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1
Outline
• Why Worry?
• Hydrodynamic Slugs
• Terrain Induced Slugs
• Turn Up Slugs
• Pigging Slugs
• Slug Modelling: Where Are We?
• Areas Currently Being Researched
• Conclusions
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Why Worry?
• Damage to facilities
• Separators flooding
• Increased corrosion
• Starving compressors
3
Hydrodynamic Slugs
Slugs can be created by just flowing
28 6700
6600
27
Liquid Inlet Pressure
6500
Inventory m3 kPa
26
6400
25 6300
0.0 0.5 1.0
Time hours
5
Superficial Liquid Velocity (ft/sec)
Avoiding Hydrodynamic Slugs
10
Bubble
1
Slug Wave
0.1
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Superficial Gas Velocity (ft/sec)
6
Terrain Induced Slugs
7
Terrain Induced Slug - Severe
Severe Slugging
Stage 1
Gas blockage can
Gas occur in downward
sloped flow line at
Liquid
riser base
8
Terrain Induced Slug - Severe
Severe Slugging
Stage 2
Riser fills, and
Gas
liquid begins to
Liquid
unload into the
separator
9
Terrain Induced Slug - Severe
Severe Slugging
Stage 3
Liquid begins to
unload rapidly
10
Terrain Induced Slug - Severe
Severe Slugging
Stage 4
Liquid blows through
Gas
with residual fallback
Liquid
Gas blockage
occurs, and cycle
begins again
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Terrain Induced Slug
12
Terrain Induced Slug
2000
7000
1500
Outlet Liquid Inlet Pressure
6500
Rate m3/d kPa
1000
6000
500
0 5500
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time hours
14
Separator Size
15
Avoiding Terrain Induced Slugs
In Onshore Pipelines:
• Increase gas flow rates
• Decrease diameter
In Offshore Risers:
• Add riser base gas injection
• Increase backpressure
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Turn Up Slugs
A Slug can be created by a Flow Rate change
…….
1200 6900
1000
800 6800
Outlet Liquid Inlet Pressure
600
Rate m3/d kPa
400 6700
200
0 6600
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Time hours
18
Pigging Slugs
Slugs can be created by Pigging
8
3
6
Pig Position km 2 Pig Velocity m/s
4
1
2
0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Time hours
20
Liquid Inventory from Pigging
70 6700
60 6650
50
6600
Liquid Inventory 40 Inlet Pressure
6550
m3 30 kPaa
6500
20
10 6450
0 6400
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time hours
21
Slug Modelling: Where are We?
22
Slug Modelling: Where are We?
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Slug Modelling: Where are We?
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Slug Modelling: Where are We?
25
Slug Modelling: Where are We?
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Slug Modelling: Where are We?
Mechanistic Models Use the “Unit Cell Model”
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