Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 37

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/281859956

Pastoral societies in the southern Balkan Peninsula: The evidence from caves
occupied during the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic era,Phenomena of Cultural
Borders and Border Culture...

Conference Paper · January 2010

CITATIONS READS

2 96

3 authors, including:

Katerina Trantalidou
Greek Ministry of Culture
63 PUBLICATIONS   55 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Husbandry techniques and animal products during the Bronze Age. View project

Human use of caves View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Katerina Trantalidou on 18 September 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


Tr n a v s k á u n i v e r z i t a v Tr n a v e Filozofická fakulta

U n i v e r s i t a s Ty r n a v i e n s i s Facultas Philosophica

ANODOS
Studies of the Ancient World

10/2010

T R N A V A 2011
ANODOS
Studies of the Ancient World
10/2010

Redakčná rada/Editors:
Prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc., Prof. Dr. Werner Jobst, doc. PhDr. Marie Dufková, CSc., prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc.

Redakcia/Editorial Staff:
prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc.

Počítačová sadzba/Layout:
Zuzana Turzová

© Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozofická fakulta

Kontaktná adresa (príspevky, ďalšie informácie)/Contact address (contributions, further information):


 Katedra klasickej archeológie, Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Hornopotočná 23, SK-918 43 Trnava
 +421-33-5939371; fax: +421-33-5939370
 klasarch@truni.sk

Publikované s  finančnou podporou Ministerstva školstva SR (Projekt VEGA č. 1/0408/09) a Pro Archaeologia
Classica.
Published with financial support of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09)
and the Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Za znenie a obsah príspevkov zodpovedajú autori.


The authors are responsible for their contributions.

Tlač/Printed by: ForPress, s.r.o., Kmeťkova 1, 949 01 Nitra


z tlačových podkladov Filozofickej fakulty Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave

Žiadna časť tejto publikácie nesmie byť reprodukovaná alebo rozširovaná v žiadnej forme - elektronicky či
mechanicky, vrátane fotokópií, nahrávania alebo iným použitím informačného systému vrátane webových stránok,
bez predbežného písomného súhlasu vlastníka vydavateľských práv.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form - electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, including web pages, without the prior
written permission from the copyright owner.

ISBN 978-80-8082-500-3
ISSN 1338-5410

Obálka/Cover:
Motív „Zázračného dažďa“ zo stĺpa Marka Aurélia v Ríme. V okienku: Detail osthotechu z Keseciku, Turecko (Foto: A.
Baldiran).
Motif of the „Miracle rain“ from the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. In the window: Detail of the osthotech from Kesecik,
Turkey (Photo: A. Baldiran).
Grafické spracovanie/Graphic elaboration: Mgr. Pavol Šima-Juríček
Počítačové spracovanie/Computer elaboration: PhDr. Ivan Kuzma
Proceedings of the International Conference

THE PHENOMENA OF CULTURAL BORDERS


AND BORDER CULTURES ACROSS THE PASSAGE
OF TIME

(From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)

Dedicated to the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis

Trnava, 22 - 24 October 2010


CONTENTS

PREFACE

BALDIRAN, A.
An Osthotech with Hunting Scene in Çumra – Sırçalı Höyük . ............................................................................................ 9

BARTUS, D.
Roman Figural Bronzes From Brigetio: Preliminary Notes . ............................................................................................... 17

BLAKOLMER, F.
Ethnizität und Identität in der minoisch-mykenischen Ikonographie ..........................................................................................29

BOUZEK, J.
Frontiers in Pre-Roman Thrace ................................................................................................................................................ 41

CHALUPA, A.
Mithraism in Ancient Syria: Persian Cult on the Borders of the Roman Empire.............................................................. 57

DAŞBACAK, C.
An Essay on the Heating Costs of Roman Baths ................................................................................................................... 67

DIMITROVA, Y.
Rodopi Mountain Between Thrace and Aegea Region:
Some Elements of a Border Culture of Early Iron Age in Southern Bulgaria ................................................................... 71

DOKSANALTI, E. M. - MIMIROĞLU, İ. M.
Giresun/Aretias - Kalkeritis Island . ........................................................................................................................................ 85

DUBCOVÁ, V.
Götter ohne Grenzen? Transfer der religiösen Ikonographie in der Bronzezeit
– Alter Orient und die frühe Ägäis . ...................................................................................................................................... 103

GOLUBOVIĆ, S. – MRĐIĆ, N.
Territory of Roman Viminacium - From Celtic to Slavic Tribes ........................................................................................ 117

HLAVÁČOVÁ, S.
Greek Heroes on the Borders of the Historical Periods ..................................................................................................... 127

KLONTZA-JAKLOVÁ, V.
The Meaning of Time in Late Bronze Age Europe and its Reflection in Material Culture ........................................... 133

KOVÁCS, P.
Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy .............................................................................................................. 143

KOVÁLIK, L.
The Gate Wall and the Doors of Greek Propyla .................................................................................................................. 155

KUČERÁKOVÁ, K.
The Upland Settlements of the Púchov Culture and Germanic Tribes Beyond the North-Pannonian
Frontier, in the Mountainous Part of Central Slovakia . ..................................................................................................... 163

LAZAR, I.
The Inhabitants of Roman Celeia - An Insight into Intercultural
Contacts and Impacts Trough Centuries .............................................................................................................................. 175

MUSILOVÁ, M.
Bratislavaer Burg - Arx Boiorum im Lichte der neuesten archäologischen Funde
Archäologische Forschung - Winterreithalle .................................................................................................................................187

NÁMEROVÁ, A.
Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Black Sea Area .....................................................................................................207
NOVÁKOVÁ, L.
Funeral Rites and Cultural Diversity in Hellenistic Caria
Based on Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence ........................................................................................................... 213

ONDERKA, P. – DUFKOVÁ, M.
Die meroitische Stätte in Wad Ben Naga, Republik Sudan . .............................................................................................. 223

PAPOUŠEK, D.
Centrality and Cosmopolitism in the Lukan Imagination of Paul of Tarsus:
A Case of Jerusalem ................................................................................................................................................................. 247

POBEŽIN, G.
Sources and History: Crossing From Archives to Historiography and Back
The Development of Historiographical Method and Episteme
in Respect of Using Archival Sources ................................................................................................................................... 255

POPOV, H. – JOCKENHÖVEL, A.
At the Northern Borders of the Mycenaean World: Thracian Gold Mining from the Late Bronze
and the Early Iron Age at Ada Tepe in the Eastern Rhodopes .......................................................................................... 265

ŠVAŇA, K.
The influence of Roman provincial pottery manufacture
on the production of the Suebic wheel-made pottery ........................................................................................................ 283

TRANTALIDOU, K. – Belegrinou, E. – Andreasen, N.


Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula.
The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Era . ........................................................ 295

VERČÍK, M.
Die griechischen Bewaffnung im Lichte des kulturellen Austausches ............................................................................ 321

ZIMMERMANN, Th.
Legal Aliens on Hattian Grounds? – Tracing the Presence of ‚Foreigners‘
in 3rd Millennium Central Anatolia ....................................................................................................................................... 335
Preface

The publication of ANODOS 10/2010 contains 27 articles in English and German which
were presented in the form of papers and posters at the international conference “The
Phenomena of Cultural Borders and Border Cultures Across the Passage of Time (From the
Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)” which was held in Trnava on the 22th - 24th of October 2010.
The participants consisted of scholars from eleven countries (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia,
Slovenia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, the USA and the Slovak Republic).
Graduate and post-graduate students from Trnava participated in both the organization of the
conference and the actual programme. The conference was organized on the occasion of the
375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis (1635-1777), the first university in the territory
of the Kingdom of Hungary, which then included the historical town of Trnava. The current
renewed Trnava University in Trnava (1992), situated in the Slovak Republic, follows the ideas
and academic identity of the original university.
At the same time, in 2010 it had been ten years since the Department of Classical Archaeo‑
logy at Trnava University had established the tradition of organizing international scientific
conferences on specific themes in chronological sequence – from the Late Bronze Age to Late
Antiquity. The idea came from Prof. Dr. Mária Novotná, the founder of the Department and of
the Classical Archaeology study programme in Slovakia. The conferences have been held every
two-three years so far (in 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007) and they have had the following themes:
Contacts between Middle Europe and the Mediterranean, Jewellery and Costume, Arms
and Armour, and Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. Contributions have been published
in four volumes of Anodos - Studies of the Ancient World (1/2001, 3/2003, 4-5/2004-2005 and
6-7/2006‑2007). Another conference of this kind was organized under the title “Trade and
Production through the Ages” at Selcuk University in Konya (Turkey) in 2008, in co-operation
with Selcuk University (our partner institution).
The conference in 2010 and the publication of its proceedings have been financially
supported by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09)
and by the voluntary association Pro Archaeologia Classica.

Editors

Trnava, 25 November 2011


Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010, 295-320.

Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence


From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen1

«Rien d’humain ne nous reste étranger»


C.-L. Strauss

Keywords: Caves, Pastoral Use, Spatial Arrangements, Southern Balkan Peninsula, Neolithic,
Historical Periods

Abstract: The article provides data from 22 well documented limestone, usually horizontal cavities
located in the sonthern part of the Haimos Peninsula which present a “less disturbed” stratigraphy and
a diachronic occupation during the current warm period, the Holocene. The peak period of caves inhabited
by human communities is the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic, a period characterized also by hamlet expansion,
often through colonization of marginal lands. Caves that were primarily used as cult or funerary places,
oven if those activities are not simultaneous with the pastoral use, as well as small rock-shelters that can
protect up to five animals, depressions or sinkholes have been excluded. Human use of caves through time
could be evident in terms of physical geography, spatial arrangements and refuse deposits. The aim of this
contribution is to illustrate the cave pattern variability in a plurality of societies.

Introduction
Extensive geological and archaeological investigations, conducted in the past, have located
hundreds of limestone cavities. The human use of the caves has been assumed based on several
kinds of artifacts2. From the years 1980-90, emphasis is placed on the natural or the anthropogenic
formation process of the cave deposits as well as the factors influencing occupation and
abandonment of sites. All accumulated, modified, reworked materials are studied through
different scientific and comparative approaches to understand human activity3. Features such
as density of living floors, pavements of cobblestones, charcoal and ash indications, number
and types (e.g. roasting pits or ovens) of hearths, site furniture and tools, variety of faunal or
plant4 remains etc. provide assemblages that illustrate the complexity and the diversity of caves
as living sites5.

N. Andreasen, is studying the lithic material of the Piges Koromilias cave. He produced the paragraphs concerning
1

the chipped stone industry in this text. El. Belegrinou has worked fully during the excavation of the same cave
both in the field and the recording of the pottery. She quantified the pottery and contributed in this paper with
figures 7-9. K. Trantalidou was responsible for the excavations at Piges (Springs of) Ang(h)iti, and at Piges (Springs
of) Koromilias. She provided the following lines and tables. The excavation at Piges Anghiti was funded by the
Prefecture of Drama and the excavation at Piges Koromilias by the Greek Ministry of Culture. The archaeologist
E. Stavopodi (MSc) kindly read and correct the text.
Stables for livestock, community store-houses, seasonal base camps for small groups of herders, hunters, and
2

gatherers, cult places etc: Wilkens 1986, 61-237, on cave use in Attica; Bonsall and Tolan-Smith 1997.
Since the historian’s and the archaeologist’s permanent effort is to outline the image of societies that had disappeared,
3

intense investigation is required.


Macrobotanical remains apart from diet, farming practices or medicinal purposes, can provide insights to craft uses
4

of plants (fibers, reeds for mats and constructions, basketry etc) and for fuels and seasonality of the inhabited caves.
The detailed study of morphological and mineralogical properties of ligneous angiosperm leaf allow researchers
to document leaf-foddering, at humid places: Boschier 1996.
Galanidou 2000, 243-75.
5

295
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 1. Map of the Southern Balkans area focusing in mainland Greece and the Aegean Sea with the locations of caves used in the
analysis (Map prepared by the designer L. Boloti).

