
circumstances.
Step Two: Analyze the Facts
After the evidences have been collected, witnesses have been interviewed, photographs
have been taking, and it is now time to analyze the facts that have been gathered.
 Why-Why Analysis
 Cause and Effect Diagram
 Fault Tree. Make a fault tree diagram to show where the accident taken place, the
persons involved, the kind of accident that happened and the persons in charge of
that place.
Step Three: Recommending Corrective Actions
 Engineering Control. Note what engineering control should be done to prevent the
recurrence of possible similar accidents.
 Administrative Control. If the employee did some unsafe acts or did the job
wrong, make sure to have reorientation to check his knowledge about the job his
doing.
 PPE. If PPE is needed, the employer should provide a PPE to protect people from
hazards.
Kinds of Reports and Records Used
Accident reports are essential to an efficient and successful safety programs. It has necessary
information to control the conditions and acts that contribute to accidents. Keeping records also
helps the supervisor or the top management evaluate if the employee has been violating safety
rules again and again.
1. The First Aid Report. The first aider or nurse fills out the first aid report for
each new case. Copies of the report are sent to the safety departments or
where the management may wish.
This is just a Sample
2. Supervisor’s Accident Report. Supervisors should make a detailed report

about each accident, even near misses and small accidents. Accident
investigation report should be completed as soon as possible.
3. Monthly Accident Statistics Report. The monthly accident statistics reports
allow the tabulation of cumulative totals and the computation of frequency
and severity rates. With it the management can determine if the goals on
safety are attainable or not.
NOTE: Refer to DOLE/BWC/OSH/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees Work Accident/

Illness Report” form on your OSH Standards.
Summary Key Points
 Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing

recurring or future accidents.
 The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and makes out
reports.
 The sources of information are the witnesses, the physical evidences and the
existing records.
 Witnesses are important source of information.
 Analyze the facts: Why-Why, Cause & Effect, Fault tree
 Recommend Corrective Action: engineering, Admin, PPE.
Module 21 - Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

Job hazard analysis is one of the safety management tools that can be used to define and
control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure. Job Hazard Analysis is a
term used interchangeably with Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment. The purpose of a JHA
is to ensure that the risk of each step of a task is reduced to ALARP (As Low As Reasonably
Practicable).
Some type of risk analysis should be performed before every job. Some tasks are routine and the
hazards and controls well understood. For routine tasks consider using a Standard Operating
Procedure, a set of standing orders that control the known hazards. For tasks that are complex,
unusual, difficult, require the interaction of many people or systems or involve new tools or
methods, a JHA should be performed.
JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to
review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but the
work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that they are
controlling all of the hazards for this job this time. The JHA is usually completed on a form.
Uses of JHA:
 Create/ Improve SOP’s
 Guide in observing employee performance
 Accident investigation
 Safety inspection
Establishing priorities are based on the following criteria:

 High frequency of accidents or near- misses
 History of serious accidents or fatalities
 Potential for serious harm
 New jobs
 Changes in procedures and standards
Selecting a JHA team:

 Involving others in the process reduces the possibility or overlooking an individual job step
or potential hazard
 It increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards.
An effective JHA team usually includes:

o The supervisor
o The employee most familiar with how the job is done and its related hazards
o Other employees who perform the job
o Experts or specialist when necessary, such as safety officer, maintenance
personnel, occupational hygienist, ergonomists, or design engineers.
Sample of JHA:
Step Hazard Control

(1) Prepare Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome Wear thick gloves
Surface Using
Electric Wire Use vibrating tool no more than
Brush 20 minutes at a time and for no
more than 2 hours a shift
Paint dust possibly containing lead Wear a P3 organic vapor mask
when disturbing old paint. Wear
disposable coveralls. Wash
hands thoroughly before eating
or smoking. Thorough
housekeeping.
Slips trips and falls Route all electrical cables
sensibly to keep walkways and
stairs free of hazards.
Sunburn Wear broad brim and SPF 40+
sun block.
(2) Paint Damage to adjacent surfaces from Use drop sheets
Handrails thinners and paint
Exposure to fumes from thinners If poorly ventilated, use P3
organic vapor mask
Paint in eyes Wear safety goggles when
working above shoulder height,
safety glasses at other times
Fire Keep containers of thinners and
flammable solvents closed
properly and stored in a cool
place away from sources of
sparks
(3) Housekeeping Slip and trip hazards Remove waste to bin, tools to
store, ensure barriers and signs
are in place to denote wet paint.
Accidents can occur when:
 Work is performed incorrectly