Methodology
In order to illustrate the use of caves through time (temporal dimension) as the shelter of
herders, this article provides 22 documented cavities presenting the following two features:
a “less disturbed” stratigraphy6 and a diachronic occupation during the current warm period.
Contemporary sites are also evaluated: In the southern Balkan area, the peak period of caves
inhabited by human communities is the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic7, a period characterized

6
In our opinion, indications of stratigraphy can be used with caution. The water circulation, responsible for the cave
formation itself, the inundations, the wind, the occupants, people or animals, are determinant factors for the spatial
configuration and the stratigraphy, which seems to be never very secure. Mechanical, chemical and biological factors
always transform the human remnants and the underground space. In some caves, there is evidence of large scale
displacement of the sediments.
7
Diamant and Traill 1986 on Neolithic settlements in Attica; Ζάχος 1998, he discusses mainly the inhabited caves in
the Peloponnese; Halstead 2000. The Late Neolithic sees a significant increase in the number of sites represented
and the number of plant species cultivated: Megaloudi 2006, 81, she brings insights on the archaeobotanical data.
Late Neolithic conventionally covers the period between 5400/5300 and 4700/4500 years BC. The Final Neolithic or
Chalcolithic spans between 4700/4500 and 3300/3100 BC: Andreou et al. 1996, 538. On the subject, see also: Anthony
2010, 32; Τσιρτσώνη 2010, 93-103.
For the Aegean sites the terminology adopted the last two decades is: Late Neolithic I (5300/5200-4300/4200 BC) and
Late Neolithic II (4300/4200-3300/3200 BC) subdivided in LNIa (ca 5300/5200- 4800), LNIb (4800-4300/4200), LNIIa
(4200-3800) and LNIIb (3800-3300). A transitional period to the Early Bronze Age (3500-2900 BC) is also recognized:
Sampson 2006, 144, 244-6; 2007, 473-7. In this review, especially on tables 1 to 5, the terminology adopted by excavators
has been respected.

296
Τable 1. Evidence concerning the use of space and the functions of caves in Northern Greece during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, mainly. Ceremonial caves, e.g. those dedicated to
Nymphs and Pan during the Classical-Imperial period, are not included. The thicker deposits in bold.

CAVE, REGION & PHYSICAL PERIODS OF


SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS USE OF THE CAVE/ FUNCTION SOURCE
GEOGRAPHY OCCUPATION

Piges (Springs of) Koromilias 1. recent stone hearths. 1. seasonal habitat-pen (habitat-bergerie) 5606-5379BC, Τρανταλίδου, Καρκάνας,
cave (Megalo spilaio Koromilias), 2. four clay floors & >30 post-holes on the, chronologically, for moving pastorals & their livestock, 5364-5081BC, Μπελεγρίνου &
9 km west of Kastoria, W. last floor (different structures: wooden frames and/or huts from the plain of Kastoria or the Grammos 1662-1499BC, Χατζηθεοδώρου 2007;
Macedonia, northern bank of river preserving individuals from the continuous water drops and mt to Korçë and Pogradets area crossing 1297-1408AD, Interview of Trantalidou with
Livadopotamos, altitude: 850 m, forming probably sleeping areas for up to two persons), the Livadopotamos gorge (Kastoria- 1290-1460AD, Greek & Albanian shepherds,
main & secondary small chamber one palisade- hole on the first floor, three on the second, Korytsa: 9 hours on foot); Floors and 1466-1641AD, practicing transhumance
(max. dimensions: 27x8,5m). where the excavation was restricted on a trial square 1x1-. constructions were used by different 1445-1631AD, before the 2nd WW, on
Burnt clay fragments bearing imprints of reeds. groups & for diverse purposes. 1666-1953AD. routes & herding strategies.
3. widespread lenses of ash, burnt coprolites, sherds. 2. temporary shelter.
4. layers of rough stones have been placed horizontally
disposed in circle or in more or less quatrilateral order
to produce stable dry levels underneath the floors.
5. stairs curved on the limestone outside the cave.

Piges (Springs of) Angitis, 25 km 1. two small successive terraces have been formed on 1. occasionally use by hunters or moving Final Neolithic/ Τρανταλίδου, Σκαράκη, Καρά
west of Drama, E. Macedonia, the sloping bank. pastorals. Chalcolithic, Early & Ντίνου 2007; Τρανταλίδου,
eastern bank of river Angitis, 2. four hearths, two on each flat area, made from rough 2. reusing the existing hearths by different Bronze Age (2900- Σκαράκη, Καρά 2007, with
altitude: 129 m, first chamber stones fashioned a circle. Ash & charcoal were found in or social groups is not excluded. 2210BC), 1011-935BC/ previous bibliography.
(occupation area: 100 m² ). around the hearths (cleaning of the structures) as well as 3. storage place. 1041-924BC, 974-
storage pots, vases transporting liquids and fragments of 903BC/ 999-858BC,
cooking vessels. 1516-1657AD.
Orpheas, near Alistrati, Serres, E 1. floor covering an excavated area of 16m². 1. storage place. Late Neolithic, Early Κονταξή, Γιαννόπουλοs &
Macedonia, gorge of river Angitis, 2. 12 post-holes limiting a domestic area. The excavation is 2. mortuary practices. Bronze Age I-II, (3085- Καζνέζη 2006.
where 9 other caves and smaller still in progress. 3. domestic activities. 2775BC).
cavities, most of them used for
animal pens, have been recorded.
(max dimensions: 300x30m).
Katarractes rockshelter, 2km 1. three clay floors (3 phases), 1. storage place. Chalcolithic, (3340- Πουλάκη-Παντερμαλή,
NW of Siderokastron, Serres, 2. 16 post-holes on the latest floor, four of them (d.: ~ 10 2. domestic activities. 3020BC, 3330-2920BC), Βαξεβανόπουλος, Κουλίδου
Kroussovitis stream valley, cm) are found on the axe N-S, as a kind of frame. Early Bronze Age II. & Σύρος 2006; Πέννος et al.
altitude: ~300 m., total surface: 3. fragments of burnt clay bearing imprints of reeds & 2011.
650 m². branches. The excavation is still in progress.
Cave B’, Loutra, 3,5 km NW Fire remnants, sherds. Its use was disturbed because an 5220-5050BC, 4920- Καμπούρογλου, Μπούζας &
of the village Loutraki, Aridaia, earthquake blocked its entrance. 4720BC Χατζηθεοδώρου 2008, with
central Macedonia, northern bank previous bibliography.
of Ag. Nikolaos gorge, altitude:
540 m.
Polyphimos cave, 2,5 km NW The excavation is still going on. The cave is under 1. dwelling, Neolithic, Early Bronze Παντή & Μυτελέτσης 2008,
of the village Maroneia, Thrace, development for tourist purposes (Χρηστάρας et al.) 2. pen for sheep & goats (near the Age II, Late Archac, 7th with previous bibliography;
eastern of Platanitis stream, entrance: personal observation) c. AD, 12-13th c. AD. Χρηστάρας et al. 2004,
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

altitude: 150m, (max. dimensions: 1892-901.


350x50 m).

297
Τable 2. Evidence concerning the use of space and the functions of caves in Sterea Hellas and Euboea island (Central Greece) during the Neolithic & the Bronze Age. Ceremonial caves used

298
only during the historical period are not included in the sample. The thicker deposits in bold.

CAVE, REGION &


SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS USE OF THE CAVE/ FUNCTION PERIODS OF OCCUPATION SOURCE
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Mouta, Theopetra, Sequence of alternating natural and anthropogenic 1. Neolithic period: long-term habitation. (Palaeolithic), Mesolithic (9940- Κυπαρίσση-
Kalambaka, 3 km SE of episodes, the Neolithic layers (including sherds, 2. Blank during prehistory: sporadic mortuary 6780BC), Αποστολίκα 2000;
Meteora, NW Thessaly, ornaments, figurines, spindle-whorls, weaving practices. 5996-5061BC, Καρκάνας & Weiner
southern bank of Lithaios weight, millstones bearing ochre, ground stone tools 3. Neolithic-onwards: pen for domestic animals. 4520-4050BC, 2000; Φακορέλλης
stream, 280 m altitude, etc) have been locally disturbed by recent pastoral 4. shelter for refugees during the wars (e.g. 2nd world 2870-2290BC, & Μανιάτης 2000.
surface: 500 m². activities: war). 650-880AD,
1. thick multi-sequence burnt layers: successive 1190-1280AD,
open hearths, 1242-1387AD,
2. clay floor. 1440-1640AD,
1670-1955AD.
Sarakenos, Boeotia, Deposits: 5m thick. 1. dwelling. (Palaeolithic), Mesolithic (8530- Σάμψων 2007,
basin of Kopaïs, area of 1. successive floors and hearths, some of them 2. storage and other activities. Precisely: 8340BC, 8450-8290BC) Early- 456-61; Ib. 2008;
Akraiphion, altitude: 180 m, defined with stones. So far 11 floors at trench A. a. MN: seasonal lodging for herders, no big storage Middle Neolithic, Megaloudi 2006,
surface: 2400 m². There the excavation was completed at a depth vessels. Late Neolithic Ia (5300/5200- 16.The excavation
of 3.25 m. Few floors during the Early Neolithic & b. LNIa: “ceremonial activities”. 4800BC), LNIb (4800-4300BC), IIa, is still in progress.
Middle Neolithic period. c. LNIb: mortuary practices, long-term habitation, pen Ib, LN ΙΙb (3706-3549BC), Early
2. Most intensive occupation during the 4th mill. An for animals. Helladic II, Middle Helladic.
extended floor of hard-beaten earth with 5 post-holes d. LNII: dwelling & storage. The excavator proposes
-between 5.5 and 9 cm in diam.- uncovered at a the pattern of transhumant herders via the Kifissos
depth of 2.26 m may indicate that partitions were river valley, in Boeotia.
built inside the cave.
Korykeion Antron, 1. Neolithic: some hearths during the Neolithic and 1. seasonal dwelling for neolithic herders during (Palaeolithic), Late Neolithic (5300- Touchais et allii,
Parnassus mt., altitude: a pit. summer time (transhumants sought more grass to 5200BC), EHII, Mycenaean I-III, 1981.
1644 m, (max. dimensions: 2. historical periods: stairs & niches cut on the feed their flocks). 8th-4th c. BC.
60x26 m). rock (similar constructions in different caves: 2. an organize storage system was in use at different
Nympholyptos at Vari, Ellinokamara on Kasos etc), caves of Parnassus mountain until last century.
altar outside the cave etc 3. historical period: sacred cave.
Skoteini, SE of the village depth of deposits: 3-4 m (more than 4.35 m at trench 1. seasonal residence from spring to autumn. Neolithic (LNI-II), Bronze Age (EHII, Σάμψων 1993,
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Tharrounia, Euboea island, C). 2. use for burials probably when the cave was not LHIII)- , geometric, classical-imperial with previous
(central part), above the 1. ash hearths occupied. period, present, although scanty. bibliography;
deep narrow gorge of the 2. LNI: several floors in close succession (intensive 3. LN: storage of food as a systematic practice (more 5294-5208BC, Kotjabopoulou &
stream Hondros, altitude: use for a short period). At trench C 12 floors were than 700 pithoi). 5217-5062BC, Trantalidou 1993.
450 m, semi mountainous uncovered. 4. LHIII, classical period: cult indications. 4776-4628BC,
site, (max. dimensions: No clear archaeological evidence about systematic 4711-4529BC,
80x40 m). The largest cave cult practice in the LN period although ritual 3675-3528BC
on the island. ceremonies (invocation for fertility and surplus) are (more regular occupation occurred
not excluded. Figurines could have had a variety during 2000 years in LN).
of uses (sort of religion, sort of sympathetic magic,
talismans etc).
5. final use of the cave is that of domestic animal
pen. Seasonal pasturage is not excluded. There is
plenty of evidence for seasonal transhumance in
recent times.
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Τable 3. Evidence concerning the use of space and the functions of caves in Attica during the Late Neolithic period, mainly.
Caves dedicated to Nymphs and Pan are excluded. The thicker deposits in bold.
CAVE, REGION & SPATIAL PERIODS OF
USE OF THE CAVE/ FUNCTION SOURCE
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ARRANGEMENTS OCCUPATION
Kitsos, eastern slope of total depth of Prehistory: it was occupied by hunters (Palaeolithic), Lambert 1981;
Mikro Ripari, 5 km east of deposits: 1,5 m; fine & herders seasonally. Neolithic MN, LN (4900- Wilkens 1986,
Laurion, altitude: 288m., Neolithic deposits. period, base of 25 humans dealing 4220BC), FN. II, 13.
(2 chambers max. dim: with husbandry and hunting (Lambert EBA, LBA,
35x12 m). 1981, 689). Mycenaean/ Classical, historical times.
Hellenistic-Imperial period: visitors,
cult practices. Recent years: the
bandit Kitsos with 6 persons dwelling.
Leontari(on), 1. successive 1. LNIb: the excavators detect rather scanty Middle Kαραλή, Μαυρίδης
Korakovouni(on), mt. hearths. social & symbolic use (presence of Neolithic, LNI, & Κορμαζοπούλου
Hymettus, altitude: 550 m, 2. five floors made figurines, limited presence of shells especially Late 2007.
(max. dimensions: 50x20 m). of debris, residues, etc) than economic (related to the Neolithic Ib
horizontal rough exploitation of the secondary animal (4800-4200BC),
stones in alternance products, transhumance patterns of EBA, Geometric
with silt. seasonal movements in the landscape period, second
3. hearth made from & climate parameters. half of 5th c.
rough stone. 2. mortuary practices. BC-Imperial
3. Classical period: possible use as times, Recent
a cult cave dedicated to Pan. occupation.
4. recent years: pen for domestic
animals.
Anonymous cave, Schistos, 1. strong inclination, 1. Personal hypothesis: from Neolithic (transition from Trantalidou,
Keratsini, altitude: 259 m division in terraces, onwards the front part of the cave, final Palaeolithic personal
(max. dimensions of the main stairs carved on the at least, was used as pen by herders to Mesolithic: observation;
chamber: 70x15 m). limestone. moving from Parnitha mountain and 10010-7829BC), Μαυρίδης &
2. successive layers the plain of Eleusis to the Mesogaia Neolithic, Κορμαζοπούλου
of open hearths. plain, during the winter, and vice- Geometric - 2009, 13-23.
The excavation has versa. Classical period. Information from
just started. 2. cult place in Classical period. local herders.

also by hamlet expansion, often through colonization of marginal lands8. That emerging picture
of caves is comparable between regions in order to understand the synchronic dimension. The
most probable scenario proposed for the simultaneous occurrence of tells, extensive sites and
the intense use of caves are: the population increase, the socio-economic organization of the
settlements such as the exploitation of both wild and cultivated plant resources (diversification,
specialization or intensification of agricultural production or simply lack of arable land due
to erosion and a much drier climate9), as well as the reliance on husbandry rather than on the
hunting activities.
In this review, caves that were primarily used as cult10 or funerary places and small rock-
shelters that can protect up to five animals11, depressions or sinkholes have been excluded.

Lower settlement density is observed in previous periods due probably to restrict population and different settlement
8

patterns. Environmental factors and recent geomorphologic changes or simply lack of adequate research should also
be taken into account. During the Early Bronze Age discontinuity and decline in the number of sites or settlement
expansion on other regions could simultaneous be observed (Andreou et al. 1996; Valamoti 2004 on aspects of
Neolithic and Early Bronze Age crop in northern Greece).
Diamant 1974, 405; Ασλάνης 1994, on Neolithic period in Macedonia; Sampson 1997, 321-56, on Neolithic in the
9

Peloponnese.
10
Faure 1964, on Cretan caves; Demoule and Perlès 1993, 405; Tomkins 2009, on Neolithic caves in the Aegean;
Κατσαρού 2006, 135 on Middle Neolithic ceramic and the use of Cyclops cave on Youra during that period; Mari
2001, 37, 181-6, on one of the most recent cave excavations: Euripides cave (two cavities with I-X rooms, at Peristeria
bay, in the southern part of Salamis island at 115 m alt.) offers both types of use. It could be a cult place during
the Late (I & II) and Final Neolithic (5300-4300 BC), since no bone tools were found and very few storage vases
plus several miniature objects, among pottery vessels, have been uncovered. It is also the area where Euripides
lived in retirement, so a place frequented during the historical period. The cave could offer accommodation up to
10 persons.
11
In recent times, small caves and rock shelters were always used to pen animals, at least in wintertime: Sampson
1997, 357-413, fig. 98 discussing the recent pastoral activities and transhumance roads in NW Peloponnese; personal
observations during surveys in different Greek landscapes.

299
Τable 4. Evidence concerning the use of space and the functions of caves in the Peloponnese during the Neolithic period, mainly. Cult caves used mainly during the historical

300
ages are not included.The thicker deposits in bold.

CAVE, REGION & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS USE OF THE CAVE/ FUNCTION PERIODS OF OCCUPATION SOURCE
Franchthi, on the promontory of the same 1. depth of the deposits: + 11 m. EN, MN: permanent & continuous habitation (Palaeolithic), L. Mesolithic Jacobsen 1987-1993;
name, gulf of Koilada, southern part of the 2. the habitation was extended to LN: gradual decline in habitation, perhaps as (9800-9300BC, 8300- Hatzipouliou 1996, with
Argolis, alt.: 12 m, max. dimensions: 150 m Paralia (seashore) indicating permanent a result of a natural disaster as well as of the 8000BC), Neolithic: EN previous bibliography.
long, a great part of the roof has collapsed. installations. changes presaging the end of the Neolithic (6000-5000BC), Middle
Age. Neolithic (5000-4500BC),
Late Neolithic (4500-
3000BC).
Cave of Lakes, west side of Helmos 1. outside the cave foundations of 1. the cave was used only during dry periods. EN-LH (Late Bronze Age, Σάμψων 1997, 328-51.
mountain, Kastria, Kalavryta, alt.: 800m. buildings. During the LNIb the climate was warm & dry. historical periods. MN
Length of the cave: 2100 m, ancient river 2. (blank) few ash hearths/ living floors. 2. it was used mainly for storage purposes (5700-5500BC), LNIb (4600-
bed, only first hall occupied & excavated 3. abundance of pithoid vases. 3. mortuary practices during the Bronze Age 4200BC).
(ch. 1: length: 80 m). 4. Pen for animal in the 19e c. AD.
Alepotrypa, gulf of Diros in the Mani, alt.: 1. small lateral niches, as living quarters, 1. storage of goods (vases could be for Late & Final Neolithic (5300- Papathanassopoulos
16 m., 50 m from the seaside, numerous containing also vases. individual and pits for communal use). 3200BC). 1996, 80-4, 175-7;
chambers, 280 m long, in the largest 2. the floor of the niches was sometimes 2. mortuary practices. Papathanassiou 2001.
chamber a lake of fresh drinking water. paved with stones. 3. craft activities,maritime trade economy.
3. pits-silos, large & deep, lined with clay & 4. place of worship.
encircled by stones.
4. large roundish hearths ringed by stones
for communal use.
5. three small ovens.
6. niches in the sides were also chosen
for cremations & secondary burials. end of
the FN: earthquake: skeletons of unburied
dead.
7. huts outside the cave
“Kouveleiki caves, between the villages 1. “the front chamber of Cave A is 1. ”Cave A was used as a small seasonal “Kouveleiki A: 4947-3362 Karkanas 2006; ib. 2007,
of Alepochori and Geraki, overlooking the dominated by dry, almost totally burnt pen and, probably, as a place for rudimentary for the inner chamber and 778. Trantalidou, personal
Vrontamas plain, south-western part of coprolites resulting from stabling, most activities”. 4922-4360 for the outer one. observations on animal
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Parnon mt., southern Peloponnese, alt: 350m likely of sheep and/or goats”. 2. Cave B was probably used as a B: LN-FN (5300-4600, 4600- bones.
Cave A (two chambers 50m² & 150m² 2. “the dark back chamber of Cave A was complementary activity area (The findings 3900 BC)“.
divided by large fallen rocks, entrance the main habitation area, where plastered consist of utility ware (not so fine as in A’
oriented southeast) &, 50m far from the A, floors were constructed by a mixture of Kouveleiki), lithic tools of obsidian (mostly
Cave B (one chamber: 15X7X5 m.).“ burnt dung (derived from the seasonal pen) flakes), a burial in situ of a pre-adolescent and
and red clay (to be found in the plain in highly fragmented archaeozoological material
front of the cave)”. supposing marrow extraction; all those
indicate a consistent use of the cave during
the Late Neolithic period).“
Τable 5. Evidence concerning the use of space and the functions of caves on the Ionian & the Aegean Sea islands during the Neolithic & Bronze Age period, mainly. Caves in Crete, caves
used for initiation rites, others used as sanctuaries during the historical periods, e.g. Chrissospilia on Pholegandros, Ellinokamara on Kasos and others whose stratigraphy was totally
disturbed (Antiparos, Ag. Galas on Chios etc), are not included. The thicker deposits in bold.

CAVE, REGION & PHYSICAL


SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS USE OF THE CAVE/ FUNCTION PERIODS OF OCCUPATION SOURCE
GEOGRAPHY

Drakaina cave, on the SE coast 1. four whitish lime plastered floors on a surface of 1. place for communal activities such as food 5500-4800BC, 4800-3700BC, Στρατούλη 2007,
of Cephalonia (Ionian islands), 25-30 m² (LN) / 50-55 m² (FN-Chalcolithic) covering preparation, tools and ornaments making, use 3500-2350BC, 6th-first half of the with previous
Poros gorge, altitude: 70 m, sherds, tools, other artefacts and food residues. of ochre etc. The excavator detects uses for 5th c.BC, 3rd-early 2nd c. BC. bibliography;
surface occupied: 80 m², surface 2. hearths made from rough stones. ceremonial purposes. Karkanas 2007,
excavated: 55 m². 2.during the Classical era: cave dedicated to 778; Karkanas &
Nymphs (sacred place). Stratouli 2009.

Cave of Cyclops on the 1. 12 habitation strata (7 of them belonged to the 1. Mesolithic: seasonal dwelling for fishermen & “9th-7th millennium (8600- Σάμψων 2001; Ib.
desert island of Youra, north of Mesolithic period). bird-hunters. 8300BC, 7500-7420BC, 7265- 2006, 27-35, 137-9;
Alonessos, Northern Sporades, 2. huge organic residues have been covered by 2. Mesolithic: storage place, maybe, for smoked 7199BC, 6660-6530BC), Early ib. 2007, 376-403,
altitude: 150 m (max. dimensions clay floors, mainly observed at the lower levels (e.g. fish; LNIb: important concentration of storage jars. Neolithic II (6220-6124BC), 458, with previous
of the main chamber: 50x40 m). during the Upper Mesolithic period two floors & one No storage during the earlier Neolithic phases. Middle Neolithic (5703-5630BC), bibliography.
hearth have been recognized). Seven floors are 3. around 2nd-3rd century AD: sanctuary. Late Aegean Neolithic Ib (4800-
discerned in the published stratigraphy of trench-C. 4. goat penning is not excluded (pers. obs. on 4200BC), 3643-3540BC, Early &
3. several open hearths the stratigraphy & discussion with Dr. Karkanas, Late Bronze Age.
4. two basins and clay pipes constructed probably geologist). Classical (5th c. BC), Hellenistic,
after the Imperial times. 5. the deepest part of the cave has been used for imperial periods (23-312AD) .”
the collection of water.

Koumelo, SE of village 1. depth of sediments: 2,60m: 4 living floors (post- 1. earlier phase: temporary storage use. middle to the end of Late Aegean Σάμψων 1987, 66-
Archagellos, Rhodes, hole on the second floor) and several hearths. 2. Final Late Neolithic: scanty temporary human Neolithic (4500-3200BC), Late 95; Sampson 1988,
Dodecanese islands, precipitous 2. Thin layers of rain-wash ash separated the shelter. Bronze Age (briefly), Hellenistic 10-6.
location, on the east coast of Neolithic living floors, from which it appears that 3. probably 10 caves and rock shelters in the period.
Rhodes, alt: 140 m, (3 chambers, the cave was used periodically. Archagellos area have been used as pen for
ca 43x 28 m). 3. Above the Neolithic levels the cave was filled animals. The actual entrance of Koumelo do not
with a thick deposit of volcanic ash from the Santorin allow a similar supposition; we should re-examine
volcano. The tephra clearly came into the cave the burnt layers.
through the entrance and some holes of the roof
as a result of a sudden violent downpour. “

Cave of Ag. Georgios, 2 km s. of “3,5 m of “”undisturbed”” stratigraphy: two living 1. storage or preservation of the surplus (cereals end of Early Neolithic- end of Late Σάμψων 1987,21-
Kalythies, Rhodes, top of Psalidi floors has been recognised, several layers with & legumes), practicing by a small community. Aegean Neolithic (5700/ 5600- 65; Sampson 1988,
hill. ash remains mixed with small quantities of earth; 2. domestic activities like cereal procession. 3300BC).Three Neolithic phases 10-6.
seasonal habitation by herders. Near the cave 3. mortuary practices. could be distinguished. (Classical,
there are two sites with Neolithic remains inhabited, 4. temporary dwelling (one or more individuals). Hellenistic, Imperial period only
according to the excavator, by pastoral communities on the surface).
because the area was not suitable for cultivation.“

Cave of Za (Zeus), Naxos, above EBA, LN: hearths. No architectural remains in any 1. year-round habitation, even during winter, Late & Final Neolithic, Early to Zachos 1996,
the Aria valley, Cyclades, alt: period. though it may occasionally have been deserted. Late Cycladic, Archaic, Classical, with previous
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

628 m (max. dim. of the main 2. use perhaps for cult & mortuary practices. Hellenistic periods. bibliography.
chamber: 100x50 m).

301
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 2. Map of the Southern Balkans area focusing in the territory from Thessaly to the Danube river valley. The Evros/Maritsa
and Strymon rivers, discussed in the text, are also highlighted.

Human use of caves through time could be evident in terms of physical geography12, spatial
arrangements and refuse deposits (Tables 1-5; Fig. 1). The aim of this paper is to illustrate the
cave pattern variability in a plurality of Late Neolithic - Bronze Age societies.