 Workers use hazardous materials
 Work Under hazardous conditions
JHA Procedure
 List/ enumerate basic job steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
 Identify every existing or potential hazards associated with each job step.
 Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.
1. Identifying Basic Job Steps
The purpose of JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to make recommendations
for ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Describing job steps in terms of what they are
supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore alternative ways of performing
the job in a safer, healthier manner.
Most common errors:
 Describing the job in too much detail

 Describing the job in too little detail
Solution:
 List as steps only those tasks that would be described to someone being trained to
perform the job.
2. Determine the Hazards
Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or
illness, or harm to the environment. To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly,
consider the following:
 Hazard guide:
o The physical actions required for that specific step
o The materials used
o The equipments used
o The conditions under which the step is normally performed.
 Physical action:
o Force (weight)
o Frequency (repetition)
o Posture (Prolonged)
o Position (distance)
 Materials
o Chemicals
o Corrosive
o Flammable
o Volatile
 Equipment
o Mechanical hazard
o Electrical hazard
o Conditions
o Noisy environment
o Temperatures extremes
o Vibration present
o Poor or high Illumination
o Pressure (atmospheric force)
o Prolonged hours
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:
 Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
 Should be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazard
 Must be specific
Correcting the hazards
 Administrative control
 PPE
 Engineering control
 Physical action
o Modifying/Rearranging/Combining actions
o Change the process
o Training
o Use of PPE
 Material
o Substitution of materials
o Machine guarding or Safe guarding
o Limit employee exposure
o Use of PPE
 Equipment
o Installation of machine
o Use of automatic safeguard devices
o Replacement of a particular piece of equipment
o Training, experience, skills
o Use of PPE should also be considered
 Work Area Condition
o Relocation (isolation by place)
o Rescheduling (isolation by time)
o Redesign of the work area
Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis
1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the
job in the safest & healthiest way possible.
2. Employee Training
 Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
 To point out particular job steps / hazards that requires special precautions.
 Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
 Increase awareness on hazards
3. Employee Observations
 Guide in employee performance observations
 Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
 Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify
hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
5. Accident Investigations
 To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
 To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
Summary Key Points:
 Job hazard analysis (JHA) is one of the safety management tools that can be used to
define and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure.
 Should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to
review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but
the work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that
they are controlling all of the hazards for this job this time.
 JHA increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards.
 To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly, consider the following: Physical
actions, materials and equipments used, and the working conditions.
 Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis: Develop/ Implement SOP’s, Employee Training, Employee
Observations, Inspections, and Accident Investigations.
Module 22: Construction Safety & Health Program (CSHP)

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To practice preparing construction OSH program in compliance to Rule 1410 of the OSHS and
DO 13, series 1998 and best practices.
 To submit to DOLE-OSHC the construction OSH program duly signed by the Project Manager
and OSH Consultant, for their review and approval.
 To fully understand that construction OSH program must be strictly implemented, monitored
and sustained until project completion.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
When submitting the construction OSH Program to DOLE-OSHS for their review and approval,
the following must be incorporated:
 Three (3) copies of letter of intent;

 Name of authorized contact person with telephone numbers; and
 Three (3) copies of the Occupational Safety and Health Program. One (1) copy-Client, one (1)
copy-RO, one (1) copy-OSHS.
CONTENTS OF CONSTRUCTION OSH PROGRAM
Name of Person who prepared the program

(Please indicate if accredited by DOLE as OSH Practitioner)
Project Description
Specific name of project Name of main contractor