Distribution of caves within the environmental zones


To understand the seasonal movements of Mediterranean pastoralists, ethnoarchaeologists
have collected data (lowland winter pastures, mountain summer pastures, pastoral sites, herd
demography, population density etc)13 from different elevation zones. According to the ecological
description, only one (4.54%), out of the 22 caves, is situated on a high mountain (1600 to 1100 m
in elevation) plateau. This is Korykeion Antron on Parnassus Mountain (Table 2). In the same
sample no cave for residential (transit living site) or pastoral use is recorded between 1000 to
900m in elevation. Very few (13.63%, that is the cave of Lakes on Helmos/Aroaneia Mountain
- Table 4; Zas cave on the homonym mountain on Naxos island - Table 5, Piges Koromilias on
the western foothills of Vernon) are located on the precipitous versants of the foothills (1000
to 800 m in elevation). The reminder caves are to be found in valleys or rocky seashores (the
coastal belt) between 500 m to 10 m in elevation.

12
No investigation has been done on the different types of limestone and the geological period they were deposited.
The surface features of the limestone and the speleogenesis, even if they are correlated to the human use are not
taken into account. Only the internal space left is examined.
13
Chang 1999, 133-44; Wace and Thomson. 1914, ch. II.

302
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Possible vertical or horizontal roads and social networks


Our observations were concentrated on Piges Koromilia cave, on the right bank of
Livadopotamos stream, one of the main tributaries of the Haliakmon river14. The cave (Table 1;
Fig. 3) is situated in a steep gorge, 9 km west of the Byzantine and modern town of Kastoria,
13 km from the Neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio15 and 20 km from the flat extended
Neolithic settlement of Avgi16. Several smaller cavities are observed along the cliffs of the ravine17.
This narrow valley was carved at a height of 850 m above the sea level, in a region which unifies
western Thessaly to Korça basin and Pelagonia plain via narrow passages and rivers18. The
depression itself was a possible prehistoric human route and an important corridor during
historical times19. The absolute chronology (Table 6) confirms the data given by the comparative
study of the pottery. The cave was mainly inhabited during the Neolithic Age from at least
5600/5500 to 5000/4900 cal. BC (final stages of Middle Neolithic and beginning of Late Neolithic
- LN Ia - but later occupations20, notably during the late-Byzantine and post-Byzantine period,
have been revealed, and presented by a few amount (10%) of wheel made pottery (Fig. 7).
The types of the handmade Neolithic sherds21 (Fig. 8) represent affinities with the pottery
found in settlements of the ‛west corridor’22 and even further to the north and the south following
the river drainage systems: in the Kastoria basin (Avgi, Kolokynthou, Dispilio), the Korcë basin
and the valleys of Devol, Osun, Seman and upper Drin flow rivers (e.g. Dunavec I-II, Podgorie
II, Maliq I-IIb, Katundas II, Cakra, Kolsh II), the Eordaia basin (e.g. Megalo Nissi Galanis), the
Axios/Vardar, Morava and middle Danube flow river valleys (e.g. Veluşka, Porodin, Starčevo,
Anza II/III, Vinča), the Haliakmon valley (Servia, Vasilara Rachi, Geryra Servion-Kolitsaki,
Nisaki, Nissi, Tourla), the plains between Haliakmon and Strymon rivers (e.g. Mandalo
I-II, Stavroupoli, Dimitra) or the Peneios river (e.g. Theopetra cave, Platia Magoula Zarkou,

Haliakmon, with a total length of 322 km rises in the northern Pindus Range Mountains and the Vernon- Koresteia
14

ridge, Vigla hills/ passage of Pissoderi. It flows in the Thermaïque Gulf.


According to the chronological frame of the Balkan and the Aegean region Dispilio is dated from the final stages
15

of the Middle Neolithic up to the Final Neolithic (c. 5600-5000 up to 3000 BC): Χουρμουζιάδης 2002.
The extent of the site is estimated up to 5 ha. The period of occupation seems to be of at least 1 millennium from
16

the Middle Neolithic (c. 5650- 5300) to Late Neolithic I and II (5300-4500 BC) separated into two distinct habitation
phases: Στρατούλη 2007b, 595-606; Στρατούλη and Μπεκιάρης in press.
The presence of cavities parallel to the length of the small canyons is a typical feature in the whole peninsula and
17

the islands.
Tρανταλίδου et al. 2007: The steep defile of Livadopotamos (Zelova in the 19th c.) is the axon route between the basin
18

of Kastoria and the area of western Thessaly; the successive basins of Florina and Amyntaion–Eordaia; Florina and
Pelagonia, Prespa lakes and the area of the four northwestern lakes (Malik included); Korytsa and Malik drainage
basin.
Such a way is regarded as the segment chosen by the infantry as travelers, engineers or historians involved in
19

military missions and the real war events (mainly those of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th c. AD)
allow us to understand:
1. Travelers’ account and documents: Pouqueville 1820, 85; Leak 1835, I, 5, 332; Σχοινάς 1886-7, 217-9, 239-41;
Weigand 2001/1895, 164-5 (he passes through the ravine on 1889); Admiral War Staff Intelligence Division 1916,
Route 53, 208; Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, Greece III, 1947, 80-2; Armée de Terre de
France, dossier nº 20N 192, QGA, 18/04/1916 (report of Armée d’ Orient).
2. Hammond 1972, I, map 6; Hammond and Griffith, 1979; See also: Kravari, 1989, 35-8; fig. 2 with the relevant
bibliography and the comments on the Byzantine historians of 11th-13th c. AD, which referred to this line of
passage.
3. Additionally, on the same mule track, 3.5 km west of the village of Pisoderi there are remnants of a paved road
(whose width is 3.60-3.90 m and the preserved length is ca 5.50m), which could belonged to the Roman period and
of a fortified hill (Zoodohos Pigi, right bank of Livadopotamos, alt. 953 m) near the village Vatochori which could
related to the Byzantine period as many fortress of the Prespa lakes area : Schinas 1886, 248; Keramopoulos A. 1934,
94; Trantalidou 1993, 300-2.
Additionally, sherds from the Chalcolithic and the Late Bronze Age period were uncovered.
20

Trantalidou et al. 2005, table 1, fig. 2-6.


21

We choose the expression from the Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, Greece III, 1947, 80-2.
22

303
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 3. Plan of Piges Koromilias cave. The locations of post-holes, the dry wall and the stalagmite column are distinguished.
Topographical work and realization: Th. Hatzitheodorou, Surveyor-engineer, Ephoreia for Palaeoanthropology and Speleology of
Southern Greece with help from Y. Tsetsekidis, surveyor in the town of Kastoria.

304
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Makrychori)23. Resemblances could even be seen to the pottery found at Gouves rock shelter
on mount Tomarus (1.500 m alt.), in an area which is covered in snow several months a year.
The shelter could have been used only as a summer pasture for stock breeders, according to
excavators 24.
Regarding the pottery (technological achievement and shapes) there is no doubt that
large areas share a cultural Neolithic ‛koinon’, due to various interactions between the
communities25.
During the excavation, using the oral questionnaire method26, we confirm that the seasonal
movements of sheepherders and flocks until recently (1950) covered distances up to 100 km or
more, e.g. from Grammos and the eastern Pindos Mountain range to the examined cave area27,
or from Thessaly to Prespa or the Malik lake basins28. Certainly, in restricted territories small
distances were covered, e.g. on the Euboea island29.
In the eastern part of Macedonia, alike, pots and sherds encountered at Springs of Angitis,
a cave located at the southern part of Phalakron Mountain (Table 1), testified population
movements and/or exchanges during the 4th millennium. Examination of the pottery found in
the small (in terms of its size and the thickness of the deposits) seasonal, though fully excavated,
installation inside the first chamber of the cave, reveal shapes that cover a wide geographical
area (Fig. 2) from the lower Danube flow to the north (e.g. Sǎlcuţa IIc-III group, Cernavodǎ I,
Cǎsciorele, Olteniţa Renie I30), the course of the Maritsa/Evros river (e.g. Karanovo V-VI), the
Aegean Thrace (Paradimi, Strymi cave, Maroneia cave, Sitagroi, Dikili Tash, Doxat Tepe31) to the
south east, the Strymon river valley (Kolarovo32, Dimitra) to the west, as far as eastern coastal
Thessaly (e.g. Pefkakia tell) to the south33.
The results of the previous approach recall the data available on populations involved in
transhumant adaptations in the pre-World War II period (or even later), when pastoralism was
an essential part of the economy of traditional communities (Pomaks, Yürüks, Sarakatsans and
Vlachs) for hundred years. They use to move north to south and east to west in the Rhodopes
mountain range34.

Trantalidou et al. 2005 with references for each site mentioned above.
23

Douzougli 1996, 46-8; She also discusses the probably contacts of the coastal zone in Epirus (e.g. Sideri cave) and the
24

Ionian Islands. For her the communication by sea between the islands (e.g. Choirospilia cave on Leukas Island) and
the cultures of both coasts from Dalmatia to southern Greece were quite active. The same remarks were valuable
between Central Greece and the Peloponnese. For Gouves see also: Douzougli and Zachos 2002.
Those relations are to be seen in historical times also: The decorative motifs and shapes of the late Byzantine lead-
25

glazed pottery show affinities with the central Macedonian workshops (Thessaloniki, Beroia).
Data collected by K. Trantalidou.
26

The distance between the mountainous Vlach village Grammos (alt.: 1.380 m) and the cave is 80 km. A young
27

inhabitant of the village Koromilia affirmed to K. Trantalidou that his grandfather used to pen the flocks 4-5 months
during the winter in the area. Then, the animals were conducted, via the village of Nestorio, to Grammos, using the
Haliakmon valley route.
For the highland pastoral communities on Pindos see: Νισιάκος 1991, 38-42.
28

Sampson 1993, 300-3, fig. 236.


29

It seems that similar shapes were produced at sites as Cernavoda I, but also, IIIA2, Căscioarele, Hărşova, Olteniţa
30

-Renie I, Ulmeni-Tăuşanca, Dealul Sofia- Graeca, Sălcuţa II, III, and Cetate, all situated in the actual southern Romania
state.
Some of the sites with analogous shapes and decoration in pottery are: Dimitra (ΙΙ, mainly ΙΙΙ), Sitagroi (ΙΙΙ but
31

also ΙΙ-VB), Dikili Tas (ΙΙA), Doxat Τepe, Paradimi, Μakri (Ι, ΙΙ), Caves of Stryme and Maroneia, Κriaritsi Sykias
(Chalcidiki).
Some locations in the upper Strymon/Strumna valley which have manufacture resembling pottery are: Drenovitsa,
32

Damyanitsa II, Kolarovo and Dyakovo.


For the pottery shapes, decoration, relative chronology at the Piges Angitis cave and the similar productions in the
33

area see: Τρανταλίδου, Σκαράκη, Καρά and Ντίνου 2007; Τρανταλίδου, Σκαράκη and Καρά 2007, with bibliography
for each site mentioned above.
Cousinéry 1831; Wace and Thompson 1914, ch. III; Χατζημιχάλη 2007/1957; Efstratiou 1999, 145-58.
34

305
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 4. Stratigraphy of the central belt at the Piges Koromilias cave (Section 16-17G).

Fig. 5. Temporary use of a cave as a living site: Reconstruction Fig. 6. Koutrouzos cave at Spiliovouno, Fiskardo, Cephalonia
of a hospital in use during the Greek Civil War that followed island. Rocky cavities have been used as human and animal
the end of WWII (after the film Deep (courageous) soul, 2009, shelter. They used to pen animals until the 1970 decay (Photo:
directed by P. Voulgaris). The cave used for the necessities of K. Trantalidou).
the film is on the lakeside of Kastoria (Photo: K. Trantalidou).

However, there is still little known about land use and domestic animal management in
Balkans during the Neolithic. Both potentials, mixed farming and specialized pastoralism,
have been explored35. It is highly probable that, as elsewhere in the Mediterranean territories,

35
For some researchers the occupation of caves is related to changes in animal husbandry: Diamant 1974;
Halstead 1981, 325-7; Cherry 1988, 22-3; Johnson 1996, 267-95; Sampson 1997.
306
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Neolithic groups of unspecialised and partially nomadic shepherds became progressively


transhumant pastoralists that moved through districts on a regular annual base36. Up to now,
archaeozoological data from the Morava-Danube valleys in Central Balkan area, do not indicate
seasonal movement of people with their livestock before the 4th millennium37.
That extent circulation of commodities and ideas could be the result of symbiotic
relationships between groups and regions38.

Spatial arrangements through time


Piges Koromilias cave belongs to the category of caves dissolved out of solid carbonate
rock by acidic water. Inside the cave, 26.40 m (length) x 8 m (breadth), a sediment depth no
more than 1.50 m in the northern and deepest squares39 has been developed. Very few vertical
trenches have been realized in order to understand the chronological associations of the strata.
The stratigraphic sequence40 (Fig. 4) is composed by:
1. Disturbed superficial layers, the well-known brown–grey extremely fin, due to the
trembling, soil evidenced in quite every cave (e.g. Kitsos at Kamariza in Attica, Piges Angiti,
Theopetra -at the foot a huge limestone hill in western Thessaly-, Tharrounia in a semi-
mountainous region of central Euboea, Sarakenos at the eastern part of the former lake
Kopais in Boeotia and Drakaina, on the southern side of the Vohinas gorge, on Kephalonia
island) give evidence of spontaneous flocking and hunting activities. Most of caves are
conventionally understood principally as temporary refugees for farmers or pastoralists.
The superficial soil turns into mud at places where the precipitation of the cave is high.
At Piges Koromilias, the thickness of the surface layers is up to 0,11 cm and the ratio of
Neolithic ceramics to those of latter periods is 1:2,6 sherds41.
2. Sediments below the modern surface:
2a. Successive red clay masses, black layers representing open fire remains42 and lenses of
grey-white ash densely packed. The organic material of fires is not the product of the
incomplete combustion of wood (charcoal) as it is seen at Piges Angitis (Table 1). Firewood
and timber could have been converted to inorganic material and therefore lenses of ashes
have been revealed. However, the main organic material preserved consisted of burnt
caprins’ coprolites. The deposits of the herbivore dung are produced in pastoral societies.

Boschian 2000, 63-72; Boschian and Montagnari-Kokelj 2000, 331-71.


36

Greenfield 1986, on Danube-Morava area sites; Comşa 1999, 37-46, on Danube-Dnieper river territory sites. The data
37

from those Central Balkan sites were correlated to the intensification of milk exploitation: Chapman 1982, 107-22;
Sherratt 1983, 90-104; Greenfield 1988; 1999, 15-36.
However, investigations on harvest profiles from mandibular teeth and eruption data, combined with post-cranial
material of sheep and goats as well as bovids, resulted a minimal of evidence movement. They fitted only for
Vinča and Livade: Arnold and Greenfield 2006, 243-52. Those zoological approaches could be compatible with the
supposition that pastoral movements were interconnected with historical periods: Halstead 1990; Lewthwaite, 1981,
57-66.
Those considerations, if they proved to be right, call in questions the alternative hypotheses conforming to which
transhumance was a structural transformation of the Palaeolithic-Mesolithic hunting activity: Barker 1975, 85-104;
Geddes 1983, 51-66 (Mediterranean Pyrenees); Mlekuž 2003, 139-51. The latter suggests seasonal movements of
eastern Adriatic herders to optimize conditions for pastoral production during the Neolithic.
Greenfield 1999, 17; Halstead 1987, 77-87.
38

The recording system used was based upon a grid of 1 X 1 m squares. 110 squares were excavated, scraped
39

simultaneously and then mapped.


The stratigraphy was defined in collaboration with Dr. P. Karkanas, geologist at the Ephorate for Palaeoanthropology
40

–Speleology of Southern Greece.


The quantification was based on a sample collected on a surface of 27 m².
41

There were no ovens for cooking.


42

307
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 7. Piges Koromilias Cave. Techniques and shapes of pots.

Fig. 8. Piges Koromilias Cave. Neolithic pottery wares and finishing techniques. There are three categories of Neo-
lithic ware very fine, medium thick and coarse.

Obviously shepherds have set fire to the whole internal space43 for sanitary purposes
(protection of animals from parasites, disinfection of the cave44). The same image is to be

In Sicily the old practice of burning dung seem to take part at the end of the summer: Boschier, Vila, and Giacomarra
43

1992, 63.
We can not confuse those intense burnings with the use of fire that has been recorded in Late Neolithic - Chalcolithic
deliberated selected fully equipped dwellings (early Halaf, Gumelniţa, Vinča or Cucuteni cultures) in the east
Mediterranean areas. It is assumed that the latest, intentionally burned houses were linked with purification rituals
(e,g. after the death of important people): Popovici 2010, 99-100.
44
The idea to reduce the volume of sediments has also been discussed: Mlekuž 2009, 221. Nowadays, sheepherders
used to sell dung as soil fertilization. In Sicily, where cave dung was used as field fertilizer, only caves of easy access
have been affected: Boschier, Vila and Giacomarra 1992.

308
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Fig. 9. Piges Koromilias cave: Quantitative classification of Neolithic decorated pottery.

seen at Kouveleiki A and B45 in Laconia, Leontari cave in Attica or Polyphimos cave in
Maroneia46 where burnt dung is more dispersed (Tables 4, 1). The thin white powdery
layered lenses, discerned in many caves, suggest that the process was repeated cyclically,
over a long period47.
2b. Mixed layers, by both the geological and archaeological approach. In fact, two or three
lenses had 100% sherds of historical periods. All the others had either a mixed material
or only Neolithic sherds48. Excavating deeper in the stratigraphical sequence, we realised
that the ratio of Neolithic sherds to those of the following periods was progressively:
2.9: 1 (layers 1, 2); 8.75: 1 (layer 3); 10.75: 1 (layer 8) until we get clear, pastoral Neolithic
deposits.
3. Yellow-brown water-lain sediments, cultural sterile layers, are situated mainly towards the
entrance of the cave, underneath the superficial strata.

Karkanas 2006; 2007, 778.


45

Personal observation.
46

Boschian and Miracle 2007, 173-80 on Pupićina Cave in Istria; Calcified lenticular ash horizon, is to be seen at
47

stratum 4 (Late Neolithic), central chamber of the Konispol Cave, Pävel River: Schuldenrein 1998, fig. 7; Mlekuž
2009, 219-25 on caves in the Adriatic coast. The last researcher underlines that the couple of black and white layers
and lenses, sometimes discontinuous, compressed, are components that occur at all Mediterranean caves. These
facies indicate that the caves were frequented by domestic herbivores.
The digital record of the material has been produced by D. Bouliou, then student at the University of Athens.
48

309
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

The cave witnessed the following structures inside the cave:


1. recent stone hearths structures associated to charcoal were exposed on the surface level.
2. Four fine clay floors, whose thickness was maximum 3 to 5 cm, were uncovered49. The fourth
and latest was just underneath the surface sediments. The two deepest floors had rough
stones of small to medium dimension, burnt clay and rarely sherds paved underneath
the clay to avoid humidity (Table 1). Clay floors are the most common dwelling structure
both in space and time. The use of stones as a substratum is a prevailing component in
domestic habitation constructions displayed in wet lowlands50. Clay floors seem to cover
the maximum part of the cave, except from the area towards the entrance. That area gave
the most recent chronologies.
As reported by the excavator, the scanty presence of floors in the Neolithic Cyclops cave
(Table 5) is combined with either the limited presence of persons during that period or the
disaster resulted by the animals. Layers of plaster clay floors are rare in Balkan Neolithic-
Chalcolithic house architecture51 and very scare in caves. The lime plastered floors at
Drakaina cave created a dry environment (Table 5) and are, as yet, unique. Therefore, the
cave could have been linked to communal activities.
3. Post-holes on the floors52 delimiting wooden frames or semi-circular huts which could have
preserved individuals from the continuous water drops and formed probably sleeping areas
up to two persons53. Timber structures are visible in all carefully prepared rock surfaces54
as seen in a totally different example in Figs. 5 and 6.

The texture and the quality of clay resembles very much on the red argillaceous earth visible at the west entrance of
49

the gorge, the clay used for the mud bricks of the ancient houses of the near by village Koromilia and the deserted
village Gabros.
Floors have more or less similar thickness: e.g. At Skoteini cave a LN I floor is thick up to 1.2 cm and at Sarakenos
a LN II floor has a thickness of 3 cm, another one related to the Middle Helladic has a thickness estimated between
1.2 and 1.4 cm (Sampson 1993, 31; 2008, 28, 38).
50
For instance: 1. at Dispilio clay floors have a thickness of 3-7 cm. Clay was laid on perbbles or on successive layers
of pebbles and sand (Χουρμουζιάδη 2000, 121); 2. in Pieria (central Macedonia) similar clay floors with pebble
substratum have been found at Baltos; 3. in Leptokarya and at Krania A1: Ε. Πουλάκη Παντερμαλή, Ε. Κλινάκη,
Σ. Κουλίδου and Ε. Παπαδοπούλου   2007; Έ. Πουλάκη - Παντερμαλή 2007: www.olympusarchaeology.gr. In fact
quantities of domestic rubbish (at Cyclops cave on Youra there is plenty of shells and fish vertebra together with
other bones) are incorporated in between floors. It is kind of recycling former occupation debris. See also Karkanas
and Efstratiou 2009, 963.
51
Karkanas and Efstratiou 2009; Popovici 2010, 97-9.
Wooden frames maintained largely the Neolithic domestic architecture, but up to know few examples have been
52

brought in light inside the caves (Tables 1-5). Post–holes were also uncovered on the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age
deposits at the coastal cave at Himara (alt.: 3.6 m, length: 30 m): Francis et al. 2010, 16.
The diameter of the post-holes seems to be very much alike in huts in the open air and in caves. For instance,
a hut of the 6th millennium BC in Attica (Merenta) had post-holes of 0.13-0.20 m in diameter and 0.08-0.20 m in
depth (Kακαβογιάννη et al. 2009, 146). At the lakeside Dispilio several hundreds of post-holes were dug up (2088
postholes just before 2000). Their diameter deviated from 3 to 40 cm, but the commonest fluctuation was 8 to 18 cm
with a mean of 0.12cm (Χουρμουζιάδη 2000, 117). At the Piges Koromilias cave the diameter post-holes is usually
0.08 to 0.10m, though the range is 0.06 to 0.20 m.
53
It is also possible that the wooden frame of those structures created a kind of vault towards the rocky walls of the
cave.
Wooden livestock enclosures are still visible in front of rock shelters and the outer part of caves where penning
54

practices were exercised e.g. Anonymous cave at Spiliobouno, alt. 140 m, Fiskardo area on Cephalonia Island (survey
K. Trantalidou and V. Letsios, archaeologist at the Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology- Speleology of S. Greece).
Dry walls were used to structure the space in the southern Aegean Islands caves. At Lardos area, on Rhodes Island, the
dry wall in front of the shelters and small caves, which were exploited for penning goats, is preserved up to a height
of 1.5 to 2 m. Sometimes the upper part of the stone wall or of the wooden framework is covered with branches
of thorny bushes. At the cave Zatas (20 x 20 m) in the ravine Phonias, Lindos area, the dry walls in the entrance
keep safe the flocks and the wooden framework inside divided the area in two compartments. Beneath the layer
of the recent herbivore coprolites there is a floor made of beaten earth (survey: K. Trantalidou and A. Athanassiou,
geologist-palaeontologist at the Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology-Speleology of S. Greece).

310
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Burnt clay fragments bearing imprints of reeds (wattle-impressions) were identified. Walls
of rammed earth where branches and reeds were used as a frame could have been shaped
in order to reduce needs for heating and separating areas inside the cave.
4. The cave, towards its northern end, bears a natural division, a low rocky vault and
a  stalagmite. The reminding opening has been fulfilled by the construction of a wall of
dry stones whose dimensions are: 3.10 x 0.87-0.94 m. The aperture was quite close forming
another rest area.
Obviously, the use of cave was convenient for human rest and for animal shelter.
5. Outside the cave, rocky stairs are carved on the cliff, an architectural characteristic known
from other caves also e.g. Housti on Kythera Island55 or Schistos cave on Mount Aegaleo in
Attica.

The smaller cavities, on the right of Piges Koromilias’ cave reveal floors of beaten earth and
post holes, mainly for timber doors. In conjunction with depictions traced in charcoal56 on the
NW rocks nearby and the small, single-aisled church with barrel-vaulted roof, built in a cavity
of the rock, those cavities should been used as hermitages57.
To preserve the discoveries and to prevent accidents, at Piges Koromilias trenches, clay
floors and post-holes have been stabilized with Primal diluted in water58, covered with geotextile
and then filled with the earth from the excavation in order to have a horizontal plan again.

Basic features of the Piges Koromilias’ pottery


Two majors’ episodes of the change in pottery technology at the Piges Koromilias cave
have been used not to find out the styles (e.g. black topped bowls –Fig. 10, barbotine decoration
of medium utility wares, dotted decoration) but to understand the general functions of the clay
vessels at those times (Fig. 7). They correspond to the phases I and II (5606-5379, 5364‑5081,
strictly speaking, to the last 600 years of the 6th millennium BC) and IV-VI (1297-1408, 1445-1631
and 1666-1953 AD). The last 600 years of the first millennium AD are periods of documented
invasions, wars or simply increase of social tensions in the area. The sherds that have been
recorded, up to now, are 2830 and 90% of them are associated with the Neolithic period
(sporadic use during the Middle Neolithic). However, the percentages of the sherds from the
pithoid vases seem to be reciprocal: 14% during the prehistory59 and 8% during the Byzantine
and recent use of the cave. The open (Fig. 11) and board-mouthed vessels have quite identical
percentages throughout the two periods60.
Of the 2551 Neolithic sherds only 13% are coarse ware (Fig. 8). The finest monochrome pots
(thin walled, well fired clay) are black, maroon and red burnished. They totalized up to 27%.
The fine or medium thick ware decorated sherds represent the 16%. Burnished and a few other
types of decorated sherds account for about 43% of the bulk of Middle and Late Neolithic pottery

Some information concerning the cave: Τσαραβόπουλος 2009, 568-9.