Location of the project Estimated number of workers to be deployed
Project classifications Estimated start of execution of project
Project owner Estimated duration
 Company Safety Policy written on a company letterhead.
 Must be duly signed by the highest company official or the highest ranking company
representative who has over-all control of project execution.
 Management/Owner's Commitment to comply safety and health policy.
 Composition of Safety and Health Committee. (Per project)
 Must specify the proposed structure and membership of the safety and Health committee.
(Specify the names)
 Names of site safety and health personnel.(depending on the number of workers to be
deployed in the in the construction site)
 Specific duties and responsibilities of the Safety Officer.
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE FOLLOWING:
o On site safety and health promotion and continuing information dissemination.

o Accident and incident investigation and reporting.
o Protection of the general public within the vicinity of the construction site.
o Environmental control.
o Guarding of hazardous machinery.
o Personal Protective Equipment.
o Handling of Hazardous substances.
o General material handling and storage procedures.
o Workers’ skills and certification.(for critical occupation)
o Provisions for transportation facilities for workers in case of emergency
o Temporary Fire Protection Facilities and equipment
o First aid and health care medicines, equipment Workers’ Welfare Facilities
o Minimum wage and other statutory benefits
o Proposed Hours of Work and Rest Breaks
o Construction waste disposal
o Testing and inspection of construction heavy equipment (if construction heavy
equipment will be utilized in the project per requirements of Sec. 10, D.O. No. 13)
o Disaster and Emergency Preparedness contingency plan.
Standards Operating Procedure and Job Hazard Analysis for the following activities and
other hazardous work not outlined herein.
 Site cleaning
 Excavations
 Erection and dismantling of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Temporary electrical connections/installations
 Use of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Working at unprotected elevated working platforms or surfaces
 Use of power tools and equipment
 Gas and electric welding and cutting operations
 Working in confined spaces
 Use of internal combustion engines
 Handling hazardous and/or toxic chemical substances.
 Use of hand tools
 Use of mechanized lifting appliances for movement of materials.
 Use of construction heavy equipment.
 Demolition
 Installation, use and dismantling of hoist and elevators.
Penalties/Sanctions for violations of the provisions of the OSH Program
ATTACHMENTS
 Application Form, 3 copies

 Photocopy of Registration Forms received and approved by the concerned DOLE Regional
Office per D.O. 18-02 (require yearly renewal)/PCAB per Rule 1020 of the OSHS.(one
time Registration)
 Photocopy of Invitation to Bid/Project Contract.

 Photocopy of Certificate of Completion on required Training of all designated OSH
Personnel. o Safety Officer - Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for
Construction Site
Safety Officer
 OH Nurse - Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training for OH Nurse (for more
than 50 workers.
 First Aider - Standard First Aid Training and valid PNRC ID as

First Aider.
 OH Physician - Basic Course on Occupational Medicine.
Certificate of Inspection and Testing of Construction Heavy Organization accredited by DOLE.

(if any)
Skills Certificate of Construction Heavy Equipment operators issued by TESDA.(if any)
Contract with nearby hospital/clinic in lieu of the required infirmary hospital.(if any)
Module 23 – Employee Compensation Commission
Objective
To explain and update the participants with the Employees Compensation Program of the
Government.
WORK CONTINGENCY PREVENTION is not a 100% guarantee against work-connected
sickness, injury or death.
That’s why there is the EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM.
The Employees’ Compensation Program
Compensable Diseases
Not any disease is compensable
Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set
Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the disease to be
compensable
Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal
connection with the nature of his work or the working environment
“Increased Risk Theory” but not for pre-existing disease o The Compensability of Injuries
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the
injury must be the result of an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
Work-Connected Injuries
Seven Instances where injury can be compensable:
1. Happened at the workplace

2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
Excepting Circumstances
Intoxication
Notorious negligence
Willful intent to injure oneself or another
8 ECP Benefits
Loss of Income Benefit Medical
Benefits
Carer’s Allowance
Death Benefits
Rehabilitation Services
9 Loss of Income Benefit

Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is compensated.
It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that is being
compensated.
10 Types of Disability
Temporary Total Disability (TTD) Permanent Total Disability (PTD) Permanent Partial
Disability (PPD
Loss of the use of a body part including function loss
Lump sum or monthly pension for PPD per ECC schedule