55

Three wall-paintings decorated with Christian subjects are barely visible on the cliffs in between the cavities.
56

In the area of Lake Megali Prespa, the hermitage of Analipsi dates of the 14th c.
57

P. Gkioni, conservator at the Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology – Speleology of Southern Greece worked together
58

with the whole team.


The archaeobotanical data do not provide solid data. One charred seed of Hordeum vulgare (barley), found in a burnt
59

layer with Neolithic and later sherds (ratio 11.6: 1) was identified by Dr. G. Kotzamani, archaeologist-archaeobotanist,
Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology – Speleology of Southern Greece.
The general resemblances of the pottery in between the two periods could not lead to any assumption about the
60

small communities they used to visit the cave. Detection and identification of molecular signatures in ceramic
vessels (an attempt to apply analytical and spectrometric techniques to archaeological material) could give more
details in the variability of organic residues absorbed within the ceramic matrix. It will be endeavored to clarify
issues related to the use of the ceramics and the processing of food resources and thus possibly the function of the
caves. Organic residues analysis can be used in a complementary way to archaeobotanical and archaeozoological
studies performed, as an alternate means of information.

311
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

(Fig. 9; painted and applied decoration). Most


of the remaining sherds are polished.
It may be added that of the 279 sherds of
the Byzantine and post-Byzantine period (the
traditional chronological framework was used)
44 were of coarse ware (16%), 175 (particularly
61%) were polished and 27 (expressly 10%)
bear a type of decoration. They indicate a low
intensity use of the cave.

The function of flint tools


Fig. 10. Piges Koromilias cave. Sherd from a black-topped red
polished bowl with vertical bands. A similar vase was found The small chipped lithic assemblage from
Piges Koromilias consists of 10 pieces. The
at Dispilio (Drawing by Z. Georgiou, Ephorate for Palaeo-
anthropology-Speleology of Southern Greece. high frequency of tools (n=7), as well as the
near-absence of chipping debris, suggests that
knapping was not among the activities carried out by the users of the cave. It mirrors the situation
at other Neolithic sites in the region, where there is a high frequency of tools, especially use of wear
blades, and limited evidence for on-site production. This, perhaps, could indicate that raw materials
mainly are entering the Neolithic sites from sources outside the valley and the basin of Kastoria.

Fig. 11. Piges Koromilias cave. Open-vase profiles (Drawing by Z. Georgiou).

312
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

The most important functional aspect of the assemblage is that it is based on blades and
blade segments that could be flexibly arranged in composite tools or used individually when
necessary. The presence of sickle gloss and blunting of several lateral edges indicates a concern
with cutting plant material, probably either domesticated cereals or plants for animal fodder.
Several separate activities are indicated by the toolkit (e.g. cutting, piercing, and scraping).
While these tasks did not necessarily take place within the cave, the tools associated with the
tasks accompanied the cave users. Although the lithics are too few to provide further detail of
how the cave was used, the dominance of material from the end stage in the knapping process
is an indication that the activities carried out at Piges Koromilias were planned in advance.

Animal residues at selected sites


The total amount of bones collected at Piges Koromilias was 1421 fragments61. If we rule
out all those fragments that seem to have been uncovered in layers and lenses where sherds
from Bronze Age and historical periods were intrusive, then we limited our Neolithic sample in
439 specimens (30.89%; Table 7). The rates of bone deposition are low in comparison with other
caves and the species diversity remains mediocre (Figs. 12-15).
The following wild species have been recorded: Cervus elaphus is present with 15 and 18
bones in the Neolithic and Mixed strata category, even if elements that are not obviously of
recent date (Fig. 15); 1 maxillary fragment from Capreolus capreolus, 1 manbible from a senior
adult individual and a radius fragment from Sus scrofa fer.62, 1 fused phalanx fragment from an
Ursus arctos63, 5 bones from the Leporidae family plus 8 bird bones64 and 3 reptilian bones from
the Testudinae family totalize the animal taxa, which have contributed their skeletal remains
to the analyzed Neolithic assemblage. Those results could mean that hunting played almost no
role in subsistence.
Some caves offered hints of seasonality: At Skoteini cave (Tharrounia, Euboea)65, at Cyclops
cave on Youra, at Orpheas in the Angitis gorge, at Kouveleiki A in southern Peloponnese or at
Piges Koromilias there is evidence of sheep/goat natural infant mortality. We know that ewes
were present in the cave in the lambing season66.
At Orpheas cave and, probably, at the Schistos on mount Aegaleo most caprins were
slaughtered at the age of 2-3 years old. At the Skoteini most animals were butchered between
1-4 years old. At the Cave of Lakes at Kastria and at Piges Koromilias, caves situated in similar
altitudes, there are caprins cull at the age of 6-12 months. Those data could fit to a summer
passage. At Koromilia sheep could have been killed at the age of 2-4 years (data from the deeper
strata) or even younger (data from the upper strata).

Animal bones have been recorded by D. Bouliou, mainly, V. Argiti, who have participated at the excavation and
61

E. Lioliou, then students at the University of Athens.


The bones from the domestic form issued from newborn or at least very young (0-12 m) individuals. They were
62

never older than 2 years old when they were slaughtered during either the Neolithic or the historical periods.
Can we suppose the presence of a garment made of the fur of a bear? In the family of the carnivores, we can add the
63

presence of a mustelid, represent here by a distal fragment of an unfused humerus. Carnivore bones bear no marks,
apart a slightly burnt mandible of a dog in the upper strata. Both young dogs (a puppy in the Neolithic strata) and
adult are present.
They are: Humerus, p, d; Tibia (2); Tibia, d; and Metatarsus, all from adult hares. Leporidae family in the upper
64

strata totalize 14 fragments: 1 Thoracic vr.; 1 Lumbar vr.; 2 Ribs; 1 Humerus; 2 Innominate; 2 Femur, p; 1 Tibia, p;
1 Tibia, 2 Tibia, d; 1 Metapodium (p: proximal, d: distal part of the Element, vr: vertebra). However, we can hardly
estimate that two hares were slaughtered (a younger and an adult one). No important traces, apart a cut mark on
a tibia shaft and a proximal femur slightly burnt.
Kotzabopoulou and Trantalidou 1993.
65

Lambing season in the Aegean area, if ewes are separated from rams, could start in October, the earliest births, and
66

could finish in April, the latest ones.

313
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Fig. 12. Piges Koromilias. Economic anatomy (body part relative abundance) of the Caprinae sub-family. The total NISP (shaft
fragments are included) for the Neolithic lithostratigraphics units is 339 fragments. The total number of specimens for the over-
lying layers with sherds of Neolithic and historical periods is 667 bones. It appears that the lower front and hind limbs as well as
the extremities are poorly preserved. Ribs, the Upper Hind and the Upper Front Limb are the most frequent parts. The remains
of sheep and goats display a pattern where mainly the highly utility parts are found at the site. The ratio sheep: goat during the
LNIa period is 2.3: 1. The ratio of the same ungulates for the mixed strata is 1: 5.

Fig. 13. Sus scrofa d. body part relative abundance for Neolithic and Mixed strata. The total number of specimens is 36 and 94
for the Neolithic and mixed strata respectively. Vertebrae and extremities are depressed.

314
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Fig. 14. Piges Koromilias cave. Relative anatomical frequency of Bos taurus component. 39 and 91 bovid elements have been
registered for the Neolithic and the Mixed faunal assemblages respectively.

Fig. 15. Piges Koromilias. Relative Frequency of Cervus elaphus anatomical elements. The remains pose a serious impediment
for interpretation. However, we can recognize that the number of animal hunted were at least two: an individual with deciduous
teeth and a young adult.

315
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Presumptions and conclusions


1. All caves in the sample were marginal and peripheral to main village settlements.
2. The size of those sites varies between 80 m² and 2400 m².
3. Based on the micromorphology (burnt and unburned herbivore dung), the animal remains
(shed deciduous teeth, bones from neonatal sheep and goats), the evidence of penning
animals and the restricted human activity (artifacts were usually manufactured elsewhere
else), we note that half of the 22 caves were used as herders’ temporary living sites and
stables for their livestock. According to the excavators, two of them were used as milking
pens.
4. Hearth debris was present in all sites with different configurations: a. scatters of ash and
charcoal; b. stone-lined hearths; c. ovens: e.g. at Alepotrypa in the Peloponnese.
There is no demonstration for any relation between length of occupation and the type of
hearth. The number of hearths depends on whether the occupying group reuses structures
pre-owned by previous occupants of the cave (e.g. at Piges of Angitis).
5. Sleeping arrangements could have been lodged (e.g. lateral niches at Alepotrypa; eventually
by the wall of the cave at Koromilia.
6. Refuse disposal: No special concentration is referred to literature. Large numbers of bone
fragments are discarded at random between the floors of the caves. At Angitis bones were
found adjacent to the hearths. At Koromilia useless objects come upon small pits near the
walls of the cave or the dry stones wall.
7. Activity areas based on the spatial distribution of finds have been rarely spotted. Alepotrypa
give the impression to be a rare example.
8. Hypothesis relevant to Piges Koromilias. During the Late Neolithic I, there was a relative
intense occupation of the cave. The rich ethnographical data, all over the Haimos
peninsula, for short or long distance movements to the pastures through mountain passes
with temporary stops do not allow us to use them as a direct analogy. On the other hand,
the archaeological data at Piges Koromilias cave evoke correlative systems of residential
mobility, spatial arrangement of the cave, deposits of herbivore dung, quantity and quality
of pottery. All previous data and flock exploitation suggest that people share their life with
the animals and they were depended on them. It is then possible that moving herders
settled in the Kastoria basin, transported livestock and valuable ceramic items through
Livadopotamos pass.
Equivalent suggestions have been done for the use of many caves situated in the border of
permanent settlements, though mobile pastoralists have left limited traces67.

Dr. Katerina Trantalidou Dr. Niels Andreasen


Ministry of Culture Danish Institute at Athens
Ephorate for Palaeoanthropology-Speleology Herefondos 14
34b Ardittou str. Platia Aghias Aikaterinis, Plaka
GR-116 36 Athens GR-105 58 Athens
&
University of Thessaly Eleana Belegrinou
Argonauton & Philellion Volos Ministry of Culture
ktrantalidou@yahoo.gr Ephorate for Palaeoanthropology-Speleology
34b Ardittou str.
GR-116 36 Athens

67
Certainly, due to the small sample of caves all conclusions are tentative. We can maybe have more arguments if
we arrive to match the strontium isotope ratios in bones and teeth to those in the specific geographic regions we
suppose flocks were moving to.

316
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Bibliography
Admiral War Staff Intelligence Division. 1916. A Handbook of Macedonia and surroundings territories.
Andreou, S., M. Fotiadis, and K. Kotsakis. 1996. “Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Neolithic and Bronze Age of
Northern Greece.” AJA 100: 537-97.
Anthony, D. W. 2010. “The rise and Fall of Old Europe.” In The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000‑3500 BC,
edited by D. W. Anthony and J. Chi, 29-57. Berkeley: University of California Press / Princenton: Princeton
University Press (2009).
Arnold, El., and H. J. Greenfield. 2006. “The origins of transhumant pastoralism in southern Europe.” In Space and
Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by E. C. Robertson, J. D. Siebert, D. C. Fernandez, and M. U. Zender,
243‑52. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
Barker, D. 1975. “Early Neolithic Land Use in Yugoslavia.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 41: 85-104.
Boschian, G. 2000. “New Data on the Pastoral Use of Caves in Italy.” In Volume in memoria di A. M. Radmilli, edited by
P. Biagi, Soc. Preistoria Protostoria Friuli-Venezia Giulia 8: 63-72.
Boschian, G., and E. Montagnari-Kokelj. 2000. “Prehistoric shepherds and caves in the Trieste Karst (Northeastern
Italy).” Geoarchaeology 15: 331-71.
Boschian G., and P. Miracle. 2007. “Shepherds and caves in the Karst of Istria (Croatia).” Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., Mem.,
A, 112: 173-80.
Boschier, J.-E., P. Vila, and M. Giacomarra. 1992. “Sheepherders and sediments. Geo-ethnoarchaeology of pastoral
sites.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 47-102.
Boschier, J.-E. 1996. “Feuilles ou fumiers? Observations sur le rôle des poussières sphérolitiques dans l’interprétations
des dépôts archéologiques holocènes.” Anthropozoologica 24: 19-30.
Bonsall, Cl., and Chr. Tolan-Smith. 1997. The Human Use of Caves. Oxford: BAR Int. S. 167.
Catalogue of exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. 1997. Cucuteni - The Last Great Chalcolithic
Civilisation of Europe. Bucharest / Thessaloniki: Romanian / Greek Ministry of Culture.
Chang, Cl. 1999. “The ethnoarchaeology of pastoral sites in the Grevena Region of Northern Greece.”
In Transhumant Pastoralism in Southern Europe, edited by L. Bartosiewicz and H. J. Greenfield, 133-44, Budapest:
Archaeolingua.
Chapman, J. C. 1982. “The secondary Products Revolution and the Limitations of the Neolithic.” Bulletin of the Institute
of Archaeology 19: 107-22.
Cherry, J. 1988. “Pastoralism and the Role of Animals in the Pre- and the Protohistoric Economies of the Aegean.”
In Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity, edited by C. R. Whittaker, 6-34. Cambridge Philological Society,
Suppl. Vol. 14.
Comşa, Ε. 1999. “Aspects du métier de pâtre au cours du néolithique tardif et de la période de transition vers
l’âge du bronze dans le territoire de la Roumanie.” In Transhumant Pastoralism in Southern Europe, edited by
L. Bartosiewicz and H. J. Greenfield, 37-46. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
Cousinéry, E. M. 1831. Voyage dans la Macédoine. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.
Demoule, J.-P., and C. Perlès. 1993. “The Greek Neolithic. A new Review.” Journal of World Prehistory 7: 355-416.
Diamant, S. 1974. The Later Village Farming Stage in Southern Greece. PH.D. dissertation. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania.
Diamant, S., and J. Traill. 1986. “Πούσι Καλογέρι.” Proceedings of the Β΄ Scientific Symposium of SE Attica. Kalyvia:
Epimorphotikos Syllogos (1985): 117-27.
Douzougli, A. 1996. “Epirus – The Ionian Islands.” In Neolithic Culture in Greece, edited by G.A. Papathanasopoulos,
46-8. Athens: N. P. Goulandris Foundation, Museum of Cycladic Art.
Douzougli, A., and K. Zachos. 2002. “L’archéologie des zones montagneuses: modèles et interconnexions dans le
néolithique de l ’Epire et d’Albanie méridionale.” In L’Albanie dans l’Europe Préhistorique. Actes du Colloque
de l’Orient, E.F.A. – Université de Bretagne-Sud, 08-10/06/00, edited by G. Touchais and J. Renard. BCH 42:
111‑43.
Efstratiou, N. 1999.  “Pastoralism in highland Rhodope: Archaeological implications from recent observations”.
In Transhumant Pastoralism in Southern Europe, edited by L. Bartosiewicz and H.J. Greenfield, 145-58. Budapest:
Archaeolingua.
Faure, P. 1964. Fonctions des Cavernes Crétoises. Paris: École Française d’Athènes, Travaux et mémoires, 14/ de
Boccard.
Francis, K. D., D. J. Bescoby, and I. Gjipali. 2010. “A Preliminary Investigation of two prehistoric cave sites in southern
Albania” Annual of the British School at Athens 104 (2009): 10-26.
Galanidou, N. 2000. “Patterns in Caves: Foragers, Horticulturists, and the Use of Space.” Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology 19: 243-75.
Geddes, D. 1983. “Transhumance in the Mediterranean Pyrenees.” World Archaeology 15: 51-66.
Greenfield, H. J. 1986. The Paleoeconomy of the Central Balkans (Serbia): A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Late Neolithic
and Bronze Age (ca. 4500–1000 BC). Oxford: BAR. Int. S. S304 (i).
Greenfield, H. J. 1988. “The Origins of Milk and Wool Production in the Old World: A Zooarchaeological Perspective
from the Central Balkans.” Current Anthropology 29: 573-93.
Greenfield, H. J. 1999. “The advent of transhumant pastoralism in the temperate southeast Europe: a zooarchaeological

317
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

perspective from the Central Balkans.” In Transhumant Pastoralism in Southern Europe, edited by L. Bartosiewicz
and H. J. Greenfield, 15-36, Budapest: Archaeolingua.
Halstead, P. 1981. “Counting Sheep in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece.” In Pattern of the Past, Studies in Honour
of David Clarke, edited by J. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond, 307-39. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Halstead, P. 1987. “Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: Plus ça change?” Journal of
Hellenic Studies 107: 77-87.
Halstead, P. 1990. “Present to past in the Pindos: diversification and specialization in mountain economics.”
In Archeologia Della Pastorizia Nell’Europa Meridionale: Atti della Tavola Rotonda Internazionale, edited by R. Maggi,
R. Nisbet, G. Barker, Rivista di Studi Liguri 56, 1: 61-80.
Halstead, P. 2000. “Land use in postglacial Greece: cultural causes and environmental effects.” In Landscape and land
use in postglacial Greece, edited by P. Halstead and C. Frederick, 110-28. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Hammond, N. G. L. 1972. A History of Macedonia, I, Historical geography and prehistory. Oxford: At the Clarendon
Press.
Hammond, N. G. L., and G. T. Griffith. 1979. A History of Macedonia, II, 550-336 BC. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
Hatzipouliou, E. 1996. “The Franchthi cave.” In Neolithic Culture in Greece, edited by G.A. Papathanassopoulos, 77.
Athens: N.P. Goulandris Foundation, Museum of Cycladic Art.
Jacobsen, T. W. 1987-1993. Excavations at Franchthi cave, Greece. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press,
fasc. 1-9.
Κακαβογιάννη, Ό., Έ. Τσελεπή, and X. Κατσαβού. 2009. “Οικισμός της Αρχαιότερης Νεολιθικής και οικία της
Νεότερης Νεολιθικής εποχής στη Μερέντα.” In From Mesogeia to Argosaronikos. Β΄ Ephorate of Prehistoric and
Classical Antiquities. Research of a Decade, 1994-2000. Proceedings of Conference, Athens 18-20/12/03, 143-58,
edided by V. Vassilopoulou and St. Katsarou-Tzevelekidi. Municipality of Markopoulo.
Kαμπούρογλου, Ε. Μ., Δ. Π. Μπούζας, and Θ. Γ. Χατζηθεοδώρου. 2008. “Παλαιοντολογικές - ιζηματολογικές
ανασκαφικές έρευνες σπηλαίου Α΄ Λουτρακίου Αριδαίας. Νεότερα στοιχεία.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 20 (2006): 674-84.
Kαραλή, Λ., Φ. Μαυρίδης, and Λ. Κορμαζοπούλου. 2007. “Σπήλαιο Λεονταρίου Αττικής. Ένα πετρώδες και
ορεινό περιβάλλον. Προκαταρκτικά στοιχεία για την έρευνα των ετών 2003-2005.” ΑΑΑ 39 (2006): 31-43.
Καρκάνας, Π., and S. Weiner. 2000. “Λιθοστρωματογραφία και Διαγένεση των αποθέσεων του σπηλαίου
Θεόπετρας Καλαμπάκας.” Ιn Theopetra Cave. Twelve years of excavation and research 1987-1988. Proceedings
of the International Conference, Trikala, 06-07/11/98, edited by N. Κυπαρίσση-Αποστολίκα, 37-51. Athens:
Ministry of Culture.
Karkanas, P. 2006. “Late Neolithic household activities in marginal areas: the micromorphological evidence from the
Kouveleiki caves, Peloponnese, Greece.” Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (11): 1628-41.
Karkanas, P. 2007. “Identification of Lime Plaster in Prehistory Using Petrographic Methods: A Review and
Reconsideration of the Data on the Basis of Experimental and Case Studies.” Geoarchaeology 22 (7): 775-96.
Karkanas, P., and G. Stratouli. 2009. “Neolithic lime plastered floors in Drakaina Cave, Kephalonia Island, Western
Greece: Evidence of the significance of the site”. The Annual of the British School at Athens 103: 27-41.
Karkanas, P., and N. Efstratiou. 2009. “Floor sequences in Neolithic Makri, Greece: micromorphology reveals cycles
of renovation.” Antiquity 83: 955–67.
Κατσαρού-Τζεβελέκη, Στ. 2006. “Διακοσμημένα σκεύη της Μέσης Νεολιθικής στο σπήλαιο του Κύκλωπα.”
In Sampson, Ad. 2006: The prehistory of the Aegean basin. Palaeolithic-Mesolithic-Neolithic, 126-35. Athens:
Atrapos.
Keramopoulos, A. 1934. “Ανασκαφαί και έρευναι εν τη Ανω Μακεδονία.” Αrchaiologiki Ephimeris 1932, 48-133.
Kονταξή, Χρ., Β. Γιαννόπουλος, and Αγγ. Καζνέζη. 2006. “Το σπήλαιο του «Ορφέα» Αλιστράτης Σερρών και η
ευρύτερη περιοχή: Πρώτες σπηλαιολογικές και αρχαιολογικές έρευνες.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 18 (2004)”: 57-62.
Kotjabopoulou, E., and K., Trantalidou. 1993. “Faunal analysis of the Skoteini cave.” In Skoteini, Tharrounia. The
cave, the settlement and the cemetery, edited by Ad. Sampson, 392-434. Athens: Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology-
Speleology.
Kravari, V. 1989. Villes et villages de Macédoine occidentale. Paris: Lethielleux, Réalités Byzantines.
Κυπαρίσση-Αποστολίκα, Ν. 2000. “Η Νεολιθική περίοδος του σπηλαίου της Θεόπετρας.” Ιn Theopetra Cave. Twelve
years of excavation and research 1987-1988”. Proceedings of the International Conference, Trikala, 06-07/11/98,
edited by N. Κυπαρίσση-Αποστολίκα, 180-234. Athens: Ministry of Culture.
Lambert, N. 1981. La Grotte Préhistorique de Kitsos (Attique), missions 1968-1978. V. 1-2, Recherches sur les grandes
Civilisations, Paris: A.D.P.F./ École Française d’Athènes.
Lewthwaite, J. 1981. “Plain tales from the hills: transhumance in Mediterranean archaeology.” In Economic archaeology:
towards an integration of ecological and social approaches, edited by A. Sheridan and G. Bailey, 57-66. BAR Int. Series
96.
Leake, W. M., 1835. Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. Ι-IV. London: Rodwell.
Μαυρίδης, Φ., and Λ. Κορμαζοπούλου. 2009. “Ανώνυμο Σπήλαιο Σχιστού Κερατσινίου: Η ανασκαφή των ετών
2006-2007. Τα πρώτα στοιχεία της έρευνας”. ΑΑΑ 40-41 (2007-8), 13-23.
Μαρή, Α. 2001. Η Νεολιθική Εποχή στο Σαρωνικό. Μαρτυρίες για τη χρήση του Σπηλαίου του Ευριπίδη στην
Σαλαμίνα με βάση την κεραμεική της Νεώτερης και Τελικής Νεολιθικής. Ph. D. (unpublished), University
of Thessaloniki.

318
Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula: The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic Era