Monthly Income Benefit for Permanent Loss of the Use of Body Part or Permanent
Partial Disability (PPD)
Medical Benefits
Ward services for hospital confinement
Medical attendance by an accredited doctor

Surgical expense benefit
Reimbursement of cost of medicines
Carer’s Allowance
Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has
difficulty taking care of basic personal needs

P575/month allowance for the private sector employees only
Death Benefits
Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent
child not exceeding five

Funeral benefit of P10,000 for private sector; P3,000 for public sector
Rehabilitation Services for Occupationally-Disabled Workers (ODWs)
Physical therapy
0 Rehabilitation appliances e.g. hearing aid, crutches, wheelchair, etc

Kagabay Program of ECC
1 Re-skilling for re-employment
2 Training for entrepreneurship

for program administration or settlement of claims and management of the
State Insurance Fund
–
EC Contributions and Payments, 1975-2008
(in million pesos)
Work Contingency Prevention
To a worker, it will mean not getting sick or injured and be free from its
psychological, emotional and financial costs
To the employer, it will mean less absences from work by workers, high
level of productivity, ability to meet delivery schedules and good
company image
In summary
134 | P a g e
The ECP Benefits are welcome but…
“ di bale ng hindi ako mabiyayaan ng Employees’ Compensation
Program huwag lang akong magkasakit o ma-aksidente ng

dahil sa trabaho.”
UPDATES ON COMPENSATION CRITERIA FOR WORK-RELATED

ILLNESSES
134 | P a g e
135 | P a g e
135 | P a g e
136 | P a g e
Module 24 - Re-Entry Program

Participants of the BOSH training are now required to
apply what they learned. The re-entry program introduces
the BOSH trainees to his/ her new role in the safety
committee. The re-entry for the Safety and Health
Committee is outlined as follows:
1.) Review
- After completing the BOSH training, participants need

to review their notes, manuals, workshop exercises,
experiences and other materials.
2.) Application
- When the participant returns their respective companies, they should make a verbal or
written report to their supervisor signifying their intention to apply the contents of the BOSH
training. The simplest way to immediately use the material is by specific task, so as not to
get overwhelmed by the project.
NOTES:
____________________________________________________________________
___________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________
136 | P a g e

3NewCOSH Manual

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

3NewCOSH Manual

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module 1 – Introduction to OSH/OSH Standards

o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

OSH Legislation, Administration and Enforcement

VISION & MISSION

Eleven (11) Attached Agencies

What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?

• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?

• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?

• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?

• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments?

Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

•Who enforces OSH Standards?

•What is visitorial power?

• What is enforcement power?

•How are these Standards enforced?

• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?

enforcement and compliance with OSH Standards in the workplace?

Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER

Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

General Provisions (Rule 1010)

Rule 1020 - Registration

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

Considered “highly hazardous workplace"

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

Requirements for Accreditation

What are the requirements for Accreditation?

1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).

Validity and Renewal of Accreditation

RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee?

•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?

Safety and Health Committee shall:

What are the duties of the Safety Officer?

As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:

Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (OSHS Rule 1034.01)

No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice of

D.O. 13-- Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.

GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION

Section 1. Definition of Terms. As used herein, the terms below shall be

c) “Construction project manager/consultant” means a person or entity who is

e) “Construction safety and health officer” means any employee/worker

f) “Construction safety and health program” refers to a set of detailed rules

h) “Constructor” is deemed synonymous with the term “builder”. It refers to any

i) “Emergency health provider” means any person or organization who is

j) “General constructor” means a constructor who has general supervision

k) “General safety and health inspection” refers to inspection of the work

l) “Heavy equipment” refers to any machine with e n g i n e or electric motor as

m) “Imminent danger” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be

n) “Occupational health personnel” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or

o) “Project manager” means the overall technical personnel of the general

p) “Resident engineer” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be

s) “Safety organization” means any organization recognized and accredited by the

t) “Safety personnel” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained,

Section 3. Delegation of Authority and Accreditation

a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical

c) Accreditation of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with