Megaloudi, F. 2006. Plants and Diet in Greece from Neolithic to Classic Periods: the archaeobotanical remains. Oxford: BAR
Int. Series 1516 / Archaeopress.
Mlekuž, D. 2003. “Early herders of the Eastern Adriatic.” Documenta Praehistorica 30: 139-51.
Mlekuž, D. 2009. “The materiality of dung: the manipulation of dung in Neolithic Mediterranean caves.” Documenta
Praehistorica 36: 219-25.
Νισιάκος, Β. 1991. Οι ορεινές κοινότητες της Βόρειας Πίνδου. Στον Απόηχο της μακράς διάρκειας. Αthens:
Plethron.
Πάντη, Α., and Μ. Μυτελέτσης. 2008. “Ανασκαφή στο σπήλαιο «Πολυφήμου» Μαρώνειας νομού Ροδόπης:
Προκαταρκτική έρευνα.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 20 (2006): 21-8.
Papathanasiou, A. 2001. A Bioarchaeological Analysis of  Neolithic Alepotrypa cave,  Greece. Oxford: BAR Int. Studies 961.
Papathanasopoulos, G. 1996. “Neolithic Diros: The Alepotrypa cave.” In Neolithic Culture in Greece, edited by
G. A. Papathanassopoulos, 80-4. Athens: N. P. Goulandris Foundation/ Museum of Cycladic Art.
Papathanasopoulos, G. 1996. “Burial customs at Diros.” In Neolithic Culture in Greece, edited by G. A. Papatha‑
nassopoulos, 175-7. Athens: N.P. Goulandris Foundation/ Museum of Cycladic Art.
Πέννος, Χ., Μ. Βαξεβανόπουλος, Α. Σύρος, Μ. Μυτελέτσης, Σ. Πεχλιβανίδου, and Σ. Βασταρίδης. Forthcoming.
“Γένεση και εξέλιξη των σπηλαίων στην περιοχή Καταρράκτες Σιδηροκάστρου, Ν. Σερρών.
Γεωαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση.” 5th Symposium of Archaeometry, 8-10/10/2008 (text appear at www.
proteascave.gr)
Pouqueville, F. C. H. L. 1820. Travels in Epirus, Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly. London: R. Phillips & Co.
Popovici, D. N. 2010. “Copper Age Traditions North of the Danube River.” In The Lost World of Old Europe: The
Danube Valley, 5000-3500 B.C, edited by D. W. Anthony and J. Chi, 90-110. Berkeley: University of California
Press/ Princenton: Princeton University Press (2009).
Πουλάκη-Παντερμαλή, Ε., Μ. Βαξεβανόπουλος, Σ. Κουλίδου and Α. Σύρος. 2006. “Καταρράκτες (Φράγμα)
Σιδηροκάστρου 2004.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 18 (2004): 63-71.
Σάμψων, Αδ. 1987. Η Νεολιθική Περίοδος στα Δωδεκάνησα. Αθήνα: ΤΑΠΑ-Archaiologikon Deltion 35.
Sampson, Ad. 1988. “Periodic and Seasonal Usage of Two Neolithic Caves in Rhodes.” In Archaeology in the Dodecanese,
edited S. Dietz and I. Papachristodoulou, 10-6. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Dennmark, Department
of Near Eastern and Classical Antiquities.
Sampson, Ad. 1993. Skoteini, Tharrounia. The cave, the settlement and the cemetery. Athens: Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology-
Speleology.
Sampson, Ad. 1997. The cave of Lakes at Kastria of Kalavryta. Athens: Etaireia Peloponnissiakon Meleton.
Σάμψων, Αδ. 2001. “Το σπήλαιο του Κύκλωπα Γιούρων. Τα νεολιθικά και μεσολιθικά στρώματα.” Ιn Archaeology
in the Northern Sporades, Greece, edited by Ad. Sampson, 41-70. Alonnissos: University of the Aegean.
Sampson, Ad. 2006. The prehistory of the Aegean basin. Palaeolithic-Mesolithic-Neolithic. Athens: Atrapos.
Σάμψων, Αδ., 2007. Προϊστορική Αρχαιολογία της Μεσογείου. Athens: Κardamitsas.
Sampson, Ad. 2008. The Sarakenos Cave at Akraephnion, Boeotia, Greece. I. The Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Athens:
University of the Aegean/ Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Sherratt, Α. G. 1983. “The Secondary Products Revolution of animals in the Old World.” World Archaeology 15/1,
90‑104.
Schuldenrein, J. 1998. “Konispol Cave, Southern Albania, and Correlations with Other Aegean Caves Occupied in the
Late Quaternary.” Geoarchaeology 13, 5, 501-26.
Στρατούλη, Γ. 2007. “Ανιχνεύοντας το Νεολιθικό πολιτισμό στο Ιόνιο: Η συμβολή των ανασκαφών στο σπήλαιο
Δράκαινα στον Πόρο Κεφαλονιάς.” In Prehistoric Corfu and its adjacent areas. Problems- Perspectives. Proceedings
to the conference dedicated to Augustus Sordinas, 17/12/04, edited by G. Arvanitou-Metallinou, 105-26. Corfu:
Ministry of Culture.
Στρατούλη, Γ., 2007b. “Μεταξύ πηλών, πλίνθων και πασσάλων, μαγνητικών σημάτων και αρχαιολογικών
ερωτημάτων: Τάφροι οριοθέτησης και θεμελίωσης στο Νεολιθικό Οικισμό της Αυγής Καστοριάς.”
Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 19 (2005): 595-606.
Στρατούλη, Γ., and Τ. Μπεκιάρης. In press. “Αυγή Καστοριάς: Στοιχεία της Βιογραφίας του Οικισμού.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ
22 (2008).
Σύρος Αν., Τσαγκούλη Χ., Μυτελέτσης Μ., and Ι. Βλασταρίδης. In press. “Σπήλαιο στη θέση «Καταρράκτες-
Φράγμα» Σιδηροκάστρου 2007.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 22 (2008).
Σχοινάς, Ν. 1887. Οδοιπορικαί σημειώσεις Μακεδονίας, Ηπείρου, Νέας οροθετικής γραμμής Ηπείρου και
Θεσσαλίας. Αthens: Messager d’Athènes.
Tomkins, P. 2009. “Domesticity by default. Ritual, Ritualisation and cave use in the Neolithic Aegean”. Oxford Journal
of Archaeology, 28 (2): 125–53.
Touchais, G., L. C., Courtois, E. Dimou, and C. Perlès. 1981. “Le matériel Néolithique.”  In L’Antre Corycien I, 95-280.
Paris : BCH/ de Boccard.
Trantalidou, C. 1993. Evolution de l’habitat aux bassins de Prespa, Florina et Amyntaion (Macédoine occidentale, Grèce
continentale) selon les périodes historiques, University Paris IV – Sorbonne.
Tρανταλίδου, Κ., Π. Καρκάνας, Ε. Μπελεγρίνου, and Θ. Χατζηθεοδώρου. 2007. “Σπήλαιο σε μια σημαντική
δίοδο της δυτικής Μακεδονίας, στο φαράγγι του Λιβαδοπόταμου. Πρώτη παρουσίαση.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 19 (2005):
579-94.

319
Katerina Trantalidou, Eleana Belegrinou and Niels Andreasen

Tρανταλίδου, Κ., Β. Σκαράκη, and Ε. Καρά. 2007. “Πηγές του Αγγίτη στη λεκάνη της Δράμας. Τα κεραμικά
σύνολα από το εσωτερικό του σπηλαίου.” Α.Α.Α. 39 (2006): 107-38.
Tρανταλίδου, Κ., Β. Σκαράκη, Ε. Καρά, and Μ. Nτίνου. 2007. “Στρατηγικές επιβίωσης κατά την 4η χιλιετία:
Στοιχεία από την εγκατάσταση στην ανατολική όχθη του Αγγίτη.” Α.Ε.Μ.Θ. 19 (2005): 45-80.
Τσαραβόπουλος, Α. 2009. “Το έργο της Β΄ΕΠΚΑ στο νησί των Κυθήρων, 1994-2003.” In From Mesogeia to
Argosaronikos. Β΄ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Research of a Decade, 1994-200. Proceedings of
Conference, Athens 18-20/12/03, 561-76, edided by V. Vassilopoulou and St. Katsarou-Tzevelekidi. Municipality
of Markopoulo.
Tσιρτσώνη, Ζ. 2010. “To τέλος της Νεολιθικής εποχής στην Ελλάδα και τα Βαλκάνια.” In Η Ελλάδα στο ευρύτερο
πολιτισμικό πλαίσιο των Βαλκανίων κατά την 5η και 4η χιλιετία π.Χ., edited by Ν. Παπαδημητρίου, and
Ζ. Τσιρτσώνη, 93-103. Athens: N.P. Goulandris Foundation/ Museum of Cycladic Art.
Φακορέλλης, Γ., and Γ. Μανιάτης. 2000: “Μαρτυρία 50000 χρόνων ανθρώπινης παρουσίας στο σπήλαιο
Θεόπετρας με 14C.” Ιn Theopetra Cave. Twelve years of excavation and research 1987-1988. Proceedings of the
International Conference, Trikala, 06-07/11/98, 53-68, edited by N. Κυπαρίσση-Αποστολίκα. Athens: Ministry
of Culture.
Χατζημιχάλη, A. 2007/1957. Σαρακατσάνοι.. Athens: Idryma Angelikis Hatzimichali.
Χουρμουζιάδη, A. 2000. “Προβλήματα και μέθοδοι προσέγγισης του χώρου.” Επτάκυκλος 15: 105-26.
Χουρμουζιάδης, Γ. 2002. “Οι ανασκαφές στο Δισπηλιό”. In Δισπηλιό 7500 Χρόνια Μετά, edited by Γ. Χ. Χουρ‑
μουζιάδης, 11-24. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press.
Χρηστάρας, Β., Θ. Χατζηγώγος, Α. Δημητρίου, Ν. Χατζηγώγος, Θ. Μακεδών, Δ. Βογιατζής, and Σ. Φιλιππίδης.
2004. “Ευστάθεια του σπηλαίου Πολύφημος στη Μαρώνεια Θράκης.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of
Greece, XXXVI: 892-901.
Valamoti, S. M. 2004. Plants and People in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Northern Greece. Oxford: B.A.R. 1258/
Archaeopress.
Wace, A. J. B., and M. S. Thompson. 2009/1914. Nomads of the Balkans. Αn account of life and customs among the Vlachs of
Northern Pindus. London: Methuen & Co/ Κυριακίδη Αφοί/ Philologikos Istorikos Logotechnikos Syndesmos
Trikalon.
Weigand, G. 2001/1895. Die Aromunen. Leipzig/ Κυριακίδη Αφοί/ Philologikos Istorikos Logotechnikos Syndesmos
Trikalon.
Wilkens, J. 1986. The Archaeology and History of Cave Use in Attica, Greece from Prehistoric through Late Roman Times.
Ph.D. thesis: Indiana University.
Ζάχος, Κ. 1998. “Σπηλαιοκατοίκηση στην Πελοπόννησο κατά τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική περίοδο.” In Ανθρωπος
και Σπηλαιοπεριβάλλον. Proceedings of the first Speleological Congress, 26-29/11/92, Archaiologikon Deltion
68: 53-8.
Zachos, K. 1996. “The Zas cave”. In Neolithic Culture in Greece, edited by G. A. Papathanassopoulos, 88-89. Athens:
N. P. Goulandris Foundation / Museum of Cycladic Art.

320
Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010.

UNIVERSITAS TYRNAVIENSIS
F A C U L T A S P H I L O S O P H I C A

DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

PUBLICATIONS

1. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 1/2001. Proceedings of the International Sym‑
posium The Mediterranean and Central Europe in Contacts and Confrontations. From the
Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity. Trnava 2001, A4, 231 pages. ISBN 80-89074-02-2.
Price: 20 EUR
2. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 2/2001. In Honour of Mária Novotná. Trnava
2002, A4, 338 pages. ISBN 80-89074-40-5.
Price: 30 EUR
3. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 3/2003. Proceedings of the International
Symposium Ancient Jewellery and Costume in Course of Time. From the Bronze Age to the
Late Antiquity. Trnava 2004, A4, 229 pages. ISBN 80-8082-006-6.
Price: 25 EUR
4. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 4-5/2004-2005. Proceedings of the International
Symposium Arms and Armour through the Ages. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity.
Trnava 2006, A4, 262 pages. ISBN 80-8082-109-7.
Price: 35 EUR
5. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 6-7/2006-2007. Proceedings of the International
Symposium Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity.
Trnava 2008, A4, 520 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-228-6.
Price: 45 EUR
6. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 8/2008. In Honour of Werner Jobst. Trnava 2010,
A4, 400 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-384-9.
Price: 40 EUR
7. ANODOS. Studies of the Ancient World 9/2009. In Honour of Marie Dufková. Trnava
2010, A4, 143 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-385-6.
Price: 16 EUR
8. ANODOS - Supplementum 1. Zentren und Provinzen der Antiken Welt. Trnava 2001, A4,
111 pages. ISBN 80-89074-03-0.
Price: 12 EUR
9. ANODOS - Supplementum 2. Probleme und Perspektiven der Klassischen und provinzial-
römischen Archäologie. Trnava 2002, A4, 79 pages. ISBN 80-89074-36-7.
Price: 12 EUR

341
Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010.

10. ANODOS - Supplementum 3. Stadt und Landschaft in der Antike. Trnava 2003, A4, 196
pages. ISBN 80-89074-76-6.
Price: 20 EUR
11. ANODOS - Supplementum 4. Forschungen und Methoden vom Mittelmeerraum bis zum
Mitteleuropa. Trnava 2007, A4, 124 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-167-8.
Price: 15 EUR
12. ANODOS - Supplementum 5. Rüstung und Waffen in der Antike. Trnava 2011, A4, 124
pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-435-8.
Price: 10 EUR
13. Kelemantia - Brigetio. tracing the Romans on the Danube. Guide 2003, 62 pages.
ISBN 80-89074-61-8.
Price: 10 EUR
14. Kelemantia - Brigetio. Auf den Spuren der Römer an der Donau. Wegweiser 2003,
62 pages. ISBN 80-89074-62-6.
Price: 10 EUR
15. BOHUSLAV NOVOTNÝ (1921-1996). Biografia. Bibliografia. Spomienky. Trnava 2004, 95
pages. ISBN 80-8082-011-2.
Price: 10 EUR
16. Klasická archeológia a exaktné vedy. Výskumné metódy a techniky I. Trnava 2008. A4,
123 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-229-3.
Price: 10 EUR
17. Klasická archeológia a exaktné vedy. Výskumné metódy a techniky II. Trnava 2010. A4,
199 pages. ISBN 978-80-8082-317-7.
Price: 16 EUR

342
View publication stats

Вам также может понравиться